Synopsis: Employment & working conditions:

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as Chief Economic Adviser to the Indian government, I used, criticized, valued and debated the Doing Business report,

less entrepreneurship and lower rates of employment and growth. 8. See Stiglitz, Sen and Fitoussi (2009;

administrators and researchers with valuable data and analysis to promote a better regulatory framework for development, job creation and growth.

or constitutes a conflict of interest. The United arab emirates also made it possible for shareholders to request the rescission of unfair relatedparty transactions.

In 6 of the 11 economies Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Japan and Russia the 2 cities in the sample have different minimum wage levels.

In all these cases except Brazil and India the largest business city has a higher minimum wage than the second largest one.

In addition, in India the largest business city (Mumbai) has paid longer annual leave, with 21 days, than the second largest one (Delhi), with 15.

The analysis used distance to frontier scores to measure business regulations in the areas covered by Doing Business and growth in sales and employment to measure firm performance.

and employment growth for small firms than for large ones. 11 These results indicate that sound business regulations in the areas measured by Doing Business benefit small firms more than large ones.

since small firms account for the largest shares of job creation and the highest growth in sales and employment in developing economies. 14 HOW HAVE CHANGED BUSINESS REGULATIONS OVER THE PAST DECADE?

Among the more encouraging trends shown by Doing Business data over the past decade is the gradual improvement in economies'performance in the areas tracked by the indicators.

This year's report discusses the results of some of this work in the chapter on highlights from the Doing Business research conference.

the governments of the economies covered and the World bank Group regional staff. Governments use Doing Business as a source of objective data providing unique insights into good practices worldwide.

outcome and recovery rate for a commercial insolvency and the strength of the insolvency legal framework Labor market regulation Flexibility in employment regulation,

benefits for workers and labor dispute resolution ABOUT DOING BUSINESS 17 regulation relative to the performance of other economies as measured by Doing Business.

and employ fewer workers and these workers remain outside the protections of labor law. 7 Firms in the informal sector are also less likely to pay taxes.

Doing Business measures one set of factors that help explain the occurrence of informality and give policy makers insights into potential areas of regulatory reform.

and the World bank Group regional staff (figure 2. 2). For a detailed explanation of the Doing Business methodology,

The relevant laws and regulations Responses to questionnaires by private sector practitioners and government officials Governments World bank Group regional staff Steps included in the data verification process:

The Doing Business approach has been to work with legal practitioners or professionals who regularly undertake the transactions involved.

The incorporation lawyers and other experts providing information to Doing Business are therefore better able to assess the process of starting a business than are individual firms.

Governments and World bank Group regional staff After receiving the completed questionnaires from the Doing Business respondents,

the Doing Business team shares the preliminary reform descriptions with governments through the Board of Executive directors and regional staff of the World bank Group.

Through this process government authorities and local World bank Group staff in the 189 economies covered can alert the team about, for example,

In response to such feedback, the Doing Business team turns to the local private sector experts for further consultation and, as needed, corroboration.

or regional staff and provides explanations of the scoring decisions. Data adjustments Information on data corrections is provided in the data notes

and by broader consultations that have taken place over the years with World bank Group staff, country governments and the private sector. 1 AN OVERVIEW OF THE CHANGES The improvements are in 3 areas:

or job creation. 4 But increasing efficiency may have little impact if the service provided is of poor quality.

And requirements that technical experts review the proposed plans before construction even begins can reduce the risk of structural failures later on.

and its work, see its website at http://www. dbrpanel. org. 2. See the data notes for more details. 3. Where the second

which in turn is associated strongly with job creation and economic growth. Using a sample of OECD countries, researchers found that,

In addition, it reduced employers'social security contribution rate in Shanghai and enhanced the electronic system for filing and paying taxes.

its staff no longer seeks approval from the head office for each individual connection request but instead submits batches once a month.

The utility in Malawi reduced the time required to get electricity by outsourcing external connection works to subcontractors.

In many economies shortages in the materials needed for external works such as transformer substations are a source of substantial delays in the connection process.

electricity starts flowing Await completion of the external connection works by SIEA Await completion of an external inspection by SIEA for purposes of preparing the estimate Submit application for a connection to SIEA

A 3-year work plan was undertaken to provide more suitable ways to deal with business disputes.

and also made redundancy easier by eliminating the need to follow a specific order in dismissals

when eliminating a worker's position. Portugal's continual reforms in labor market regulation are in part a response to the economic downturn that followed the global financial crisis.

Cabo Verde introduced a minimum wage. Finland made the redundancy process more flexible by eliminating the requirement to notify a third party before dismissing 1 redundant worker or a group of 9 redundant workers.

Croatia lifted the 3-year limit on the duration of first time fixed-term contracts, while Mauritius reduced the maximum duration of fixed-term contracts to 24 months

health insurance, unemployment, an accident risk fund, a guarantee fund and medical leave. BOX 4. 2 Southern European economies continue a steady pace of regulatory reform Greece, Italy,

Solomon islands The electricity utility in Malawi engaged private subcontractors to carry out external connection works, reducing the time required to complete the works by 50 days.

Streamlined approval process Indonesia; Islamic Republic of Iran Indonesia eliminated a redundant internal wiring inspection by dropping the requirement for a certificate guaranteeing that the internal installation meets the standards.

Portugal Cabo Verde introduced a minimum wage. Croatia lifted the 3-year limit on the duration of first time fixed-term contracts.

Changed redundancy cost and procedures Belgium; Croatia; Finland; France; Georgia; Portugal Finland eliminated the requirement to notify a third party before dismissing 1 or a group of 9 redundant employees.

Note: Reforms affecting the labor market regulation indicators are included here but do not affect the ranking on the ease of doing business.

Their employees benefit from social security protections. And the economy benefits from positive spillovers: where formal entrepreneurship is higher,

job creation and economic growth also tend to be higher. 1 Moreover, as more businesses formalize, the tax base expands,

Evidence suggests that regulatory reforms making it easier to start a formal business are associated with increases in the number of newly registered firms and with higher levels of employment and productivity.

The reforms are driven by the conviction that an efficient business climate can reduce poverty by fostering economic growth and job creation. 10 As part of a series of reforms of the start-up process,

and coordinate the work of different agencies. Improving the efficiency and transparency of company registries can

and concentrating residential development near job centers. A zoning plan can also help reduce greenhouse gas emissions by promoting an adequate and accessible public transportation system. 7 By ensuring that certain municipalities include new areas for housing development and new industries

In depth interview with an expert in the Stockholm Planning Department conducted by the Doing Business team on December 5, 2013;

Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency Getting credit The importance of registries Small and medium-size enterprises account for the largest share of employment in the developing world.

and allows the streamlining of work flows with appropriate business and validation rules. These advantages may encourage more data providers to share information with the credit bureaus and registries.

or fail separately from the personal assets and interests of its members (whether owners, directors or employees).

This is done by positing specific sets of assumptions about a transaction between 2 companies that involves a clear conflict of interest.

Shareholders approve the election and dismissal of the external auditor. A company must obtain shareholders'approval to issue new shares.

officers, directors, outside auditors and regulators is articulated clearly in cases of conflict of interest, in line with OECD principle 1 on corporate governance (ensuring the basis for an effective corporate governance framework).

These economies have the highest average score both on the extent of conflict of interest regulation index,

and as measured by the new indices Region Average score (0 10) Extent of conflict of interest regulation index Extent of shareholder governance index Strength of minority investor protection index

The extent of conflict of interest regulation index is the average of the extent of disclosure, extent of director liability and ease of shareholder suits indices.

and involve repetitive calculations for each employee and transaction. And consumption taxes in the form of VAT require filing information on both input and output ledgers.

and mandatory contributions borne by the employer (figure 10.6). ) Estonia increased the unemployment insurance contribution rate twice during 2009

from 0. 3%to 1%on June 1, 2009, and to 1. 4%on August 1, 2009.

Iceland increased the social security contribution rate for employers from 5. 34%to 7%in July 2009

facilitating job creation, promoting investment and sustainable growth, rationalizing the tax system and ensuring the sustainability of public finances. a Measures to support low-and middle-income taxpayers included changes in both individual and corporate taxation (such as a special tax credit for small and medium-size enterprises).

including laws with minimum wage requirements, laws with restrictions on maximum working hours or union participation and federal child labor laws. 11 In these cases the court assumed a near equality of bargaining power

which the court invalidated a New york law limiting the daily number of hours a baker could work.

and nondiscrimination in recruitment and hiring were enforced more and more often by the courts. When distributive motives started to play a bigger role in labor laws,

so did measures regulating minimum wage and retirement security. Today, despite the differences in approaches to setting the boundary between the use and misuse of bargaining power,

good conscience) Limitations on disclaimers on implied warranties (guarantees that the item sold is merchantable and fit for the purpose intended) Limitations on clauses allowing termination at will (clauses usually included in employment agreements that permit an employee

or employer to terminate the employment relationship at any time for any or no reason at all) Limitations on clauses limiting liability,

above irregular income and lack of job security. 1 Yet evidence suggests that the exit of firms from the market is a necessary condition for economic growth,

and whether businesses in liquidation can be sold as a going concern Strike a careful balance between liquidation

which suspend all individual creditor actions during insolvency. b. The strength of legal rights index tests the level of priority of secured creditors'claims as compared with other claims tax claims, employee claims, judgments.

Researchers have used these data to investigate the importance of business-friendly regulation for the creation of new firms, for the productivity and profitability of existing ones and for such key outcomes as growth, employment, investment and informality.

World bank Group staff and development professionals from around the world to showcase and discuss the impact of regulatory reform

facilitate a reduction in unemployment, aid innovative firms and support greater lending to the private sector,

According to findings of research presented at the conference, business-friendly regulation has a positive association with the entry of new firms, the profits of innovative firms, reductions in unemployment, growth in bank lending

cost and procedures) and examine the links between these aspects and 2 measures of entrepreneurship, new business creation and self employment.

Bripi 2013.104 DOING BUSINESS 2015 specific regulatory dimensions (such as contract enforcement) as well as particular types of regulatory reform within each dimension (such as those affecting cost measures) are associated with the rate of self employment

and self employment) are affected differently by the same regulatory dimension or same type of regulatory reform.

CAN REGULATION HELP REDUCE UNEMPLOYMENT? Freund and Rijkers (forthcoming) investigate the factors that lead to swift, substantial and sustained reductions in unemployment.

The authors examine the incidence and determinants of episodes of drastic reductions in the unemployment rate reductions of at least 3. 25 percentage points of the initial level that persist for a minimum of 3 years.

Unemployment reduction episodes often coincide with an acceleration of growth and an improvement in macroeconomic conditions.

Such episodes are much more prevalent in countries with higher levels of unemployment and given unemployment, are more likely in those with better regulation.

An efficient legal system that enforces contracts expeditiously is particularly important for reducing unemployment. The authors'findings suggest that

while employment is largely related to the business cycle, better regulation can reduce the likelihood of high unemployment

and promote a more rapid recovery if unemployment builds up. They also underscore the importance of effective contract enforcement and secure property rights in enabling growth in employment.

CORRUPTION SAND OR GREASE? Freund, Hallward-Driemeier and Rijkers (2014) investigate whether corruption accelerates policy implementation.

The authors start by documenting striking differences between the time it takes to complete regulatory procedures in practice

and the time it takes when complying with the law. These are shown in figure 13.2,

and self employment in European cities. Panel data random effects regression is used to examine how the business environment affects new business creation and self employment in a panel of European cities.

Eurostat Urban Audit database, regional and city statistics; Doing Business database Investment Jovanovic and Jovanovic (2014) Greater regulatory efficiency as measured by Doing Business indicators has a positive association with foreign direct investment flows from OECD countries to Eastern European and Central Asian countries.

and methodology of selected papers from the Doing Business research conference Theme Main findings Methodology overview Data sources Unemployment Freund

and Rijkers (forthcoming) Episodes of drastic reductions in the unemployment rate are much more prevalent in countries with higher levels of unemployment and,

given unemployment, are more likely in those with better regulation. The authors use an event-studies approach to examine how countries achieved episodes of drastic reductions in the unemployment rate over the period 1980 2008.

with the potential for an unemployment reduction episode as the dependent variable. After performing several robustness checks,

Business Environment and Employment Growth across Firms. Economic Development and Cultural Change 59 (3): 609 47.

