The aim is to identify what works in terms of measuring and scaling innovation, engaging citizens and using online networks to maximum effect in order to assist policy makers,
TEPSIE is comprised of eight research Work Packages. These are as follows: 1. Overview of the system of social innovation 2. Measuring social innovation 3. Removing barriers to social innovation 4. Generating capital flow 5. Engaging the public 6. Knowing
what works 7. Growing what works 8. Using online networks to maximum effect Acknowledgements We would like to thank all of our partners in the TEPSIE consortium for their comments and contributions to this paper.
Suggested citation TEPSIE,‘Social Innovation Theory and Research: A Summary of the Findings from TEPSIE.'
European commission, DG Research (PROJECT MANAGER) About TEPSIE 3 Executive summary 4 Introduction 8 Defining social innovation 10 TEPSIE's definition of social innovation
AND RESEARCH Executive summary Although the field of social innovation is developing rapidly, at the time TEPSIE started in 2012,
which subsequently became the work packages of the research programme. Overview of Work Packages WP1:
Overview of the system of social innovation. WP1 offers an overview of the field of social innovation,
Knowing what works. The evaluation of social innovation is a field of growing interest. Evaluations help to identify what works,
what does not and why. They can make organisations that deal with social change more effective
Growing what works. Spreading social innovation is particularly problematic for the social sector. In WP7 we conducted a comprehensive literature review on the growth of social innovation,
although new governance arrangements are needed typically to make this work well. Digital technology is deployed in using existing
and dominant paradigms and thus shed light on the role and impact of power and politics in social innovation. 8 SOCIAL INNOVATION THEORY AND RESEARCH Introduction Longstanding issues such as unemployment,
As part of our work, we mapped the field, reviewed theories, models, methods and identified gaps in existing practices and policies,
workplace innovation; new models of local economic development; societal transformation and system change5; nonprofit management6;
The former is integral to the work of a number of academic institutions working in the overlapping fields of social innovation, sustainability and socio-technical systems,
'14 It is this flexibility which on the one hand leaves the quasi-concept of social innovation open to criticism on theoretical,
's definition that social innovation refers to‘new ideas that work in meeting social goals,
What follows is a definition based on the work of the TEPSIE consortium over the last three years.
and employs up to 10%of the total workforce in Germany. 47 In other countries (as is the case in Greece) there is no data to be found on employment in the social economy.
Knowing what works at the micro level As social innovation is an area of increasing interest
may often use external experts to run assessments, as well as the development of interventions, due to the possible lack of expertise and thus results in the potential issues of the expertise remaining outsourced and increased costs.
and the public sector. Both our work undertaken on financing social innovation and our case study work on barriers in the public sector concluded that
It also showed though that more work needs to be done to define what the categories entail
as they are experts of their own lives. This tacit knowledge that citizens hold is often critical to the innovation process.
if we only look to experts with similar perspectives and heuristics, then they are likely to‘get stuck in the same places,
All available at tepsie. eu Growing what works There are many exciting social innovations, however too often these exist in isolated pockets
From our perspective, growing what works, or spreading social innovation, refers to taking an innovation to a new location or setting.
Recognition of this complexity is a perspective that is sometimes missing in the discourse we see about the need to invest in‘growing what works'.
From our research into the individual‘building blocks'identified in this diagram we believe that more work still needs to be done to foster demand for social innovation through initiatives like socially responsible procurement or the personalization of public services.
support for R&d co-operation) FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS Financial/economic environment Human resources Legal/institutional environment Political context Social context AN ECOSYSTEM FOR INNOVATIVE SOCIAL
employment; health; education; place making (community and local development; and the sharing economy and sharing society.
and inexpensively available, is being used in the TEM initiative in Greece55 to support a local currency for the exchange of goods and services within groups with high unemployment and low income.
and this especially applies in the employment, place making and sharing economy cases where much of the rest of the value chain is implemented using traditional and physical activities.
For example, many education and employment cases improve personal and social skills, as well as make it easier for such skills to be used to find work.
In such situations, improved lifestyles often result, especially amongst disadvantaged and vulnerable groups. Many cases also develop interdependent and complementary onand offline knowledge communities,
a minimum amount of paid work. The social dimension consists of three as well: an explicit aim to bene t the community;
based on our findings from the TEPSIE project and on the further research areas already presented for each work package.
It is important to note that most of these suggestions for further research are in line with the work of several large-scale projects. 80 Types of social innovations Our research has revealed a stark difference between social innovations that operate in the private
and utilized by social groups affected. 88 Socially accepted social changes The OECD's LEED Forum on Social Innovations Social innovation deals with improving the welfare of individuals and community through employment, consumption or participation,
Bureau of European Policy Advisers. 2010). ) Empowering People, Driving Change: Social Innovation in the European union.
Bureau of European Policy Advisers. 2010). ) Empowering People, Driving Change: Social Innovation in the European union.
SI DRIVE, Annex 1 Description of Work, unpublished, 2014.46 SOCIAL INNOVATION THEORY AND RESEARCH 88.
Bureau of European Policy Advisers, European commission. Available at: http://ec. europa. eu/bepa/pdf/publications pdf/social innovation. pdf
C made contributions to the design and review of this work. Michael Tubbs from Innovomantex Ltd. greatly contributed to this work, in particular to chapter 5 on health and biotechnology.
Data have been collected by Bureau Van dijk Electronic Publishing Gmbh under supervision by Mark Schwerzel, Petra Steiner, Annelies Lenaerts and Roberto Herrero Lorenzo.
The main indicators, namely R&d investment, net sales, capital expenditures, operating profits and number of employees are collected following the same methodologies
in particular regarding the sectoral and geographic distribution of their research and production activities and the related patterns of growth and employment.
%7. 1 One-year change,%9. 6 Number of employees, million One-year change,%48.471 1. 5 Note:
%9. 8 11.7 13.9 5. 7 Employees, million 18.357 11.138 8. 206 10.770 One year change,%1. 1 3. 0
. 4 2. 2 1. 4 2. 2 2. 2 Profitability 15.4 6. 6 6. 6 3. 4 10 6 Employees
%5. 1-77.3*-0. 4-1. 8 1. 0*Many South korean companies do not report number of employees.
