However, there has been very little dialogue internationally about what works and what does not, despite the fact that many governments and international agencies have placed this key priority on their agendas.
clinicians acting as consultants to system developers who are qualified really not due to their lack of training in biomedical informatics;
what works and does not work in the process of developing and implementing health IT. Maccabi Healthcare Services is the second largest health fund in Israel
The care they provide is supplemented by 300 senior consultants, who are hospital department heads, 250 diagnostic institutes, 600 private pharmacies and public as well as private hospitals.
After an initial planning and evaluation process by professional staff, Maccabi raised the idea of computerising Maccabi-affiliated independent physicians with the Independent Physicians Organisation
and it was agreed to set up a multidisciplinary committee comprised of representatives of the independent doctors and senior staff from the Maccabi Medical Department and IT Department.
and to help translate them into contextspecific information that can empower providers in their work'.
consultants and others, is one of the more visible benefits that clinicians seek from such a system.
and not when it is convenient for technical staff to provide it. When health IT was in its early stages,
and provide the bulk of employment. However, opportunities presented by the globalization and the entwined,
This pressure to go for global innovation is enhanced by given socio-demographic factors, e g. shortage of skilled labour, in many industrialized countries.
and Labour Affairs in Hamburg and co-financed by the European union (EU). The findings of this survey are matched here against perceived opportunities
16 3. 3. 1 Shortage of Skilled Labour...16 3. 3. 2 Financial Problems and State Support...
19 4. 1. 1 Quantitative Availability of Skilled Labour...19 4. 1. 2 Reducing Bottlenecks in Product Pipeline...
20 4. 2. 1 Cheaper Costs for (Skilled) Labour...21 4. 2. 2 State-induced Incentives...
and provide the bulk of employment. Innovative ideas and products are becoming increasingly important to counter the priceoriented competition from low-cost producers from emerging economies
This pressure to go for global innovation is enhanced by given sociodemographic factors, e g. shortage of skilled labour, in many industrialized countries.
and Labour Affairs in Hamburg and co-financed by the European union (EU The findings of this survey are matched here against perceived opportunities
The renowned, Bonn-based Institut für Mittelstandsforschung (Ifm) defines SMES as firms that employ less than 500 workers
This paper unless specified otherwise works with the EC definition primarily since this definition has been adopted by most of the member countries of the EU including Germany thereby building the basis for most public policies
Contrasted against some large corporate houses that generate billions of euros in annual sales and employ hundreds of thousands of workers,
and provided employment to 70.9%of all employed persons in 2006 (Ifm, 2007b). In absolute terms German SMES provided employment and/or apprenticeship to 20.42 million people in 2006 in the country.
Nearly 83%of all apprenticeship placements in 2006 were offered by SMES, which amounted to 1. 36 million (Ifm, 2007b).
Recent calculations by the authors of this paper, based on Germany's official statistics portal data, show that the high percentage of SMES amongst all enterprises continues to remain high.
As on 31.12.2006 large firms (with 250 employees or more) constituted a miniscule 0. 33%of all enterprises.
Of 3, 215,238 enterprises active on the aforementioned date an overwhelming 3, 204,519 were SMES (with less than 250 employees.
and the overall employment generated, SMES in Germany continue to remain week on the revenue front
In Germany as well as in many other EU member countries SMES usually operate under high overhead costs, such as labour costs,
and Eastern europe. 1 Ifm Bonn works with a definition of SMES that differs from the official definition. 2 Definition criteria such as annual turn over
) According to the specifications of the State Ministry of Economic and Labour Affairs (Behörde für Wirtschaft und Arbeit) in Hamburg,
e g. references in the monthly newsletters of involved cluster managers and promotions via diverse online intermediaries,
Despite multiple promotions and reminding activities only 131 respondents filled out the questionnaire, out of which the answers of only 70 could be analyzed.
confirm, or extend the data base with experts from the selected industries like firm representatives, representatives of industry associations and cluster managers.
Abandonment of Innovation Projects owing to Financial Constraints 3. 2. 1. 2 Availability of Skilled Labour Another major hurdle faced by the survey respondents related to the difficulty in finding suitable
However, experienced skilled labour was generally difficult to find. 71%71%21%36%14%7%29%14%0%20%40%60%80%Diploma-holders Engineers
Managers Others With work experience Freshers n=33 Figure 6: Lack of Qualified Human resources as Barrier to Innovation BARRIERS TO INNOVATION IN SMES:
CAN THE INTERNATIONALIZATION OF R&d MITIGATE THEIR EFFECTS? R. Tiwari and S. Buse (October 2007) Page 12 of 31 This problem is particularly interesting
since both Germany and its Hamburg region endure substantial unemployment with an unemployment rate of nearly 9%.At the same time the industry is unable to fill vacant positions with skilled labour.
To cite an example closely related to the previous issue we can have a look at restrictive labour laws in Germany
the desire to reduce costs by getting access to cheaper labour. Supposedly unfavourable regulatory conditions at home also did not play any worthwhile role in the decision to go international. 3. 2. 3. 2 Challenges of International Innovation The desire to engage in international innovation activities
In the following we describe the two most important aspects of this new research. 3. 3. 1 Shortage of Skilled Labour Firms not only in Germany
but in many other Western countries are faced with scarcity of skilled labour owing primarily to two reasons:
2004) b) Lack of student interest in engineering and natural sciences (see IWD (2007)) In Germany alone firms are facing a severe crunch of skilled labour,
despite high rates of unemployment in certain sections of the society. According to some preliminary calculations the shortage of skilled (technical) labour, primarily of engineers and scientists, is leading to a loss of over 20 billion euros a year in the form of unrealized business opportunities.
The study carried out by Cologne-based Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft (Idw) on behalf of Germany's Federal Ministry of Economics
R. Tiwari and S. Buse (October 2007) Page 17 of 31 47,998 engineer job vacancies in 2006 resulting in a loss of 3. 5 billion euros (Koppel, 2007.
SMES with a staff of 50 to 249 employees were found to be suffering more from this scarcity (60%)than did large firms (40%)(BITKOM, 2007b.
recruiting skilled technical labour is increasingly becoming a grave problem (DIHK, 2007). Firms are reporting vacancy periods of 3 to 6 months to fill an engineer vacancy;
while the official labour mediation agency Bundesagentur für Arbeit confirms this trend (Dunkel & Kühnlenz, 2007;
This expected shortfall is based on the assumption that till then there will be no change in the employment basis. In case the employment basis increases by 2. 5%in this period,
SMES are more prone to suffer from the shortage of skilled labour than large firms,
a) Financial constraints b) Finding qualified, suitable human resources c) Finding suitable cooperation partners with knowledge resources d)( International) Marketing of innovative products e
fast-growing markets such as China and India, may offer tremendous opportunities, e g. in the form of vast pools of qualified human resources in science and technology, cheaper labour costs and access to new, fast
2006), suggest that seeking access to know-how (e g. in the form of skilled labour) is one of the most important drivers of global innovation.
4. 1. 1 Quantitative Availability of Skilled Labour The demographically disadvantageous factor of an aging population in many Western countries, including Germany,
With 14 million young university graduates (with seven years or less of work experience) India's talent pool is estimated to be the largest worldwide, overlapping Chinese talent pool by 50%and that of the USA by 100
BMBF, 2007). 3 3 DBR (2005), citing India's Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion,
Google Inc. cited troubles in obtaining work visas for its prospective employees as a reason to set up its first engineering research and development centre outside the US in Bangalore in India (The Hindu,
2003). 4. 1. 2 Reducing Bottlenecks in Product Pipeline Global innovation activities may ensure that work can be carried out simultaneously from multiple locations and on multiple projects, if needed.
in addition to access to skilled labour, may also contribute to reducing costs of innovation. 4. 2. 1 Cheaper Costs for (Skilled) Labour Global activities,
The labour costs are however going up, see section 5. 2. 4. 2. 2 State-induced Incentives There may be induced lucrative state incentives to indulge in R&d activities abroad if the host country offers significant financial support, e g. in the form of tax
Even China and India are reportedly experiencing shortage of skilled labour with international knowledge standards;
wages of highly skilled labour in India reportedly grow by 10 to 15%and above per annum on average;
) Wage costs for semiskilled or unskilled labour, however, remain significantly lower than in Western, industrialized nations. 5. 3 Protection of Intellectual Property rights (IPRS) The protection of IPRS remains a concern,
For instance, Hirschfeld (2005) reports several incidences of intercultural nuisances in Indo-German software development work.