Do Entry Regulations Deter Entrepreneurship and Job creation? Evidence from Recent Reforms in Portugal. Economic Journal.

IMF Staff Position Note 09/17, International monetary fund, WASHINGTON DC. Brown, Martin, Tullio Jappelli and Marco Pagano. 2009.

Unemployment Reduction Episodes in Rich, Middle-Income and Transition Economies. Journal of Comparative Economics. Fritsch, Michael,

Investigating the Anatomy of the Employment Effect of New Business Formation. Cambridge Journal of Economics 37 (2): 349 77.

What Is the Impact of Labour market Regulation on Employment in LICS? How Does It Vary by Gender?

How Labor market Policies Can Combine Workers'Protection with Job creation: A Partial Review of Some Key Issues and Policy Options.

Final Staff Report, U s. Securities and exchange commission, WASHINGTON DC. http://www. sec. gov/spotlight/globalaccountingstandards/ifrs-work-plan-final-report. pdf. Weber, David P. 2013.

Has at least 10 and up to 50 employees 1 month after the commencement of operations all of them domestic nationals.

Interactions between company founders or company officers and employees are counted not as procedures. Procedures that must be completed in the same building

Has 60 builders and other employees, all of them nationals with the technical expertise and professional experience necessary to obtain construction permits and approvals.

Has at least 1 employee who is licensed a architect or engineer and registered with the local association of architects or engineers.

has paid all taxes and taken out all necessary insurance applicable to its general business activity (for example accidental insurance for construction workers and thirdperson liability).

Owns the land on which the warehouse will be built. Assumptions about the warehouse The warehouse: will be used for general storage activities, such as storage of books or stationery.

Procedures A procedure is any interaction of the company's employees or managers, or any party acting on behalf of the company,

with external parties, including government agencies, notaries, the land registry, the cadastre, utility companies and public inspectors or the hiring of private inspectors and technical experts apart from in-house architects and engineers.

Interactions between company employees, such as development of the warehouse plans and inspections conducted by employees,

ll ncssrinspctions nd clrncs from thutilitnd othr ncis, nd thxtrnl nd finl connction works. Thqustionnirdivids thprocss of ttinn lctricitconnction into distinct procdurs nd solicits dtfor clcultinthtimnd cost to compltch procdur.

In this area a new electricity connection is not eligible for a special investment promotion regime (offering special subsidization or faster service, for example.

Requires works that involve the crossing of a 10-meter road (such as by excavation or overhead lines)

Does not involve work to install the internal electrical wiring. This has already been completed, up to

Procedures A procedure is defined as any interaction of the company's employees or its main electrician or electrical engineer (that is,

Interactions between company employees and steps related to the internal electrical wiring, such as the design and execution of the internal electrical installation plans,

) The company's employees are assumed to complete all procedures themselves unless the use of a third party is mandated (for example,

complete works, obtain approvals, go through inspections, install a meter and sign a supply contract 33.3%Procedures 33.3%Time 33.3%Cost Rankings are based on distance to frontier scores for 3 indicators TABLE 14.5

and receiving all necessary inspections Obtaining external installation works and possibly purchasing material for these works Concluding any necessary supply contract

and obtaining final supply Time required to complete each procedure (calendar days) Is at least 1 calendar day Each procedure starts on a separate day Does not include time spent gathering information Reflects the time spent in practice,

but is not rquird to, rqust thsrvics of profssion-ls (such s privtfirm rthr thn thutilitfor thxtrnl works), thsprocdurs rrcordd if thrcommonldon.

, purchsinmtril, ttinthctul connction works nd pinscuritdposit. Informtion from locl xprts nd spcific rultions nd fschduls rusd s sourcs for costs.

Have 50 employees each, all of whom are nationals. Perform general commercial activities. Assumptions about the property The property:

Interactions between company officers and employees are considered not. All procedures that are legally or in practice required for registering property are recorded,

1 if disclosure on the terms of the transaction is required but not on Mr. James's conflict of interest;

2 if disclosure on both the terms and Mr. James's conflict of interest is required. 9 Whether disclosure in the annual report is required.

1 if disclosure on the terms of the transaction is required but not on Mr. James's conflict of interest;

2 if disclosure on both the terms and Mr. James's conflict of interest is required. Whether disclosure by Mr. James to the board of directors or the supervisory board is required.

1 if a general disclosure of the existence of a conflict of interest is required without any specifics;

sits on board of directors Company B (seller) Company A (buyer) Transaction involving conflict of interest Mr. James Minority shareholders Lawsuit Figure 14.11 Protecting minority investors:

shareholders'rights in conflicts of interest and corporate governance Rankings are based on distance to frontier scores for 2 indicators 50%Extent of conflict of interest regulation index 50%Extent

Extent of conflict of interest regulation index Thxtnt of conflict of intrst rultion indx is thsum of thxtnt of disclosurindx, thxtnt of dirctor libilitindx nd thsof shrholdr suits indx.

Strength of minority investor protection index The strength of minority investor protection index is the average of the extent of conflict of interest regulation index and the extent of shareholder governance index.

social contributions and labor taxes paid by the employer, property taxes, property transfer taxes, dividend tax, capital gains tax, financial transactions tax, waste collection taxes, vehicle and road taxes,

for xmpl, Austrli's compulsorsuprnnution urntnd work-rs'compnstion insurnc. For thpurposof clcultinthtotl tx rt (dfind blow), onltxs bornrincludd.

Thmthodolofor clcultinthtotl tx rtis brodlconsistnt with thtotl Tx Contribution frm-work dvlopd bpwc nd thclcultion within this frmwork for txs born.

Also nw is tht Doinbusinss collcts dton rultions pplinto mplos hird throuh tmporr-work ncis s wll s on thospplinto prmnnt mplos or mplos

mplotrmin-tion, wknd work, holidwith FIGURE 14.22 How flxiblrhirin, work schdulinnd rdundncruls? Work scheduling 2. 1. Hiring 3. Redundancy DATA NOTES 143 p, niht work, protction inst unmplomnt nd mdicl crnd sicknss bnfits.

Thdoinbusinss mthodolois fullconsistnt with ths6 convntions. Thilo convntions covrinrs rltd to thlbor mrkt rultion indictors do not includthilo corlbor stndrds 8 convntions covrinthriht to collctivbrinin, thlimintion of forcd lbor, thbolition of child

Assumptions about the worker Thworkr: Is cshir in suprmrkt or rocrstor. Is full-timmplo. Is not mmbr of thlbor union,

iii) thminimum wfor cshir, 19, with 1 r of work xprinc; nd (iv) thrtio of thminimum wto thvrvluddd pr workr. 19 Riiditof hours covrs 7 rs:(

iii) thprmium for niht work (s prcntof hourlp;(iv) thprmium for work on wklrst d (s prcntof hourlp;(

duto n incrsin worklod Allowd mximum lnth of thworkwk in ds nd hours, includinovrtimprmium for niht work(%of hourlp) Prmium for work on wklrst d(%of hourlp) Whthr

thrrrstrictions on niht work nd wklholidwork Pid nnul vction ds for workrs with 1 r of tnur,

or court sctions spciliinin lbor disputs 144 DOING BUSINESS 2015 rstrictions on niht work;(vi) whthr thrrrstrictions on wklholidwork;

Redundancy cost Rdundnccost msurs thcost of dvncnoticrquirmnts, sv-rncpmnts nd pnltis duwhn trmintinrdundnt workr, xprssd in wks of slr.

extent of conflict of interest regulation index and strength of insolvency framework index) and the recovery rate (figure 15.1).

United Kingdomf 8 0e Protecting minority investors Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) No economy has attained the frontier yet. 10 0e Extent of shareholder governance

and paying contributions for the obligatory insurance for work accidents and by simplifying the filing requirements for corporate income tax and value added tax (VAT).

Labor market regulation Belgium increased the notice period for redundancy dismissals. Benin Starting a business Benin made starting a business easier by reducing the minimum capital requirement

and payment of supplemental contributory pension and employee provident fund contributions and by introducing an online system for paying these 2 contributions.

Labor market regulation Cabo Verde introduced a minimum wage. Cameroon Getting credit Cameroon improved its credit information system by passing regulations that provide for the establishment and operation of a credit registry database.

Finland Labor market regulation Finland eliminated the requirement to notify a third party before dismissing a redundant employee or group of redundant employees.

including the provisions dealing with large-scale collective redundancy processes. Gabon Registering property Gabon made transferring property more costly by increasing the property registration tax rate.

and introduced a notice period for redundancy dismissals. Germany Starting a business Germany made starting a business more difficult by increasing notary fees.

Paying taxes Indonesia made paying taxes less costly for companies by reducing employers'health insurance contribution rate.

Getting electricity The Islamic Republic of Iran made getting electricity easier by eliminating the need for customers to obtain an excavation permit for electricity connection works.

Getting electricity Jamaica made getting electricity less expensive by reducing the cost of external connection works.

Paying taxes Kenya made paying taxes more costly for companies by increasing employers'social security contribution rate.

enhancing the electronic system for filing corporate income tax returns and reducing employers'social security contribution rate. Lithuania Starting a business Lithuania made starting a business easier by eliminating the need to have a company seal

Getting electricity Malawi reduced the time required to get electricity by engaging subcontractors to carry out external connection works.

Furthermore, Moldova increased the employers'health insurance contribution rate and introduced new filing requirements for VAT.

Labor market regulation Portugal reduced the amount of severance pay per year of service and increased the maximum cumulative duration of fixed-term contracts.

On the other hand, it increased employers'pension fund contribution rate. Enforcing contracts The Seychelles made enforcing contracts easier by establishing a commercial court,

Trinidad and tobago Starting a business Trinidad and tobago made starting a business easier by introducing online systems for employer registration and tax registration.

Paying taxes Turkey made paying taxes more costly for companies by increasing employers'social security contribution rate.

clarifying standards on the professional qualifications of insolvency practitioners and introducing provisions allowing the avoidance of undervalued transactions.

or constitutes a conflict of interest; and by making it possible for shareholders to inspect the documents pertaining to a related-party transaction,

Vanuatu Registering property Vanuatu made property transfers faster by digitizing its land registry system and hiring and training new staff.

score for getting electricity (0 100) 61.09 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 10.00 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index

of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 7. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 44 Time (days) 177 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10) 7

(0 100) 45.00 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 97 Time days) 180

DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 51.67 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 3 Resolving insolvency

100) 90.46 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 62.50 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 7

) 57.50 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 83 Time days) 92 Extent of shareholder

score for getting electricity (0 100) 64.02 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 60.00 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index

conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 14 Time (days) 75 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10

100) 63.33 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 16 Time days) 23 Extent

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 55.69 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 59.17 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 60 Time (days) 67 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10

for getting electricity (0 100) 78.26 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 50.00 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0

DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 60.83 Procedures (number) 9 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 3 Resolving insolvency

DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 30.83 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 3. 3 Resolving insolvency

100) 51.67 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 68 Time days) 131 Extent

score for getting electricity (0 100) 72.81 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 61.67 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index

conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 71 Time (days) 66 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10

100) 44.17 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 115 Time days) 90 Extent

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 78.28 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 50.00 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 96 Time (days) 42 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10

) 54.17 Procedures (number) 8 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 34 Time days) 125 Extent of shareholder

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 72.56 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 49.17 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

) 62.50 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 55 Time (days) 53.3 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10) 6

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 83.22 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 47.50 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

100) 68.33 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 38 Time days) 130 Extent

Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 7 Resolving insolvency rank) 115 Time (days) 158 Extent of shareholder governance