Employment trends by regions and sector groups The companies listed in this year's Scoreboard employed 48.471 million people in 2012,1. 5%more than the previous year.
The distribution of employees by region was 18.357 million in the 527 companies based in the EU, 11.138 million in the 658 US companies, 8. 206 million in the 353 Japanese companies and 10.770
million in the 462 companies from other countries (1827 out of the 2000 companies reported number of employees.
Trends on employment over the long-term are presented in figure 1. 6 for the main world regions.
The figures refer to a set of companies that reported number of employees over the whole period 2004-2012
and are broken down into groups of industrial sectors with characteristic R&d intensities (see definition in Box 1. 1). The following points can be observed regarding the changes in number of employees in the period 2004-2012 (figure
Overall worldwide employment increased by 27.9%from 2004 to 2012 led by increases in high R&d-intensive sectors (42.0%)and medium-high sectors (29.9%).
%)For the EU companies, the overall employment growth was 22.6, %increasing by 49.2%in high R&d-intensive sectors, by 24. 2%in medium-high and by 18.5%in low sectors.
For the US companies, the overall employment growth (25.1%)greatly varies by sector group: a strong increase for high R&d-intensive sectors (43.7%)and a sharp decrease in low-tech sectors(-23.2%).
%)For the Japanese companies, the overall employment increase of 24.0%corresponded to an increase of 31.4%in low R&d-intensive sectors and of 28.5%in medium-high sectors.
The ratio of employment in high to medium-high R&d intensity sectors for companies based in Japan fell from 38%to 32,
It is important to remember that data reported by the Scoreboard companies do not inform about the actual geographic distribution of the number of employees.
The 2013 EU Industrial R&d Investment Scoreboard 29 Figure 1. 6 Employment trends by the Scoreboard companies for main world regions. 0 5 10 15
20 2012 2004 2012 2004 2012 2004 2012 2004 Row-181 Japan-320 US-433 EU-361 employees (millions) world
and Japanese companies and those from the Rest of the World that reported employment data for the whole period 2004-12.
27 of them have increased R&d by more than 100%and 15 companies increased employment by more than 100%.
And Chemistry World reported last July that Eli lilly is freezing the pay of its employees in 2014 to save money ahead of the expiry of two key patents
Table 5. 1 Overview of the Scoreboard companies in the Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology sector EU US Others World Biotechnology No. companies 18 66 5 89 Employees
400 R&d intensity(*)17%25%9%23%Profitability(*)13%28%24%26%Pharmaceuticals No. companies 40 33 52 125 Employees 596,006
It is disclosed in accounts as additions to tangible fixed assets. 8. Number of employees is consolidated the total average employees
or year end employees if average not stated. 82 The 2013 EU Industrial R&d Scoreboard The 2013 EU Industrial R&d Investment Scoreboard 83 Annex 3 Composition of the top
R&d investment Net sales Capital expenditure Operating profit or loss Total number of employees Main company indicators (R&d intensity, Capex intensity, Profitability) Growth rates of main
Knowledge-sharing, human resources, proximity to other company sites and market demand make countries attractive for R&d activities.
the respondents state that knowledge-sharing and collaboration opportunities with universities and public research organisations, quality and quantity of R&d personnel in the labour market, proximity to other company sites,
whereas the quality of R&d personnel in the labour market stood out in the EU. Market growth
European commission JRC-IPTS (2013) Similar to our previous surveys, the companies in the sample were on average very large, with an average turnover of €16 billion, 33,000 employees,
and 1, 800 employees in R&d. Among the respondents, there are 8 medium-sized companies mainly in the high R&d intensity sectors.
Out of the large companies in the sample, 56 had between 251 and 5, 000 employees, 64 between 5, 000 and 30,000 employees and 44 more than 30,000 employees.
Above average attractiveness was stated for knowledge-sharing and collaboration opportunities with universities and public research organisations, quality and quantity of R&d personnel in the labour market, proximity to other company sites,
and skills than the corresponding knowledge transfer strategies. 27 Quality and quantity of R&d personnel in the labour market rated clearly before labour costs.
That quantity of R&d personnel in the labour market is stated as a top three attractiveness factor contrasts with the observed lack of sufficient quantity in Germany. 30 Other factors are stated twice (proximity to other company
and public R&d support via fiscal incentives (France and Spain) or once (IPR enforcement conditions (Belgium), proximity to suppliers (Spain) and labour costs of R&d personnel (Poland
Will Dearth of Experts Starve German Economy? Der spiegel, 19 april 2013, http://www. spiegel. de/international/business/lack-of-skilled labor-could-pose-future-threat-to-german-economy-a-894116. html country (number of statements
79 labour costs of R&d personnel quality of R&d personnel quantity of R&d personnel innovation demand via public procurement 23 23 2323 The 2013 EU
whereas the quality of R&d personnel in the labour market and public R&d support via grants & direct funding and fiscal incentives stood out in EU countries.
labour costs quality of R&d personnel financing other (non-R&d) investments public-private partnerships loans
an action plan for Europe"(COM, 2003)) and in further Communications of the Commission("More Research and Innovation Investing for Growth and Employment A common approach",COM (2005) 488 final,"Implementing the Community
Average turnover and employee numbers for the responding companies, by sector group Note: The figure refers to 153 out of the 172 companies in the sample.
European commission JRC-IPTS (2013) The average net sales and employee numbers in the figure are inversely proportional to the R&d intensity of the sector group.
The average number of R&d employees is considerably larger in the high and medium than in the low R&d intensity sector.
