In Europe, austerity, budget cuts, unemployment, ageing, migration, and climate change are only a few of the many issues that can be cited as examples of the effects of such crises.
In Europe, austerity, budget cuts, unemployment, ageing, migration, and climate change are only a few of the issues that can be cited as examples of the effects of such crises.
therefore, EU policy, social enterprises contribute to social cohesion, employment and the reduction of inequalities,
therefore, to facilitate the market uptake of social innovation solutions and job creation. The main objectives are described as:(
The Competition invites Europeans to develop new solutions to reduce unemployment and minimize its effects on the economy and society.
EU funding Direct funding to support social innovation is offered by the EU programme for Employment
when by apparent redundancy. For example in the CI of E-business Readiness the indicator 1 I Percentage of firms using Internet and indicator 2
This step is also very important to identify redundancies among selected phenomena and to evaluate possible gaps in basic data.
When the dependent variable has more than two categories then it is a case of multiple Discriminant analysis (or also Discriminant Factor analysis or Canonical Discriminant analysis), e g. to discriminate countries on the basis of employment patterns in nine industries (predictors.
In addition, redundancy allows for a measure of judgment errors, an inconsistency ratio. Small inconsistency ratios the suggested rule-of-thumb is less than 0. 1,
Unemployment (Storrie & Bjurek, 1999; 2000). ) The indicator is sensitive to national policy priorities, in that the weights are determined endogenously by the observed performances (this is a useful secondbest approach
Employment Outlook (OECD, 1999; Composite Indicator on E-business Readiness (EC, 2004b; National Health care System Performance (King's Fund.
For example, if a hypothetical composite were formed by inequality, environmental degradation, GDP per capita and unemployment, two countries
Anglo-saxon and Continental, makes use of a plot of strictness of employment protection legislation (a composite),
versus unemployment benefits. Similarly, Nicoletti and others make use of factor analysis in the analysis of, for example,
of product market regulation with an extension to employment protection legislation, OECD, Economics department working papers No. 226, ECO/WKP (99) 18. http://www. oecd. org/eco/eco.
Mcgraw-hill. OECD (1999), Employment Outlook, Paris. OECD (2003), Quality Framework and Guidelines for OECD Statistical Activities, www. oecd. org/statistics.
Report presented to the European commission, DG employment and social affairs. Tabachnick, B.,Fidell L. 1989), Using Multivariate statistics, Harper & Row Publishers, New york, pp. 746.
As an example, a project can select impact on employment and impact on information as relevant and exclude impact on education
ii) they are associated with highly-skilled employment; iii) they are multi-disciplinary, cutting across many technology areas;
while improving the existing systems was declared by the Commission in its Communication More Research and Innovation Investing for Growth and Employment:
/primapagina/stampa/SME%20access%20report%20200 9-08-21. pdf). European commission (2005), Communication More Research and Innovation Investing for Growth and Employment:
employment and social cohesion'the European union (section 12) confirmed its support for the objectives of the European Research Area.
Capital and employment flows to where talent and quality education resides. If local/regional governments are a financial contributor to higher education
etc. o EU and Member Governments o Ministries of Education/Higher education or Enterprise and Employment o Local and Regional Authorities o HE Agencies Other Government agencies require good comparative
including trends in graduate employment, which in turn is used as a proxy for career opportunities. Likewise, academics and researchers
level of use and efficiency Ministries of Education/Higher education or Enterprise and Employment policy and planning Strategic positioning of HE institutions Quality, sustainability, relevance and impact of research activity Research strategy
expertise, quality, competence and sustainability Performance of individual institution benchmarked against peers in field of interest Employment conditions Impact of research on teaching,
and support Graduate career and employment trends Quality of the research infrastructure Staff/student ratio PEER HEIS Identify peer HEIS
competence and sustainability Performance of individual institution benchmarked against peers in field of interest Competitive positioning of institution and researchers Trends in graduate employment and competence Quality of HE programme,
competence and sustainability Performance of individual institution benchmarked against peers in field of interest Competitive positioning of institution and researchers Trends in graduate employment and competence Quality of HE programme,
competence and sustainability Performance of individual institution benchmarked against peers in field of interest Competitive positioning of institution and researchers Trends in graduate employment and competence Quality of HE programme,
quality and competence Competitive positioning of institution and researchers Trends in graduate employment and competence Quality of academic staff and Phd students SPONSORS AND PRIVATE INVESTORS Benefactors/Philanthropists
information on trends in graduate employment and competence are not available or counted in a similar manner to facilitate comparability. 4. Existing experience also illustrates that
graduate employment is a proxy for the adequacy of graduates for labour market requirements; budget and research expenditure is a proxy for the quality of the infrastructure;
increased employment; reduced costs; increased innovation capability and global competitiveness; improvements in service delivery; as well as unquantifiable economic returns resulting from social and public policy adjustments. 42 Social Benefits, e g. improving people's health and quality of life;
Employability of Phd graduates Industry employment of Phd graduates can be an indicator of the contribution of research to the highly Used to measure the quality of the graduates,
Industry Employment of Phd Graduates Universities track the career destinations of their Phd graduates and alumni via postgraduation Career Destination Surveys and Alumni Databases.
