and testing laboratories and the promotion of the auto cluster. For the textile cluster, it would be helpful to facilitate access to finance for the acquisition of new technologies.
In the tourism cluster, promotion and management of archaeological sites, promotion of regional spas as cross-border medical tourism destinations,
WB staff calculations based on WDI data 27. During this period, the convergence process has trickled down at the regional level,
World bank staff calculations based on Eurostat data; Peer regions: aggregate peers as defined by ADR Vest PL 41,42, 43,51, 52;
World bank staff calculation based on SBS data 40. Additionally, the West Region presents the second highest incidence of gazelles over total number of firms.
World bank staff calculation based on SBS data Source: World bank staff calculation based on SBS data 41. The sectoral specialization of the gazelles is slightly different than the distribution of firms overall.
While Western firms in general are concentrated mainly in service activities such as wholesale trade (14), %retail trade (10),
World bank staff calculation based on SBS data 42. The contribution of startups to productivity growth in West Romania is higher than the contribution of startups to productivity growth in Romania as a whole.
World bank staff calculation based on SBS data Source: World bank staff calculation based on SBS data Figure 15:
TFP Growth Decomposition in Romania By Type of Firm And by Region: 2005-2010 Source:
World bank staff calculation based on SBS data The West Regions'export performance is very positive in overall terms 43.
World bank staff calculation based on SBS data Source: World bank staff calculation based on SBS data 44. Overall, the West Region export performance is very positive:
export growth is sustained (Figure 18), particularly since 2009 and is driven by the performance of firms located in Arad
World bank staff calculation based on SBS data Source: World bank staff calculation based on SBS data III. 2. Main challenges Fruits of economic growth were distributed not evenly across the region 45.
The fruits of economic growth and convergence with Europe were distributed not evenly across the region. Already substantial inequalities in economic and social outcomes were exacerbated sharply over the past decade.
World bank staff calculations based on data from Eurostat: Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions purchasing power standard per inhabitant nama r e3gdp 02468 10 12 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
World bank staff calculations based on data from Eurostat: Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions millions of Euro nama r e3gdp 46.
World bank staff calculations based on data from Institute of National Statistics; Monthly gross wages at NACE 2 48.
World bank staff calculation based on SBS data. 57. The auto industry is by far the biggest employer in the region among manufacturing sectors with an importance in terms of total employment that is similar (17%)to the combined share (16.8%)of employment represented by all the other manufacturing sectors
World bank staff calculation based on SBS data. Table 11. Out of Region Plant Size of Firms Headquartered in the West Region (2010) Size(#employees) Plants Percent 0-9 168 64.7 10-49 58 23.0 50
World bank staff calculation based on SBS data. 60. Sectorial, firm and geographical concentration may lead to high volatility of value added growth and sharp drop of per capita GDP during a crisis. By contrast,
World bank staff calculations based on INS data Source: World bank staff calculations based on INS data 62. Moreover, export growth over the period 2005-2011 has been very reliant on the intensive margin,
i e. 75%of export growth came from incumbent exporters going to markets they already served and with no innovation in terms of product range.
World bank staff calculations based on INS data 63. There is a shift in destination markets within the EU
World bank staff calculations based on INS data 60 70 80 90 100 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Bucuresti-Ilfov
World bank staff calculations based on INS data 64. Overall, West Region exports are concentrated in relatively low-skill, low-sophistication industries like footwear, textile, rubber, wood,
World bank staff calculations based on INS data Increasing integration with regional value chains, leading to low local value addition 65.
World bank staff elaboration based on INS customs level data 31 Taymaz, Erol, Ebru Voyvoda and Kamil Yýlmaz (2011.