100) 51.67 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 144 Time days) 158 Extent

score for getting electricity (0 100) 63.80 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 35.00 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 62.44 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 52.50 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (

100) 46.67 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 123 Time days) 64 Extent

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 59.27 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 72.50 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

(0 100) 44.17 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index ( (0 10) 4. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 152 Time (days) 102 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10) 4. 5 DTF

(0 100) 42.50 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 152 Time days) 67

of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 73 Time (days) 30 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10) 5

(number) 5. 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 53 Time (days) 143.2 Extent of shareholder governance

DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 71.67 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 8. 0 Resolving insolvency

100) 45.83 Procedures (number) 3 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 7 Resolving insolvency rank) 189 Time (days) 120 Extent

score for getting electricity (0 100) 43.19 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 42.50 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index

(0 100) 42.50 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 117 Time days) 135

score for getting electricity (0 100) 82.72 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 28.33 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index

(0 100) 42.50 Procedures (number) 8 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 85 Time (days) 55 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10) 4. 5 DTF

) 57.50 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 56 Time days) 70 Extent of shareholder

(0 100) 68.33 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 51 Time (days) 247 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10) 7. 0 DTF

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 66.52 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 54.17 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

investors (0 100) 67.50 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 9 Time (days

minority investors (0 100) 39.17 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 2. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 70 Time

(0 100) 53.33 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 121 Time days) 61

) 54.17 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 158 Time days) 82 Extent of shareholder

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 67.03 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 46.67 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 44.17 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 7 Resolving insolvency

) 41.67 Procedures (number) 8 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 3. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 79 Time days) 83 Extent of shareholder

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 73.84 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 45.83 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

(number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 Time (days) 59 Extent of shareholder governance

score for getting electricity (0 100) 80.27 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 58.33 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index

(0 100) 41.67 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 2. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 74 Time days) 95

) 38.9 DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 77.97 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 47.50 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

(0 100) 55.83 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 1 Time (days) 42

100) 67.50 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 22 Time days) 79 Extent

DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 42.50 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 0 Resolving insolvency

score for getting electricity (0 100) 63.05 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 39.17 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index

100) 60.83 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 7. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 122 Time (days) 71 Extent

score for getting electricity (0 100) 98.37 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 59.17 Procedures (number) 3 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index

100) 58.33 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 161 Time days) 79 Extent

DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 57.50 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 3 Resolving insolvency

) 77.78 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 43.33 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 7 Resolving

DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 31.67 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 3. 3 Resolving insolvency

) 39.17 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 3. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank 119 Time (days) 69 Extent of shareholder

DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 45.83 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10 4. 7 Resolving insolvency

(0 100) 44.17 Procedures (number) 8 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 150 Time (days) 109

100) 20.00 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 3. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 Time days) 60 Extent

for getting electricity (0 100) 70.96 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 31.67 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0

of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 9. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 25 Time (days) 38 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10

Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 64 Time (days) 252 Extent of shareholder governance index (0

(0 100) 65.00 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 15 Time days) 22

DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 72.50 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 7 Resolving insolvency

score for getting electricity (0 100) 76.90 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 60.83 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index

score for getting electricity (0 100) 71.22 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 41.67 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index

(0 100) 42.50 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 Time days) 77

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 78.84 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 73.33 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 8. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 24 Time (days) 102 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10) 5

DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 66.67 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 0 Resolving insolvency

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 70.36 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 56.67 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

100) 62.50 Procedures (number) 3. 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 7. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 2 Time (days) 97.7 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10) 5

(0 100) 41.67 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 3. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 145 Time days) 50

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 72.96 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 65.83 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

(0 100) 45.83 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index ( (0 10) 4. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 134 Time (days) 158 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10) 4. 5 DTF

100) 41.67 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 Time (days) 97 Extent

(0 100) 99.83 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 66.67 Procedures (number) 3 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 7

100) 57.50 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 164 Time days) 46 Extent

100) 60.83 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 127 Time days) 42 Extent

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 49.64 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 62.50 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 3. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 Time (days) 134 Extent of shareholder

100) 60.00 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 40 Time (days) 108 Extent

100) 49.17 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 136 Time days) 75 Extent

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 68.20 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 49.17 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 28.33 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 3. 7 Resolving insolvency

Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 2. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 Time (days) 118 Extent of shareholder governance index (0

100) 55.00 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 67 Time (days) 137 Extent

investors (0 100) 46.67 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 62 Time days

score for getting electricity (0 100) 74.94 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 66.67 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index

100) 53.33 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 129 Time (days) 450 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10) 5. 0 DTF score

(0 100) 45.00 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 166 Time days) 172

) 37.3 DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 86.67 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 74.17 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 71.14 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 44.17 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

(0 100) 42.50 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 108 Time days) 120

of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 86 Time (days) 136 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10) 6

(0 100) 26.67 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 3. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 168 Time (days) 67

(0 100) 38.33 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 3. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 Time days) 75

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 83.74 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 65.00 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (

score for getting electricity (0 100) 68.47 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 57.50 Procedures (number) 6. 8 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

(0 100) 23.33 Procedures (number) 3 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 2. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 118 Time days) 105

) 28.6 DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 59.73 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 58.33 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest

Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 7. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 90 Time (days) 79 Extent of shareholder governance index (0

) 25.7 DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 79.28 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 60.83 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest

of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 113 Time (days) 62 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10) 4

(0 100) 51.67 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 107 Time days) 107

(0 100) 29.17 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 2. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 160 Time (days) 91

100) 53.33 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 81 Time days) 37 Extent

(0 100) 56.67 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank 82 Time (days) 70

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 74.40 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 51.67 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

) 27.2 DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 81.90 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 81.67 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

) 33.33 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 110 Time days) 55 Extent of shareholder

(0 100) 42.50 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 128 Time days) 115

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 31.37 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 57.50 Procedures (number) 9 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 7. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 8 Time (days) 66 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10

score for getting electricity (0 100) 76.76 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 45.83 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index

(0 100) 66.67 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank 78 Time (days) 178.3

conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 2. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 167 Time (days) 125 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10

100) 55.83 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 132 Time days) 35 Extent

) 110.3 DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 87.27 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 51.67 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest

conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 106 Time (days) 67 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10

) 61.67 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 7. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 76 Time days) 100 Extent of shareholder

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 90.59 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 41.67 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (

score for getting electricity (0 100) 79.19 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 62.50 Procedures (number) 3 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index

) 59.17 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 10 Time (days) 64 Extent of shareholder

100) 55.00 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 7. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 7 Time days) 32 Extent

conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 47 Time (days) 90 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10

) 61.67 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 46 Time days) 223 Extent of shareholder

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 60.89 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 50.83 Procedures (number) 5. 6 Extent of conflict of interest

100) 46.67 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 101 Time (days) 34 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10) 3

investors (0 100) 56.67 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 124 Time (days

(0 100) 47.50 Procedures (number) 3 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 111 Time (days) 45

DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 26.67 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 3. 3 Resolving insolvency

100) 57.50 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 163 Time days) 61 Extent

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 34.18 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 45.83 Procedures (number) 8 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 48 Time (days) 131 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10

) 58.33 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 61 Time (days) 137 Extent of shareholder

(0 100) 57.50 Procedures (number) 8 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 143 Time days) 82

of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 9. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 19 Time (days) 31 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10

100) 50.83 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 31 Time days) 128 Extent

DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 68.33 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 7. 3 Resolving insolvency

score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 52.50 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank

100) 67.50 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 8. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 39 Time days) 226 Extent

) 30.0 DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 36.68 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 32.50 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest

Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 23 Time (days) 85 Extent of shareholder governance index (0

score for getting electricity (0 100) 72.71 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 59.17 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index

(0 100) 53.33 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 Time days) 18

conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 100 Time (days) 19 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10

(0 100) 56.67 Procedures (number) 3 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 6. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 Time days) 52

) 19.8 DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 63.30 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 31.67 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest

DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 34.17 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 2. 3 Resolving insolvency

100) 47.50 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 80 Time days) 137 Extent

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 94.92 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 63.33 Procedures (number) 3 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (

score for getting electricity (0 100) 96.71 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 55.00 Procedures (number) 3 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index

100) 55.00 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank 146 Time (days) 71 Extent

) 17.7 DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 98.94 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 64.17 Procedures (number) 3 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 38.59 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 58.33 Procedures (number) 9 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

(0 100) 43.33 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 105 Time days) 109

) 15.0 DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 91.71 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 65.83 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 50.83 Procedures (number) 3 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 7 Resolving insolvency

100) 45.83 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 93 Time days) 74 Extent

) 30.5 DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 85.03 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 40.00 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 57.50 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 7. 0 Resolving insolvency

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 84.59 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 55.00 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

100) 69.17 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 7. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 109 Time days) 70 Extent

) 47.50 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank 98 Time (days) 132 Extent of shareholder

) 48.33 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 0 Resolving insolvency (rank) 142 Time days) 277 Extent of shareholder

of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 7. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 92 Time (days) 35 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10) 4

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 78.42 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 78.33 Procedures (number) 4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

100) 65.83 Procedures (number) 4. 8 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 8. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 4 Time (days) 89.6

score for getting electricity (0 100) 84.48 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 47.50 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index

Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 77 Time (days) 89 Extent of shareholder governance index (0

(0 100) 44.17 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 103 Time days) 122

DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 57.21 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0 100) 29.17 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation

of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 3. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 104 Time (days) 115 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10) 5

100) 43.33 Procedures (number) 5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 Time days) 63 Extent

of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 154 Time (days) 110 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10

of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 5. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 95 Time (days) 117 Extent of shareholder governance index (0 10

(0 100) 53.33 Procedures (number) 6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0 10) 4. 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 148 Time days) 106

Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency Labor market regulation data Employment regulations are unquestionably necessary. They are needed to protect workers from arbitrary

or unfair treatment and to ensure efficient contracting between employers and workers. They increase job stability

and can improve productivity through employer-worker cooperation. They benefit both workers and firms. 1 Labor market regulations encompass a wide spectrum,

from rules governing individual employee contracts to those relating to collective action, and can have a significant impact on economic growth

and competitiveness. 2 That impact can be negative where regulatory interventions are insufficient or excessive,

so finding the right balance is essential. The World bank's World Development Report 2013 uses the term plateau to describe that balance,

leading to losses of employment in an economy or to its missing out on job-supporting agglomeration effects and knowledge spillovers. 3 Doing Business measures flexibility in the regulation of employment as it affects the hiring and redundancy of workers and the rigidity

No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No Maximum length of fixed-term contracts (months) a No limit No limit No limit 12 No limit 60 No limit No limit No limit 60 Minimum wage for a full-time worker (US$

/month) b 0. 00 209.86 229.42 151.07 570.10 1, 462.19 113.29 2, 397.02 1, 555.92 133.35 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0

5. 5 6. 0 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 25 50 0 25 0 13 30 87.5 17 40 Premium for work on weekly rest day

(%of hourly pay) 50 25 0 100 0 100 100 100 100 150 Major restrictions on night work?

Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Major restrictions on weekly holiday work?

No No No Yes No No No No No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 20.0 20.0 22.0 22.0 12.0 18.0 20.0 20.0 25.0 17.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months

. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?

Yes No Yes Yes No No No No Yes No Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?

No No No Yes No No No No No No Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?

Yes No Yes Yes No No No No Yes No Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed?

Yes No No Yes No No No No No No Retraining or reassignment? f No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No Priority rules for redundancies?

No No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Priority rules for reemployment? Yes Yes No Yes No No No No Yes No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 4. 3 10.1 4. 3 4. 3 3. 4 7. 2 6

. 0 3. 0 2. 0 8. 7 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 17.3 10.7 13.0 26.7 12.8 23.1 5

. 0 8. 7 0. 0 13.0 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme?..Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Health insurance for permanent employees?

Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes Courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes?