Number of vocational trainings finished; lifelong learning; examples of spreading knowledge outside the scientific community. Time-frame:
Employment. The percentage of graduates known to be seeking employment nine months after graduation. Subtracted from 100 to produce the league table score.
Source: Individual colleges extracted from latest available Higher education Authority (HEA) data. Firsts/2: 1s The percentage of highest quality degrees in 2007.
20%employment of students after 3 years from graduation; 20%use of internal academic staff for teaching 20%adoption of student satisfaction surveys for the evaluation of teaching activities.
More Research and Innovation Investing for Growth and Employment; A Common Approach, COM (2005) 488 final.
The Lisbon strategy for growth and employment. Chaired by Wim Kok. Retrieved 28 july 2009, from http://ec. europa. eu/growthandjobs/pdf/kok report en. pdf Other Publications Canibano, L.,Sánchez, M. P.,García-Ayuso, M
and provide the bulk of employment. However, opportunities presented by the globalization and the entwined,
and provide the bulk of employment. Innovative ideas and products are becoming increasingly important to counter the priceoriented competition from low-cost producers from emerging economies
and provided employment to 70.9%of all employed persons in 2006 (Ifm, 2007b). In absolute terms German SMES provided employment and/or apprenticeship to 20.42 million people in 2006 in the country.
Nearly 83%of all apprenticeship placements in 2006 were offered by SMES, which amounted to 1. 36 million (Ifm, 2007b).
Recent calculations by the authors of this paper, based on Germany's official statistics portal data, show that the high percentage of SMES amongst all enterprises continues to remain high.
and the overall employment generated, SMES in Germany continue to remain week on the revenue front
since both Germany and its Hamburg region endure substantial unemployment with an unemployment rate of nearly 9%.At the same time the industry is unable to fill vacant positions with skilled labour.
despite high rates of unemployment in certain sections of the society. According to some preliminary calculations the shortage of skilled (technical) labour, primarily of engineers and scientists, is leading to a loss of over 20 billion euros a year in the form of unrealized business opportunities.
This expected shortfall is based on the assumption that till then there will be no change in the employment basis. In case the employment basis increases by 2. 5%in this period,
Furthermore, some employees in the R&d units at the headquarters tend to see the new location as a potential threat to their job security leading to resentments, antagonism and even non-cooperation,
Convergence Regional Competitiveness and Employment European Territorial Cohesion EU is trying to solve the problems in all the three sectors with European Regional Development Fund (ERDF.
and Regional competitiveness and Employment objectives but it doesn't support 9/38 Best practices in transport infrastructure financing 1/23/2013 The Baltic Institute of Finland/BSRP Transport Cluster
The biggest problems in the Baltic sea region are in the field of Convergence and Regional Competitiveness and Employment.
which may receive support under the priority of Regional Competitiveness and Employment. The Eastern part of Finland is also a part of the phasing out region;
Similarly, all the areas of national policy that may impact universities'role in their territories Labour market and employment policies, Science, technology and innovation policies, Competition policy and Regional and urban planning policies
and the level of unemployment was below two digits. For the 2008 call, special emphasis was made in the previous recollection of demand.
from massive firings and salary reductions to negotiated rises in salaries between workers and entrepreneurs mediated by the state, plus very low levels of unemployment.