Fabian and Schmidli (2005) report similar problems in Sino-Swiss projects. 5. 7 Acceptance Issues The parent unit (headquarters) tend to interfere in the innovation work being carried out at the foreign location,
Furthermore, some employees in the R&d units at the headquarters tend to see the new location as a potential threat to their job security leading to resentments, antagonism and even non-cooperation,
and should provide their employees involved in international activities with cross-cultural training. This sensitization to mutual cultural issues may play a key-role in the success of an international venture.
A thorough understanding of internal business processes, organisational backing not only by senior management but also by other employees, especially in R&d departments,
Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Management of Globally Distributed work, Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore, pp. 451-465.
Staff 14,942 Students 8, 438 7 Adlershof in Figures Science and Technology Park 11 non-university scientific institutes (1, 760 employees) 6
Humboldt University institutes (1, 056 employees; 8, 034 students) 445 technology oriented companies (5, 286 employees) Media City 146 companies (1, 763 employees) Industrial Estate 363
companies (4, 969 employees) 8 WISTA-MANAGEMENT GMBH/Adlershof Projekt Gmbh 9*HU: 246 Mio. € IGAFA:
320 Mio. € (gesch. Mio. EUR%Mio. EUR%Mio. EUR%Investitionen in Infrastruktur (Investitionen und Kosten des Entwicklungsträgers) 503 34%167 20%670 29%Investment in Wissenschaftsinstitute (Humboldt-Universität und außeruniversitäre
500 staff) Headquartered in Adlershof Utilization of UMG Si for solar cell production Microsystems and Materials Fields of Competence Semiconductor crystals Reference Materials Special Materials Catalysts Chemical analysis
Increasing private investment Services 45 WISTA-MANAGEMENT GMBH Services for Companies Comprehensive building infrastructure Favorable rent and additional expenses Incubation and promotion of start-ups
High Tec Facilities Lab and related office space at low rents for SME Flexibility Berlin Subsidies Investment subsidies Research subsidies Personel recruitment subsidies
buy and long-term lease, project development High quality community and service facilities Highly qualified staff Efficient networks Established basis for business with the international market Low costs in Berlin
The practical work and implementation of the program is done by TEN-T EA, Trans-European transport 6/38 Best practices in transport infrastructure financing 1/23/2013 The Baltic Institute of Finland/BSRP Transport Cluster network executive agency.
Multi-Annual call consists of several different work programs, all of which have their own goal and objective.
The projects have varied from feasibility studies to complex and concrete infrastructure works. Sources: http://tentea. ec. europa. eu/en/news events/newsroom/10 more implementation su ccesses show the continuous impact of the ten-t programme. htm http://tentea. ec. europa. eu/en/apply for funding/follow the funding process
Convergence Regional Competitiveness and Employment European Territorial Cohesion EU is trying to solve the problems in all the three sectors with European Regional Development Fund (ERDF.
and Regional competitiveness and Employment objectives but it doesn't support 9/38 Best practices in transport infrastructure financing 1/23/2013 The Baltic Institute of Finland/BSRP Transport Cluster
The biggest problems in the Baltic sea region are in the field of Convergence and Regional Competitiveness and Employment.
which may receive support under the priority of Regional Competitiveness and Employment. The Eastern part of Finland is also a part of the phasing out region;
http://bankwatch. org/our-work/who-we-monitor/ebrd http://www. ebrd. com/pages/homepage. shtml#&panel1-3 Private funding One of the important aspects in the EU funding is leverage.
For example in TEN-T financing the EU support is approximately 20%in works and 50%in studies
The EU grant from TEN-T program may cover approximately 20%of the works and 50%of the studies.
The construction works led to improved safety, higher capacity and better accessibility to the port.
Construction costs EUR 3. 8 billion Other works EUR 0. 3 billion Total construction costs EUR 4. 1 billion Project
and Finnish railway company VR-Track Ltd will be responsible for the construction work. VR-Track Ltd signed an agreement that includes rebuilding the superstructure on 66 kilometers of track
There were problems in the terminal and fixed equipment work. Also the rolling stock costs had been underestimated. In 1990 the project got its 4. equity after the banks of Midland, Natwest,
EU supports the construction works at the cross-border sections with approximately 10%higher grants
The start date for the construction works was in September 2009 and the road was completed in November 2011.
European union financed a part of the project by compensating 19%of the works costs with a share of 5. 3 Million euros.
Construction works will be completed in 2015 and the length of the section is 53 kilometer. Tieyhtiö Valtatie 7 is a project company
they should bring talented people into the region, harness regional strengths on a global scale and foster an open exchange of knowledge, staff and expertise.
Similarly, all the areas of national policy that may impact universities'role in their territories Labour market and employment policies, Science, technology and innovation policies, Competition policy and Regional and urban planning policies
the jobs emerging from the staff salary and student living expenditure in the region and universities'economic activity induced by additional expenditure in the regional supply chain.
According to Todtling (2006), at the regional level, universities can serve as antennas for adopting external knowledge and mediator for local knowledge circulation, source of highly skilled labour, knowledge providers in university industry linkages
human resources, attracting talent to the region and developing stronger clusters. The Capital Region Growth Forum in Hovedstaden (2007-2020) is the most important regional body for innovation and business development:
and technology centre (ZIT) that serves as the technology promotion agency of the region and the Vienna Science and Technology Fund (WWTF) that promotes different initiatives,
which entrepreneurs are connected to academic experts or the Lectors and knowledge circles policy of appointing a growing number of lectures
This work was cofinanced through the European Social Fund through The Sectoral Operational Programme Human resources Development 2007-2013,
The former defined as all creative work undertaken within the enterprise that increases knowledge for developing new and improved goods or services and processes
Finally, product innovation seems to have a positive impact on firms'labour productivity (Hall Et al. 2009.
Promotion of scientific and technological excellence, support of international R&d connections The planned interventions of the measures are aligned fully with the RDI Strategy coordination with the S3 plans is ongoing Measuring the progress Monitoring
where decision makers regularly meet the dilemmas of experts and learn from each others'practices Awareness and supportive environment How aware of the processes and supportive are:
For This paper is indebted intellectually to the collective theoretical and empirical work done on the subject by the Academic Unit of CSIC (Comisión Sectorial de Investigación Científica:
and Judith Sutz of work but rather the most urgent ones concrete deprivations that cause significant limitations to the quality of life in absolute terms.
rural rice workers. When a problem has been turned invisible by a mechanism such as an adaptive preference,
This is the case of a trade unionist of the Uruguayan rice rural workers, interviewed during the evaluation process of a project presented to the program.
and that we, rice-workers, die before retiring. We die faster, without any doubt...If you apply glyphosate to pastures,
but until recently, they simply understood death as a consequence of regular illnesses and not as a process accelerated by working conditions.
Workers, family, and social environment had naturalized the high prevalence of deaths at relatively young ages compared with life expectancy of men in the country.
Such diseases began to be seen as problematic by the Rice Worker's Union, and the demand was gathered by researchers Building Bridges 783 at the Universidad de la República
In the previous example, such disruption was provided by the workers'organization, which was able to recognize a problem and express a demand.