This is the result of the high share of R&d employees in large companies that responded from technology, hardware & equipment and pharmaceuticals & biotechnology (high R&d intensity), automobiles & parts, industrial engineering,
33,000 employees, and 1, 800 employees in R&d. Among the 172 respondents there were 8 medium-sized companies mainly in the high R&d intensity sectors (according to the European commission's SME definition,
see: http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/enterprise policy/sme definition/index en. htm). Among the large companies in the sample, 56 had between 251 and 5, 000 employees, 64 between 5,
000 and 30,000 employees and 44 more than 30,000 employees. 01 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 0 10 000 20 000 30
000 40 000 50 000 high R&d intensity medium R&d intensity low R&d intensity number of R&d employees net sales (in million €
) or number of employees sector group average net sales (left scale) average number of employees (left scale) average number of R&d employees (right scale) 38 The 2013 EU SURVEY on R&d Investment Business
Trends 3838 39 39 3939 The 2013 EU SURVEY on R&d Investment Business Trends 8 Annex B:
+34.95.448.83.80 51 See the Privacy Statement on the last page 40 The 2013 EU SURVEY on R&d Investment Business Trends 4040 A. Corporate background 1. How many employees in total
work in your company? Around. 2. How many employees work on R&d in the company? About. B. R&d investment levels
and trends 3 . What was your R&d investment in the past year (2012)? About € million. 4. At what average rate do you expect the company to change its overall R&d investment over the next three years (2013,2014, 2015), in real terms?
Please rate on a scale from 1 (very low attractiveness) to 5 (very high attractiveness) and leave not-applicable factors blank. attractiveness of:
a1) market size (a2) market growth (a3) through public procurement (a4) via product market regulation, norms & standards (b) Human resources:(
b1) quality of R&d personnel in the labour market (b2) quantity of R&d personnel in the labour market (b3) labour costs of R&d personnel (c) Proximity to:(
in case of conflict, can be addressed to the European Data protection Supervisor (EDPS) at www. edps. europa. eu. European commission EUR 26224 EN Joint Research Centre Institute for Prospective Technological Studies
Knowledge-sharing, human resources, proximity to other company sites and market demand make countries attractive for R&d activities.
Developingcountry 1. Introduction Small andmediumenterprises (SMESINFURTHERTEXT) are consideredtobetheengineofeconomicgrowthand employment. Oneoftheprimarymeansthroughwhich SMES areexpectedtoaccomplishthistaskisbydeveloping and commercializinginnovations. Innovationmaybeeven more importantforsmesthanforlargefirms:
Aswediscussed in theprevioussection, oneoftheinternalfactorsshownto be amongthemostimportantdeterminantsofinnovative activityforsmesisahighincidenceofhighlyqualified employees (Hoffmanetal. 1998). ) Thesehighlyqualified employeesrepresenttheknowledgebaseofthecompany, which isasourceofideasfornewproductandprocess development.
2002) also considertheproportionof all highly educated employees. Literatureshowsthathighlyeducated employeespositivelyaffectfirm'sinnovativecapability, so we alsoexpecttofindthatforatransitioneconomythe proportionofhighlyqualifiedemployeesinsmeshas positive influenceoninnovativecapability.
employees wecomputethisratiofor2001and2003andthentaketheaveragenumber S. Radas, L. Boz ic'/Technovation29 (2009) 438 450 442 (Hadjimanolis, 1999), weincludevariable implementation of neworsignificantlychangedcorporatestrategy (Table 3). We considermanagement'sstrategiesbecauseaspointed out in Freel (2000) innovation, beingacomplexand inclusiveprocess, requiresaneclecticbaseofmanagerial competency, andmanagerialdeficienciescanpresenta seriousobstacleforinnovation.
Thisisunderstandablesinceradicalinnova-tions requiresubstantivecreativeeffort, whileintroducing productsthataresimilartothosealreadyexistingonthe market doesnotrequireasmuchoriginalinputfromfirm's own staff (i e. theworkcanbecompletedbyless-skilled employees. Itismoresurprisingthatproportionofhighly educated staffisnotasignificantpredictorinprocess innovation.
At the same time, we are witnessing a proliferation of committees, institutes and think tanks, both privately and publicly funded, dedicated to the promotion of the concept of innovation.
put knowledge to work. In any case, innovation is knowledge intensive. Both are interrelated and have to be addressed simultaneously.
in order to make technological progress work for human development. Innovation and knowledge creation are linked inseparably with education The radical social transformations implied in the development of knowledge societies
UNESCO, as the coordinator of Education for All (EFA), has made the promotion of education as a fundamental right, the improvement of the quality of education and the stimulation of innovation and the sharing of knowledge and best practices one of its priorities.
such as the draft recommendation on the promotion and use of multilingualism and universal access to cyberspace
Nilsson Acknowledgement and Disclaimer The work published in this book is funded partly by the European union under the Seventh Framework Programme.
This work is subject to copyright for commercial use. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation,
and Carsten Schmoll Table of contents XV Testing End-to-end Self management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment 259 Apostolos Kousaridas George Katsikas, Nancy Alonistioti, Esa Piri, Marko Palola,
The Towards In-Network Clouds in Future Internet chapter explores the architectural co-existence of new and legacy services and networks, via virtualisation of connectivity and computation resources and self management capabilities,
we define the terms used in our work. Based on 16, we define as architecture a set of functions, states,
This work was carried out by identifying an extensive list of limitations and potentially problematic issues or missing functionalities
The latter results in such a complexity that leaves no possibility for individual systems to adapt their control decisions and tune their execution at running time by taking into account their internal state, its activity/behavior as well as the environment
This article is the based on the work that has been carried out by the EC Future Internet Architecture (FIARCH) group (to
The authors would like also to acknowledge the FI architectural work performed under the project FP7 COAST ICT-248036 COAST.
ACM Communications 52 (7), 66 75 (2009) 22 Evolving the Internet, Presentation to the OECD (March 2006), http://www. cs. ucl. ac. uk/staff
This paper aims to explore the architectural co-existence of new and legacy services and networks, via virtualisation of connectivity and computation resources and self management capabilities,
In-Network Clouds, Virtualisation of Resources, Self management, Service plane, Orchestration plane and Knowledge plane. 1 Introduction The current Internet has been founded on a basic architectural premise, that is:
This paper aims to explore the architectural co-existence of new and legacy services and networks, via virtualisation of resources and self management capabilities,
therefore essential in guaranteeing both a degree of self management and adaptation as well as supporting context-aware communications that efficiently exploit the available network resources.
i) the Context Executive (CE) Module which interfaces with other entities/context clients,(ii) the Context Processing (CP) Module which implements the core internal operations related to the context processing
and (iv) the Context Flow Controller (CFC) which performs context flow optimization activities (see Fig. 3). Fig. 3. Context Information Service Platform The Context Executive Module
The meta-context carries information that supports better the self management functionalities of the context-aware applications.