No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 233 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Bahamas, The Bahrain Bangladesh (Dhaka) Bangladesh (Chittagong) Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Difficulty

of hiring Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? No No No No No No No No No No Maximum length of fixed-term contracts (months) a No limit 60 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit 48 No limit Minimum wage for a full-time worker (US$

/month) b 693.33 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 537.50 166.28 2, 368.12 384.79 63.30 66.98 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0

. 25 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 29 0. 21 0. 41 0. 62 0. 52 0. 22 Rigidity

6. 0 6. 0 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 0 50 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 Premium for work on weekly rest day

(%of hourly pay) 0 50 0 0 0 100 0 50 0 0 Major restrictions on night work?

No No No No No No Yes No No No Major restrictions on weekly holiday work?

No No No No No No Yes No No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 11.7 30.0 17.0 17.0 20.3 18.0 20.0 10.0 24.0 15.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months

. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?

Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?

No No No No No No No No No No Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?

Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed?

No No No No No No No No No No Retraining or reassignment? f No No No No No Yes No No No No Priority rules for redundancies?

No No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No Priority rules for reemployment? No No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 2. 0 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 2. 7 8. 7

19.7 4. 7 4. 3 8. 3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 10.7 0. 0 26.7 26.7 13.3 13.0

0. 0 8. 3 7. 3 0. 0 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No No No Health insurance for permanent employees?

No Yes No No No Yes Yes No No No Courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes?

Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No 234 DOING BUSINESS 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Boliviah Bosnia and herzegovina Botswana Brazil (São paulo) Brazil (Rio de janeiro) Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina faso Burundi Cabo Verde

Difficulty of hiring Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? Yes No No Yes Yes No No No No Yes Maximum length of fixed-term contracts (months) a 24 24 No limit 24 24 No limit 36 No limit No limit 60 Minimum wage for a full-time worker (US$

/month) b 164.71 383.26 96.99 437.80 484.24 0. 00 233.18 63.42 2. 50 131.08 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0. 47 0

. 67 0. 09 0. 31 0. 34 0. 00 0. 27 0. 59 0. 06 0. 28 Rigidity of hours 50

6. 0 6. 0 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 25 30 0 20 20 0 3 0 35 25 Premium for work on weekly rest day

(%of hourly pay) 100 20 100 100 100 50 0 0 0 100 Major restrictions on night work?

No No No Yes Yes No Yes No No No Major restrictions on weekly holiday work?

No No No No No No No Yes No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 21.7 18.0 15.0 26.0 26.0 13.3 20.0 22.0 21.0 22.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months

. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?

n. a. No Yes No No No No No No Yes Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?

n. a. No No No No No No No No Yes Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?

n. a. Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed?

n. a. No No No No No No No No Yes Retraining or reassignment? f n. a. Yes No No No No No No No Yes Priority rules for redundancies?

n. a. No Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes Priority rules for reemployment?

n. a. Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d n. a. 2. 0 4. 9 6. 6 6. 6

3. 0 4. 3 4. 3 8. 7 6. 4 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d n. a. 7. 2

16.8 8. 9 8. 9 0. 0 4. 3 6. 1 7. 2 23.1 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme?

No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No No Health insurance for permanent employees? Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes?

Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 235 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central african republic Chad Chile China (Shanghai) China (Beijing) Colombia Comoros Difficulty

No No No Yes No No No No No No Maximum length of fixed-term contracts (months) a 24 48 No limit 24 48 12 No limit No limit No limit 36 Minimum wage for a full-time worker (US$

/month) b 0. 00 56.06 1, 889.04 36.63 123.42 427.79 286.29 245.39 331.09 0. 00 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0. 00

6. 0 6. 0 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 30 0 0 0 0 0 39 39 35 0 Premium for work on weekly rest day

(%of hourly pay) 100 0 0 50 100 0 100 100 75 0 Major restrictions on night work?

No No No No No No No No No No Major restrictions on weekly holiday work?

No No No Yes No No No No No Yes Paid annual leave (working days) d 19.3 25.0 10.0 25.3 24.7 15.0 6. 7 6. 7 15.0 22.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length

of probationary period (months) e 1. 0 1. 0 3. 0 2. 0 3. 0 n. a. 6. 0 6. 0 2

. 0 6. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?

No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?

No Yes No No No No No No No No Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?

Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed?

No Yes No Yes No No No No No No Retraining or reassignment? f No No No No No No Yes Yes No No Priority rules for redundancies?

Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Priority rules for reemployment? Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 7. 9 11.6 5. 0 4. 3 7. 2 4. 3 4

. 3 4. 3 0. 0 13.0 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 11.4 8. 3 5. 0 17.3 5. 8

23.1 23.1 23.1 16.7 23.1 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? No No Yes No..Yes Yes Yes Yes No Health insurance for permanent employees?

No Yes No Yes..Yes Yes Yes Yes No Courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes?

No Yes No Yes..Yes Yes Yes Yes No 236 DOING BUSINESS 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Congo, Dem.

Rep. Congo, Rep. Costa rica Côte d'ivoire Croatia Cyprus Czech republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Difficulty of hiring Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks?

Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes No Maximum length of fixed-term contracts (months) a 48 24 12 24 No limit 30 108 No limit 24 No limit Minimum wage for a full-time worker (US$

/month) b 65.00 208.86 580.51 114.00 534.87 1, 250.12 544.80 0. 00 0. 00 348.27 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 1. 02

6. 0 6. 0 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 25 0 0 38 10 0 10 0 0 0 Premium for work on weekly rest day

(%of hourly pay) 0 0 100 0 35 0 10 0 0 100 Major restrictions on night work?

No No Yes No Yes No No No No No Major restrictions on weekly holiday work?

No Yes No No Yes No No No No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 13.0 29.7 12.0 27.4 20.0 20.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 13.3 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months

Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?

Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes No Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?

Yes Yes No No No No No No No No Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?

Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed?

Yes Yes No No No No No No No No Retraining or reassignment? f No No No No Yes Yes No No No No Priority rules for redundancies?

Yes Yes No No Yes No No No No Yes Priority rules for reemployment? Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 10.3 8. 7 4. 3 5. 8 7. 9 5. 7 8

. 7 0. 0 4. 3 5. 8 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 0. 0 6. 9 14.4 7. 3

7. 2 0. 0 11.6 0. 0 0. 0 9. 3 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme?

No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Health insurance for permanent employees? Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes No Courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes?

No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 237 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Dominican republic Ecuador Egypt, Arab Rep. El salvador Equatorial guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland Difficulty

of hiring Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Maximum length of fixed-term contracts (months) a No limit 24 No limit No limit 24 No limit 120 No limit No limit 60 Minimum wage for a full-time worker (US$

/month) b 295.71 388.02 0. 00 243.49 767.17 0. 00 457.92 0. 00 339.77 2, 287.55 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0

. 40 0. 54 0. 00 0. 49 0. 38 0. 00 0. 21 0. 00 0. 60 0. 38 Rigidity

6. 0 6. 0 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 0 25 0 25 25 0 25 0 4 23 Premium for work on weekly rest day

(%of hourly pay) 100 100 0 100 50 0 0 0 100 100 Major restrictions on night work?

No No No Yes Yes No Yes No No No Major restrictions on weekly holiday work?

Yes No No Yes Yes No No No No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 14.0 12.0 24.0 11.0 22.0 19.0 24.0 18.3 10.0 30.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months

. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?

No Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes No Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?

No No Yes No Yes No No No No No Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?

No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed?

No No Yes No Yes Yes No No No No Retraining or reassignment? f No No No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Priority rules for redundancies?

No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No Priority rules for reemployment? No No No No Yes No No No No Yes Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 4. 0 0. 0 10.1 0. 0 4. 3 3. 1 8

. 6 8. 7 4. 3 10.1 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 22.2 31.8 26.7 22.9 34.3 12.3 4. 3

10.5 5. 3 0. 0 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? No No Yes No..Yes Yes No No Yes Health insurance for permanent employees?

Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No Yes Courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes?

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 238 DOING BUSINESS 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA France Gabon Gambia,

The Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Difficulty of hiring Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks?

Yes No No No No No Yes Yes Yes No Maximum length of fixed-term contracts (months) a 18 48 No limit 30 24 No limit No limit No limit No limit 24 Minimum wage for a full-time worker (US$

/month) b 1, 922.57 312.55 0. 00 24.25 0 0. 00 64.97 814.75 254.15 369.02 0. 00 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0

6. 0 6. 0 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 20 0 0 0 0 0 25 0 0 20 Premium for work on weekly rest day

(%of hourly pay) 20 0 0 0 0 0 75 0 50 0 Major restrictions on night work?

Yes No No No No No No No Yes No Major restrictions on weekly holiday work?

Yes No No No No No Yes No Yes Yes Paid annual leave (working days) d 30.0 24.0 21.0 24.0 24.0 15.0 22.3 13.3 15.0 30.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months

) e 4. 0 6. 0 12.0 6. 0 6. 0 6. 0 12.0 1. 0 2. 0 1. 0 Dismissal

due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?

No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?

No Yes No No No Yes No No No No Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?

Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed?

No Yes No No No Yes Yes No No No Retraining or reassignment? f Yes No No No Yes No No No No No Priority rules for redundancies?

Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No No Priority rules for reemployment? Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 7. 2 14.4 26.0 4. 3 10.0 3. 6 0. 0 7

. 2 0. 0 2. 1 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 4. 6 4. 3 0. 0 4. 3 11.6

46.2 15.9 5. 3 27.0 5. 8 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No No Health insurance for permanent employees?

Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No Yes Courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes?

Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 239 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Guinea-bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong kong SAR, China Hungary Iceland India (Mumbai) India (Delhi

) Indonesia (Jakarta) Difficulty of hiring Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? Yes No No Yes No No No No No Yes Maximum length of fixed-term contracts (months) a 12 No limit No limit 24 No limit 60 24 No limit No limit 36 Minimum wage for a full-time worker (US$

/month) b 0. 00 166.41 154.48 455.04 794.99 453.74 1, 783.94 125.37 134.82 248.17 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0. 00 0

. 32 1. 39 1. 51 0. 18 0. 30 0. 32 0. 63 0. 68 0. 55 Rigidity of hours 50

6. 0 6. 0 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 25 0 50 25 0 15 80 0 0 0 Premium for work on weekly rest day

(%of hourly pay) 50 100 50 100 0 50 80 0 0 0 Major restrictions on night work?

No No No Yes No No No Yes Yes No Major restrictions on weekly holiday work?

No No No No No No No Yes No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 21.0 12.0 13.0 16.7 10.3 21.3 24.0 21.0 15.0 12.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months

. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?

Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?

Yes No No Yes No No No No No Yes Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?

Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed?

Yes No No Yes No No No No No Yes Retraining or reassignment? f No No No No No No No No No Yes Priority rules for redundancies?

Yes No No Yes No No No Yes Yes No Priority rules for reemployment? Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 0. 0 4. 3 10.1 7. 2 4. 3 6. 2 10.1

4. 3 4. 3 0. 0 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 26.0 12.3 0. 0 23.1 1. 4 7

. 2 0. 0 11.4 11.4 57.8 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? No No No No No Yes Yes No No No Health insurance for permanent employees?

No No..Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes?

Yes No Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 240 DOING BUSINESS 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Indonesia (Surabaya) Iran,

Islamic Rep. Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica Japan (Tokyo) Japan (Osaka) Jordan Difficulty of hiring Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks?

Yes No Yes No No No No No No No Maximum length of fixed-term contracts (months) a 36 No limit No limit No limit No limit 36 No limit No limit No limit No limit Minimum wage for a full-time worker (US$

/month) b 223.67 466.63 103.30 1, 809.66 1, 145.81 2, 035.74 250.12 1, 785.35 1, 682.62 257.29 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker

6. 0 6. 0 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 0 35 0 0 14 15 0 25 25 0 Premium for work on weekly rest day

(%of hourly pay) 0 40 50 0 50 30 100 35 35 150 Major restrictions on night work?

No No Yes No No No No No No No Major restrictions on weekly holiday work?