The trade union capacity to give voice to this problem is linked perhaps to the concrete historical process going on in Uruguay where neglected workers such as rural workers
and domestic workers gained recently parliamentary recognition for their organizations. It is interesting to reflect on what would have been the situation
if under another correlation of forces rural workers'trade unions continued to be unrecognized. From Demand to Research Stage At a cognitive level, the demand unraveled in the previous stage must be recognized by researchers with the capacity to generate appropriate knowledge in relation to an associated problem.
The passage from demand to research was mediated by a virtuous combination of use of existing capabilities, accumulated knowledge and human resources,
and the level of unemployment was below two digits. For the 2008 call, special emphasis was made in the previous recollection of demand.
profiting from the work done in these territories by a specific extension university program, the Metropolitan Integral Program.
Only as a way of example, actors of the first type included representatives of cooperatives of hand garbage collectors and of rice rural workers trade unions.
those funded will have, somehow, to coordinate their work. The objective of the platform is to concentrate efforts in a complex and multidimensional SIP that is unlikely to be addressed efficiently by more classic and isolated research projects.
from massive firings and salary reductions to negotiated rises in salaries between workers and entrepreneurs mediated by the state, plus very low levels of unemployment.
All this notwithstanding, Uruguay still has important groups of populations excluded from access to a dignified quality of life
It reports on the empirical work of Tepsie examining the use of online networks and other digital tools to support and/or enabler social innovation.
127 5 Introduction and purpose Background The overall objective of the Tepsie project's Work Package WP8 (using online networks to maximum effect) is to examine the extent to which, how and why,
In this context, Work Package 8 examines the impact of ICT on, and its interaction with, social innovation,
of this report This deliverable D8. 3 reports on the empirical work of Tepsie's WP8 examination of so-called‘digital social innovation'
This report, D8. 3, presents and analyses the empirical desk work and case studies undertaken by Tepsie,
and making policy recommendations based on the cumulative work of WP8. 1 http://digitalsocial. eu/2‘Big data'refers to the vast amount of data that can be collected from the internet,
employment, place making, the sharing economy, health and education. After the references section, there are also three annexes:
Education Environment Civic engagement Health Life satisfaction Safety Work-life balance General public services Defense Public order and safety Economic affairs Environmental
Scoreboard Tepsie themes Jobs Work-life balance Economic Affairs 1. Employment Income 2. Sharing economy (and sharing society) Health Health 3
as articulated in the Europe 2020 Strategy, 6 such as unemployment, inequality and poverty, health and education,
Education and skills Participation and democracy Culture and arts Health and wellbeing Work and employment Neighbourhood regeneration Energy and environment Science Finance and economy.
Case study focus areas by theme Theme Focus Area Employment Preparing for work Finding work Creating
and doing work Place making (community and local development) Smart places Local community development Civic engagement
societal challenge Social innovation outcomes (actual or confidently predicted by the case) Employment 1. Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective) 2. Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities,
etc. 3. Improved matching between work demand and supply 4. Increase in jobs and work (number and duration) 5. Improved jobs and work (quality and remuneration) 6. Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities) 7
. Other Place making (for community and local development) 1. Improved place-related facilities and amenities (digital,
planning, budgeting, etc. 6. Scaled place development impact (more sectors, workers, localities) 7. Other Sharing economy (and sharing society) 1. Improved matching and exchanging of time
sectors, workers, localities, people, etc. 8. Other Health 1. Increase in health and wellbeing (numbers of people and duration) 2. Increase in health personalisation 3. Increase in health skills (personal & collective:
Overall, in WP8's empirical work, a deliberate choice has been made not to examine already well known
Overview of cases analysed Employment Focus area Case Social needs addressed Preparing for employment Surfen zum Job (DE) Tackling youth unemployment,
low job skills and the digital divide Jobbanken (DK) Supporting people with a mental illness (back) into work, giving them self-esteem,
and reducing society's costs Finding employment Slivers of time (UK) Flexible work matching for job seekers
& volunteers with employers and people with personal care budgets to spend Eslife (ES) Flexible work matching for household & family tasks,
tackling high unemployment in local area Skillendar (UK) Skills calendar to match job seekers & volunteers with people who need work/tasks done in neighbourhood Creating
and doing work Mission Leben (DE) Providing people with a mental illness with work, improving their life and self-esteem CSE:
Smart places Eastserve, Manchester (UK) Tackling local digital divide, low skills, high unemployment and poverty, improving engagement and social cohesion Naprawmyto (PL) Facilitating local action and dialogue on local problems,
combatting pay cuts, unemployment and social disruption Civic engagement and activism Hackney CAB crowdmap (UK) Support low-income residents, losing some or all housing benefit,
from going further into poverty and losing accommodation IOBY (USA) Strengthen neighborhoods in multiple ways by small nonprofit grassroots projects using local donations
and unemployment but still requiring tasks to be done Cookisto (EL and UK) Homemade food swapping and exchanging,
Education Focus area Case Social needs addressed Widening access to education MOOCS (global) Widening the access to higher education and addressing the societal needs for lifelong education and the upskilling of the labour force
pedagogical staff & scientists with monitoring & documentation of everyday situations 17 Employment Context This section very briefly summarises the main findings arising from the desk research carried out across Europe in relation to strategic issues, trends and challenges
which provides the general employment context, as well as some of the observed and expected roles and impacts of ICT within this context.
and to identify three focus areas and relevant cases within the employment theme. Deliverables D8. 4 and D8. 5 will examine both the empirical evidence presented here in the light of the full desk research to draw conclusions and recommendations regarding outstanding research gaps and policy issues.
Strategic issues, trends and challenges The potential for innovation in the workplace in terms of changing job types, how work is performed
Across Europe, there are also considerable differences in the institutional and regulatory systems within which work
employment and entrepreneurial activity sit. Although there are many nuances and variations, these include the so-called‘flexi-curity'models, typical in Nordic countries,
which attempt to provide a framework combining flexibility for employers to hire and fire workers as well as security for workers through active support to maximise their employability rather than keep them in a particular job.
Elsewhere in Europe, institutional and regulatory frameworks include the continental corporatist models of central-West europe with strong social partners but rigid labour markets, the low social transfer models of southern Europe countries
which tend to be top-down with rigid bargaining systems, and the more market-oriented models in the Anglo saxon countries, aspects of which many of the former command economy countries of Eastern europe have tended to adopt.
8 Clear goals for activating labour markets, including the target of 70%labour market participation, low unemployment and flexi-curity policies.
and victims of human trafficking and youth employment. Through the European Social Fund: the Agenda for New Skills and Jobs;
Social and Economic Councils at the different levels of the labour market. The overall goal is to improve employability and increase the quantity and quality of jobs.
what is often characterised as‘jobless growth'where there have been massive rises in unemployment, especially in southern Europe and amongst young 8 http://ec. europa. eu/employment social/eie/chap1-5-2 en. html 18 people,
Flexibilisation of the workforce which, in the absence of counterbalancing employment security measures, tends to put more power in the hands of employers.
Youth unemployment, where job-churn in the labour market has reduced considerably so many older workers are staying put in the context of job loss
'which, although this should in principle create more employment opportunities, has happened not yet to any significant extent, probably due to labour market rigidities across sectors and localities,
and training and skill problems. The changing roles of different interest groups and the reduction of the postwar political consensus concerning labour markets and their embedded social contracts (both formal and informal), resulting inter alia in trades unions and worker representatives generally losing power
and influence. Labour market reforms towards less regulation and trends towards a‘race to the bottom'in terms of pay levels, working conditions and workers'rights, especially in the context of economic globalisation.
Low pay minimum wage regulation in some countries and campaigns for a so-called‘living'wage. Problems in integrating disadvantaged groups within the dynamic complex of the above changes.
