and Business in curricula design and curricula deliver may ensure that graduates have the right skills
i) stimulating the entrepreneurial spirit of its staff and students; ii) providing advice and services to SMES;
iii) participating in schemes promoting the training and placement of high level graduates in innovative businesses;
with many British designers and graduates from British institutions directly employed by vehicle manufacturers around the globe.
Additionally Lower Austria piloted a landmark scheme to encourage SMES to employ recent university graduates
(not only students or graduates) who have the ambition to start their own business; and iii) cluster development services most important the building up (incl. soft facilitation of cooperation) of the Centre of competence in machine tools.
ii) Brno Phd Talent is a grant scheme for supporting most talented Phd students in science and engineering;
and iii) several special schemes focused on raising secondary level students'motivations concerning research and technology including Science Learning Centre (Centre for popularisation of science).
and underlined that in some key areas in within the IT field there might be as little as two new Phd graduates per year.
a) support for entrepreneurship of higher-education students and academics; b) common innovation bonds (new instrument encouraging to test ideas at early stage;
students and entrepreneurs in the process of preparing and implementing RIS 2013-2020. The Marshal Office of the Malopolska Region delivers analytical and organisational support.
such as the number of students enrolled in different educational programs could be of relevance. However, this data should be rather detailed
For example, it does not seem enough to know the number of engineering students in a country or region without knowing their specific field of study.
Do local universities supply regional enterprises with ample graduates or do need regional employers to look abroad for qualified personnel?
Are people (incl. young people, university graduates, etc. keen to start up their own business or do they rather prefer jobs in established enterprises or public sector?
(i e. are graduates/engineers/professors moving easily between universities and firms and back)? Do universities train scholars
and graduates to become entrepreneurs? Does current academic education fit to the needs of the regional economy do regional employers absorb graduates
or are forced graduates to look elsewhere? INNOVATION-DRIVEN GROWTH IN REGIONS: THE ROLE OF SMART SPECIALISATION OECD 2013 197 How many permanent/temporary international research fellows, professors,
and students do work in your region? What is the share of international staff in scientific/creative positions?
How many co-operations with other international lead institutions does your region have? Assessment of the government sector What is the strategic approach to regional growth
and innovation policy in your region (do you already have a long term vision, written strategic concepts and priorities...
and/or pro-active technology transfers, contract research, living labs, student placement schemes, brokerage and technology demonstration events, share of regional business representatives in university management boards)?
Innovation in Romanian SMES and its impact on performance Professor Ph d. Nicolescu Ovidiu Management Faculty Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania inst. manager@gmail. com
Professor Ph d. Popa Ion Management Faculty Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, Romania popaion 2000@yahoo. com Professor Ph d. Dobrin Cosmin Management Faculty
The undertaken research revealed 1 1 Research sponsored from Romanian National Council for SMES Fund, Romanian Government Research Project PN2 91-043 and CNCSIS 1162 Professor Ph d
A review of its role to organisational performance and SMES operations sustainability Rangarirai Mbizi Lecturer Department of Entrepreneurship and Business Management Linet Hove Student of Entrepreneurship Arnold Thondhlana
Saunders, M.,Lewis, P. þhill, A. 2009), Research methods for business students, 5thed. Pearson, England.
Research has focused on information and communication on alternative transport options, such as awareness raising and information campaigns, organisation of sustainable homework and home-school transport services,
Ruud Smits is‘Professor of Technology and Innovation, more particularly the Strategy and Management of Innovation Processes'of the Department of Innovation Studies of the University of Utrecht.