World bank staff calculations based on INS data 68. While declining value added at sector level is a global trend
and promotion of natural parks (see chapter 5 and annex 2) Geo therapy center: develop a network of regional spas
World bank staff simulations based on Eurostat and IMF data.**Note: the latest available data for R&d over GDP indicator for the West region is for 2010;
World bank staff simulations based on Eurostat and IMF data. 139. Building on the analysis conducted as part of this assessment,
and the promotion of associations. These measures can help generate the necessary confidence for cooperation
i) better integrating primary producers into the food chain through support for quality schemes, promotion in local markets, horizontal and vertical cooperation,
Establishing an innovation center at the regional level which can play a key role in the promotion of the local innovative potential.
especially in light of the regionalization process and in relation to the promotion of the other competitiveness goals of the region,
Additional details regarding these potential pilot initiatives are provided in Annex 2. Table 19-Examples of investment pilot initiatives 1. Innovation center for the West Region which could play a key role in the promotion
Center for protection and promotion of natural parks 13. Geo therapy center 14. Pilot initiative on development solutions for the mining areas 188.
Better integrating primary producers into the food chain through support for quality schemes, promotion in local markets, horizontal and vertical cooperation,
Priority Axis 3 3. 1 Improving skills and competences required in labor market Correlate the investment priority with the Human resources Programme financed under European Social Fund
center for protection and promotion of natural parks; a geo therapy center; a pilot initiative on development solutions for the mining areas.
and stands out among the other regions of Romania as result of a high level of economic development, solid export growth rate, relatively skilled human resources, a large diversity of natural resources,
Pilot initiatives Brief overview 1. Innovation center for the West Region which could play a key role in the promotion of the innovative potential of the region.
The center would be designed to attract motivated young scientists, 97 established scientists and qualified technical staff from West region and other regions of Romania.
Center for the protection and promotion of the national parks in the West Region The region could highly benefit from the creation of a local network of ecotourism destinations supported by green infrastructures and the use of renewable energy.
o Creation of a sole and competitive market for the information society. o An increase of investments in research concerning ICT o Promotion of a comprehensive information society Having in view that the spread
At the same time it supposes the existence of broadband communication infrastructure as well as certain human resources experienced in new technologies,
and responsible for the implementation of initiatives envisaging promotion of broadband communications'infrastructure development and elimination of the technological gap among regions Innovazione Italy,
as well as for the promotion of citizens'engagement and for increasing empowerment and the accessibility and inclusiveness of the democratic process.
B. Europe Strategy 2020 Europe strategy 2020 designed for a period of 10 years focuses on developing a digital economy, the promotion of low-carbon, encouraging development of new products and modernizing
As Intermediate Body for Promotion the Information Society, MCSI manages Priority Axis III-ICT for public and private sectors, SOP IEC 2007-2013.
33%Researchers Staff (number of people) 2007,3 0, 93%-Articles published in international and national journals 60 3, 35%-Application of national patents 34 2,
53,5 Staff using internet 42,7 43,8 Companies with website 66,6 67,0 Companies using digital signature 28,0 24,4 Employees who received ICT training 13,8 17,4 Net
Overall the presence of the renewable energy industry in the SG discussion is remarkably small. 48 COGEN Europe, the European Association for the Promotion of Cogeneration,
Besides, among the Spanish regional objectives appears also the entrepreneurial promotion (and specifically the search for entrepreneurial discoveries) as well as the networking
actions related to human resources, support to I+D through funding and research infrastructures, support to technological transfer and diffusion of research and innovation.
research centers international Scientific & Technological facilities Innovation & Tecnological centers Aragonese University System Support & promotion structures Parks
The Law 17/2002 of promotion and general coordination of the scientific research, development and technological innovation (R&d and Innovation) in Castilla y León.
Concerning human resources, the personnel employed in R&d activities in full-time equivalent (FTE) per thousands of working people in Castilla y León has evolved positively in the 2002-2012 period
with further decreases in the number of staff appointed to R&d, innovative companies, and a-general loss of excitement has occurred on part of regional players.
Generally specialized human resources in administrative management. Scientific specialisation has little relationship to regional economic specialisation;
Decapitalization of human resources in research entities and talent and brain drain. Decreased globalization of innovation and minimal participation in international funding sources.