Other important trends include fluctuations in self employment rates since the 2007-08 financial crisis, with significant differences between countries,
after an initial rise soon followed by a fall. 9 This may be due to many self-employed people transferring their business to the unofficial economy as well as more self-regulation via,
for example, project, flexible and homework, often using ICT, as well as more redundancies in this sector. 10 In some countries,
such as the UK, this is leading to greater de-regularisation and de-unionisation of the labour market as exemplified by much more occasional, intermittent, casual and‘unsocial'hours employment,
as well as so-called zero-hour contracts in which workers are guaranteed not any work and thus income at all.
On the one hand, this may benefit freelancers who have the skills, competences and networks to cope and even thrive,
whilst on the other hand there is evidence this condemns many who do not have such resources to a working life characterised by intermittent and uncertain work and income. 11 In Europe,
and for 11 million paid employees. 12 This and other trends mark some shift towards more bottom-up forms of employment,
by the European WISE Network (Work Integration Social Enterprises as a tool for promoting inclusion),
or green areas and packaging products. 13 There is also EUWIN (European Workplace Innovation Network) 9 http://www. eurofound. europa. eu/areas/industrialrelations/dictionary definitions/selfemployedperson
/social-economy/13 http://www. isede-net. com/content/social-economy/wise-work-integration-social-enterprises-tool-promotinginclusion 19
public agencies and research institutions to raise awareness about workplace innovation and its benefits. 14 Roles and impacts of ICT There is much agreement about some of the main impacts of ICT on employment.
For example, most observers agree that innovation in the economy supported or enabled by ICT typically reduces the demand for labour in existing sectors and companies because of increased productivity,
innovation in processes, organisational restructuring, and more automated and/or do-it-yourself products and services on the part of some consumers who become so-called prosumers.
However, despite this, there are just as many robust disagreements about the roles and impacts of ICT on employment in practice.
there is no general agreement as to the types or quality of any new work or new work forms.
On the one hand, some see a brave new world of highly skilled individuals selling their talents in a global market place over the Internet, playing off potential employers against each other (Tapscott & Williams2006),
some see worker exploitation and surveillance reduced to a state of servicing the machine (Sennett, 1998 and 2006).
the reduction (or qualitative change) in social capital (instead of people actually meeting in person with all the personal interactions that usually shape relationships, they merely Skype and leave aside all the rest),
It is clear that an increasingly flexible model of work is leading to threats to traditional benefits,
such as pensions and health insurance as provided by a given employer and a consequent reduction in employee rights within the existing regulatory and insurance system.
as well as employers and policy makers need to be aware of these and similar challenges. It is also clear ICT does change work at a fundamental level
and quality of work, revolving around the use and creation of implicit and tacit knowledge.
In each case, of course, such human-centred work will increasingly be strongly 14 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/workplace-innovation/euwin/index en. htm 15 See Tepsie
What we think of as‘routine'is part of a dynamic cycle in which new work, knowledge and processes are created and older types
Millard 2006) Returning to areas of general agreement about the impact of ICT on employment, most agree that:
Access to information and networks allows people to make more informed decisions about work and careers.
Training and preparation for work can now take place more easily and cheaply online. People are able to find work that interests them/employees who fit their requirements much more easily through the availability of online contracting
which removes many place and timebased limitations. Networks such as Linkedin allow people to stay in touch with potential work partners much more easily,
Work can be split up into chunks both time-wise and location-wise, thus enabling work to be undertaken by many people across the world simultaneously,
which allows it to be completed more quickly and cheaply. Services such as Skype have made global videoconferencing free
and made it easier for people to form work partnerships across countries. ICT thus makes it easier for workers to find jobs
and for employers to find skilled workers as labour markets become more transparent. Because ICT has the potential to connect workers to work irrespective of their location,
and crowdsourced work providers are able to judge workers on their merit, it is possible that ICT could help overcome the social, cultural,
educational and physical barriers that might otherwise have excluded women, people with disabilities, ethnic minorities or other disadvantages from participating in the labor market.
It is clear that labour is becoming more disjoined from location, and work is increasingly disaggregated and shared across space and time.
There is a rise in so-called‘homeshoring, 'where people work for a virtual organisation or callcentre from their homes,
and this opens up opportunities for those with caring responsibilities who might choose to stay at home rather than work in a traditional job.
All this means it will become easier for workers to become very highly specialised at particular tasks.
or supporting social innovation in the employment theme. 1. Preparing for employment People need appropriate vocational skills,
competences and aptitudes in order to prepare for employment. This includes both initial education, training and other forms of preparation,
In principle, ICT can support people in preparing for employment in two main ways: by facilitating or improving the individual's vocational skills
and competences relevant for work by facilitating or improving the social and other supports relevant to preparing for Work on this basis,
Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective) using ICT. Improved employment supports (e g. training, tools, facilities, etc.
using ICT. 2. Finding employment ICT is an important tool in finding employment, for example by matching those looking for work with those seeking one or more workers with the relevant skills, competences and aptitudes.
Evidence from Poland, for example, shows that traditional private job centres only help about 5%of young job seekers find a job,
and job centres themselves today undertake job matching mainly by using ICT. Much more often, young job seekers use family and other contacts as well as the Internet.
The Internet can also be used to match work or tasks which people need doing with those willing and able to do them in real or very quick time,
for example the US-based Taskrabbit which also recently launched in the UK. 16 ICT can assist in finding work in two main ways:
by facilitating or improving the matching of paid work with workers looking for such work by facilitating
or improving the matching of unpaid/voluntary/reciprocal work with people looking for such work.
There is one social innovation outcome examined for this focus area: Improved matching between work demand
and supply using ICT. 3. Creating and doing work ICT helps in the introduction of,
or increase in, new forms of employment, such as telework, distance work, flexible work or itinerant work,
as well as completely new types of work such as web-design, app development, software programming or any other types which need ICT
or are in the ICT sector. Work may be performed away from the organisational premises at another location or‘on the move,
'and may also result in completely virtual forms of (semi) permanent or temporary work, or so-called‘project'work.
ICT can also assist people enter or become stronger in the labour market who are excluded more or less from the traditional labour market,
such as the disabled, older persons, or would-be workers who are disadvantaged otherwise (such as immigrants with poor language or other skills).
Overall, ICT can assist in creating and doing work: by facilitating or increasing the amount of work
and/or the number of jobs by facilitating new, or improving existing, ways of working (e g. in terms of quality, flexibility, location, remuneration, etc.)
There are two social innovation outcomes examined for this focus area: Increase in jobs and work (number and duration) using ICT.
Improved jobs and work (quality and remuneration) using ICT. In addition, there is also one theme-wide social innovation outcome:
Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities) using ICT. 16 https://www. taskrabbit. com and https://www. taskrabbit. co. uk. 22 Case analysis Social needs addressed and summary Seven cases are analysed in the employment theme as summarised in Table 3. 1. Table
3. 1: Employment cases: summary Focus area Case Social needs addressed Summary Preparing for employment Surfen zum Job (DE) Tackling youth unemployment,
low job skills and the digital divide-Improve digital search skills for all types of unemployed with focus on low qualified,
and help in finding a job-Training, practical help for both the jobless and for the public and civil organisations providing support-Public and private funding, civil operation-30 cities in Germany;
300 youth Jobbanken (DK) 17 Supporting people with a mental illness (back) into work, giving them selfesteem,
and reducing society's costs-Digitally coordinated education, exercises, networking-Prepares and matches both job seekers and potential employers, also with administrative support-Public funding (€800, 000 pa 2013-15), private partners, private operation-3 cities, 483 trained,
387 started in a protected job Finding employment Slivers of time (UK) 18 Flexible work matching for jobseekers
& volunteers with employers and people with personal care budgets to spend-Digital fast and flexible matching to recruit
and manage the supply and demand of labour and volunteers, and better utilise existing resources-Public (€600, 000 seed money 2005), private and civil funding, civil partners, private operation-80,000 users, 13. 7m potential, 9 FTES,
across UK Eslife (ES) 19 Flexible work matching for household & family tasks, tackling high unemployment in local area-Digital fast and flexible matching to recruit
and manage the supply and demand of household and family tasks-Private funding, 15%of price paid to Eslife after work
or task done, private operation, expected profitable by 2015->1, 000 people matched with work in 7 cities,
growing to>25 cities in 2014 Skillendar (UK) 20 Skills calendar to match job seekers & volunteers with people who need work/tasks done in neighbourhood-Digital fast and flexible matching at neighbourhood level
using calendar for skill and time search,‘people helping people'philosophy at any time-Private funding, civil partners & users,
private operation-Neighbourhood-based, can be used anywhere, thousands of users Creating and doing work Mission Leben (DE) 21 Providing people with a mental illness with work,
improving their life and self-esteem-ICT adapts workplaces to needs and capacities of workers with a mental illness, market basis (e g.
