Employment & working conditions

Employment (4306)
Labour law (29)
Labour market (6888)
Labour relations (188)
Organisation of professions (251)
Pay policy (224)
Personnel administration (2628)
Remuneration of work (60)
Working conditions (4989)

Synopsis: Employment & working conditions:

USA www. iste. co. uk www. wiley. com ISTE Ltd 2015 The rights of Eunika Mercier-Laurent to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs

85 3. 2. 2. Unemployment paradoxes and quick fixes...87 3. 2. 3. Challenge for France...

Today, the unemployment problem is an issue in Europe, but, essentially, all work that can be described as well-defined processes can be robotized or automated,

sooner or later. The human work is something where we are at our best; collaborative work requires creativity.

This includes both physical and nonphysical work. We are facing a major societal challenge here. For example, which are the new jobs we cannot even imagine yet,

and how is the overall work life equation developing in an inclusive way? Hence, innovation policy needs to look beyond the obvious questions (and the obvious answers in the short-term) to respond to megatrends.

In Europe, we have most of the components for proper innovation systems and their governance in place,

such as lower taxes and employment flexibility to help bypass the Death valley. Innovation concerns all fields;

and stimulate job creation. The Phd students and unemployed people are encouraged to create their companies while the conditions for success are provided not.

and techniques with the aim to conceive user-friendly and useful applications that can really help humans in their work instead of replacing them

such as multidisciplinary research results, the innovation fields, social system, culture and motivations, long-and mid-term economic and Educational innovation Landscape and Fields 5 planning and motivation to work.

This way of doing increases also pollution in developing countries and the unemployment in Europe and other developed countries.

Smart city ambition is offering their inhabitants increased comfort, employment and economic development. The Future Internet focuses on new network architectures and more useroriented services.

Sweden This provides Facebook center local job creation and impacts the regional economy. Concerning the environmental aspects

offers a virtual onboard presence and sends experts detailed information on system behavior, especially along high-risk sections.

Addiction to cell phones CIS 14, games and social networks is rampant in Generations Y and Z. The workers from Generation Y use three screens.

but the miners, including children, work in very bad conditions. Some of the smartphones'companies, such as Nokia and Sony, are collecting obsolete devices from the users.

all AI techniques will be used to help people in their work and activity, and not to replace them MER 11.

CMS works on an alarm-trigger principle. The alarm signal is transmitted to the central monitoring station;

but it only works in one language; the users need to change the settings each time they change the language.

as well as medical research survey for medical staff. Services such as telemedicine, including distance diagnosis and monitoring,

The profound significance of Mendel's work was recognized only over three decades later on the turn of the 20th century with the independent rediscovery of these laws.

and the lab's staff is responsible for checking that it is implemented or not. 32 The Innovation Biosphere According to Gaelle Offranc Piret, a researcher at INSERM/CEA Leti:

Christophe Bressot, a researcher at Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (Ineris), works on the impact of nanomaterials:

and many individuals do not have any time to play chef due to a multitude of various promptings in addition to their usual work.

the farmers are paid poorly for their work and they grow farms to produce more despite the quality.

After fast food, the fashion of processed dishes and drives was introduced under the pretext that people work more

a specialist contractor in all mechanical and electrical services and an expert in energy performance.

or workers'gardens, where small surfaces are offered for rent. Feng shui, the ancestral method to achieve physical,

However, many clothes and bags are produced in Italy by Chinese workers in aim to label them Made in Italy.

The physical work is beneficial for health. The individual doing this work is an older Japanese man

and this activity allows him to be useful, get a salary, move and have contact with nature and other people.

and sometimes it does not work. Related barrier is limited the thinking to a given field,

but it should help us in our work and make life easier without deteriorating our conditions and the environment.

Culture is one of the biggest employers in Europe. We moved from factories to offices.

m-learning (mobile) and e-commerce work is becoming e-work and m-work. The first and second industrial revolution paradigm is no longer valid,

Antoni Gaudi's work has a similar effect and it can serve as an example of innovation ecosystem.