success of innovative projects Name of the explanatory variables Coefficient (t of Student: model 1 Coefficient (t of Student:
model 2 Coefficient (t of Student: model 3 Constant-0. 3033(-0. 685) 0. 3701 (0. 877) 0. 3554 (1. 496) Categories of firms Very small enterprises
(1 9 employees)- 0. 9152*(-1. 938)- 1. 2468**(2. 536)- 1. 1226**(2. 936) Very small enterprises (10 19
success of innovative projects Name of the explanatory variables Coefficient (t of Student: model 1 Coefficient (t of Student:
model 2 Coefficient (t of Student: model 3 Constant 0. 0791(-0. 389) 0. 1321 (0. 347)- 0. 469+(-1. 7997) Research intensity-0. 0208(-0
. 176) Size (number of employees)- 0. 00018 (0. 861) Executives(%)1. 3198(-0. 431) Design office 0. 045+(0. 088) n
as university graduates are trained not in market-oriented industrial design. 2) Number of departments. Having marketing,
1 Role in value chain (nominal) 0. 554 2 Diploma dummy 2, 175 2 Staff number 0. 006 3 Secondary school completed dummy 0, 822 4 Other position 0, 972 Insignificant entrepreneur level variables:
At ISI, students can choose between more artistic and more commercial art studies. But their role in innovation interactions is limited to teaching.
and was graded the best student of my year. I wanted a government job, as everyone else,
at least ten years before a host of other university graduates joined him. What changed? The first change is that the ease of doing business improved.
This provides the 270,000 students in Yogyakarta with an IHS Working Paper 27.2013. Innovation in SMES.
Constraints and Opportunities"(Student working group, 2010. Lall S. 2001. Competitivenss, technology and skills. Northampton: Edward Elgar.
Data of the Innovation Union Scoreboard, 2011 Hungary Figure 10 Medium and high-tech product exports Non-EU doctorate students Venture capital as a per cent of GDP 2pct patent applications
(per billion euros of GDP) SMES innovating in-house Business R&d expenditures New doctorate graduates Employment in knowledgeintensive activities Non R&d innovation expenditure Youth with upper secondary
the success of the RDI strategy depends fundamentally on the training of professionals qualified for carrying out research and development and the development of education in the fields of mathematics, natural sciences and digital literacy.
The low number of new doctorate graduates and persons completed tertiary education in human resources; in funding:
More practice-oriented education (dual studies), the strengthening of entrepreneurial, innovation management etc. education, improvement in digital literacy.
and encouragement of their national reintegration. 3) The attraction of Phd students and postdoctoral researchers from the BRIC+countries. 4) The training of researchers,
thematic talent management, elite education. 6) The development of scholarship programmes. 7) The strengthening of creativity and entrepreneurial attitude in the whole education sector and the training of pedagogues in support
and advancement of their co-operation. 3) The development of content service. 4) The promotion of digital literacy supporting innovation and creativity and the increase in private computer and mobile penetration. 39 vision
the purpose of which is to enable the students to get familiarized with the practical issues of their future profession according to the instructions of experienced professionals.
The students have an opportunity to develop their theoretical knowledge to practical knowledge during their stay by a company where they can have access to a much more complex knowledge (understanding of technology, creativity, responsibility, team work etc.
In consultation with the university, the capacities of the student are used by the company to carry out tasks meaningful for both parties connected to certain professional fields or probably di-70 the most important definitions 71 the most important definitions European
An important difference with the traditional education system is that the student spends more and more time-in an escalating system-by the company each educational semester.
normative support for student allowances, support for training, support for scientific purposes, support for maintenance, support for other tasks.
mobility of researchers, teachers, students and between corporate developers (intersectoral; effect of reducing brain drain (effect of attracting human resources of high professional level;
%40%60%80%100%Diploma Bachelors Masters Phd Very likely Likely Not likely No 22 Firms were asked at what level of qualification they were likely to recruit more researchers.
or likely to recruit to researchers at Bachelor's degree level (down from 74 per cent in 2009) 65 per cent were very likely
or likely recruit at Master's degree level (down from 68 per cent in 2009) only 29 per cent were very likely
or likely to recruit at Diploma level (down from 38 per cent in 2009) FORFÁS BERD 2011/2012 ANALYSIS 23 3. Number of R&d-performing firms In this section data gathered on the number of R&d-active companies
He has a Master's degree in International Development and Economics from Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies.