Aumühle laundry)- Public, private and civil funding (€1. 5m turnover aim for 2014), civil operation-700 sheltered workplaces in all Germany, 280,000 jobs CSE:
Copenhagen School of Entrepreneurship (DK) 22 Flexible workspaces for students with no job providing start-up experience to avoid long-term problems-ICT for student start-ups in lab incubator environment as part of
knowledge and innovation community-Public funding, public/private partners and operation->100 start-ups, 55%sustainable,
one location (Copenhagen) with international cooperation 17 www. jobbanken. nu 18 www. sliversoftime. com 19 www. eslife. es 20 www. skillendar
either directly support people finding it difficult to be in employment because they are at a disadvantage or vulnerable in some way,
Focus areas The sample of seven cases comprises two preparing for employment cases, three finding employment cases,
and doing work cases. Although many of the cases provide outcomes in two or more focus areas (see section 3. 2. 3),
Funding and actors The preparing for employment cases both rely on public funding with one run by a civil organisations and one by the private sector.
and doing work cases show a mix of public and market funding and mixed actor operation.
Compared to this, the finding employment cases are funded and operated by the private sector, although the Slivers of Time case received initial public seed money.
Although the finding employment cases tend to start in specific locations, they are growing fastest either through expansion of the company
Types and uses of ICT The types of ICT and its use varies across the three employment focus areas,
Preparing for employment ICT used: Relatively standard ICT is used alongside physical and traditional activities. Surfen zum job operates a database of 8, 000 institutions providing ICT facilities and support
and also uses ICT-based planning tools for interaction with job seekers. The ICT used by the job seekers themselves depends on their individual starting skills,
and they are also provided with a self-service interface which can be personalised for their own needs.
and for matching assets (the job seekers and their skills and competences) with the needs of prospective employers.
It is used also to build complementary online and offline knowledge communities amongst the service operators and to some extent with jobseekers and employers,
and bridging types), amongst job seekers. This takes place through both ICT-enabled networks that 24 supplement face-to-face and other traditional networks of a small-world nature (i e. mainly within the existing community.
Finding employment ICT used: Relatively standard ICT is used which is generally standalone, i e. ICT is the only or main basis for all service activity with no necessary traditional activities,
Slivers of Time's portal can be tailored to specific needs linking employers wanting short-term staff with workers offering flexible work,
People looking for work or to volunteer can also create a profile building a‘talent pool
'which prospective employers can access online. Eslife has a website with simple navigation in 3 steps:
i) notification of work or a task which needs doing, ii) proposals from people wishing to provide work or tasks and acceptance,
and iii) completion of the work or task and payment to Eslife of 15%of price paid.
The types of tasks matched are babysitting, elderly care, pet care, cleaning, minor moves, and repairs.
because in these finding employment cases matching is mainly fast, often urgent and thus local.
Creating and doing work ICT used: Both standard and bespoke ICT is used also alongside physical and traditional activities depending on the skills and aptitudes of the individual.
and automate workplaces to place people with a mental illness in a sheltered workplace such as the Aumühle laundry.
Mission Leben has developed content creation and issue identification platforms, for example as inventories of work to do and work done.
but the application of ICT has supported physical workplace communities of workers. Mission Leben uses an ICT Internet of things e g.
Like the three finding employment cases, CSE (but not Mission Leben) is perhaps starting to exhibit tendencies towards also being a part of a random network in
Preparing for employment 1. Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective) Surfen zum Job:
and learnt how to find, employment in 30 cities, with an overall high evaluation of training.
and overall skills, including in ICT, of people on edge of labour market. Mission Leben: Improvement of all-round work and ICT skills of unemployed people with a mental illness,
and their motivation to learn. CSE: focuses on developing the full range of unemployed students'entrepreneurship skills,
as well as links into the wider higher education, innovation and specialist knowledge of the Copenhagen Business school. 2. Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities, etc.
and learnt how to find, employment in 30 cities, with an overall high evaluation of training.
provides benefits of legal and insured work compared to informal work. Mission Leben: comprehensive workplace and work process transformation to match the capacities and needs of people with a mental illness.
Finding employment 3. Improved matching between work demand and supply Surfen zum Job: Of the 300 unemployed youth prepared for work in 30 German cities many also found employment directly via the case.
Slivers of Time: 80,000 job seekers with loose links to the labour market, with 13. 7m potential, facilitated by 9 full-time-equivalent staff across the UK.
For example, Leeds City council coped with peaks in service demand for street cleaning, data entry and stewarding with flexible labour supply.
Eslife: Over 1, 000 unemployed, underemployed and volunteers looking for work, in 7 cities and growing to over 25 in 2014 (latest two months of data show 600-700 tasks completed by 75-80 task providers).
Skillendar: helps thousands of people on the edge of the labour market find additional jobs in their neighbourhood
when they need it. 4. Improved jobs and work (quality and remuneration) Slivers of Time:
as an example, Hertfordshire County Council's Breakaway for Carers scheme enabled workers and volunteers seeking flexible work to link with people needing care
and their carers to give the latter some support, relief or a break. Carers requiring breaks also book help.
Eslife: Seeks to give the unemployed, underemployed and volunteers as much work as they want, up to full-time,
and enables them to plan their working life much better around other demands on their time.
Skillendar: focuses on‘people helping people'philosophy on a family, community and neighbourhood life context helps to enrich work in the local area.
Creating and doing work 5. Increase in jobs and work (number and duration) Mission Leben:
700 sheltered workplaces and 280,000 jobs for people with a mental illness across Germany. For example, one workplace in Aumühle includes inter alia a protected 27 laundry workplace and shows an increase in secure jobs to 55,
plus 10 additional staff (team leaders and skilled employees), compared to former‘normal'workplace. CSE:
just over 100 start-ups create their own new businesses and jobs for unemployed students, with an average of 4 people each including interns,
about 55%are sustainable and about 20%are social enterprises. 6. Improved jobs and work (quality and remuneration) Mission Leben:
Increase in more varied types of work available to people with a mental illness, like scanning, sorting
and finishing orders. CSE: more satisfying and more highly remunerated work through supporting start-up innovations where the individual has much greater influence and control over their current and future work.
Other Other outcomes were reported, not directly linked to any focus area, as below. 7. Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities) All cases are scaling,
disseminating or growing, based on the empirical evidence provided in the cases, and most also exhibit many positive spillover and multiplier effects elsewhere and on other initiatives.
The finding employment cases seems to be scaling fastest. 8. Increase in health and wellbeing Jobbanken:
Improving mentally vulnerable workers'motivation, autonomy, life satisfaction and participation in the community. 9. Reduced carbon release Mission Leben:
laundry and similar work used to be sent to cheaper wage countries, but is done now more locally saving transport and other physical costs.
and social practices reported by cases are summarised by focus area drawing on the process taxonomy presented in section 2. Preparing for employment Both Surfen zum Job
but also rely on physical and traditional activities to assist people with problems entering the labour market. Good and inclusive relationships with vulnerable beneficiaries are also crucial
and skills of the beneficiaries through direct activation and participation within a clear and goal oriented structure to help the beneficiary become ready for work both in terms of capability but also motivation. 28 Finding employment All three
reciprocity and cooperation between employers and workers/volunteers on top of the technology platforms provided. This seems to be
This is reinforced by the fact that much of the work and many of the tasks directly support family, community and local life,
especially to avoid the potential danger of workers/volunteers being exploited by pushing them into a‘war for low prices'(‘race to the bottom').