It may involve changes in equipment, human resources, working methods or a combination of these. Many other definitions can be found on the Internet6,

The employment capacity of the tertiary sector is growing in Europe. Regional authorities in France focus on developing personal services,

/Innovation Ecosystems 57 in the development of innovative SMES8, we propose the addition to disclosure requirements of Corporate Social Responsibility of any company of more than 2, 000 employees a criteria or indicator on behaviour towards innovative SMES,

to allow a strong internal incentives to managers and executives. This recommendation puts emphasis on social responsibility of large companies that have a role to play in the development of small ones.

used to capture opportunities and work in collaboration based on complementarity. Today, companies must innovate not only to survive

The impact of education on employment/entrepreneurship is evaluated not. A little feedback from companies is possible via internship at the condition of willing to take this point into account.

They decide the rules, the amount of taxes, laws for employment, public research system and educational program.

Large companies, members of Pôles de Compétitivité or other initiatives aiming at making work together large and small enterprises,

and old Europe are not willing to work for money. 2. 3. 3. 2. Checking 5d impact

a human resources strategy that is intended to foster and maintain a positive workplace environment and to encourage cooperation among workers with differing backgrounds.

Related norms (ISO 26000) are complex and require verifying a very long list of conditions.

The aim of Convergence, a French national sponsored applied research project, was to help SMES in integrating the environmental aspects into design.

Their innovation is spontaneous the employees'ideas are discussed in small groups and decisions on what is relevant to produce are taken collectively one by one, without a real vision and related strategy.

such as collective experience worldwide, diagnosis, customer satisfaction, security, design, e-commerce, documents or human resources management and others.

an adviser and a box of ideas. Equipped with artificial intelligence techniques, computers can think, solve problems,

become experts and accumulate a collective experience, under the condition that we transfer to them the relative knowledge and the necessary reasoning and learning techniques.

Human Ressources Manager Managing human resources, training and layoff Talent miner and optimizer, manager of the Intellectual Capital Marketing Manager Market study and customer relation Opportunity

cheaper workers finder Practitioner of the e-co-innovation culture Financial Estimation of ROI (return on investment) Measuring the capacity to innovate and the of tangible and intangible benefits and values Computer user Planning,

Innovation Ecosystems 75 Sometimes, the innovation policy may not work, in particular when the same system is imposed to a population of a different culture.

Why do not ask the local experts to write such reports? 2. 6. Measuring benefits Despite all the mentioned barriers and paradoxes,

and will be adapted to each case. 2. 7. Trends and future innovation In search of economic growth and job creation,

such as unemployment and exclusion, depletion of natural resources, pollution and its subsequent serious diseases, organized crime and cyber criminality, terrorism, devitalization of regions and overpopulation in megacities,

as well as unemployment and lack of workforce in the services areas such as tourism, hotels and restaurants, agriculture and others?

youth unemployment has reached dangerous proportions, traffic jams and air pollution are strangling cities, $1 1. 6 trillion is paid in bribes,

84 The Innovation Biosphere How can the global convergence of ICT work for everyone? How can ethical market economies be encouraged to help reduce the gap between the rich and the poor?

How can the capacity to decide be improved as the nature of work and institutions changes?

Because youth unemployment is growing, more people have more time to do something about this abuse. Unless these elites open the conversation about the future with the rest of their populations,

making the EU the most competitive economy in the world and reaching full employment before 2010.

The above challenges are expressed in the European Work programs. The innovative solutions are expected from funded researchers and companies.

The priority themes of European 7fp Work program 2013 Socioeconomic Sciences and Humanity were: employment and competitiveness in Knowledge Society, combining social, economic and environmental objectives.

Research and innovation are key drivers of competitiveness, jobs, sustainable growth and social progress EUR 12.

The ongoing projects 86 The Innovation Biosphere are expected to provide the answers to questions related to growth, employment and competitiveness;

Another theme in the same Work program was Research for the benefit of SMES. Both SMES performing research and SMES acquiring research are considered.

and biotechnology as well as space exploration for societal needs, among others. 3. 2. 2. Unemployment paradoxes and quick fixes Growth,

employment and exclusion are related to each other. In reality, many European companies collapse for because of inadequate policies, high taxes, lack of flexibility in the rules for hiring and the lack of orders from large companies and public organizations.

and mobility for work is strengthening. The relocation to Europe creates jobs in various services for expats.

However, the firms in charge of the unemployment survey are playing with numbers persons on training are removed from the list of jobseekers.

or maisons d'emploi (house for employment), are of high cost and remain ineffective. Their information systems are programmed not for effective and relevant matching of offer and demand.

modernized and managed by the motivated staff, paid based on the result. The Europatriates initiative deals with young employment in Europe HAR 12.