followed by Non-EU doctorate graduates and International scientific co-publications. Relatively good performance improvement is observed also in Innovation collaboration of SMES
The indicators capture New doctorate graduates, Population aged 30-34 with completed tertiary education and Population aged 20-24 having completed at least upper secondary education.‘
Most cited publications and Non-EU doctorate students.‘‘Finance and support'includes 2 indicators and measures the availability of finance for innovation projects by venture capital investments and the support of governments for research and innovation activities by R&d expenditures by universities and government research organisations.
Denominator Years covered ENABLERS Human resources 1. 1. 1 New doctorate graduates (ISCED 6) per 1000 population aged 25-34 Eurostat Eurostat 2004
1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students2 as a%of all doctorate students Eurostat Eurostat 2006
due to a lag in data availability. 2 For non-EU countries the indicator measures the share of non-domestic doctoral students. 3 Section 6. 1 gives a brief explanation of the calculation methodology.
Slovakia's strong performance is explained by its above average performance in doctorate graduates and youth education.
in particular due to a relatively low share of non-EU doctorate students. All the Modest and Moderate innovators perform below the EU average,
High growth in Non-EU doctorate students, R&d expenditures in the business sector, PCT patent applications in general and in societal challenges have been important drivers of the growth performance of both Estonia
For Latvia high growth in New doctorate graduate students, Population with completed tertiary education aged 30-34,
Growth in this dimension has been driven by both high growth in International scientific co-publications (6. 0%)and Non-EU doctorate students (6. 3%).The EU innovation system
In Human resources performance has increased most for New doctorate graduates (2. 8) %and Population aged 30-34 with completed tertiary education (3. 6%).Growth in Intellectual assets is driven mostly by a strong performance increase in Community trademarks (6. 9)
students. Norway's growth performance (1. 4%)however is below that of the EU (1. 7%).Serbia performs very well in Youth education,
Denominator Most recent year Date not available for ENABLERS Human resources 1. 1. 1 New doctorate graduates (ISCED 6) per 1000 population aged 25-34 OECD, Eurostat OECD,
Eurostat 2012 32 Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 South africa is performing worse than the EU for all indicators, particularly On license and patent revenues from abroad, Doctorate graduates, Publicprivate co-publications
Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 33 graduates and Knowledge-intensive services exports the US has managed to improve its performance lead.
Japan has weaknesses in Doctorate graduates International co-publications, Most-cited publications, Exports of knowledge-intensive services and License and patent revenues from abroad.
Furthermore South korea is decreasing the performance gap with positive growth performances in Doctorate graduates, International co-publications and Most cited publication.
South korea has weaknesses in Doctorate graduates, License and patent revenues from abroad and in its knowledge base with weaker performance compared to the EU in both International co-publications
Furthermore it has decreased the performance gap for Doctorate graduates and Knowledge-intensive service exports. The Performance lead:
Doctorate graduates (where the country is performing 31%better as a result of having 2. 2 new doctorate graduates per 1,
000 population aged 25-34 as compared to 1. 7 in the EU) and R&d expenditures in the business sector (1. 82%of GDP in China compared to 1. 29%in the EU). However,
Growth was below that of the EU in Doctorate graduates and only marginally in R&d expenditures in the public sector and the Contribution of mediumhigh-tech product exports to the trade balance.
China's performance lead in Doctorate graduates has decreased and its gap in R&d expenditures in the public sector and the Contribution of medium-high-tech product exports to the trade balance has worsened slightly.
The performance gap with the EU has increased for 9 indicators, particularly for Doctorate graduates, License and patent revenues from abroad, International co-publications and Patent applications.