The Context Information Base (CIB) provides flexible storage capabilities, in support of the Context Executive and Context Processor modules.
The Context Flow Controller configures the Context Processing and Context Executive Modules based on the requirements of the Management Application and the general guidelines from the Orchestration Plane.
Self management of virtual networks (In-Network Cloud Management; Autonomic service provisioning on In-Network Clouds (Service Computing Clouds.
4 Conclusion This work has presented the design of an open software networked infrastructure (In-Network Cloud) that enables the composition of fast and guaranteed services in an efficient manner,
This work was undertaken partially in the context of the FP7-EU Autonomic Internet 10 and the RESERVOIR 9 research projects,
Failure tolerance/resistance, reliability and redundancy of networks also can be refined and strengthen by flat design schemes.
This work was made in the frame of Mobile Innovation Centre's'MEVICO HU'project, supported by the National Office for Research and Technology (EUREKA HU 08-1-2009-0043) under the co-operation of the Celtic
which includes self management. The optimization of resources 15 16 17 using federation in the future Internet relies on classify
and how federation contributes enabling information exchange has been described in previous works 18 19. The intention in this paper is not to define what the Federation in future communications is,
The term Federation in communications was discussed in a previous work 20 and currently many definitions have been proposed.
considering end-user requirements and acting in autonomous forms offering added value services (Autonomics) 6 7 25 where traditional definitions describing self management emerged.
These consumer valued networks acting ideally as independent self management entities must combine efforts Review and Designs of Federated Management in Future Internet Architectures 57 to offer common and agreed services even with many technological restrictions
and mainly resolve negotiations (represented as transition processes normally) not considered between individual or autonomous self management domains.
Simulation studies and analytical work is being conducted to back up further experimental results. Designing a federated platform implies the combination of semantic descriptions and both holistic service and management information.
Management systems should support self management by local resources in a given domain ensuring that this self-managed behaviour is coordinated across management boundaries.
The work introduced in this paper is a contribution to SFI FAME-SRC (Federated, Autonomic Management of End-to-end Communications Services-Scientific research Cluster.
this chapter presents the current status of the work aimed at definition of an RWI reference architecture.
We would like to acknowledge the precious work of Davide Chini, Riccardo Billero, Mirco Soderi, Umberto Monile, Stefano Turchi, Matteo Spampani, Alessio Schiavelli and Luca Capannesi for the technical support in the implementation
A so-called Supervisor and Security Module (not shown for clarity reason in Fig. 2) is embedded in each Cognitive Manager supervising the whole Cognitive Manager and,
and work according to the same approach regardless of the interfaced heterogeneous Applications/Resources/Actors, interoperation procedures become easier and more natural.
Considering the limitations of the current Internet architecture, the envisaged scenarios and work efforts for Future Internet,
Section 1 presents works in the area of Future Internet and ontology in computer systems. Section 2 describes the concepts of the Entity Title Model and the ontology at network layers.
Finally, section 3 presents some concluding remarks and suggestions for future works. J. Domingue et al.
Souza Pereira et al. 1 Future Internet Works A Future Internet full of services requirements demands networks where the necessary resources to service delivery are orchestrated
In this research area there are extensive number of works and projects for the Future Internet and some of these are being discussed in collaboration groups like FIA,
and Ontology Works Studies and proposals for development of the intermediate layers of the TCP IP architecture are being discussed since the 80s,
with the separation of Internet addresses into Endpoint Identifiers (EID) and Routing Locators (RLOC) 9. In the area of next generation Internet there is also the works of Landmark developed by Tsuchiya,
This work broadens the use of the title from the applications with the unification of addresses by using the AP-title
which in this work was built in OWL. Needs: They are functionality or desirable technological requirements, essential or indispensable.
this work did the creation of an ontology for the Entity Title Model, considering others works and projects efforts for Future Internet,
as 4ward, Content-Centric, User-Centric, Service-Centric and Autoi Title Model Ontology for Future Internet Networks 109 Source Service Content User DTS
in a collaborative effort to others Future Internet works, the Entity Title Model has better contributions by the use of a more expressive and standardized representation language.
as the Autoi works. These are also limitations from the previous Horizontal Addressing by Entity Title works with value added by the Entity Title Model.
Others actual researches show the use of ontologies at different network layers like: OVM (Ontology for Vulnerability Management) to support security needs 35;
For example, the works related to Generic Path, Information Channels, Rofl and LISP can use it, but some of Title Model Ontology for Future Internet Networks 111 them,
Others works as for example, 4ward, Autoi OSKMV planes (Orchestration, Service Enablers, Knowledge management and Virtualisation planes) and the Content-Centric can use this model collaboratively.
This can benefits the Content-Centric works to address the content by name (or title) as, in some situations,
as the Content, Service and User Centric works, monitored and managed by the OSKMV planes using semantics cross layers,
In this example for the contribution with the Content, Service and User Centric works, in the Title Model it is possible the unification of the different entities address in the future Internet.
this work aims to contribute with the discussions for a collaborative reference model in the future Internet,
For the service layer to support semantically the entities needs this work uses the Web Ontology Language,
In this scenario, this work contributes to the use of ontology in the middle layers of the Internet, with the proposal of semantic formalization, in computer networks, for the Entity Title Model.
As future work there will be continued the development of this ontology and its collaborative perspective with others Future Internet efforts and projects.
Part of the results of this work received contributions from the MEHAR Project researches. The authors would like to thank the MEHAR Project members for all discussions and collaboration.
has shown that the interest of such cross-disciplinary work and its relevance increases slowly. While the first socioeconomic chapter addresses aspects (1),(2),(4),
and (8) as above, the second one works on (5) and (8). Finally, the last chapter tackles aspects (2),(3),
Locality Promotion enables peers of an ISP domain to receive ratings of their overlay neighbors by an entity called Smoothit Information Service (SIS.
An example is locality promotion based on BGP routing data. Insertion of Additional Locality-Promoting Peers/Resources involves (a) the insertion of ISP-owned Peers (Iops) in the overlay
or (b) the enhancement of the access rate of Highly Active Peers (HAPS) aiming at both the promotion of locality and faster content distribution.