No No No No Yes No No No No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 12.0 24.0 22.0 20.0 18.0 26.0 11.7 15.3 15.3 18.7 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months

) e 3. 0 1. 0 3. 0 12.0 n. a. 2. 0 3. 0 n. a n. a. 3. 0 Dismissal

due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?

Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No No Yes Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?

Yes Yes No No No No No No No Yes Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?

Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed?

Yes Yes No No No No No No No Yes Retraining or reassignment? f Yes No No No No Yes No Yes Yes No Priority rules for redundancies?

No No No No No Yes No No No No Priority rules for reemployment? No No No No No Yes No No No Yes Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 3. 7 4. 3 4. 5

4. 0 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 57.8 23.1 0. 0 10.7 23.1

0. 0 10.0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? No Yes..

Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes..Health insurance for permanent employees? Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes..

Courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes? Yes..Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 241 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Rep. Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia Lebanon

Difficulty of hiring Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? No No No No No No Yes No Yes No Maximum length of fixed-term contracts (months) a No limit No limit No limit 24 No limit No limit 60 No limit 36 24 Minimum wage for a full-time worker (US$

/month) b 127.87 241.39 0. 00 815.65 172.09 211.40 18.50 74.66 602.77 439.34 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0. 09 1. 72

0. 00 0. 28 0. 14 0. 04 0. 12 0. 37 0. 32 0. 34 Rigidity of hours 50-hour

5. 5 6. 0 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 50 0 0 50 30 0 50 15 50 0 Premium for work on weekly rest day

(%of hourly pay) 100 0 0 50 50 50 100 150 0 50 Major restrictions on night work?

No No No Yes No No No No Yes No Major restrictions on weekly holiday work?

No No No No No Yes No No No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 18.0 21.0 0. 0 17.0 21.0 30.0 20.0 15.0 20.0 15.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period

. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?

Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No No Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?

No No Yes No No No No Yes No No Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?

Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed?

No No Yes No No No No Yes No No Retraining or reassignment? f Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes No Priority rules for redundancies?

No Yes No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Priority rules for reemployment? No No No Yes Yes No No No No Yes Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 13.0 4

. 3 6. 4 4. 3 8. 7 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 4. 3 2. 1 0. 0 23.1

7. 2 15.1 13.0 40.7 8. 7 0. 0 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? Yes No No Yes No..

Yes Yes Yes No Health insurance for permanent employees? Yes Yes No Yes No..Yes Yes No Yes Courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes?

No Yes No No No..No No No Yes 242 DOING BUSINESS 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Lesotho Liberia Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia,

FYR Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Difficulty of hiring Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks?

No No No No Yes No Yes Yes No No Maximum length of fixed-term contracts (months) a No limit No limit 48 60 24 60 24 No limit No limit 24 Minimum wage for a full-time worker (US$

/month) b 158.70 52.00 336.11 382.61 3, 000.18 287.51 49.83 15.72 293.01 0. 00 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0. 73 0

6. 0 6. 0 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 0 0 0 50 0 35 30 0 0 0 Premium for work on weekly rest day

(%of hourly pay) 100 50 0 100 70 50 40 100 0 50 Major restrictions on night work?

Yes No No No No Yes No No No No Major restrictions on weekly holiday work?

No No No No Yes No No No No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 12.0 16.0 30.0 20.7 25.0 20.0 24.0 18.0 13.3 30.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months

Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?

No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No No Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?

No No No No No No No No No No Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?

No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed?

No No No No No No Yes No No No Retraining or reassignment? f No No No Yes No No No No No No Priority rules for redundancies?

No Yes No Yes No No Yes No No No Priority rules for reemployment? No Yes No No Yes No Yes No No No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 8. 7 17.3 4. 3 3

. 4 4. 3 6. 7 7. 2 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 10.7 21.3 11.6 15.9 4. 3 8

. 7 8. 9 12.3 17.2 0. 0 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes..

No No Health insurance for permanent employees? Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No..No No Courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes?

Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes..Yes Yes LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 243 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Mali Malta Marshall islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico (Mexico city) Mexico (Monterrey) Micronesia, Fed.

Sts. Moldova Mongolia Difficulty of hiring Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Yes No Maximum length of fixed-term contracts (months) a 72 48 No limit 24 24 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit Minimum wage for a full-time worker (US$

/month) b 63.20 952.98 421.63 105.50 241.90 174.50 174.50 357.38 110.72 125.46 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0. 56 0. 38 0

. 77 0. 68 0. 22 0. 14 0. 14 0. 76 0. 39 0. 28 Rigidity of hours 50-hour workweek allowed?

6. 0 5. 0 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 50 0 Premium for work on weekly rest day

(%of hourly pay) 0 0 0 50 100 25 25 0 100 50 Major restrictions on night work?

No No No Yes No No No No Yes No Major restrictions on weekly holiday work?

No No No No No No No No Yes No Paid annual leave (working days) d 22.0 24.0 0. 0 18.0 17.0 12.0 12.0 0. 0 20.0 16.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length

of probationary period (months) e 6. 0 6. 0 6. 0 1. 0 3. 0 1. 0 1. 0 n. a. 0

. 5 6. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?

Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?

No No No No No Yes Yes No No No Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?

Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed?

No No No No No Yes Yes No No No Retraining or reassignment? f No No No No No No No No Yes No Priority rules for redundancies?

Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Priority rules for reemployment? Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 4. 3 7. 3 0. 0 4. 3 4. 3 0. 0

0. 0 0. 0 8. 7 4. 3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 9. 3 0. 0 0. 0

6. 1 6. 3 22.0 22.0 0. 0 13.9 4. 3 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme?

No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Health insurance for permanent employees? No No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes?

Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 244 DOING BUSINESS 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New zealand Nicaragua Niger Difficulty of hiring Fixed-term

contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? No Yes Yes No No Yes No No No Yes Maximum length of fixed-term contracts (months) a 24 12 72 No limit No limit No limit 36 No limit No limit 48 Minimum wage for a full-time worker (US$

/month) b 196.66 278.46 139.33 0. 00 0. 00 95.03 1, 036.47 1, 980.93 200.12 57.18 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0

. 22 0. 74 1. 45 0. 00 0. 00 0. 94 0. 17 0. 39 0. 84 0. 79 Rigidity

6. 0 6. 0 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 40 0 25 0 6 0 0 0 0 38 Premium for work on weekly rest day

(%of hourly pay) 0 0 100 100 100 50 0 0 100 0 Major restrictions on night work?

No No No No No No Yes No Yes No Major restrictions on weekly holiday work?

No Yes Yes No No No No No Yes No Paid annual leave (working days) d 21.0 19.5 24.0 10.0 20.0 18.0 20.0 20.0 30.0 22.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months

Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?

No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?

No No No No No Yes Yes No No No Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?

No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed?

No Yes No No No Yes Yes No No No Retraining or reassignment? f Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes No Yes Priority rules for redundancies?

Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No No Yes Priority rules for reemployment? No Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 4. 3 7. 2 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3

8. 7 0. 0 0. 0 4. 3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 6. 9 13.5 33.2 15.9 5

. 3 22.9 0. 0 0. 0 14.9 9. 7 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? Yes No No..

No No Yes No No..Health insurance for permanent employees? Yes Yes No Yes No No No No Yes No Courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes?

Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 245 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Nigeria (Lagos) Nigeria (Kano) Norway Oman Pakistan (Karachi) Pakistan (Lahore) Palau Panama Papua new guinea

Paraguay Difficulty of hiring Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Maximum length of fixed-term contracts (months) a No limit No limit 48 No limit 9 9 No limit 12 No limit No limit Minimum wage for a full-time worker (US$

/month) b 111.17 111.17 3, 840.25 847.72 104.53 104.53 551.54 476.59 195.96 409.69 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0. 26 0. 26

0. 29 0. 30 0. 56 0. 56 0. 39 0. 34 0. 69 0. 76 Rigidity of hours 50-hour

6. 0 6. 0 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 13 0 30 Premium for work on weekly rest day

(%of hourly pay) 0 0 0 100 100 100 0 50 0 100 Major restrictions on night work?

No No Yes Yes No No No No No Yes Major restrictions on weekly holiday work?

No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 6. 0 6. 0 21.0 22.0 14.0 14.0 0. 0 22.0 11.0 20.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum

length of probationary period (months) e 3. 0 3. 0 6. 0 3. 0 3. 0 3. 0 n. a. 3. 0

n. a. 1. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?

No No No No No No No Yes No Yes Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?

No No No No No No No Yes No Yes Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?

Yes Yes No No No No No Yes No Yes Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed?

No No No No No No No Yes No Yes Retraining or reassignment? f No No Yes No Yes Yes No No No No Priority rules for redundancies?

Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No Priority rules for reemployment? No No Yes No Yes Yes No No No Yes Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 3. 2 3. 2 8. 7 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3

0. 0 0. 0 3. 3 7. 5 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 12.2 12.2 0. 0 0. 0

22.9 22.9 0. 0 18.1 9. 2 18.6 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? No No Yes No No No No No No No Health insurance for permanent employees?

No Yes No Yes No No No No No Yes Courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes?

Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes..Yes 246 DOING BUSINESS 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto rico (U s.)Qatar Romania Russian Federation (Moscow) Russian Federation (St petersburg

) Rwanda Difficulty of hiring Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Maximum length of fixed-term contracts (months) a 60 No limit No limit 66 No limit No limit 60 60 60 No limit Minimum wage for a full-time worker (US$

/month) b 275.86 304.93 535.52 754.09 1, 233.43 0. 00 251.28 390.11 274.56 0. 00 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0. 34

0. 69 0. 35 0. 29 0. 51 0. 00 0. 23 0. 24 0. 17 0. 00 Rigidity of hours

6. 0 6. 0 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 35 10 20 25 0 0 25 20 20 0 Premium for work on weekly rest day

(%of hourly pay) 100 30 100 50 100 0 100 100 100 0 Major restrictions on night work?

No No No No No No No No No No Major restrictions on weekly holiday work?

No No No Yes No No No Yes Yes No Paid annual leave (working days) d 13.0 5. 0 22.0 22.0 15.0 22.0 20.0 22.0 22.0 19.3 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period

6. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?

Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?

Yes No No No No No No No No No Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?

Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed?

Yes No No No No No No No No No Retraining or reassignment? f No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No Priority rules for redundancies?

No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Priority rules for reemployment? Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 0. 0 4. 3 10.1 7. 9 0. 0 7. 2 4

. 0 8. 7 8. 7 4. 3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 11.4 23.1 8. 7 9. 1 0

. 0 16.0 0. 0 8. 7 8. 7 8. 7 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme?

No No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Health insurance for permanent employees? Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes?

Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 247 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Samoa San marino São tomé and Príncipe Saudi arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra leone Singapore Slovak Republic Difficulty

of hiring Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Maximum length of fixed-term contracts (months) a No limit 18 36 No limit 24 12 No limit No limit No limit 24 Minimum wage for a full-time worker (US$

/month) b 178.65 2, 836.26 0. 00 0. 00 189.28 232.46 421.86 4. 46 0. 00 470.54 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker

0. 36 0. 41 0. 00 0. 00 1. 14 0. 34 0. 28 0. 04 0. 00 0. 23

6. 0 6. 0 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 0 35 25 0 38 26 0 15 0 20 Premium for work on weekly rest day

(%of hourly pay) 100 0 100 50 0 26 100 100 100 0 Major restrictions on night work?

No No No No No No No No No No Major restrictions on weekly holiday work?

Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 10.0 26.0 26.0 20.7 24.3 20.0 21.0 21.3 10.7 25.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months

. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?

No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?

No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No No Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?

No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed?

No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No No Retraining or reassignment? f No No No No No Yes No Yes No Yes Priority rules for redundancies?

No Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No Priority rules for reemployment? No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 3. 3 0. 0 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 0. 0

4. 3 8. 7 3. 0 11.6 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 0. 0 0. 0 26.0 15.2 10.5

7. 7 7. 6 69.6 0. 0 7. 2 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? No Yes No No No Yes No No No Yes Health insurance for permanent employees?

No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes?