Reduction of budget earmarked for R&d that leads to a reduction of public capacities for the support of structures, human resources,
RUNNING INITIATIVES 2001 Commission for Coordination on Science and Technology. 2002 Law of Promotion and General Coordination of R&d&i. 2003 Universities Law modified in 2010). 2007-2013 Regional
linking innovation to strategy, visible leadership, incentives for innovation, appropriate risk management, training for staff, the creation of‘circuits for information'(information flows within and beyond the organisation),
but also to the promotion of economic development on the S3 side, the regional amalgam that we discussed earlier.
One of the main planks of their efforts must be the promotion of innovation in SMES and of innovative new entrepreneurship,
clear incentives and rewards are applied for academic staff engaged in entrepreneurship promotion, support is provided for financial and human resources,
and entrepreneurship-dedicated structures are in place such as chairs, centres and incubation facilities. Start-up assistance and evaluations of support approaches should also be put in place surrounding the entrepreneurship courses.
promotion of corporate spin-offs from foreign direct investors; and joint technology development and training initiatives involving foreign affiliates and local SMES.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 29 make a major difference, such as changes in product design or packaging, product placement, product promotion or pricing.
if needed, help round up teams of engineers and other key staff from other firms. Engineers and other key staff may shift as groups,
Examples of relevant policy approaches include creation of science parks and business incubators, encouraging mobility of staff between universities and industry,
Challenges and Key Issues for Future Actions, Commission Staff Working Document (2007) 1059, European commission DG Enterprise and Industry, Brussels. Galbraith, J. 1972), The New
Implications for Innovation Policy, Report to the European commission, Directorate General Science, Research and development, Brussels. Malecki, E. 2008), Higher education, Knowledge Transfer Mechanisms and the Promotion of SME Innovation
The implementation of a new marketing method involving significant changes in product design or packaging, product placement, product promotion or pricing.
and marketing/promotion. Finally, Small Business Online is a competitive, grant-based programme designed to help small businesses go online,
The programme is administered by the agency FFG (Austrian Research Promotion Agency. 2. AUSTRIA SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 51 Austria A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added
IWT, the Flemish Institute for the Promotion of Innovation, implements the following types of measures in the VIS programme:
This has been pursued mainly through the promotion of business support services especially in sectors of strategic relevance to the Czech economy such as automotive, machinery engineering, electronics, life sciences and information and communication technologies.
recruitment of researchers and Phd students and counselling in intellectual property. In the nineties ANVAR opened regional delegations,
technology surveys, R&d subcontracting and other partnerships, human resources for research, and patent application procedures. Since 2008, the tax principles have been simplified considerably in the sense that they are no longer based on R&d expense increases but on their level:
entrepreneurs can apply for staff expenses for up to three staff members and EUR 50 000 for materials and equipment.
the Small and Medium Business Administration (SMBA) operates numerous schemes that are targeted all at assisting SMES in the areas of entrepreneurship, human resources, financing, marketing and innovation.
Finally, the SMBA operates Incubation Centre Promotion, a programme that aims to encourage spin-offs from universities and research institutes.
E 100 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Switzerland The CTI (Swiss Federal Innovation Promotion Agency) is the most important innovation promotion government agency in Switzerland.
Among its main tasks is the promotion of entrepreneurship in The swiss economy. The most important entrepreneurship programmes are the CTI Start-up programme and Venturelab.
The overall budget for the entrepreneurship promotion programme of the CTI amounts to about CHF 11 million in 2008;
This fund supports numerous programmes, including the promotion of entrepreneurship and innovation among private companies.
hosted by the Production Promotion Corporation (CORFO). Although it supports an ample range of enterprises,
Specific products are the provision of seed capital, support to business incubators and spin-off projects, technology promotion organisations and development of professional training centres.
and the promotion of good management practices among SMES. Chile Emprende Chile Emprende is targeted to existing micro and small enterprises
Technopreneur Promotion Programme Another major public policy initiative for funding innovation is the Technopreneur Promotion Programme (Tepp) at the Department for Scientific and Industrial Research.