'Creating and doing work The two cases, Mission Leben and CSE, are at opposite ends of the spectrum between a protected and adapted workplace in the former case and a dynamic, innovative and challenging workplace in the latter case.
Both are designed, however to create new jobs and undertake new work. Each case uses various mixes of both standard
and bespoke ICT alongside physical and traditional activities depending on the skills and aptitudes of the individual.
Preparing for employment The main barrier is reported as lack of familiarity with ICT, and thus some reluctance by the target group to use the technology.
and others finding it hard to access the job market, for employment. Finding employment The main barrier is the difficulty of overcoming established ways of working and attitudes, especially with mainly low skill beneficiaries.
Legislation and administrative systems are geared not to independent working. Another important barrier is the potential problems of exploitation of workers/volunteers especially given that it is often the private sector
which operates these services 29 using mainly ICT tools, and there can be a reaction against attempts to mix the market into social needs initiatives.
Creating and doing work The main barrier for the Mission Leben case is that the bespoke ICT needs backup systems and support, often at short notice,
Preparing for employment The role and use of ICT in social innovation ICT has a supporting role in helping vulnerable and other unemployed people become better prepared for employment.
This is done by both reducing many of the costs involved and providing many more flexible solutions
and thereby increase the likelihood of obtaining work in the future. Thus, although successful employment preparation initiatives exist in many forms with and without ICT,
the role of ICT in these cases is improving outcomes both directly and indirectly. For example, in the Jobbanken case it is seen as increasing the social outcomes substantially resulting in more mentally vulnerable people successfully assisted compared to earlier schemes.
Policy issues Given that ICT typically seems to be improving employment preparation initiatives which are already underway,
or find it hard to access the job market for various reasons. This will of course depend on the specific individuals involved
Finding employment The role and use of ICT in social innovation ICT is seen both in a supporting role improving the matching of the supply and demand and of labour,
as well as enabling new things to be done which could not otherwise be achieved. In the former role, ICT can make labour much more flexible by precisely linking to the demand side
so that supply and demand can better align to each other, for example by enabling workers or volunteers to fit their activities around other demands on their time.
ICT as an enabler creates a new marketplace and business model on a modularised platform giving end-to-end access to a flexible supply of workers/volunteers,
whilst in turn enabling them to access flexible work or tasks that suit them. This model has disrupted incumbent methods of flexible employment by removing the need for costly intermediaries (the‘middleman,
'in this case employment agencies) who only delay the process, and putting power directly in the hands of the employer on the one hand
and the worker/volunteer on the other. This enabling and indispensable role of ICT is comparable to the role of ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the smart places cases in the place making theme.
This can achieve huge cost savings, reckoned for example to be 65%of structural and operational costs in the Eslife case,
compared to the situation without ICT. Consequently, scaling becomes much easier through copying, adaptation and improvement,
Strategic and operational considerations The three ICT-enabled finding employment cases illustrate a new and quite profound strategic model for identifying
and deploying labour to meet real-time and quick-time operational demand in any sector. This model enables much greater control over the strategic disposition of personnel resources in deploying both permanent and occasional staff
for example increasing the flexible responsiveness of local authorities in meeting variable demand (such as in Leeds, UK, in the Slivers of Time case.
and enable finding employment include, first, significant cost savings and efficiencies through real-time and quick-time matching directly between the demand
and supply sides of labour, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain. ICT also enables much greater flexibility, personalisation and‘mass customisation'of work and tasks
which additionally increases both economic and social‘efficiencies, 'thereby improving the productive deployment of unused assets.
and interests protected in new forms of labour and employment contracts, mediated as necessary by policy-makers
and regulators to circumvent exploitation and ensure that the societal interest is also upheld. Policy and regulation will need to be adapted to become enablers of these beneficial aspects of new ICTENABLED forms of labour market matching,
and this will typically require legacy frameworks to be changed. Trust on all sides needs to be promoted through transparency
Creating and doing work The role and use of ICT in social innovation ICT is mainly an enabler rather than a supporter of social innovation in these cases.
In the Mission Leben case the workplace for people with a mental illness would not be commercially viable without ICT adapting it
and doing work cases exhibit a range of actors, with a mix of public and private funding,
any work task or process to match the variable needs of potential workers, regardless of their particular characteristics.
In fact, it seems possible, through intelligent alignment and personalisation using ICT alongside other tools or techniques,
The Mission Leben case illustrates this with individuals traditionally completely excluded from the labour market, and demonstrates how they can be included in an economically sustainable business model.
Policy issues The main policy implication is the use of ICT to enable the inclusion into the labour force of most if not all individuals who are willing and able to work
however many limitations employers, or the individuals themselves, imagine they have. New types of productive work can be created
and carried out if ICT is used intelligently for the benefit of both society as a whole and of employers.
Seen from both the economic as well as the social perspective, unused assets can be identified readily and productively deployed.
This also directly improves the lives of the individuals concerned by enabling them to carry out work
The CSE case also illustrates how such work can itself become more creative and innovative with potential spillover effects on new types of productive work and potentially in new areas and sectors of work.
are summarised below as they relate to the employment theme. An overview of all the main results of the analysis of the employment cases is provided in Table 3. 2. 1. The role
and use of ICT in social innovation ICT plays a supporting role in social innovation in both the preparing for employment
and the finding employment focus areas by significantly improving outcomes being sought by traditional and physical activities.
ICT also enables new types of social innovation to be achieved in both the finding employment
and the creating and doing work focus areas, for example by making it possible to setup new business models
and adapting workplaces to workers'special needs. Mainly standard ICT is used, although some bespoke is deployed also where relevant,
such as in the Mission Leben case where workplaces are adapted to suit the needs of people with a mental illness.
All types of online platform are used depending on the particular case although content creation and issue identification are the most common,
as is matching assets to needs in the finding employment cases. Online communities are established typically as complements to existing offline communities
although small-world networks are most common in the preparing for employment cases, whilst in both the finding employment and creating
and doing work cases scale-free dissemination and copying networks are starting to become common,
and indeed these cases are to some extent the result of random type copying networks developing globally.
In most employment cases ICT is used to significantly reduce costs, increase flexibility, shorten value chains
In the preparing for employment cases, it seems typical for public funded strategic ICT use
In the finding employment cases, new strategic business models for finding and matching the supply and demand for labour are developed
which enable flexible, rapid control and deployment of labour resources. In turn, these require careful balancing of the interests of both the supply
and demand sides of labour so as not to lead to exploitation. The creating and doing work cases strategically use ICT to align the types
and processes of work and tasks to specific individuals and operationally focus on what the individual can do rather
what they cannot do. 3. Policy issues related to ICT in social innovation Following on from the strategic and operational issues,
although all strongly focus on the inclusion of people as workers who are disadvantaged or vulnerable in some way.
The preparing employment cases show that careful embedding of ICT into the traditional activities used to train
In the finding employment cases, cost efficiencies due to cutting out the unnecessary‘middle man'and thus shortening value chains 33 are achieved,
hours worked and working conditions if all the power concentrates on the employers'side. The creating and doing work cases illustrate a strong inclusion policy of catering for people previously excluded from the labour market
and by creating new types and areas of work, thus also increasing the productive deployment of unused or underused assets with similar caveats as above.