No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 248 DOING BUSINESS 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Slovenia Solomon islands South africa South Sudan Spain Sri lanka St kitts and nevis St lucia St vincent

and the Grenadines Sudan Difficulty of hiring Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? Yes No Yes No Yes No No No No No Maximum length of fixed-term contracts (months) a 24 No limit No limit 48 12 No limit No limit 24 No limit 48 Minimum wage for a full-time worker (US$

/month) b 1, 054.91 120.22 336.46 0. 00 1, 140.02 83.03 517.48 0. 00 239.96 82.42 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0

. 38 0. 51 0. 36 0. 00 0. 31 0. 21 0. 30 0. 00 0. 30 0. 49 Rigidity

6. 0 6. 0 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 75 0 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 Premium for work on weekly rest day

(%of hourly pay) 50 0 100 0 0 0 0 150 0 0 Major restrictions on night work?

No No Yes No Yes Yes No No No No Major restrictions on weekly holiday work?

No No No No No No No No No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 21.0 15.0 15.0 23.3 22.0 14.0 14.0 21.0 18.7 23.3 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period (months

. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?

No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?

No No No Yes No Yes No No No Yes Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?

No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed?

No No No Yes No Yes No No No Yes Retraining or reassignment? f Yes No Yes No No No No No No No Priority rules for redundancies?

Yes No No No No Yes No No No No Priority rules for reemployment? No No No No No No Yes No Yes No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 5. 3 4. 3 4. 0 4. 3 2. 1 4. 3

8. 7 3. 7 4. 0 4. 3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 5. 3 10.7 5. 3 21.7

15.2 54.2 0. 0 9. 3 10.0 21.7 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? Yes No Yes No Yes No..

No No No Health insurance for permanent employees? Yes No No Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes?

Yes..Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 249 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taiwan, China Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor

-Leste Difficulty of hiring Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Maximum length of fixed-term contracts (months) a No limit No limit 24 120 60 12 No limit No limit No limit 36 Minimum wage for a full-time worker (US$

/month) b 0. 00 174.92 0. 00 0. 00 260.64 649.31 50.25 65.73 251.34 104.95 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0. 00

0. 40 0. 00 0. 00 0. 68 0. 26 0. 37 0. 65 0. 41 0. 18 Rigidity of hours

6. 0 6. 0 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 5 0 25 Premium for work on weekly rest day

(%of hourly pay) 100 0 0 0 100 100 100 100 0 100 Major restrictions on night work?

No No No Yes No No Yes No No No Major restrictions on weekly holiday work?

No No Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes Paid annual leave (working days) d 16.0 11.0 25.0 20.0 21.7 12.0 23.3 20.0 6. 0 12.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period

1. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?

Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?

Yes No No No Yes No No Yes No No Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?

Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed?

Yes No No No Yes No No Yes No No Retraining or reassignment? f No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No No Priority rules for redundancies?

No Yes Yes No No No Yes No No No Priority rules for reemployment? No No Yes No No Yes No No No No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 0. 0 5. 9 14.4 10.1 8. 7 3. 8 8. 7

4. 0 4. 3 4. 3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 8. 8 8. 7 0. 0 0. 0

0. 0 18.8 6. 9 5. 3 31.7 0. 0 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme?

No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Health insurance for permanent employees? No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes?

No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 250 DOING BUSINESS 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Togo Tonga Trinidad and tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United arab emirates United kingdom United states (New york city) Difficulty of hiring Fixed

-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No No Maximum length of fixed-term contracts (months) a 48 No limit No limit 48 No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit No limit Minimum wage for a full-time worker (US$

/month) b 107.20 0. 00 337.80 280.46 569.33 2. 14 147.69 0. 00 1, 371.67 1, 379.37 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker

1. 34 0. 00 0. 18 0. 54 0. 42 0. 02 0. 32 0. 00 0. 27 0. 21

6. 0 6. 0 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 200 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 Premium for work on weekly rest day

(%of hourly pay) 65 0 100 100 100 0 100 50 0 0 Major restrictions on night work?

No No No No Yes No No No No No Major restrictions on weekly holiday work?

No Yes No No No No Yes Yes No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 30.0 0. 0 10.0 13.0 18.0 21.0 18.0 26.0 28.0 0. 0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length

of probationary period (months) e 6. 0 6. 0 6. 0 12.0 2. 0 12.0 1. 0 6. 0 6. 0 3

. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?

Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No No Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?

No No No Yes No No No No No No Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?

Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes No No No Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed?

No No No Yes No No No No No No Retraining or reassignment? f No No No Yes No No Yes No No No Priority rules for redundancies?

Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes No No No Priority rules for reemployment? Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes No No No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 4. 3 0. 0 6. 4 4. 3 6. 7 8. 7

8. 7 4. 3 5. 3 0. 0 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 8. 8 0. 0 14.1 7

. 8 23.1 0. 0 4. 3 0. 0 4. 0 0. 0 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme?

No No No No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Health insurance for permanent employees? No Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes?

Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 251 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA United states (Los angeles) Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela, RBH Vietnam West bank and Gaza Yemen, Rep. Zambia

Zimbabwe Difficulty of hiring Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? No Yes Yes No Yes No No No No No Maximum length of fixed-term contracts (months) a No limit No limit 60 No limit 24 72 24 No limit No limit No limit Minimum wage for a full-time worker (US$

/month) b 1, 379.37 610.92 44.88 326.14 622.25 123.02 384.62 87.33 292.99 255.49 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0. 21 0. 31

0. 19 0. 74 0. 39 0. 60 1. 58 0. 45 1. 21 2. 11 Rigidity of hours 50-hour

5. 5 6. 0 Premium for night work(%of hourly pay) 0 0 50 0 30 30 0 15 4 0 Premium for work on weekly rest day

(%of hourly pay) 0 100 100 50 50 0 150 100 100 0 Major restrictions on night work?

No No Yes No Yes No Yes No No Yes Major restrictions on weekly holiday work?

No No No No Yes No Yes No No No Paid annual leave (working days) d 0. 0 21.0 15.0 17.0 19.3 13.0 12.0 30.0 24.0 22.0 Difficulty of redundancy Maximum length of probationary period

. 3. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?

No No No No n. a. No Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?

No No No No n. a. No No No No Yes Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed?

No No Yes No n. a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed?

No No No No n. a. Yes No No No Yes Retraining or reassignment? f No No Yes No n. a. Yes No No No Yes Priority rules for redundancies?

No No Yes No n. a. No No No No No Priority rules for reemployment?

No No No No n. a. No No Yes No No Redundancy cost Notice period for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 0. 0 0. 0 8. 7 9. 3 n. a

. 0. 0 4. 3 4. 3 4. 3 13.0 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (weeks of salary) d 0. 0 20.8 8. 7

23.1 n. a. 24.6 23.1 23.1 46.2 69.3 Research questionsg Unemployment protection scheme? Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No..

No No Health insurance for permanent employees? No No No No No Yes No No No No Courts or court sections specializing in labor disputes?

No Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes a. Including renewals. b. Economies for

which 0. 00 is shown have no minimum wage in the private sector. c. For 2 months a year in case of a seasonal increase in production. d. Average for workers with 1,

which there is no statutory provision for a probationary period. f . Whether compulsory before redundancy. g. No Doing Business data are available(..

for some economies. h. Some answers are not applicable (n. a.)for economies where dismissal due to redundancy is disallowed.

Source: Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency Acknowledgments Data collection and analysis for Doing Business 2015 were conducted by a team led by Rita Ramalho (Manager,

and generous input of a network of more than 10,700 local partners, including legal experts, business consultants, accountants, freight forwarders,

ALLIANCE OF LABOR, EMPLOYMENT, BENEFITS AND PENSIONS LAW FIRMS KPMG LAW SOCIETY OF ENGLAND AND WALES LEX MUNDI, ASSOCIATION OF INDEPENDENT LAW FIRMS MAYER BROWN PANALPINA PWC1

Albert Babayan MINISTRY OF ECONOMY Anush Baghdasaryan AVENUE CONSULTING GROUP Vahagn Balyan AVENUE CONSULTING GROUP Irina Belubekyan UNION OF MANUFACTURERS AND BUSINESSMEN (EMPLOYERS

Ghazaryan UNION OF MANUFACTURERS AND BUSINESSMEN (EMPLOYERS) OF ARMENIA Hayk Ghazazyan KPMG Suren Gomtsyan CONCERN-DIALOG LAW FIRM Armine Grigoryan THE STATE COMMITTEE OF THE REAL PROPERTY CADASTRE

Jacklyn Burrows LORD ELLOR & CO. Wayde A b. Christie LORD ELLOR & CO. Surinder Deal HIGGS & JOHNSON Craig G. Delancy MINISTRY OF WORKS

Colin Higgs MINISTRY OF WORKS & TRANSPORT Simone Morgan-Gomez CALLENDERS & CO. Lester J. Mortimer Jr.

& LEGAL CONSULTANTS Ken Healy PWC BAHRAIN Brian Howard TROWERS & HAMLINS Hessa Hussain THE BENEFIT COMPANY Jeremy Ingham TROWERS & HAMLINS Jawad Habib

& ASSOCIATES Najma Mohammed MINISTRY OF MUNICIPALITIES AND URBAN PLANNING Eman Omar ZU'BI & PARTNERS ATTORNEYS & LEGAL CONSULTANTS Hassan Ali Radhi HASSAN RADHI & ASSOCIATES

& PARTNERS ATTORNEYS & LEGAL CONSULTANTS Esmond Hugh Stokes ZU'BI & PARTNERS ATTORNEYS & LEGAL CONSULTANTS Waheed Sultan BAHRAIN INVESTORS CENTER Baiju Thomas

AGILITY LOGISTICS Muneera Zubari ZU'BI & PARTNERS ATTORNEYS & LEGAL CONSULTANTS Hatim S. Zu'bi ZU'BI & PARTNERS ATTORNEYS & LEGAL CONSULTANTS

Quamrul Hasan ADVISER'S LEGAL ALLIANCE FIRM Syed Afzal Hasan Uddin SYED ISHTIAQ AHMED & ASSOCIATES Ehsanul Hoque (Rasel) AIR MARKET EXPRESS Md.

AFRICA HANDLING AND LOGISTICS Magloire Daoudou CABINET DES EXPERTS ASSOCIÉS-CEA SARL G. Edibayo Dassoundo TRIBUNAL DE PREMIÈRE INSTANCE DE COTONOU

Olagnika Salam OFFICE NOTARIAL OLAGNIKA SALAM Adegbindin Saliou CABINET DES EXPERTS ASSOCIÉS-CEA SARL Moussa Sanogo BCEAO Nadege Sebapo SOCIÉTÉ

DES EXPERTS ASSOCIÉS-CEA SARL Emmanuel Yehouessi BCEAO BHUTAN BHUTAN POWER CORPORATION LTD. Bhakta Acharya Cheda UC ASSOCIATES:

Sonam Tashi MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC AFFAIRS Wang Tshering PCT CONSTRUCTION Karma Tshewang VISIT ASIA Pema Wangda MINISTRY OF LABOUR AND HUMAN RESOURCES Karma Yeshey

Marie Barambona UNIVERSITÉ DU BURUNDI Adolphe Birehanisenge AGENCE DE PROMOTION DES INVESTISSEMENTS Jean Marie Bukware API-BURUNDI Ange Gakundwakazi

PROMOTION DES INVESTISSEMENTS Antoine Ntisigana SODETRA LTD. Happy Hervé Ntwari MKONO & CO. ADVOCATES Patrick-Didier Nukuri CABINET NUKURI François Nyamoya CABINET D'AVOCAT ALI DINI Gilbert L p.

Dolores Sonia Kimpwene ETUDE KABINDA-CABINET D'AVOCATS Baby Kitoko EXPERTS FREIGHT-RDC Marc Kongomayi Mulumba SOCIÉTÉ NATIONALE D'ELECTRICITÉ

-MEMBER OF RUSSELL BEDFORD INTERNATIONAL Lefteris S. Eleftheriou CYPRUS INVESTMENT PROMOTION AGENCY Elena Frixou ARTEMIS BANK INFORMATION SYSTEMS LTD.