The strong decline in 2012 is due to a sharp decline in New doctorate graduates from 1. 4 to 0. 4 per 1
International copublications and Most-cited publication and Doctorate graduates. A 87%higher share of Russia's population has completed tertiary education.
Russia's growth performance is worse than that of the EU with growth in 10 indicators being below that of the EU, especially for Doctorate graduates, International copublications, R&d expenditures in the business sector, Patent applications and License and patent revenues from abroad.
indicators, in particular On license and patent revenues from abroad, Patent applications, Publicprivate co-publications, International co-publications and Doctorate graduates.
The performance gap on Doctorate graduates and the Contribution of medium-high-tech product exports to the trade balance has worsened.
For the indicator New doctorate graduates data are not available. 42 Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 5. Country profiles This section provides more detailed individual profiles for all European countries.
Relatively weak indicators include Sales share of new innovations, Non-EU doctorate students and New doctorate graduates.
Bulgaria has performed below the average of the EU. The weakest indicators are Venture capital investments and Non-EU doctorate students.
Other important high growth increases were R&d expenditures in the business sector, Knowledge-intensive service exports and New doctorate graduates.
Non-R&d innovation expenditures and R&d expenditures in the public sector. Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students and in Venture capital investments.
Denmark performs below the EU average for Non-EU doctorate graduates, Youth with secondary level education,
High growth is observed for New doctorate graduates and International scientific co-publications. Growth has declined most notably for SMES with Marketing
Germany is performing well above the EU average, especially for International scientific co-publications, New doctorate graduates, Non-R&d innovation expenditures and Community designs.
Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorates students, Venture capital investments and License and patent revenues from abroad.
Performance is well below the EU average for Non-EU doctorate students and License and patent revenues from abroad.
Estonia has experienced growth for most indicators included in the IUS 2014 Highest growth rates are observed for Community designs, Community trademarks and Non-EU doctorate students.
Growth has increased considerably in License and patent revenues from abroad, New doctorate graduates and International scientific co-publications.
For most indicators, Greece performs below that of the EU average, particularly for Non-EU doctorate students
Relative strengths are in International scientific co-publications, Non-EU doctorate students and Population with tertiary education.
France has experienced growth for most indicators, particularly in Community trademarks, International scientific co-publications and New doctorate graduates.
Community trademarks and Non-EU doctorate students. Relative strengths compared to the EU are in International scientific co-publications, Youth with upper secondary level education and Non-R&d innovation expenditures.
High growth is observed for Non-R&d innovation expenditures, New doctorate graduates and International scientific co-publications.
Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students and Innovative SMES collaborating with others. Relative strengths are in International scientific co-publications and Community designs.
High growth is observed for Non-EU doctorate students License and patent revenues from abroad, International scientific co-publications and community trademarks.
Performance well below the average is observed in Non-EU doctorate students, License and patent revenues from abroad and New doctorate graduates.
Large declines in growth are observed in License and patent revenues from abroad, Non-EU doctorate students and PCT patent applications.
Latvia performs below the average of the EU for most indicators, most particularly for Non-EU doctorate students, R&d expenditures in the business sector, Publicprivate scientific co-publications.
High growth is observed for Community trademarks, New doctorate graduates, Population with completed tertiary education and Community designs.
in particular for Non-EU doctorate students, R&d expenditures in the business sector, License and patent revenues from abroad and Community designs.
The largest growth decline is in Non-EU doctorate students. Other large declines are observed for Innovative SMES collaborating with others
Luxembourg performs well below the average for Non-R&d innovation expenditures and New doctorate graduates.
Hungary performs below the EU average for most indicators, especially for Non-EU doctorate students and Community designs.
Relative strong weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students and New doctorate graduates. Relative strengths are in Community trademarks
Large declines in growth are observed for Non-EU doctorate students, Sales share of new innovations and License and patent revenues from abroad.
High growth is observed for Non-R&d innovation expenditures, Community trademarks, International scientific co-publications and New doctorate graduates.
Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students and Venture capital investments. Strong increases in growth are observed for Community trademarks
Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students PCT patent applications in societal challenges and License and patent revenues from abroad.
Strong declines in growth are observed in Innovative SMES collaborating with others, New doctorate graduates, SMES innovating in-house
Large declines in growth are observed in Non-R&d innovation expenditures, New doctorate graduates and Venture capital investments.
Very weak performance is observed for Non-EU doctorate students and R&d expenditures in the business sector.
Romania performs similar to the EU for New doctorate graduates and Knowledge-intensive services exports.
Community trademarks, New doctorate graduates and International scientific co-publications. Strong declines are observed Non-R&d innovation expenditures, R&d expenditures in the business sector, Non-EU doctorate students and Venture capital investments.
Notes: Performance relative to the EU where the EU=100.66 Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 Slovenia is an Innovation follower.
Relative weaknesses are observed in Non-EU doctorate students and Knowledge-intensive services exports. Most indicators are growing in Slovenia.
Community designs, Non-EU doctorate students and License and patent revenues from abroad. Strong declines in growth are observed in Non-R&d innovation expenditures
Relative large weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students, License and patent revenues from abroad and PCT patent applications in societal challenges.
Relative strengths are in International scientific co-publications, R&d expenditures in the business sector, New doctorate graduates and License and patent revenues from abroad.
Relative weaknesses are in Non-EU doctorate students and Knowledgeintensive services exports. High growth is observed for Community trademarks and Non-EU doctorate students.
Notable declines in growth are observed for New doctorate graduates and Non-R&d innovation expenditures. Notes:
Performance relative to the EU where the EU=100. Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 69 Sweden is an Innovation leader.
High growth in Sweden is observed for Community trademarks and Non-EU doctorate students. Strong declines in growth are observed for Venture capital investments
Innovative SMES collaborating with others and New doctorate graduates. Relative weaknesses are in Sales share of new innovations and SMES with Product and/or Process innovations.
High growth is observed in New doctorate graduates and Community trademarks. Large declines in growth are observed in Sales share of new innovations and PCT patent applications in societal challenges.
%Switzerland is performing well above the EU average for most indicators, above all for International scientific copublications, Non-R&d innovation expenditures, Community trademarks and New doctorate graduates.
New doctorate graduates and Most cited scientific publications. Other high growing indicators are Non-EU doctorate students and Population with completed tertiary education.
Strong declines in growth are observed in R&d expenditures in the business sector PCT patent applications and Publicprivate scientific co-publications.
and R&d expenditures in the public sector. Declines in growth are observed only for Knowledge-intensive services exports and Non-EU doctorate students.
Relative strong weaknesses are in License and patent revenues from abroad, Community designs, Community trademarks, Non-EU doctorate students and Public-private scientific co-publications.
High growth is observed for Community trademarks, PCT patent applications in societal challenges and New doctorates graduates.
for two countries, Germany and The netherlands, data for Non-EU doctorate students have become available increasing the number of indicators for these two countries used for calculating the innovation index as compared to last year.