Section 3 deals with the assessment of locality promotion, Section 4 with the insertion of locality-promoting peers/resource,
the attention is directed to simulations. 3 Locality Promotion As a selected example for a locality promotion ETM mechanism,
This is a new methodology in contrast to related work, where average results or a cumulative density function for all peers is shown,
comparing the performance of regular Bittorrent 13 with BGP-based locality promotion using both BNS and BU (BGPLOC).
Fig. 2. Typically no-lose situations are the result in related work. However, this is true only on average.
Taking this additional 126 I. Papafili et al. mechanism into account, it can be concluded that the locality promotion mechanism in the ETMS may lead to a win-no lose situation, i e.,
and thus reduce traffic redundancy on its inter-domain links, and to improve performance experienced by the users of peer-to-peer applications.
and the promotion of Highly Active Peers (HAPS), specifics of methodology employed for their assessment
thus, making it important to take this additional metric into account. 4. 2 Promotion of Highly Active Peers The Highly Active Peer (HAP) ETM mechanism 17 aims at promoting a more cooperative behavior among overlay peers.
which implies instantaneous measurements and an instantaneous reaction of the ISP regarding peer promotion. A static case operates at a longer time range of several hours
however, the locality promotion mechanism provided by the SIS was used by all peers in AS1.
Just by introducing the basic locality promotion mechanism, the mean download time decreases significantly (see difference between‘No SIS'and‘0 HAPS');
and (c) the promotion of HAPS. Furthermore, this methodology has been employed to assess ETM mechanisms of another category identified, namely the inter-domain collaboration.
This work has been accomplished in the framework of the EU ICT Project Smoothit (FP7-2007-ICT-216259.
BGP-based Locality Promotion for P2p Applications. In: 19th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN 2010), Zürich, Switzerland (August 2010) 11.
operators will check that it works successfully if deployed on their network, and users will complain
in order to increase the chances that MPTCP works when there are middleboxes en route: -MPTCP appears on the wire to be TCP-The signalling message that adds a new sub-flow includes an Address ID field,
-if one link fails on a multi-homed terminal, the connection still works over the other interface.
then it just works (NATS permitting). 4 Congestion Exposure The main intention of Congestion Exposure (Conex) is to make users
IEEE International Conference on Network protocols, ICNP (2002), http://www. ece. gatech. edu/research/GNAN/work/ptcp/ptcp. html 14.
Previous work in the literature has termed these conflicts tussles. This article presents the research of the SESERV project,
and we conclude in Section 5 by outlining our future work. 2 A Methodology for Identifying
but it will be assumed for the sake of argument that the actors are seeking optimum solutions. 150 C. Kalogiros et al. 3 Taxonomy of Socioeconomic Tussles Many articles have been published building on Clark's work as applied to specific technical
like IPV4 addresses and especially Provider Independent ones that ease net An Approach to Investigating Socioeconomic Tussles 153 work management and avoid ISP lock in.
In the former case, a provider may seek redundancy and reliability asking for a backup path towards a destination,
and politicians as well as security and trust experts. 4 Survey of Work on Social and Economic Tussles as Highlighted in FP7 Projects In this section, SESERV looks at specific projects in the FP7 Future Networks project portfolio,
and Future Work The SESERV Coordination and Support Action was designed to help fill the gap between socioeconomic priorities
and the Future Internet research community by offering selected services to FP7 projects in Challenge 1. SESERV provides access to socioeconomic experts investigating the relationship between FI technology, society,
The tussle analysis methodology will be evaluated in the context and work of other FP7 projects during the lifetime of the project,
and extend our work in 5 and especially concentrate on the concept of scope and how it can be used flexibly to 168 K. Visala, D. Lagutin,
We refer to our work in 5 for a detailed description of the rendezvous security mechanisms.
We refer to our work in 2 for a more detailed example of graphlet formation in an intra-domain architecture where the dedicated nodes handling a transport can be scattered in the network.
Thus we claim that the deployment of new transport functionality in the network to be run at branching points of graphlets can be done scalably. 5 Related Work This section covers related work for publish/subscribe systems and network layer security solutions.
Security issues of the content-based pub/sub system have been explored in 7. The work proposes secure event types
and Future Work In this paper we introduced a data-centric inter-domain pub/sub architecture addressing availability and data integrity.
This is still ongoing work and, for example, the ANDL language and quantitative analysis will be covered in our future work.
Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License
and GRID services and although some work has already been made in the area 23, further research is necessary to find out what kind of security architecture is required in the context
as a recent work suggests 20, it is possible to perform it at run-time,
Work partially supported by EU FP7-ICT project NESSOS (Network of Excellence on Engineering Secure Future Internet Software Services and Systems) under the grant agreement n. 256980.
agents may join or leave, and client credentials are affected by dynamic changes in security policies (e g.,
, agents can become members of a group or leave it, with immediate consequences for their access rights. 9 The AVANTSSAR Platform allows users also to input their services by specifying them using the high-level formal specification language ASLAN,
For instance, an employee (Alice) changing group membership at the command of her manager (Peter) can be formalized as:
Customer employees can access their respective data and systems (or parts thereof) but cannot access infrastructure
For instance, a database administrator may only obtain administrative privileges over the tables owned by its employer. 2. For a given task at hand,
Due to the corresponding logging, the security auditors can later determine which employee has held what privileges at any given point in time.
The goal is to minimize the set of trusted employees for each customer through implementing a rigorous least privilege approach as well as corresponding controls to validate employee behavior.
and to limit the risks imposed by misbehaving cloud providers and their employees. Acknowledgments. We thank Ninja Marnau and Eva Schlehahn from the Independent Centre for Privacy Protection Schleswig-Holstein for substantial and very helpful input to our chapter on privacy risks.
Cloudsourcing-the cloud sparks a new generation of consultants & service brokers (2010), http://www. processor. com/editorial/article. asp?