Several measures have been introduced over the past few years for the development of human resources; these focus on improvement of research experts in the business sector.
OECD 2010 South africa The promotion and support of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMES) is an important policy issue in South africa.
Technology and Human resources for Industry Programme The Technology and Human resources for Industry Programme (THRIP) is managed by the National Research Foundation (NRF) on behalf of the Department of Trade and Industry.
Firms and the Technology and Human resources for Industry Programme invest jointly in research projects where project leaders are on the academic staff of South african higher education institutions.
to produce a flow of skilled human resources, to enhance educational experience, and to foster collaboration among industry, HEIS and science, engineering and technology institutions.
of skilled human resources in the key cluster industries and strong networks (Potter and Miranda, 2009.
formation of human resources; contribution to economic development. Industry Undertake industrial R&d. Monitor research results generated by others;
the planned exchange of staff (secondments, mutually agreed recruitment and training, etc. or joint projects (e g. with training providers and technology institutions.
Similarly, the attraction of FDI has been combined with the promotion of local clusters by targeting FDI in those sectors where the locality has strong productive agglomerations
Spin-offs, both corporate and university-based, are an important target for promotion efforts because the internal technology and market competencies they carry from their sources in universities
The United states has traditionally been at the forefront in the promotion of cutting-edge and cross 3. KNOWLEDGE FLOWS SMES
Across OECD countries, employees of SMES participate in formal training activities to only half the extent that staff in large firms do (OECD, 2010b, forthcoming.
Management Skills for business planning, regulations and quality control, human resources planning (recruitment, training and skills development) and allocation of resources (e g. management of intellectual property, financial management, firm
either for students or for staff. Courses are offered often to students as optional complementary modules with no credits for their degrees.
Teachers are pressed hard to deliver on their core programmes the basis for recruitment and promotion and those not working on core activities can find it difficult to justify strong investments in what may be seen by their hierarchies and peers as side projects, whatever the expressed interest of the students.
Teaching approaches must also evolve to accommodate how entrepreneurship skills are learned best rather than be tethered to traditional classroom forms.
start-ups by students and staff. Indeed entrepreneurship teaching can have a greater positive impact on the rate of new firm creation
Yet, it is the balance between a minimum long-term financing for staff costs and overheads and the openness to private sector involvement in the financing of entrepreneurship chairs and incubation facilities
4. Recruitment and career development of academic staff take into account entrepreneurial attitudes, behaviour and experience as well as entrepreneurship support activities.
Resources 1. A minimum long-term financing of staff costs and overheads for graduate entrepreneurship is agreed as part of the university's budget. 2. Self-sufficiency of university internal entrepreneurship support is a goal. 3
and staff involved in entrepreneurship start-up support is in place. Support infrastructure 1. An entrepreneurship-dedicated structure within the university (chair, department, support centre) is in place,
For certain courses active recruitment is practised. 5. Out-reach to alumni, business support organisations and firms are a key component of entrepreneurship education. 6. Results of entrepreneurship research are integrated into entrepreneurship education messages.
Start-up support 1. Entrepreneurship education activities and start-up support are integrated closely. 2. Team building is facilitated actively by university staff. 3. Access to private financing is facilitated through networking
and all have staff with responsibility for delivering enterprise in education. An annual reporting process ensures examples of good practice can be shared
especially in the context of the new green growth economy and in occupations that depart from previous rigid conceptions of job profiles (Miles et al.,
marketing, legal, personnel development, training, recruitment and business management services. Examples from this group include the provision of management skills for integrating e-commerce into the core business.
encouragement and support for staff embarking on entrepreneurship teaching activities. Facilitate teaching activities for existing and former entrepreneurs.