1. 1 New doctorate graduates 1, 7 1, 5 0, 6 1, 5 2, 3 2, 8 1, 3 1
3, 0 6, 2 12,4 5, 2 1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students 24,2 21 21,0 3, 8 4, 1
New doctorate graduates 1, 7 0, 3 1, 9 2, 2 0, 5 1, 6 1, 7 1, 7 1
, 6 1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students 24,2 1 1, 4 20,9 8, 6 1, 9 12,0 2, 1 6
. 1. 1 New doctorate graduates 2, 8%4, 5%10,4%6, 0%11,1%3, 5%2, 4%8, 1%-3
, 6%-3, 3%6, 2%10,7%17,2%1, 5%1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students 6, 3%1, 3
. 1 New doctorate graduates 2, 8%17 0%6, 8%0, 0%-9, 4%-5, 6%11,4%5, 1%9, 6%-2, 0%-0, 9%3, 4
%1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students 6, 3%-18,8%0, 0%2, 0%-4, 4%9, 4%-5, 8
Definitions of indicators INDICATOR DEFINITION NUMERATOR DEFINITION DENOMINATOR INTERPRETATION Source Source 1. 1. 1 New doctorate graduates (ISCED 6) per 1000 population
aged 25-34 Number doctorate graduates (ISCED 6) Population between 25 and 34 years The indicator is a measure of the supply of new second-stage tertiary graduates in all fields
For most countries ISCED 6 captures Phd graduates only, with the exception of Finland, Portugal and Sweden where also non-Phd degrees leading to an award of an advanced research qualification
and quickly reflect changes in educational policies leading to more tertiary graduates. Eurostat Eurostat 1. 1. 3 Percentage youth aged 20-24 having attained at least upper secondary education Number of young people aged 20-24 years having attained
It provides a measure for the supply of human capital of that age group and for the output of education systems in terms of graduates.
Science-Metrix (Scopus) Science-Metrix (Scopus) 1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students as a%of all doctorate holders For EU Member States:
number of doctorate students from non-EU countries (for non-EU countries: number of non-national doctorate students) Total number of doctorate students The share of non-EU doctorate students reflects the mobility of students as an effective way of diffusing knowledge.
Attracting high-skilled foreign doctorate students will add to creating a net brain gain and will secure a continuous supply of researchers.
Eurostat Eurostat Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014 87 1. 3. 1 R&d expenditure in the public sector(%of GDP) All R&d expenditures in the government sector (GOVERD
Scoreboard 2014 INDICATOR ABSOLUTE VALUES EU AU BR CA CN IN JP KR RU SA US 1. 1. 1 New doctorate graduates
IN JP KR RU SA US 1. 1. 1 New doctorate graduates 111.1 26.4 72.5 131.3 n/a 63.7 84.2 23.7 8
RU SA US 1. 1. 1 New doctorate graduates-1. 4%-16.6%0. 5%-3. 5%n/a 0. 2%1
Table 1). In this section the indicators will be discussed in more detail providing more details on the definitions. 1. 1. 1 New doctorate graduates (ISCED6) per 1000 population aged 25-34 Numerator:
Number of doctorate graduates (ISCED 6). Denominator: The reference population is all age classes between 25 and 34 years inclusive.
The indicator is a measure of the supply of new second-stage tertiary graduates in all fields of training.
For most countries ISCED 6 captures Phd graduates only, with the exception of Finland, Portugal and Sweden where also non-Phd degrees leading to an award of an advanced research qualification
The comparable EIS 2009 indicator focuses on doctorate graduates in science and engineering (S&e) and social sciences and humanities (SSH) following the recommendations received from Member States and experts during the revision of the EIS in 2008
and quickly reflect changes in educational policies leading to more tertiary graduates. Data source: Eurostat Comparison with EIS 2009:
and quickly reflect changes in educational policies leading to more university graduates. 4 Table 1:
and SSH graduates (1st stage) per 1000 population aged 20-29---EIS 2009 indicator no longer used 1. 1. 2 S&e
and SSH doctorate graduates (2nd stage) per 1000 population aged 25-34 1. 1. 1 New doctorate graduates (ISCED 6) per 1000 population aged 25
students as%of all doctorate students New indicator Eurostat 2003 2007 Finance and support Finance and support 1. 2. 1 Public R&d expenditures as%of GDP
It provides a measure for the supply of human capital of that age group and for the output of education systems in terms of graduates.
Number of doctorate students coming from a non-EU country. For non-EU countries the number of non-national doctorate students is used.
Denominator: Total number of doctorate students. Rationale: The share of non-EU doctorate students reflects the mobility of students as an effective way of diffusing knowledge.