Overall, all six social innovation outcomes examined in the employment theme, as well as several others have been shown to be supported
either and /or enabled using ICT, as detailed in section 3. 2. 3. The seven cases examined in the employment theme all use ICT as an important tool to
either directly support people finding it difficult to be in employment because they are at a disadvantage or vulnerable in some way,
or have specific needs like needing to work variable hours, or in order to assist volunteers undertake work that benefits others or themselves.
and thus in line with the definition given in section 1. In meeting the social need of disadvantaged people for employment that these seven cases examine,
which is done most readily in the finding employment cases where the real, quick-time and highly flexible matching of labour supply and demand is a relatively standalone and coherent function.
In these three cases, ICT is the only medium needed by the basic service and this is delivered
The other four cases in the employment theme, in the preparing for work and the creating
and doing work focus areas, need to deploy ICT in such social need cases alongside physical and traditional activities as it is more difficult to make such functionalities separate or discreet from each other.
The finding employment cases are also based on relatively standard ICT supporting an online community which is also the only or main basis for all activity.
Employment case analysis overview Focus area and SI outcomes ICT use Online platforms Communities Networks Social innovation processes Barriers Drivers Role
of ICT in social innovation Operational and strategic Policy issues Preparing for employment: skills and supports Standard ICT alongside traditional activities-Content creation-Issue identification-Complementary onand offline knowledge communities-Social capital (both bonding & bridging)- Starting
initially through controlled experimentation depending on context Finding employment: matching supply and demand Standard ICT, standalone-Content creation-Issue identification-Matching assets to needs-Online knowledge communities-Also enables offline communities
and doing work: more and better jobs Standard & bespoke ICT alongside traditional activities All types depending on case-Complementary onand offline knowledge communities-Social capital (mainly bonding,
e g. for adapting workplaces & work processes for vulnerable people, for enabling vital online knowledge & experience sharing.
Mix of public & private funding, & mixed actor operation. Aligning work tasks or processes to any individual by focusing on
what can be done rather than what can't Inclusion policy for people previously excluded from the labour market
and for creating new types and areas of work, thus increasing the productive deployment of unused assets. 36 Place making Context This section very briefly summarises the main findings arising from the desk research carried out across Europe in relation to strategic issues,
trends and challenges which provides the general place making context, as well as some of the observed and expected roles and impacts of ICT within this context.
This approach is increasingly focusing on the daily social needs of people for work, education,
the aim is to target poverty and social exclusion through growth and employment as well as modern and effective social protection.
Scaled place development impact (more sectors, workers, localities) using ICT. 43 Case analysis Social needs addressed and summary Six cases are analysed in the place making theme as summarised
unemployment and poverty, improving engagement and social cohesion-ICT affordable broadband for jobs, education & community-Holistic approach to local urban regeneration-Central and local government funding
, public-private-civil partnerships and operation-5-fold increase in access, doubling training and digital inclusion cf. to average, lower unemployment by 6, 200,180 start-ups, 3
combatting pay cuts, unemployment and social disruption-ICT web/mobile for matching supply & demand, managing system, social fora, awareness raising;
local currency to exchange work and goods, regulated informally in community-Local civil funding through subscriptions & from university;
resources used and operational considerations are much less distinct than in the employment theme. It is clear that this is a consequence of the place making theme being cross sectoral,
The case has helped also increase from 21%to 66%of school pupils achieving good secondary school results, assist more than 6, 200 residents into employment, 180 of
combatting pay cuts and unemployment by providing a new means to meet economic necessities, as well as retaining this economic (nonprofit making) activity in the community thus supporting local prosperity.
as below. 6. Scaled place development impact (more sectors, workers, localities) All cases, with the exception of Hackney CAB Crowdmap (which is designed not to scale at this stage) are scaling,
and offline social networks, encouraging strong and positive relationships between people from different backgrounds in the workplace, in education and within neighbourhoods to do things for themselves as‘digital pioneers'with a mutual aid ethos.
The overall belief is that encouraging people back into work will have the biggest impact on quality of life and self esteem,
Supplementing this work Hackney CAB Crowdmap carried out research into the housing market in Hackney and published research findings on the website.
The model only works well when otherwise competitor organisations work together. This implies a change in mindset and new types of business model, also related to the Dutch personal budget and client-based budgetary system.
This enabling and indispensable role of ICT is comparable to the role of ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the finding employment cases in the employment theme.
These concepts work only if the user fully integrates the community technology and services into his/her life pattern,
and experts can help fill these gaps using technology to gather and share information and assets in order to raise awareness, illustrate issues,
This enabling and indispensable role of ICT is comparable to the role of ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the finding employment cases in the employment theme.
resources used and operational considerations are much less distinct than in the employment theme. It is clear that this is a consequence of the place making theme being cross sectoral linking potentially any and all issues in a specific geographical place,
and how to make these‘work harder'for them ICT connectivity makes the sharing economy possible on a scale never seen before 48 www. zipcar. com 49 www. airbnb. com 50 Given the above very general definition
such as the economy, environment, employment, education, health and community. It spans from individual 53 www. taskrabbit. com 63 action, community initiatives,
and talent One of the conundrums of advanced labour markets is that there are fairly fixed valuations of different kinds of time and talent based on job-position, education, skill-sets, labour market regulation and legislation
, collective bargaining agreements, tradition, and diverse demand and supply factors. These semi-fixed valuations, coupled with the huge logistical difficulty of quickly connecting with people who could adequately fulfil a specific need regardless of these traditional frameworks,
Opening up the labour market in this way, as long as there are still appropriate regulations to counter exploitation and unfair remuneration where money does change hands many exchanges are non-monetary could enable young inexperienced people
and older unskilled workers find work and many others to find social and community fulfilment more easily and quickly than at any time before.
local time exchanges, where time mostly is exchanged one-to-one regardless of the labour market price tag on the skills exchanged;
or exchanged in ways that do not happen in the mainstream labour market. Underutilised time and skills get utilised
The creation of a fully equipped workshop with skilled staff to instruct and assist in the use of the equipment that is needed,
Scaled sharing economy impact (more sectors, workers, localities, people, etc. 56 www. techshop. ws 57 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fab lab 66 Case analysis Social needs addressed and summary Five cases are analysed in the sharing
and unemployment but still requiring tasks to be done-ICT web/mobile free platform for matching supply & demand, managing system, social fora, traditional media, awareness raising;
& strengthen social cohesion-Online internet platform and social media for promotion, news, contacts, discussions, advice,
as well as volunteers and experts, all from the locality where the Repair Café is located. The platform promotes the Repair Cafés concept,
and Safety Executive enforcement notices and the latest world trademark registers are downloaded. The case also sources data from the UK's Financial services Authority, the US's Central Contracting Registration system,
as below. 7. Scaled sharing economy impact (more sectors, workers, localities, people, etc.)All cases are scaling,
and this opens the possibility of future employment in this area. Especially in the UK and London
but generally leaves communities to use the site without interference. The platform and its physical activities fosters trust, reciprocity and mutualism which together contribute to the forging of long-term relations, loyalty and the fostering of a spirit of community based on the sharing process.
and constitutes a new form of relationship between laypeople and experts, as well as between peers (expert-expert;
layperson-layperson, etc..In the Opencorporates case an open 64 Interview with Kate Groves, Director of Marketing and Communications, Streetbank. com, 2014 74 data community has been developed
legal and regulatory frameworks do not hinder their successful operation but instead move to permissiveness, if not direct promotion of them.
and efficiencies through real-time and quick-time matching directly between the demand and supply of talent and labour, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain.
but generally leaves communities to use the site without interference. Thus, trust and ethics are driving features both to make the system work in a fair and equitable manner,
and its organisers have an active policy of letting communities work openly and regulate themselves.
legal and regulatory frameworks do not hinder their successful operation but instead move to permissiveness, if not direct promotion of them.
both to make the system work, as well as ensure that real value and knowledge are generated and experienced by members.