The unemployed young people are given opportunities for personal and professional development in a partner country.

A 2 3 year apprenticeship direct placement in one of the partner companies or coaching to establish a company of their own in their respective home countries to further create opportunities for employment in their country of origin.

The Europatriates kick-start was on the first European Congress Solutions for Youth unemployment in Europe which was held at the end of June 2014 in Saarbruecken, Germany.

The best models to help tackle youth unemployment in Europe were supposed to be brought together. The Congress and its accompanying fare will provide:

concrete solutions against 1 National Agency for employment http://www. pole-emploi. fr. 88 The Innovation Biosphere youth unemployment in Europe EUR 14.

Once again, they focus on the training while there are a large number of various schools and training centers across the Europe.

Figure 3. 1. Youth unemployment in Europe (source: http://www. europatriates. eu/index. php/en/)Jobs creation remains just a desire without providing the appropriate ecosystem and necessary conditions for the development of existing companies and creation of new companies.

and employment The appearance of the first industrial automats and robots in factories and production units has begun the polemical replacement of workers by machines.

as businesses generated more value from their workers, the country as a whole became richer, which fueled more economic activity

but employment suddenly wilts. By 2011, a significant gap appears between the two lines, showing economic growth with no parallel increase in job creation.

Brynjolfsson and Mcafee call it the great decoupling. Finally, Brynjolfsson says that he is confident that technology is behind both the healthy growth in productivity and the weak growth in jobs.

Technology has disrupted often and even destroyed whole industries and employment sectors. In the United states the mechanization of agriculture vaporized millions of jobs and led workers to eventually move from farms to 90 The Innovation Biosphere factories.

Later, manufacturing automation and globalization caused the transition to a service economy. Workers repeatedly adapted by acquiring new skills

and migrating to jobs in new industries. Are workers able to adapt? According to Ford, computers and machines are increasingly taking on intellectual tasks and, in the long run, all high-end,

low-end and part-time jobs will be impacted. Machine learning, one of the primary techniques used in the development of IBM's Watson,

an ever-increasing share of work will become susceptible to automation. Big data will be used to give organizations a competitive advantage in terms of marketing and customer relationships;

These challenges can be seen as seven critical pillars to initiate in France the process of long-term prosperity and employment.

One participant plans matching public employment data with those from companies to create a decision support system dedicated to both recruiters and jobseekers.

regional disparities and shortage of staff must be adressed, and the increasingly stringent regulatory framework complied,

IT is supposed to have the biggest potential for job creation. The majority of users are not IT engineers,

Many have elevated an Executive Secretariat/Ministry of Innovation reporting to the President or Prime minister, coupled with Education, Economic Affairs an/or Community Development.

the Appendix on French Policy was elaborated by the UK consultant who gathered available information on the web without checking the real situation in service innovation policy.

and to Member States and regions is a core dimension of our work. We also coordinate the implementation of the Innovation Union actions under the responsibility of General Directory for Enterprise & Industry.

Resource efficient Europe Employment and skills: An agenda for new skills and jobs Education: Youth on the move Competitiveness:

Inclusive growth aims at raising Europe's employment rate for women, young people and older workers and in helping people of all ages anticipate

The Commission proposes to launch the necessary work for the development of a new indicator measuring the share of fastgrowing innovative companies in the economy.

How can we reform the research system without strikes? Measuring progress is still only a goal

They are adapted not to evaluate the progress in facing the main challenges, such as job creation, employment and economic growth.

3) launching Grand Coalition on Digital Skills and Jobs (in IT) in the face of a critical shortfall of talented ICT experts.

access to capital, removing regulatory barriers, mentoring by business experts and lowering taxes. Access to market is important

Evaluating experts were expected, but, for instance, the European commission practices incremental innovation and the disruptive one is understood not yet by the current evaluation experts.

The science-driven innovation part of the programme supports the growth of new science and technology-based results to be harvested in the other parts of the programme.

and they require mental efforts to work. They believe that innovation can be practiced by many. 112 The Innovation Biosphere There is still much left that needs to be done to establish the appropriate innovation ecosystems in Europe.