Attracting high-skilled foreign doctorate students will add to creating a net brain gain and will secure a continuous supply of researchers. 8 Note:
This is a highly skewed indicator and a square root transformation has been used to reduce the volatility and skewed distribution of this indicator.
Data source: Eurostat 1. 3. 1 Public R&d expenditures(%of GDP) Numerator: All R&d expenditures in the government sector (GOVERD) and the higher education sector (HERD.
These outliers, except Switzerland for non-EU doctoral students, are modified not as they are provided official values by Eurostat.
The value of non-EU doctoral 4 This approach follows the well-adopted Chauvenet's criterion in statistical theory. 18 students for Switzerland actually represents non-Swiss doctoral students,
thus including EU27 students. being biased manifestly this value has been cut from 45%to 19.45%(i e. the aggregate value for EU27 in 2008.
Positive and negative outliers are found for various indicators and countries 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 POSITIVE OUTLIERS 1. 1. 1 New doctorate graduates SE
, SE DK, SE DK, SE 1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students FR, UK FR, UK FR, UK FR,
Non-EU doctorate students (1. 23), Venture capital (1. 89), Non-R&d innovation expenditure (1. 67), Public-private co-publications (1
Non-EU doctorate students, Venture capital, PCT patents in societal challenges and License and patent revenues from abroad.
and the maximum value equals one. 1. 1. 1 New doctorate graduates (ISCED6) per 1000 population aged 25-34 New doctorate graduates per 1000 population aged 25
Sweden, Switzerland The indicator is a measure of the supply of new second-stage tertiary graduates in all fields of training.
For most countries ISCED 6 captures Phd graduates only, with the exception of Finland, Portugal and Sweden where also non-Phd degrees leading to an award of an advanced research qualification
In 2008 more than 3 new Phd graduates per 1000 people aged 25 to 34 were awarded in Finland, Portugal, Sweden and Switzerland.
and Iceland have been rapidly increasing their graduation rates over the last 5 years. Graduation rates have declined in Austria
Estonia, Finland, Poland, Spain and Sweden. 28 New doctorate graduates per 1000 population aged 25-34-10%-5%0%5%10%15%20
%EE ES PL AT FI SE EUGRCY LU SI UKROFRHUCHDE PT BE IE RS LV LT NL HRCZ DKMKTR IT BGNOSKMT IS Gender balance The graph below shows the gender balance for this indicator.
In Finland and Portugal graduation rates are considerably higher among women. In 16 other countries,
and particularly in Czech republic, Germany and Switzerland, graduation rates are higher among men. -0. 8-0. 6-0. 4-0. 2 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 CH CZ
and quickly reflect changes in educational policies leading to more tertiary graduates. On average 32%of the EU27 population between age 30 and 34 have completed tertiary education.
It provides a measure for the supply of human capital of that age group and for the output of education systems in terms of graduates.
IE BG PT SI HR SK MT TR LU 35 1. 2. 3 Non-EU doctorate students as%of total doctorate students of the country
Non-EU doctorate students as a%of all students 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 LT LV SK GR CY
The share of non-EU doctorate students reflects the mobility of students as an effective way of diffusing knowledge.
Attracting high-skilled foreign doctorate students will add to creating a net brain gain and will secure a continuous supply of researchers.
The average share of non-EU doctorate students is almost 20%;%in France and UK this share is close to 30%and 35%,respectively.
In Switzerland almost 1 out of 2 doctorate students is a non-Swiss student. In the New Member States the shares of non-EU doctorate students are still small at rates below 5%.Growth performance Growth performance is diverse with increases over time in 16 countries
and decreases in 11 countries. Growth has been very strong in Estonia and Italy with annual increases close to 14%.
%The share of non-EU doctorate students has been declining rapidly in the Czech republic and Lithuania.
Non-EU doctorate students as a%of all students-20%-15%-10%-5%0%5%10%15%CZ LT RO SK MT BG
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