Ktenas ANDREAS NEOCLEOUS & CO. LEGAL CONSULTANTS Olga Lambrou MOUAIMIS & MOUAIMIS LLC Pieris M. Markou DELOITTE Christos Mavrellis CHRYSSES DEMETRIADES & CO

LAW FIRM Aicha Youssouf Abdi CABINET CECA DOMINICA Kertist Augustus WATERFRONT AND ALLIED WORKERS UNION Joanne Commodore SUPREME COURT REGISTRY Lisa de Freitas

CONSULTANT Berhane Woldu SERVICE EFFECTIVENESS RESEARCH GROUP ESTONIA ELEKTRILEVI Ott Aava ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW BORENIUS Angela Agur MAQS LAW FIRM ESTONIA TALLINN

CORREIA AMENDOEIRA & ASSOCIADOS-SOCIEDADE DE ADVOGADOS RL Pélagie Massamba Mouckocko PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS TAX & LEGAL SA Jean-Joel Mebaley DESTINY EXECUTIVES ARCHITECTS

AND CONSULTANTS George Ahiafor XDSDATA GHANA LTD. Kweku Ainuson AB LEXMALL & ASSOCIATES Nana Akonu Amartey ANDAH AND ANDAH CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS Nene Amegatcher SAM OKUDZETO & ASSOCIATES Kennedy Paschal Anaba LAWFIELDS

, LETSA & ANKOMAH, MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI Stanley Mawuli Sallah ELECTRICITY COMPANY OF GHANA Wordsworth Odame Larbi INDEPENDENT CONSULTANT GHANA N. O. Odotei

MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI Panos Lolonis HELLENIC CADASTRE AND MAPPING AGENCY Margarita Louka KREMALIS LAW FIRM, MEMBER OF IUS LABORIS Christos Makris CONSULTANT & DESIGN

GLEAN'S CONSTRUCTION & ENGINEERING CO. Cyrus Griffith LABOUR DEPARTMENT Annette Henry MINISTRY OF LEGAL AFFAIRS Keith Hosten HOSTEN'S (ELECTRICAL SERVICES) LTD.

MULTI-INDUSTRIES SARL Hawa Condé MINISTÈRE DE LA CONSTRUCTION, DE L'URBANISME ET HABITAT Gabriel Curtis AGENCE DE PROMOTION DES

RAM & MCRAE CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS Edward Luckhoo LUCKHOO & LUCKHOO Alexis Monize GUYANA OFFICE FOR INVESTMENT Harry Noel Narine PKF INTERNATIONAL Charlie Ogle MINISTRY OF LABOUR

, HUMAN SERVICES AND SOCIAL SECURITY Alvin Parag PAS CARGO GUYANA INC (PAS CARGO GROUP) Carolyn Paul AMICE LEGAL CONSULTANTS INC. Christopher Ram

Allyson West PWC Tonika Wilson PWC HAITI MÉROVÉ-PIERRE-CABINET D'EXPERTS-COMPTABLES Ronald Augustin LE CABINET AUGUSTIN Jean Baptiste

Aditi Bagri JURIS CORP Raghav Bansal RSB LEAGUE CONSULTANTS, ATTORNEYS & SOLICITORS Shashwat Bansal RSB LEAGUE CONSULTANTS, ATTORNEYS & SOLICITORS Subhash Bansal

RSB LEAGUE CONSULTANTS ATTORNEYS & SOLICITORS Sumitava Basu JURIS CORP Soumi Benerji FOX MANDAL & CO. Hetal Bhagat MEHTA & MEHTA Neeraj Bhagat NEERAJ BHAGAT & CO

MUMBAI Anup Pandey MINISTRY OF LABOUR & EMPLOYMENT Janak Pandya NISHITH DESAI ASSOCIATES Kunal Pareek TATA POWER DELHI DISTRIBUTION LTD.

NOTARIS & PPAT Widigdya Sukma Gitaya WSG TAX ADVISOR Indra Gunawan TATAGUNA MATRA ARCHITECTURE ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS Melanie Hadeli BAHAR & PARTNERS Fitri

Roy MAKARIM & TAIRA S. Mahesa Rumondor ADNAN KELANA HARYANTO & HERMANTO Isyana W. Sadjarwo Himawan Santoso ADHICIPTA ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS Gatot Sanyoto

KUSNANDAR & CO. Nur Asyura Anggini Sari BANK INDONESIA Wiyono Sari WIYONO PARTNERSHIP Bambang Sartono ADHICIPTA ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS Marinza Savanthy WIDYAWAN

SIMBOLON & PARTNERS LAW FIRM Agoes Soerarso TATAGUNA MATRA ARCHITECTURE ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS Nadia Soraya MD & PARTNERS Chris Joko Sriyanto Erna Sriyatmi NATIONAL

CONSULTANT CO.)Gholam Ali Asghari GREAT TEHRAN ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION COMPANY (GTEDC) Toktam Aynehkar PERSOL CORPORATION Hamid Berenjkar OFFICE OF HAMID BERENJKAR Pouyan Bohloul BOHLOUL & ASSOCIATES LAW OFFICE Golsa Daghighi INTERNATIONAL LAW OFFICE OF DR. BEHROOZ AKHLAGHI & ASSOCIATES

MEMBER OF AMERELLER RECHTSANWÄLTE 282 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Stephan Stephan PWC JORDAN Khaled Yaseen AL-SAQER ADVISERS & LEGAL SERVICES Haythem Zayed PWC

Michiaki SOUTH TORANOMON LAW OFFICES Toshio Miyatake ADACHI, HENDERSON, MIYATAKE & FUJITA Kenjiro Mori OSAKA INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS PROMOTION CENTER Michihiro Mori

Tsutsui OSAKA INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS PROMOTION CENTER Shino Uenuma SOUTH TORANOMON LAW OFFICES Kenji Utsumi NAGASHIMA OHNO & TSUNEMATSU Ritsuko Watanabe TAKASHI

& LEGAL CONSULTANTS Faris Allouzi KHALIFEH & PARTNERS LAWYERS Mohammad Al-Said NATHAN ASSOCIATES Essa Amawi AMAWI

& LEGAL CONSULTANTS Mohammed Amawi AMAWI & CO. ADVOCATES & LEGAL CONSULTANTS Khaled Asfour ALI SHARIF ZU'BI,

ADVOCATES & LEGAL CONSULTANTS, MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI Michael T. Dabit MICHAEL T. DABIT & ASSOCIATES Anwar Elliyan THE JORDANIAN ELECTRIC POWER CO. LTD.

& TRANSIT KARGO Ola Khalil CENTRAL BANK OF JORDAN Hazem Khirfan ALI SHARIF ZU'BI, ADVOCATES & LEGAL CONSULTANTS,

ADVOCATES & LEGAL CONSULTANTS, MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI Osama Y. Sabbagh THE JORDANIAN ELECTRIC POWER CO. LTD.

Madiyar Bekturganov ORIS LAW FIRM Arman Berdalin SAYAT ZHOLSHY & PARTNERS Talgat Bidaybekov OLYMPEX ADVISERS Aidyn Bikebayev SAYAT ZHOLSHY & PARTNERS Richard Bregonje

KAZAKHSTAN Yessen Massalin OLYMPEX ADVISERS Saida Moldasheva CRUZ LOGISTICS LLP Nazira Nurbayeva PWC KAZAKHSTAN Ruslan Omarov FIRST CREDIT BUREAU Bogdan Piskorskiy

ADVISERS Almas Tleupov INTEGRITES KAZAKHSTAN LLP Victoriya Trofimovich SIGNUM LAW FIRM Bakhyt Tukulov GRATA LAW FIRM Amir Tussupkhanov ORIS LAW FIRM Azim Usmanov

Dubek Zhabykenov BA OILFIELD SERVICES Serik Zhamanbalin OLYMPEX ADVISERS Askhat Zhanatuly GRATA LAW FIRM Birzhan Zharasbayev DENTONS KAZAKHSTAN, LLP Aiman Zhekeyeva

Eritama MINISTRY OF LABOUR & HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT Anthony Frazier Pesega Iaribwebwe MINISTRY OF COMMERCE, INDUSTRY AND COOPERATIVES Willie Karakaua Maen MOEL TRADING CO. LTD.

INTERNATIONAL CONSULTANTS Abdullah Al-Ayoub ABDULLAH KH. AL-AYOUB & ASSOCIATES, MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI Omar Hamad Yousuf Al-Essa THE LAW OFFICE OF AL-ESSA & PARTNERS Nada F. A. Al

-Fahad GEC DAR GULF ENGINEERS CONSULTANTS Mishari M. Al-Ghazali THE LAW OFFICES OF MISHARI AL-GHAZALI AND RAWAN MISHARI AL-GHAZALI Rawan

Conka LATVIJAS BANKA Ainis Dabols LATVIAN ASSOCIATION OF TAX ADVISERS Valters Diure LAWIN, MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI Edvins Draba SORAINEN Zane D

MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI Dainis Leons SADALES TIKLS AS Indrikis Liepa ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW BORENIUS Linda Matisane STATE LABOUR INSPECTORATE Alexey Melsitov MTA MARITIME

EL MEOUCHI LAW FIRM, MEMBER OF INTERLEGES Rached Sarkis CONSULTANT Antoine Sfeir BADRI AND SALIM EL MEOUCHI LAW FIRM, MEMBER OF INTERLEGES Mona Sfeir HYAM

Refiloe Thulo K. R. CONSULTANTS LIBERIA AEP CONSULTANTS INC. Stephen Boakye PWC GHANA Golda A. Bonah Henry N. Brunson FEDEX F

Robert Freeman COOPER & TOGBAH LAW OFFICE Deweh Gray FEMALE LAWYERS ASSOCIATION OF LIBERIA Abeku Gyan-Quansah PWC GHANA Cyril Jones JONES & JONES

& RECORDS (NATIONAL ARCHIVES) Mustapha Wesseh CENTER FOR NATIONAL DOCUMENTS & RECORDS (NATIONAL ARCHIVES) Phillip Williams MINISTRY OF LABOUR & SOCIAL SECURITY LIBYA ZAHAF & PARTNERS LAW FIRM

-CONTROL SYSTEMS AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT Davis Njobvu SAVJANI & CO. Grant Nyirongo ELEMECH DESIGNS Donns Shawa RD CONSULTANTS Samuel Tembenu TEMBENU, MASUMBU & CO

Zakri Baharudin MALAYSIAN EMPLOYERS FEDERATION Anita Balakrishnan SHEARN DELAMORE & CO. Shamsuddin Bardan MALAYSIAN EMPLOYERS FEDERATION Abdul Murad Bin Che Chik ZAIN MEGAT & MURAD Mohd Nawawi bin

Hj Said Abdullah TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD Nawawi bin Hj. Said Abdullah ENERGY COMMISSION Ahmad Fuad bin Md Kasim TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD Che Adnan Bin Mohamad NADI CONSULT ERA SDN BHD Tahir

& BOK Hung Hoong SHEARN DELAMORE & CO. Ray Chong Kok Hou SHOOK LIN & BOK Michael Chiam Tow Hui COMMERCIAL EMPLOYERS'ASSOCIATION OF PENINSULAR

NAMIBIAN EMPLOYER'S FEDERATION Hugo Van den berg KOEP & PARTNERS NEPAL Anil Chandra Adhikari CREDIT INFORMATION BUREAU LTD.