In 2012, on demand of new government, Anne Lauvergeon, the former president of AREVA, led a group of experts studying the main ambitions for France to stimulate innovation in companies

and ensure prosperity and employment in the long run. One innovation principle and seven ambitions, mentioned previously (section 3. 2. 3),

scientists, social partners, elected officials and administrations with the aim to elaborate together laws, regulations and administrations with the aim to elaborate together laws,

The ANR Work Program comprises four interlinked components, each with a specific budget and governance:

They are aligned on European strategy the major societal challenges component of the ANR Work Program takes up the nine challenges,

Moreover, The french ANR works with competitiveness clusters with the aim of making research outcomes more compatible with the activities of business enterprises.

It is urgent to find realistic solutions for unemployment and exclusion. All challenges mentioned in this chapter form a complex system

While local authorities often look for famous experts, they may ignore that they have local people who know the context and capable of dealing with a given challenge.

They need more promotion to let them grow. Contrary to popular beliefs that large companies are sure

or not, should influence growth and job creation from innovation. Among them are the Open Innovation Strategy and Policy Group (OISPG)

and Communication at Stanford university, has the ambition of disrupting unemployment. They try to find a solution for the intersectoral problem of unemployement.

whether such growth will also significantly reduce unemployment...Persistent mismatches between employee skills and job requirements can seriously impede innovative activity.

The United states alone spends $100 billion a year on unemployment benefits. The value of underused people is much bigger.

All people can create value to each other, but how do we connect offer and demand?

There is also the need for a common language facilitating communication between innovation and social/labor experts.

and how does the Internet of things increase personal heath and job creation? 3 http://www. innovationecologies. com/the-regional-innovation-index/.

and experience sharing on fighting unemployment. Another Stanford initiative is the Triple Helix Association5 which connects the same populations and focuses on academic conferences.

It made it clear that this problem should be addressed using an overall approach communities needed to be provided with greater educational opportunities for the island's youth to ensure that young adults were qualified for the new jobs that ought to be there (rather than training young people for the existing job market),

and to work in partnership with neighbors to maintain and improve the‘auwai (irrigation ditches) and carry forward their cultural heritage.

A conventional scientific approach simply does not work. Open Systems science, on the other hand, offers a way to solve a problem in its real-world context,

TOK 10 The way of thinking, methodology and working environment established at Sony CSL optimizes the efficient and effective use of computers by scientists in their efforts to understand the past,

The leaves, flowers and fruits represent the individual lives that the tree nourishes, with the fruits going on to produce seeds that guarantee sustainability and a healthy future.

flowers and leaves provide the ingredients for many traditional medicines, which reflects QF's science

Its objective was to deploy convergent Future Internet platforms and services for the promotion of sustainable lifestyles in and across emergent networks of smart peripheral cities in Europe

We can only manage know-how and interpretations that subjects (experts, amateurs) communicate by speaking, 140 The Innovation Biosphere showing

job creation and young employment and has addressed other strategic European challenges. OISPG, which mainly focused on technology,

because it is only digital One another case dealing with young unemployment is the European Young Innovators Forum (EYIF),

It is expected that after experiencing the total innovation and conducting some productive work there with their colleagues

they will reuse the learned methods and values in their today's work. This model was reproduced in Scandinavia due to its deep participatory culture

and several centers were founded in Japan, following a growing pressure to move from Excellence in Quality to Excellence in Innovation and the need to try more open and less hierarchical forms of work.

academics and consultants) with the aim to improve the concept of FC through design, observation, exploration of its effectiveness and ways of managing it.

Finally, Futur Centers can be defined as special working environments helping participants to break out patterns and routines, see issues from 10 http://cordis. europa. eu/project/rcn/80168 en. html. 11 http://www. fc-alliance. net. 146 The Innovation Biosphere multiple perspectives

it actively works with a wide range of internal and external collaborators, in multiple networking settings.

multiple perspectives and multidisciplinary work: a center invites people coming from diverse backgrounds and disciplines to participate in the Experimentations and Results 147 work process,

in order to create richer and more robust visions, strategies and solutions. It encourages and supports users to adopt multiple perspectives and many points of view;

thinking-dreaming-playing-doing work environment: integration of physical, virtual, emotional and mental spaces in order to create rich environments that contribute to effective group and individual processes;

Prototyping is a work tool actively used to make ideas and intentions tangible. The metaphor of a well-constructed house,

connected with the organization's core issues and the daily work practice of its personnel (relevancy),

The people building block includes the staff of the FC which is one of its critical success factors.

the team is composed of full-time employees of the center. Typically, this in-house team includes five to six team members (director, facilitator, host, content expert, etc..