All this notwithstanding, Uruguay still has important groups of populations excluded from access to a dignified quality of life
employment, place making, the sharing economy, health and education. After the references section, there are also three annexes:
Scoreboard Tepsie themes Jobs Work-life balance Economic Affairs 1. Employment Income 2. Sharing economy (and sharing society) Health Health 3
as articulated in the Europe 2020 Strategy, 6 such as unemployment, inequality and poverty, health and education,
Education and skills Participation and democracy Culture and arts Health and wellbeing Work and employment Neighbourhood regeneration Energy and environment Science Finance and economy.
Case study focus areas by theme Theme Focus Area Employment Preparing for work Finding work Creating
societal challenge Social innovation outcomes (actual or confidently predicted by the case) Employment 1. Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective) 2. Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities,
and supply 4. Increase in jobs and work (number and duration) 5. Improved jobs and work (quality and remuneration) 6. Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities) 7
Overview of cases analysed Employment Focus area Case Social needs addressed Preparing for employment Surfen zum Job (DE) Tackling youth unemployment,
and reducing society's costs Finding employment Slivers of time (UK) Flexible work matching for job seekers
tackling high unemployment in local area Skillendar (UK) Skills calendar to match job seekers & volunteers with people who need work/tasks done in neighbourhood Creating
Smart places Eastserve, Manchester (UK) Tackling local digital divide, low skills, high unemployment and poverty, improving engagement and social cohesion Naprawmyto (PL) Facilitating local action and dialogue on local problems,
unemployment and social disruption Civic engagement and activism Hackney CAB crowdmap (UK) Support low-income residents, losing some or all housing benefit,
and unemployment but still requiring tasks to be done Cookisto (EL and UK) Homemade food swapping and exchanging,
pedagogical staff & scientists with monitoring & documentation of everyday situations 17 Employment Context This section very briefly summarises the main findings arising from the desk research carried out across Europe in relation to strategic issues, trends and challenges
which provides the general employment context, as well as some of the observed and expected roles and impacts of ICT within this context.
and to identify three focus areas and relevant cases within the employment theme. Deliverables D8. 4 and D8. 5 will examine both the empirical evidence presented here in the light of the full desk research to draw conclusions and recommendations regarding outstanding research gaps and policy issues.
employment and entrepreneurial activity sit. Although there are many nuances and variations, these include the so-called‘flexi-curity'models, typical in Nordic countries,
8 Clear goals for activating labour markets, including the target of 70%labour market participation, low unemployment and flexi-curity policies.
and victims of human trafficking and youth employment. Through the European Social Fund: the Agenda for New Skills and Jobs;
what is often characterised as‘jobless growth'where there have been massive rises in unemployment, especially in southern Europe and amongst young 8 http://ec. europa. eu/employment social/eie/chap1-5-2 en. html 18 people,
Flexibilisation of the workforce which, in the absence of counterbalancing employment security measures, tends to put more power in the hands of employers.
Youth unemployment, where job-churn in the labour market has reduced considerably so many older workers are staying put in the context of job loss
Other important trends include fluctuations in self employment rates since the 2007-08 financial crisis, with significant differences between countries,
as well as more redundancies in this sector. 10 In some countries, such as the UK, this is leading to greater de-regularisation
and de-unionisation of the labour market as exemplified by much more occasional, intermittent, casual and‘unsocial'hours employment,
and for 11 million paid employees. 12 This and other trends mark some shift towards more bottom-up forms of employment,
and its benefits. 14 Roles and impacts of ICT There is much agreement about some of the main impacts of ICT on employment.
However, despite this, there are just as many robust disagreements about the roles and impacts of ICT on employment in practice.
Millard 2006) Returning to areas of general agreement about the impact of ICT on employment, most agree that:
or supporting social innovation in the employment theme. 1. Preparing for employment People need appropriate vocational skills,
competences and aptitudes in order to prepare for employment. This includes both initial education, training and other forms of preparation,
In principle, ICT can support people in preparing for employment in two main ways: by facilitating or improving the individual's vocational skills
Improved employment supports (e g. training, tools, facilities, etc. using ICT. 2. Finding employment ICT is an important tool in finding employment,
for example by matching those looking for work with those seeking one or more workers with the relevant skills, competences and aptitudes.