INNOVATION & EMPLOYMENT Shaun Mcmaster MINTER ELLISON RUDD WATTS Andrew Minturn QUALTECH INTERNATIONAL LTD. Robert Muir LAND INFORMATION NEW ZEALAND Michael O'brien HESKETH HENRY LAWYERS Catherine Otten NEW ZEALAND COMPANIES OFFICE Ian Page BRANZ Mihai Pascariu

PROMOTION DU SECTEUR PRIVÉ Venance Père LCA Linda Rakotonavalona CABINET JOHN W. FFOOKS & CO.,MEMBER OF BOWMAN GILFILLAN AFRICA GROUP Naissa

Oluwapelumi Asiwaju G. ELIAS & CO. SOLICITORS AND ADVOCATES Popoola Atilola Omosanya LATEEF O. FAGBEMI SAN & CO. Olusola Ayodele NIGERIA EMPLOYERS'CONSULTATIVE

CAPITAL MARKET AUTHORITY OF OMAN ERNST & YOUNG THE PUBLIC AUTHORITY FOR INVESTMENT PROMOTION & EXPORT DEVELOPMENT (PAIPED) Jehanzeb Afridi AL BUSAIDY MANSOOR JAMAL & CO. Al Hassan Al Alawi AL ALAWI & CO. Hussein Al Balushi MAZOON

CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS, A MEMBER FIRM OF PWC NETWORK Fiza Islam LEGIS INN ATTORNEYS & CORPORATE CONSULTANTS Muzaffar Islam LEGIS INN ATTORNEYS & CORPORATE CONSULTANTS Saila

& PARTNERS Faiza Muzaffar LEGIS INN ATTORNEYS & CORPORATE CONSULTANTS Saqib Naveed ANAYA SALT CRAFTS Jamal Panhwar TRAVEL AND CULTURE SERVICES Rizwan Pir

& LEGAL CONSULTANTS Rashed Albuflasa NOBLE GLOBAL LOGISTICS Ahmed Bin Khalid Al-Thani QATAR CREDIT BUREAU Maryam Bint Khalifa Al-Thani QATAR

CREDIT BUREAU Dina Al-Wahabit AL TAMIMI & COMPANY ADVOCATES & LEGAL CONSULTANTS Jason Arnedo NOBLE GLOBAL LOGISTICS Karim El Gebaily TALAL ABU GHAZALEH

& LEGAL CONSULTANTS Kristen M. Jarvis Johnson PATTON BOGGS LLP Upuli Kasthuriarachchi PWC QATAR Pradeep Kumar DIAMOND SHIPPING SERVICES Frank Lucente

& LEGAL CONSULTANTS Zaher Nammour DENTONS Sujani Nisansala PWC QATAR Neil O'brien PWC QATAR Michael Palmer PATTON BOGGS LLP Sony Pereira

PWC QATAR Zain Al Abdin Sharar QATAR FINANCIAL MARKETS AUTHORITY (QFMA) Yuenping Wong AL TAMIMI & COMPANY ADVOCATES & LEGAL CONSULTANTS ROMANIA Adelina

MINISTRY OF WORKS, TRANSPORT & INFRASTRUCTURE SOLOI SURVEY SERVICES Lawrie Burich QUANTUM CONTRAX LTD. Shelley Burich QUANTUM CONTRAX LTD.

Murray Drake DRAKE & CO. Fiona Ey CLARKE EY LAWYERS Anthony Frazier Margaret Fruean MINISTRY OF COMMERCE, INDUSTRY AND LABOUR Taulapapa Brenda Heather

-Latu LATU LAWYERS Misa Ioane Esoto MISA ELECTRICAL 304 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Siíliíli Aumua Isaia Lameko MINISTRY OF COMMERCE, INDUSTRY AND LABOUR George

Latu LATU LAWYERS Uputaua Lauvi MINISTRY OF COMMERCE, INDUSTRY AND LABOUR Tima Leavai LEAVAI LAW Tuala Pat Leota PUBLIC ACCOUNTANT Leulua'iali

INDUSTRY AND LABOUR Tomasi Peni MINISTRY OF COMMERCE, INDUSTRY AND LABOUR Arthur R. Penn LESA MA PENN Peato Sam Ling SAMOA SHIPPING SERVICES LTD.

Faiiletasi Elaine Seuao MINISTRY OF COMMERCE, INDUSTRY AND LABOUR Sala Theodore Sialau Toalepai SAMOA SHIPPING SERVICES LTD.

Aldebs PWC SAUDI ARABIA Abdullah Al-Hashim AL-JADAAN & PARTNERS LAW FIRM Omar Alhoshan ALHOSHAN CPAS & CONSULTANTS

Aziz Zaibag ALZAIBAG CONSULTANTS Soudki Zawaydeh PWC SAUDI ARABIA SENEGAL SENELEC Khaled Abou El Houda CABINET KANJO KOITA Bassambie Bationo BCEAO

LA PROMOTION DE L'INVESTISSEMENT ET DES GRANDS TRAVAUX Babacar Biram Diop CABINET BABACAR BIRAM DIOP Fodé Diop ART INGÉNIERIE

NOTAIRES ASSOCIÉS Elodie Dagneaux Ndiaye AGENCE CHARGÉE DE LA PROMOTION DE L'INVESTISSEMENT ET DES GRANDS TRAVAUX Layti Ndiaye BOLLORÉ

OF FINANCE, TRADE AND INVESTMENT MINISTRY OF LABOUR AND HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PUBLIC UTILITIES CORPORATION SEYCHELLES NATIONAL PLANNING AUTHORITY SEYCHELLES PORTS AUTHORITY SEYCHELLES PUBLIC UTILITIES CORPORATION SEYCHELLES

Denny Dunsford MINISTRY OF MANPOWER Miah Fok CREDIT BUREAU SINGAPORE PTE. LTD. Sandy Foo DREW NAPIER Stephanie Kam MINISTRY OF TRADE & INDUSTRY You Ying Karen Hsu WONG TAN & MOLLY LIM LLC Soo How Koh PWC

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D. P. R. CONSULTANTS PVT. LIMITED A. H. Sumathipala NEELAKANDAN & NEELAKANDAN Harshana Suriyapperuma SECURITIES & EXCHANGE COMMISSION OF SRI LANKA J. M. Swaminathan JULIUS & CREASY Bandula S. Tilakasena CEYLON ELECTRICITY BOARD Neil

AND URBAN RENEWAL Janelle Sagusingh TROPICAL SHIPPING Catherine Sealys PROCUREMENT SERVICES INTERNATIONAL Michael Sewordor MINISTRY OF COMMUNICATIONS, WORKS, TRANSPORT AND PUBLIC UTILITIES Renee St rose

Diaz de Gonsalves BDO EASTERN CARIBBEAN Bernadine Dublin LABOUR DEPARTMENT Theona R. Elizee-Stapleton COMMERCE & INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE (CIPO) Ralph

Medani EL KARIB & MEDANI ADVOCATES Amel Mohamed Shrif MAHMOUD ELSHEIKH OMER & ASSOCIATES ADVOCATES Tarig Monim STRATEGY CONSULTANTS Tariq Mubarak EL

ADVOCATENKANTOOR KRAAG Sieglien Burleson COMPETITIVENESS UNIT SURINAME G. Clide Cambridge PARAMARIBO CUSTOM BROKER & PACKER Dennis Chandansingh DCA ACCOUNTANTS & CONSULTANTS Anneke

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Elsayed PWC LEBANON Anas Ghazi MEETHAK-LAWYERS & CONSULTANTS Yazan Hosari CENTRAL BANK OF SYRIA Mohammad Joumaa PWC LEBANON Fadi Kardous KARDOUS LAW

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LEGAL & TAX CONSULTANTS LIMITED Alexander James Seeley INTERNATIONAL LEGAL COUNSELLORS THAILAND LIMITED (ILCT) Kraisorn Singharajwarapan LEGAL EXECUTION DEPARTMENT Kowit Somwaiya LAWPLUS LTD.

Siripong Supakijjanusorn PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS LEGAL & TAX CONSULTANTS LIMITED Sodsruang Suvarnakuta PWC THAILAND Naddaporn Suwanvajukkasikij LAWPLUS LTD.

OF FINANCE Renato Guerra de Almeida MIRANDA CORREIA AMENDOEIRA & ASSOCIADOS Eusebio Guterres UNIDO BUSINESS REGULATORY CONSULTANT Zeca Guterres SDV LOGISTICS Aaron

OF LANDS, SURVEY, NATURAL RESOURCES & ENVIRONMENT Fisilau Leone ITS PACIFIC ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS James Lutui CROWN LAW Salesi Mataele OCEANTRANZ TONGA LTD.

SHIPPING Vaimoana Taukolo MINISTRY OF COMMERCE, TOURISM AND LABOUR Fine Tohi DATELINE TRANS-AM SHIPPING Lesina Tonga LESINA TONGA LAW FIRM Distquaine P

. Tu'ihalamaka MINISTRY OF COMMERCE, TOURISM AND LABOUR Petunia Tupou FUNGATEIKI LAW OFFICE Lepaola B. Vaea INLAND REVENUE TONGA Mele Vunipola MINISTRY

OF COMMERCE, TOURISM AND LABOUR Dianna Warner SKIP'S CUSTOM JOINERY LTD. TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO PWC REGULATED INDUSTRIES COMMISSION Christopher Alexander PHOENIX LOGISTICS (TRINIDAD) LTD.

SAFFARINI CONSULTANTS Saeed Al-Hamiz CENTRAL BANK OF THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Sajid Ali TRANS WORLD SHIPPING SERVICES LLC Ahmed Khalifa Al

BAKER BOTTS LLP Syed Qaiser Anis ALLIOTT HADI SHAHID Manavalan Arumugam EROS GROUP Elmugtaba Bannaga BIN SUWAIDAN ADVOCATES & LEGAL CONSULTANTS

& COMPANY ADVOCATES & LEGAL CONSULTANTS Krishna Das CEVA LOGISTICS Shirish Deshpande ARABIAN AUTOMOBILES Karim El Gebaily TALAL ABU GHAZALEH LEGAL (TAG-LEGAL

Jamal Guzlan AL-AJMI CONSULTANTS Saleem H. B. NATIONAL TRADING AND DEVELOPMENT EST. Omar Ziyad Hadi AFRIDI & ANGELL,

MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI Samer Hamzeh TROWERS & HAMLINS LLP Sydene Helwick AL TAMIMI & COMPANY ADVOCATES & LEGAL CONSULTANTS Ashiq Hussain DUBAI TRADE Mustafa

MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI Mohammad Z. Kawasmi AL TAMIMI & COMPANY ADVOCATES & LEGAL CONSULTANTS Samantha Kelsey BAKER BOTTS LLP Dean Kern PWC UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

LLP Salim Mohammed KABULTEX Tarig Monim STRATEGY CONSULTANTS Roland Monteath AGILITY GLOBAL LOGISTICS Badih Moukarzel HUQOOQ LEGAL PRACTICE Kumar Nair

& LEGAL CONSULTANTS Yusuf Rafiudeen DUBAI ELECTRICITY AND WATER AUTHORITY Mangat Ram ABBAS JUMA CLEARING

Thomas ZAFCO Yusuf Timalia CP WORLD LLC Nitin Tirath DUBAI TRADE Baher Yousef ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS GROUP (ECG) Natasha Zahid BAKER

Geoff Wilkinson WILKINSON CONSTRUCTION CONSULTANTS Dermot Winters MERRIT & COMPANY David Ziyambi LATHAM & WATKINS LLP UNITED STATES HARMONY IMPORTS LOS ANGELES BUREAU OF ENGINEERING

DOING BUSINESS 2015 George Saadian FIRE PROTECTION GROUP INC. Manuel Santiago MILROSE CONSULTANTS, INC. William Shawn SHAWNCOULSON LLP Manjosh Sidhu MS

INVESTMENT PROMOTION AGENCY Hussein Jaloudi MINISTRY OF FINANCE Bilal Kamal ITTQAN ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW Rasem Kamal KAMAL & ASSOCIATES-ATTORNEYS AND COUNSELLORS-AT-LAW Mohamed

Khader LAUSANNE TRADING CONSULTANTS Tony H. Nassar A f. & R. SHEHADEH LAW OFFICE Hisham Omari JERUSALEM DISTRICT ELECTRICITY CO. LTD.

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