On-and offline forums like Repair Cafés work because everybody can be an expert in something.
legal and regulatory frameworks do not hinder their successful operation but instead move to permissiveness, if not direct promotion.
when this works well, into a dynamic ecosystem of increasing value. ICT imparts much greater flexibility
or in the physical world for safety, insurance, working conditions, etc. However, in the two cases highlighted,
The promotion of new types of open data and the shared knowledge creation this enables,
legal and regulatory frameworks do not hinder their successful operation but instead move to permissiveness, if not direct promotion of them.
The promotion of new types of open data and the shared knowledge creation this enables,
and experts) happen in practice. This leads to new models for providing goods and services, intimately linked to 82 people's needs and the capacity of the ICT network,
& intangible assets-Self regulation with simple agreed rules, use of volunteers & experts-Building capacity & skills, collaboration,
trends and challenges which provides the general employment context, as well as some of the observed and expected roles and impacts of ICT within this context.
and social care Productivity in a labour-intensive sector coupled with declining availability of the workforce Policy drive towards self management,
Moreover, the new model has to work from another perspective than the old one. Instead of an institutionally based model of health care, the aim is to create a participatory model where care should be a team activity where the patient becomes the central member
support of home care and preventive care, increasing self management. Systemic innovation focusing on healthcare outcomes.
importance of health promotion-Consumers'personal choices and behaviors are significant determinants of their overall health,
For instance, THE WHO led Ottawa Health Convention of 198671 summarises that health promotion goes beyond health care.
For instance, health promotion is seen to support personal and social development through providing information, education for health,
This has to be facilitated in school, home, work and community settings. Action is required through educational, professional, commercial and voluntary bodies
50 employees Diabetiva (DE) 100 Reach high-risk patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 who have displayed symptoms
It has about 50 employees and is 101 https://click4life. hiv/de 102 www. cellslider. net/#/92 as a commercial supplier of products
an open-source tool for mobile data collection and loaded it onto an Android Smartphone that the Community Health Workers (CHWS) carry when visiting patients.
The aim of many of the available examples of self-help or patient portals and platforms is to create online communities of complementary audiences in other words, patients, family members, clinical experts and researchers, sometimes even pharmaceutical experts
The public sector staff involved (doctors, nurses and physiotherapists) have been very positive in their use and acceptance of the Patient Briefcase,
which has given also them much greater flexibility in their work. The creation of an innovative culture in the hospitals involved with improved understanding of operational and project leadership processes,
as well as making the hospitals more attractive places to work. Supporting smart infrastructure for integrated health and social care 4. Scaled health impact, actual or predicted (more sectors, groups, localities) Dothiv:.
generating sales and raising awareness, promotion for HIV/AIDS projects/organisations, de-stigmatisation, and maybe even other charitable TLDS being registered.
Initiatives like patient briefcase or DIABETIVA are sure to make health-care experts, bodies and governments reevaluate their policies,
or family or improve working conditions for the health professionals. For instance, the APP Buddy is targeted towards two very important social innovation outcomes.
Heavier promotion to ensure such practices with better channels of distribution will undoubtedly ensure the better reception of e-health.
which normally require a staff home visit, an outpatient visit at the hospital or admission to hospital.
The technology enables the patient to maintain close personal contact with specialist staff and doctors, nurses and physiotherapists as in the hospital setting,
It has about 50 employees and is as a commercial supplier of products and services to the Danish health sector also a vendor with vision of modernising health services through the introduction of tele-medicine solutions to different patient groups. dothiv 106 should be referred better to as dothiv g
Aligning work tasks or processes to any individual by focusing on what can be done rather than what can't Inclusion policy for people previously excluded from the health market.
which provides the general employment context, as well as some of the observed and expected roles and impacts of ICT within this context.
While people in the outside world work collaboratively and flexibly in distributed teams, using a variety of digital tools
and university not ready for work/higher/further education Mismatch of skills especially digital literacy Need for lifelong learning,
Employers are looking for employees who have developed skills for teamwork, problem-solving and interpersonal skills rather than punctuality and regularity (Davis 2013.
which encourages the absorption of skills that are more in line with the inquiries of today's employers.
This infographic is the result of a collaboration between the design for learning experts TFE Research and emerging technology strategist Michell Zappa.
and can therefore quickly adapt to the demands of the job market. 109 Source: http://www. envisioning. io/education 113 Figure 7. 3:
as employers of tomorrow's talent, they share a common interest in improving education. The academic side is led by the University of Melbourne,
of the labour force, by providing free online courses for everyone interested. -MOOC is an abbreviation for Massive open online course.
staff & scientists with monitoring & documentation of everyday situations-Advanced training for pedagogical personnel & parents in diagnostic skills.
-It can be used via the Internet or in paper form (Kurzskalen/short scales) by the public, by professionals and by experts.
pedagogical personnel or experts can monitor and diagnose the development of children. They can choose to document the development of a child for themselves offline
as the validation of the work of the students is sometimes based on peer assessments by fellow course participants.
In fact all cases support knowledge communities for the students, teachers and sometimes parents or other pedagogical staff and to varying degree technical designers (for instance game designers in the Quest to learn example.
Giving information on early childhood development, MONDEY works also to disseminate knowledge on this topic. The website informs about the project and its aims, too.
The new knowledge reacts upon the work with children the monitoring and the fostering directly.
While the biggest part of MONDEY works online, face to face contact plays an important 120 role to teach parents and professionals on the content of MONDEY.
MOOCS provide access to higher education and address the societal needs for lifelong education and the upskilling of the labour force by providing free online courses for everyone interested.
Teachers, games designers and curriculum experts come together in Mission Lab to develop effective learning materials
and constantly monitor the students'learning progression which creates a better awareness and understanding of what works,
and thus supporting life long learning, hard policy issues such as youth unemployment or regional skills shortages.
Furthermore, not all companies are interested in financing and freeing time for educational activities for their employees,
designers and curriculum experts collaborating in Mission Lab. Teachers, games designers and curriculum experts work together to develop new learning tools centred on gaming and learning.
In MONDEY's case reciprocity works. There are already first insights into the development of children gained
which are congruent with perceptions by professionals in day nurseries. Interaction between observers and scientists shows that children are changing at least in Germany,
IPTS (2014) Exploratory Research on Internet-enabled Work Exchanges and Employability: Analysis and synthesis of qualitative evidence on crowdsourcing for work, funding and volunteers, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, European commission, Joint Research Centre, Sevillle, Spain.
Kavanaugh, A l.,Fox, E. A.,Sheetz, S d.,Yang, S.,Li, L. T.,Shoemaker, D. J,
theoretical framework for further empirical work) of the SI-DRIVE FP7 supported social innovation research project:
Sennett, R. 1998) The Corrosion of Character, The Personal Consequences Of Work In the New Capitalism, Norton.
and roles summary table (leave cells blank or enter actor name, adding extra lines as needed) ICT used
societal challenge Social innovation outcomes (actual or confidently predicted) Employment 8. Increase in jobs & work (number & duration) 9. Improved jobs & work (quality & remuneration) 10.
Improved entrepreneurship & work skills (personal & collective) 11. Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities, etc. 12.
Scaled employment impact, actual or predicted (more sectors, groups, localities) 13. Other (specify) Place development 8. Improved community activism
and participation (including political, planning, budgeting, etc.)9. Improved community growth, prosperity & well-being 10.
And these failures are a necessary part of learning what works. Indeed, Samuel Beckett's famous line‘Try again.
often in the workplace but in principle in any context. ii) Because Cops are traditionally local and characterised by a great deal of tacit knowledge,
defined as the social organization of a group of people jointly pursuing a shared practice, often in the workplace but in principle in any context.
for example in an architectural firm consisting of designers, draftsmen, materials specialists, environmental and energy experts, legal and planning advisors, etc.
The power of the Cop is that different experts cooperate on a day-to-day basis thus building up shared knowledge.
In a network of practice (Nop), a specific type of expert can directly link to similar experts potentially on a global scale,
Networks operate in all works of life and are now being affected profoundly by ICT. To investigate networks
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