or increase in, new forms of employment, such as telework, distance work, flexible work or itinerant work,
Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities) using ICT. 16 https://www. taskrabbit. com and https://www. taskrabbit. co. uk. 22 Case analysis Social needs addressed and summary Seven cases are analysed in the employment theme as summarised in Table 3. 1. Table
3. 1: Employment cases: summary Focus area Case Social needs addressed Summary Preparing for employment Surfen zum Job (DE) Tackling youth unemployment,
low job skills and the digital divide-Improve digital search skills for all types of unemployed with focus on low qualified,
and help in finding a job-Training, practical help for both the jobless and for the public and civil organisations providing support-Public and private funding, civil operation-30 cities in Germany;
387 started in a protected job Finding employment Slivers of time (UK) 18 Flexible work matching for jobseekers
tackling high unemployment in local area-Digital fast and flexible matching to recruit and manage the supply
either directly support people finding it difficult to be in employment because they are at a disadvantage or vulnerable in some way,
Focus areas The sample of seven cases comprises two preparing for employment cases, three finding employment cases,
Funding and actors The preparing for employment cases both rely on public funding with one run by a civil organisations and one by the private sector.
Compared to this, the finding employment cases are funded and operated by the private sector, although the Slivers of Time case received initial public seed money.
Although the finding employment cases tend to start in specific locations, they are growing fastest either through expansion of the company
Types and uses of ICT The types of ICT and its use varies across the three employment focus areas,
Preparing for employment ICT used: Relatively standard ICT is used alongside physical and traditional activities. Surfen zum job operates a database of 8, 000 institutions providing ICT facilities and support
Finding employment ICT used: Relatively standard ICT is used which is generally standalone, i e. ICT is the only or main basis for all service activity with no necessary traditional activities,
because in these finding employment cases matching is mainly fast, often urgent and thus local.
Like the three finding employment cases, CSE (but not Mission Leben) is perhaps starting to exhibit tendencies towards also being a part of a random network in
Preparing for employment 1. Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective) Surfen zum Job:
and learnt how to find, employment in 30 cities, with an overall high evaluation of training.
as well as links into the wider higher education, innovation and specialist knowledge of the Copenhagen Business school. 2. Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities, etc.
and learnt how to find, employment in 30 cities, with an overall high evaluation of training.
Finding employment 3. Improved matching between work demand and supply Surfen zum Job: Of the 300 unemployed youth prepared for work in 30 German cities many also found employment directly via the case.
Slivers of Time: 80,000 job seekers with loose links to the labour market, with 13. 7m potential, facilitated by 9 full-time-equivalent staff across the UK.
as below. 7. Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities) All cases are scaling, disseminating or growing,
The finding employment cases seems to be scaling fastest. 8. Increase in health and wellbeing Jobbanken:
and social practices reported by cases are summarised by focus area drawing on the process taxonomy presented in section 2. Preparing for employment Both Surfen zum Job
and skills of the beneficiaries through direct activation and participation within a clear and goal oriented structure to help the beneficiary become ready for work both in terms of capability but also motivation. 28 Finding employment All three
Preparing for employment The main barrier is reported as lack of familiarity with ICT, and thus some reluctance by the target group to use the technology.
and others finding it hard to access the job market, for employment. Finding employment The main barrier is the difficulty of overcoming established ways of working and attitudes, especially with mainly low skill beneficiaries.
Legislation and administrative systems are geared not to independent working. Another important barrier is the potential problems of exploitation of workers/volunteers especially given that it is often the private sector
Preparing for employment The role and use of ICT in social innovation ICT has a supporting role in helping vulnerable and other unemployed people become better prepared for employment.
This is done by both reducing many of the costs involved and providing many more flexible solutions
Thus, although successful employment preparation initiatives exist in many forms with and without ICT, the role of ICT in these cases is improving outcomes both directly and indirectly.
Policy issues Given that ICT typically seems to be improving employment preparation initiatives which are already underway,
Finding employment The role and use of ICT in social innovation ICT is seen both in a supporting role improving the matching of the supply and demand and of labour,
This model has disrupted incumbent methods of flexible employment by removing the need for costly intermediaries (the‘middleman,
Strategic and operational considerations The three ICT-enabled finding employment cases illustrate a new and quite profound strategic model for identifying
and enable finding employment include, first, significant cost savings and efficiencies through real-time and quick-time matching directly between the demand
are summarised below as they relate to the employment theme. An overview of all the main results of the analysis of the employment cases is provided in Table 3. 2. 1. The role
and use of ICT in social innovation ICT plays a supporting role in social innovation in both the preparing for employment
and the finding employment focus areas by significantly improving outcomes being sought by traditional and physical activities.