In other centers, the team is much leaner, and most of the facilitation work is done by experienced external facilitators.

The staff attempts to use the best of participant's capacities. The diversity of positions and age, internal/external, gives the better results.

The business model bloc deals with finding the right funding and/or sales the results. Based on the specific opportunities that the center identifies,

and work there for a few days and once they go back to their regular working environment, they carry the virus of such culture with them;

making the organization a more positive workplace. Employees that come to the FC are recharged with new energy;

greatly helping to remove internal organizational barriers as this is a neutral zone in which people form various functions to interact very closely;

the promotion of alternative test methods, the free circulation of substances on the internal market and enhancing competitiveness and innovation.

promotion and support of innovation; accelerator camping which hosts 12 start-ups per 6-month season.

but this is not sufficient because of the long history of the mechanical Industrial Model of the distrustful/devaluing and competitive enterprises and veins that work in exactly the opposite direction,

helping people in their work or improving their life conditions. A few may focus on planet protection,

Many of them do need not electric energy to work. The Saudia Aramco World3 magazine provides information on Arab Science.

For example, unexpected mortality of kudus led to the discovery of some proprieties of leaves they absorbed MIN 13.

Flowers follow the Sun fold their leaves if they lack water and feel the geological disturbances such as faults and underground rivers.

In fact, the acacia leaves protected them from eating leaves by emitting gas and generating tannins the combination of the two killed the kudus MIN 13.

Plants have the ability to protect themselves from dangers (their leaves being eaten) by generating gas

the EU project, explored how the insect eye works in order to develop miniature eyes. It is hoped that an artificial compound eye could be used in areas where panoramic motion detection is primordial.

The lotus leaves are known to be superhydrophobic and self-cleaning due to the waxy low surface energy material and hierarchical roughness of their leaf surfaces.

As a result, lotus leaves always stay clean and photosynthesis is affected never. The self-cleaning effect of a lotus leaf is caused by contamination being attracted to a rolling drop of water on the leaf's surface.

medicine and other domains but the impact on solving the current challenges such as employment, social inclusion or pollution is weak.

Should we work less? The french reform on reducing working hours to 35 per week was introduced in 2000 with the aim to share work

and reduce unemployment. Unemployment is still high and 35 h/week is exceeded in many companies.

Carlos Slim's suggestion in 2014 was to reduce the working week to 3 days.

or national program requires a lot of work and time; the selection system should be simplified to open access to funds for innovative SMES

Rifkin is a very good example of using the Internet for his own promotion but in reality, there are people who talk

work versus pleasure (interesting work; big data versus world knowledge base. It is time to switch from quick business,

of work, manage our talents better and share experiences, taking more time for inspiring conversations.

and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy, Lexington: Digital Frontier Press, 2011. BUL 13 BULL GROUP, Corporate social responsibility and sustainable development 2013-2014, Sustainability by and for IT, available at http://www. bull. com/download/bull/Bull csr report 2013-2014 gri4 en

BYM 13 BYMAN D.,Why drones work. The Case for Washington's Weapon Choice, Foreign affairs, Council of Foreign Relations, July-August 2103, available at http://www. foreignaffairs. com/articles/139453/daniel-byman

/whydrones-work. CAB 14 CABILDO DE TENERIFE, Tenerife an island of agriculture biodiversity, available at http://www. tenerife. es/Casa-vino/agrodiversidading. htm

Making Innovation Policy Work. Learning from Experimentation, OECD & The World bank, 2014. DVI 08 DVIR R.,Openfutures an operating system for future centers, Innovation Ecology, available at http://innovationecology. com/Publications/open-futures. html, 2008.

2009 2011.190 The Innovation Biosphere EUR 12 EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Cooperation, Theme 8 Socioeconomic Sciences and Humanities, Work Programme 2013 (revision), C (2012) 9371

Inclusive, Innovative and Reflective Societies, Horizon 2020 Work Programme 2014-2015, C (2013) December 2013, http://ec. europa. eu/programmes/horizon2020

Could artificial intelligence create an unemployment crisis? Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), vol. 56, no. 7, pp 37 39,2013, available at http://cacm. acm. org/.

and techniques in order to conceive friendly and useful applications that aid humans in their work instead of replacing them

She is also an expert for French and European institutions. www. iste. co. uk Z (7ib8e8-CBFFGG

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