All these issues need further research work to be addressed. In the next section, we present our initial thoughts on how we may extend the Primelife framework to address the first problem we mentioned above, i e.,
Finally the chapter Kousaridas et al. entitled Testing End-to-end Self management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment reports on the network management protocol test that exploited the availability of different administrative domains in federated testbeds
and develop a self management solution for the selection of the appropriate network or service level adaptation to improve end-to-end behaviour
The setup consists of 3 work load http traffic generators, making requests through a hosting unit.
and stop the work load generators on demand. 3 Technical Environment, Testbed Implementation and Deployment From the requirements of the use case,
-Linux machines for the RUBIS based work load generators-A Linux machine for the hosting the algorithm unit,
The work load generator exposes parameters such as: used IP for the testbed, memory, hard disk size, number of clients, ramp up time for the requests and a parameter used during the execution of the experiment called Action
The work presented in this paper has been performed during PII a Seventh Framework Program (FP7) project funded by EU. Open Access.
and Observation Tools As part of our work we have seen the need for all the heterogeneous experimental facilities to standardize experiment measurements and observation tools,
Further, the authors deeply want to thank Andy Bavier for his support during the course of this work.
Charter of the Multipath TCP Work Group (MPTCP)( Mar 2010), Information available at http://tools. ietf. org/wg/mptcp/15.
The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. Testing End-to-end Self management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment Apostolos Kousaridas1, George Katsikas1, Nancy Alonistioti1
In this work the Panlab experimental facilities and specifically the Octopus network testbed has been used in order to experiment on the improvement of Qos features by using the Self-NET software for self management over a Wimax network environment.
The monitoring and configuration capabilities that different administrative domains provide has been exploited in order to test network and service layers cooperation for more efficient end-to-end self management.
The performance results from the experiments that have been performed prove that the proposed self management solution and the mechanisms for the selection of the appropriate network or service level adaptation improve end-to-end behaviour
and Qos features Keywords: Experimentation, Testing Facilities, Self management, Future Internet, Wimax, Quality of Service 1 Introduction Several network management frameworks have been specified during the last two decades by various standardization bodies
and forums, like IETF, 3gpp, DMTF, ITU, all trying to specify interfaces, protocols and information models by taking into consideration the respective network infrastructure i e.,
The scope of this work is to experiment on the improvement of Qos features (e g.,
, packet loss, delay, jitter) by using a self management framework over a live network environment and exploiting monitoring
and the Network Domain Cognitive Manager (NDCM) 2. The experimentation work has been carried out as cooperation with Self-NET
and the improvement of the performance by using the self management mechanisms are highlighted in section 4,
There are also some contributory entities that assist in improving the traffic simulation by providing log information Testing End-to-end Self management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment 261 Fig. 1. Octopus testbed Wimax
The traffic sent from the Uoa BS Connector (10.1.1.1) is routed over the IPIP tunnel to the Wimax BS Testing End-to-end Self management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment 263 Fig. 3. Network topology
and routes. 264 A. Kousaridas et al. 3 Mechanism for Service-Aware Network Self management The allocation of Monitoring-Decision making-Execution (Cognitive) Cycle phases at the NECM
and service layers cooperation for more efficient end-to-end self management (Fig. 1). The term cooperation is used to describe the collection of the service-level monitoring data and the usage of service-level adaptation actions for efficient network adaptation.
This type of functionality is not part of this work. The decision making engine of the NDCM filters the collected monitoring data from the network
However, the Testing End-to-end Self management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment 267 increase rate is not linear
Testing End-to-end Self management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment 269 Table 6. Qos features improvement after partial (70%)Voip codec change from G. 711.1
Octopus testbed) for the experimentation on networks self management, by using the mechanisms that the Self-NET project has designed.
Scalability issues and interactions with other network management tasks is part of our future work. Open Access.
An experimental path towards Self management for Future Internet Environments. In: Tselentis, G.,Galis, A.,Gavras, A.,Krco, S.,Lotz, V.,Simperl, E.,Stiller, B. eds.
Inherent network management functionality, specifically self management functionality. Cost considerations, whereby the overhead of management should be kept under control
The work examines perspectives from the inclusion of the autonomicity and self-manageability features in the scope of Future Internet's (FI) deployment.
Autonomicity, cognitive networks, Future Internet (FI), network manageability, Network Management (NM), self-configuration, self-manageability, self management, situation awareness (SA.
and Self management Features in Modern Network Design The face of the Internet is continually changing,
autonomicity, including self management. Conversely, services themselves are becoming network-aware. Networking-awareness means that services are executed
Self management capabilities may relate to a great variety of significant issues, such as:(i) Cross-domain management functions, for networks, services, content,
v) Mechanisms for conflict and integrity-issues detection/resolution across multiple self management functions;(vi) Mechanisms, tools and methodology construction for the verification and assurance of diverse self-capabilities that are guiding systems and their adaptations, correctly;
xii) Capabilities for the control relationships between self management and self-governance of the FI. In such an evolving environment,
In the scope of these challenges, the Self-NET Project (https://www. ict-selfnet. eu/)aims to integrate the self management
Self management and autonomic capabilities can so alleviate this drawback by: providing inherent management capabilities; increasing flexibility, and;
along with a hierarchical distribution over the network can map self management capabilities over FI architectures 23.
DCSNM further facilitates the promotion of distributed-decentralized management over a hierarchical distribution of management and (re-)configuration making levels:(
In the context of the Self-NET Project, the introduction of a hierarchical cognitive cycle to enable multi-tier self management in various NES
Furthermore, it is essential to perform NM activities in a distributed way by incorporating self-organization and self management principles 28.
and influencing available definition on self management related work 29, the term self management is applied here as the general term describing all autonomic and cognition-based operations in a system.
Six distinct methods are identified with specific realizations and purposes; they all serve to demonstrate concepts inherent in the system properties (19,22.
That is, by applying self management techniques intending to optimize the network in terms of coverage, capacity, performance etc.
on a real-time basis. Self management can offer decentralized monitoring and proper decision-making techniques so that appropriate optimization hints can be extracted,
During the Self-NET Project effort, an extended experimental work has also been performed upon several specific use cases that have all been selected as appropriate drivers-enablers for testing and validation activities.
In the experimentation phase we focused on the (reassignment of operating frequencies to wireless NES and the vertical assisted handover of multi 288 I. P. Chochliouros, A s. Spiliopoulou,
self management techniques pave the way towards automated network processes such as the deployment of new NES, the network reconfiguration (in whole or in part) and the selection/execution of the optimal corresponding solution (or response) based on specific
The Self-NET initiative develops self management features that alleviate consequences of events for which the system would require various invocations of remedy actions and/or significant human intervention.