ICT also enables new types of social innovation to be achieved in both the finding employment
and the creating and doing work focus areas, for example by making it possible to setup new business models
as is matching assets to needs in the finding employment cases. Online communities are established typically as complements to existing offline communities
although small-world networks are most common in the preparing for employment cases, whilst in both the finding employment and creating
and doing work cases scale-free dissemination and copying networks are starting to become common,
In most employment cases ICT is used to significantly reduce costs, increase flexibility, shorten value chains
In the preparing for employment cases, it seems typical for public funded strategic ICT use
In the finding employment cases, new strategic business models for finding and matching the supply and demand for labour are developed
The preparing employment cases show that careful embedding of ICT into the traditional activities used to train
In the finding employment cases, cost efficiencies due to cutting out the unnecessary‘middle man'and thus shortening value chains 33 are achieved,
Overall, all six social innovation outcomes examined in the employment theme, as well as several others have been shown to be supported
as detailed in section 3. 2. 3. The seven cases examined in the employment theme all use ICT as an important tool to
either directly support people finding it difficult to be in employment because they are at a disadvantage or vulnerable in some way,
and thus in line with the definition given in section 1. In meeting the social need of disadvantaged people for employment that these seven cases examine,
which is done most readily in the finding employment cases where the real, quick-time and highly flexible matching of labour supply and demand is a relatively standalone and coherent function.
The other four cases in the employment theme, in the preparing for work and the creating
The finding employment cases are also based on relatively standard ICT supporting an online community which is also the only or main basis for all activity.
Employment case analysis overview Focus area and SI outcomes ICT use Online platforms Communities Networks Social innovation processes Barriers Drivers Role
of ICT in social innovation Operational and strategic Policy issues Preparing for employment: skills and supports Standard ICT alongside traditional activities-Content creation-Issue identification-Complementary onand offline knowledge communities-Social capital (both bonding & bridging)- Starting
initially through controlled experimentation depending on context Finding employment: matching supply and demand Standard ICT, standalone-Content creation-Issue identification-Matching assets to needs-Online knowledge communities-Also enables offline communities
the aim is to target poverty and social exclusion through growth and employment as well as modern and effective social protection.
unemployment and poverty, improving engagement and social cohesion-ICT affordable broadband for jobs, education & community-Holistic approach to local urban regeneration-Central and local government funding
, public-private-civil partnerships and operation-5-fold increase in access, doubling training and digital inclusion cf. to average, lower unemployment by 6, 200,180 start-ups, 3
combatting pay cuts, unemployment and social disruption-ICT web/mobile for matching supply & demand, managing system, social fora, awareness raising;
resources used and operational considerations are much less distinct than in the employment theme. It is clear that this is a consequence of the place making theme being cross sectoral,
The case has helped also increase from 21%to 66%of school pupils achieving good secondary school results, assist more than 6, 200 residents into employment, 180 of
combatting pay cuts and unemployment by providing a new means to meet economic necessities, as well as retaining this economic (nonprofit making) activity in the community thus supporting local prosperity.
This enabling and indispensable role of ICT is comparable to the role of ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the finding employment cases in the employment theme.
This enabling and indispensable role of ICT is comparable to the role of ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the finding employment cases in the employment theme.
resources used and operational considerations are much less distinct than in the employment theme. It is clear that this is a consequence of the place making theme being cross sectoral linking potentially any and all issues in a specific geographical place,
such as the economy, environment, employment, education, health and community. It spans from individual 53 www. taskrabbit. com 63 action, community initiatives,
and unemployment but still requiring tasks to be done-ICT web/mobile free platform for matching supply & demand, managing system, social fora, traditional media, awareness raising;
and this opens the possibility of future employment in this area. Especially in the UK and London
trends and challenges which provides the general employment context, as well as some of the observed and expected roles and impacts of ICT within this context.
which provides the general employment context, as well as some of the observed and expected roles and impacts of ICT within this context.
and thus supporting life long learning, hard policy issues such as youth unemployment or regional skills shortages.
societal challenge Social innovation outcomes (actual or confidently predicted) Employment 8. Increase in jobs & work (number & duration) 9. Improved jobs & work (quality & remuneration) 10.
Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities, etc. 12. Scaled employment impact, actual or predicted (more sectors, groups, localities) 13.
Other (specify) Place development 8. Improved community activism and participation (including political, planning, budgeting, etc.)
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