The present work has been composed n the context of the Self-NET (Self management of Cognitive Future Internet Elements) European Research Project
Cognition and Self management Design Issues. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Autonomic Computing and Communication systems, pp. 1 6 (2008) 21.
Architectural Principles for Synergy of Self management and Future internet Evolutions. In: Proceedings of the ICT Mobile Summit 2009, pp. 1 8. IMC Ltd, Dublin (2009) 23.
Self management in Future Internet Wireless Networks: Dynamic Resource Allocation and Traffic Routing for Multi-Service Provisioning.
but it is out of the scope of this work. Further on, ONS will exist temporarily, i e.,
this work discusses on the ON creation as a means to provide extended coverage to the infrastructure
the second section discusses the related work in the area of node selection and coexistence of ONS with infrastructure elements.
and future work. 2 Related Work Various approaches concerning node selection for wireless sensor or mesh networks have been discussed already.
These works are proposing specific sensor node selection algorithms by taking into consideration attributes such as the area of coverage, the navigation/mobility issues of moving sensors,
which are based on physical net 296 A. Georgakopoulos et al. works and can be used for grouping of hosts in the same domain regardless of their physical location.
the contribution of this work is to propose a unified solution for ON creation which takes into consideration the dynamic nature of such networks
4 Opportunistic Network Creation Following the ON lifecycle overview solution, this work focuses on the part of the ON creation phase and more specifically to the selection of nodes
and Future Work This work presents the efficient ON creation in the context of Future Internet.
As a result, participant nodes are chosen not randomly but according to a set of evaluation criteria as proposed to this work.
This work is performed in the framework of the European-union funded project Onefit (www. ict-onefit. eu). The project is supported by the European community's Seventh Framework Program (FP7.
This work has been founded by the EC ICT-2009.1.1 Network of the Future Project#248657. Open Access.
Why the Internet only just works. BT Technology Journal 24,119 129 (2006), doi: 10.1007/s10550-006-0084-z 7. Koslovski, G.,Vicat-Blanc Primet, P.,Char ao, A s.:
This work has led to the Semantic web, and extension of the Web which is machine readable. Ontologies and semantics form a part of the next two chapters in this section.
and can be realized by state of the art redundancy mechanisms. Last, flexibility has been a clear design goal of the framework,
It adopted provider requirements in shape of policy rules and promotions applicable to the final product.
A custom Human Service Manager allocates the human resources. A customised SLA Manager manages the negotiation with the Government
and the formalization of the strategies for handling human resources during negotiation and adjustment. This is still an ongoing task that has required several interviews with the operators working at the service providers.
From the close interaction with the experts in the field, we derived an approach for the evaluation based on the feedback of the citizens and also of the operators (with focus groups and periodic interviews) in terms of:
and core concepts to the case of human resources and human provided services. Further details on this use case are available at 9. 8 Conclusions Service level agreements are a crucial element to support the emerging Future Internet
Future work concentrates on three aspects. Technology research will be deepened on the areas of SLA model extensibility
Whitepaper IBM developerworks (March 2008), http://www. ibm. com/developer works/autonomic/library/ac-edge4/4. Theilmann, W.,Winkler, U
In this research area, this work shows how to integrate and collaborate with Future Internet researches,
Considering the possibilities for improvements in the current TCP IP architecture with collaboration for the Future Internet, this work is focused in one alternative to the TCP IP protocols, at layers 3 and 4,
For example, the work in 6 shows how FINLAN can deal with the requirement of delivery guarantee,
by the ontology use in this work, are: Management, Mobility, Qoe, Qos and Security. This ontology at the intermediate layers is represented in FINLAN by the Net-Ontology and the DL-Ontology (Data link) layers.
with examples of some Future Internet works that can be integrated with this approach at the intermediate layers.
Through the use of FINLAN ontology layers, explicit represented in OWL, the OSKMV planes and the Service, Content and User Centric works can have the benefit to inform their needs to the Net-Ontology and DL-Ontology
This work uses OWL as formal language for this communication as the OWL was adopted by a considerable number of initiatives
="Thing"/>Subclassof><Subclassof><Class IRI="#Service"/>Class IRI="#Entity"/>Subclassof>Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet 343 This work shows how FINLAN can contribute with Future Internet researches (using Autoi
as these studies and results are presented in some of our previous works 4 10,16. 2 Contributions to the Future Internet Works The FINLAN project has adherence with some current efforts in the future Internet research area,
the next section extends possible collaborations that may be implemented in an integrated way with some works. For better understanding, Fig. 2 illustrates an overview of the basic concepts of FINLAN ontology.
delivery guarantee, Qos, security and others. 2. 1 Collaboration to the Autoi Planes One of the Autonomic Internet project expectations is to support the needs of virtual infrastructure management to obtain self management
FINLAN allows to create the Net-Ontology interface with Autoi to support the contextaware control functions for the self management and adaptation in the CISP (Context Information Services Platform) needs.
Individual>2. 3 Collaboration to the Complexity Reduction for {User, Service, Content}- Centric Approaches This work can collaborate to reduce the complexity of the network use by the user,
About the proposals for a Clean-slate solution this work also gives collaboration, by the OWL experiments at the intermediate network layers and the cross layers communication.
Individual>3 Integration between Services and Networks This section describes how to integrate this project in collaboration with others Future Internet works,
since the methods proposed would be available at the operating system level. 4 Conclusions This paper has presented the FINLAN ontology works in a collaboration perspective with some Future Internet projects.
and how the ontological approach can be applied to Future Internet works like monitoring and content-centric Internet.
Future work will implement the FINLAN ontology at the Linux kernel level and run performance
Further work also will do the extension of the scope of the ontological representation, by modeling the behavior of FINLAN to support requirements in contribution with different Future Internet projects.
This work is a result of conceptual discussions and researches of all members of the FINLAN group.
and slightly modified for the purposes of this work 12. In a nutshell, MSM is a simple RDF (S) integration ontology
Work is ongoing on graph pattern-based discovery and process definition and execution. 22 http://linkedservices. org 23 http://groups google. com/group/linkeddataandservices/24 Currently that the graph patterns contained in this request,
From our work thus far, we see that integrating services with the Web of Data, as depicted before, will give birth to a services ecosystem on top of Linked Data,
More generally, we expect to see lightweight semantics appearing throughout the new global communications platform which is emerging through the Future Internet work
This work was funded partly by the EU project SOA4ALL (FP7-215219) 26. The authors would like to thank the members of the SOA4ALL project and the members of the STI Conceptual Models for Services Working group for their interesting feedback on this work. 25 http://socialmedia. net/node/175 26
http://www. soa4all. eu/Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services 363 Open Access.
These techniques can achieve high compression ratios by exploiting both spatial and temporal redundancy in video sequences;
a Media Ecosystem can be defined by inter-working environments, to which various actors belong to and through
and content is emphasized in 4. The works 5-6 consider that CAN/NAA can offer a way for evolution of networks beyond IP,
by analogy with the ecology or business counterparts, can be characterized by inter-working environments to which the actors belong and through
CANMGR carries out collaborative work with homologous entities in order to implement access control policies definition and distribution
This work was supported in part by the EC in the context of the ALICANTE project (FP7-ICT-248652). 380 H. Koumaras et al.
some amount of redundancies still remains between the wavelet coefficients after the decomposition. Moreover, a strong correlation also exists between motion vectors.
Thus, additional redundancy introduced by using MDC over internet need to be evaluated carefully. Fig. 5. An example of multiple description using scalable video coding A simple way to generate multiple descriptions using scalable video coding is to distribute the enhancement layer NAL units to separate descriptions.
Moreover, it is possible to control the redundancy by changing the quality of the base layer as shown in Figure 5. 5. 1 Piece Picking Policy Similar to SVC P2p technique described above,
when any of the description is received at the cost of additional redundancy due to the presence of base layer in each description. 6 Conclusions This chapter has presented an overview of SVC and MDC with the perspective of content distribution over Future
Section 5 shows selected experimental results and the chapter is concluded with Section 6. 2 Related Works The problem of high-level decision making often consists of reasoning and inference, information fusion,
the authors propose a probabilistic framework to represent the semantics in video indexing and retrieval work.
Semantic Context Inference in Multimedia Search 395 Figure 1 shows the work flow of this approach.
There are two processes in the work flow the learning process and the inference process. In the learning process which is carried usually out off-line.
when the role of ICT experts will be reduced substantially. To this end, we wish to propose three grand research challenges.
handing it over to business experts. To this end, the ICT domain needs to push forward the implementation of future ES development environments,
specifically conceived to be used directly by business experts. Such development environments will be based on an evolution of MDA,
interfaces will foster new development environments conceived for business experts to directly intervene in the development process.
This GRC requires, again, a strategic synergy between ICT and business experts. Together, they need to cooperate in developing a new breed of services, tools, software packages,
In particular on the first and the second GRC that concern the development of new FINESS capable of offering to the business experts the possibility of directly governing the development of software architectures.
and a few lines that will guide our future work. 410 D. Angelucci, M. Missikoff, and F. Taglino 2 A Long March towards Component-Based Enterprise Systems FINES represents a new generation of enterprise systems aimed at supporting continuous, open innovation.
, units of work performed by software applications, typically communicating over the Internet 11. In general, a SOA will be implemented starting from a collection of components (e-services) of two different sorts.
where business expert can directly manage a new generation enterprise software architectures. Cloud computing represents an innovative way to architect
since it is built by business experts by using Enterprise Systems/Architectures (including Business Process) Engineering methods
S3 FINES Redesign System This system is used mainly by business experts who, once identified the area (s) where it is necessary/suitable to intervene,
This task is achieved by using a platform with a rich set of tools necessary to support the business experts in their redesign activities that are,
Enterprise, being the‘key assembly'in our work. Public Administration, seen in its interactions with the enterprise.
Future Internet Enterprise Systems 415 5. 1 A Business-Driven FINES Develpment Platform In order to put the business experts at the centre of the ES development process, we foresee a platform
Then, business experts supervise and complete the work. This approach represents a marked discontinuity with the past,
since a FINES will be engineered directly by business experts and not by IT specialists. In fact, business experts will be able to select
manipulate, and compose FINERS at best, since they know better than IT specialists what the different business entities (represented by FINERS) are,
which characteristics they have, how they can be connected one another to cooperate for achieving successful business undertakings.
(ii) the mirroring of the real world business entities,(iii) the full control of the architecture by the business experts. 6 Conclusions At the beginning of the 80s,
a combined approach to self management. In: Proceedings of the 2008 international workshop on Software engineering for adaptive and self-managing systems (2008) 8. Villa, F.,Athanasiadis,
However, large scale data centers require arbitrarily setting their complex working environments when being moved. This results in a reconfiguration of a large number of servers and network devices in a multi-domain environment.
Our future work includes research on the quality of services hosted by the GSN and a scalable resource management.
Active labour market policy is a top priority to sustain employment, strengthen social cohesion and reduce the risk of poverty.
and wealth of cities, maintain employment and fight against poverty through employment generation, the optimisation of energy and water usage and savings,
such as open innovation and open business models 16, Web 2. 0 17 as well as Living Labs 18, a concept originating from the work of William Mitchell at MIT
Smart cities have been pointed recently out by M2m experts as an emerging market with enormous potential,
In this work we discuss how the recent vision of the Future Internet (FI), and its particular components, Internet of things (Iot) and Internet of Services (Ios), can become building blocks to progress towards a unified urban-scale ICT platform transforming a Smart City into an open innovation platform.
However, one of the most well-known definitions was provided by the EU project‘European Smart Cities'1. Under this work,
In this work we advocate that this technological leap can be done by considering Smart Cities at the forefront of the recent vision of the Future Internet (FI.
Layer Fig. 1. Global Service Delivery Platform (GSDP) integrating Iot/Ios building blocks 3 Developing Urban Iot Platforms At present, some works have been reported of practical implementations
a functional specialization of the building blocks has been applied in this work. USN-Management USN-Enabler Sensor Networks IMS User Equipment USN-Gateway SIP Services Web Services Configuration AAA Devicemanagement Application/Service
this work would not have been possible without the contribution and encouragement of many people, particularly all the enthusiastic team of the Smartsantander project, partially funded by the EC under contract number FP7-ICT-257992.
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