Regional development, including capacity building for Business Support Providers (BSPS) and SME development agency staff.
and develop a welltrained staff. Partnerships have been built with The french government authorities and ministries such as the Department for the Elderly and Department of Sport.
some advanced skills on business management and human resources and some specific skills related to risk assessment and warranting,
the promotion of social inclusion and training agents or actors subject, potentially or effectively, to processes of social exclusion and/or marginalization, triggering, that way, a more or less intense change of power relations."
a social, participatory process which shapes work organization and working life, combining human, organizational and technological dimensions and resulting in a better quality of working life (Oeij, Klein Hesselink, and Dhondt 2012.
The rising interest in co-production comes from a number of areas including the enhancement of the citizen orientation in public services, the promotion of the role of the underprivileged and the encouragement of the actions of a civil society (Pestoff and Brandsen 2010.
The supply factors include human resources, knowledge and information, and funding. The demand factors include existing and potential demands/needs,
The dimension of skills transfer includes finding liaison between research institutions/universities/individuals and industries, locating R&d resource, performing skill search, recruitment,
human resources) who share the same goal/interest with other users and communicate with them to exchange viable information that could serve as a seed to developing an innovative business proposal.
Figure 15 presents availability of human resources and intangible resource for every region. In a quick glance, the administrator can understand the resource spread across regions
-Promotion of co-ordination in the provision of public services in the region; -Promotion of co-operation, joint action, etc. between local authorities, public authorities and/or others;
-Reviewing the overall development needs and investment priorities of the region; -Preparation of statutory Regional Planning Guidelines (RPGS) and reviewing Development Plans of local authorities in the region. 3. Strategic Directions Required for the RDP 2014-2020 A number of key directions have been identified by the SERA
and tended by specialized technical staff working in specially constructed and air conditioned centers, today computing equipment is to be found on the desktops and work areas of secretaries,
in section 1. 12 The Boskin Commission's findings have met with some criticism from BLS staff,
i e. small business owners, general managers or staff managing new business development activities. Distribution by Romanian counties No.
Areas affected by the change The areas highly affected by the change are represented by new products/services (55,31%)human resources (51,52%
to change was obtained negotiation with employees reluctant to change (21,5%Staff training (21,2), %Providing information needed for the adaptation of change (12,85%),Managers personal involvement in change management (18,8),
Assess the results of implementing change can be achieved easily by comparing staff to plan, analysing external and internal sources of information taking into account the social implications of changes completed;
1999 1 Acknowledgements This work was cofinanced from the European Social Fund through Sectoral Operational Programme Human resources Development 2007-2013,
support for R&d co-operation) FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS Financial/economic environment Human resources Legal/institutional environment Political context Social context AN ECOSYSTEM FOR INNOVATIVE SOCIAL
Knowledge-sharing, human resources, proximity to other company sites and market demand make countries attractive for R&d activities.
a1) market size (a2) market growth (a3) through public procurement (a4) via product market regulation, norms & standards (b) Human resources:(
Knowledge-sharing, human resources, proximity to other company sites and market demand make countries attractive for R&d activities.
Thisisunderstandablesinceradicalinnova-tions requiresubstantivecreativeeffort, whileintroducing productsthataresimilartothosealreadyexistingonthe market doesnotrequireasmuchoriginalinputfromfirm's own staff (i e. theworkcanbecompletedbyless-skilled employees. Itismoresurprisingthatproportionofhighly educated staffisnotasignificantpredictorinprocess innovation.
At the same time, we are witnessing a proliferation of committees, institutes and think tanks, both privately and publicly funded, dedicated to the promotion of the concept of innovation.
UNESCO, as the coordinator of Education for All (EFA), has made the promotion of education as a fundamental right, the improvement of the quality of education and the stimulation of innovation and the sharing of knowledge and best practices one of its priorities.
such as the draft recommendation on the promotion and use of multilingualism and universal access to cyberspace
ACM Communications 52 (7), 66 75 (2009) 22 Evolving the Internet, Presentation to the OECD (March 2006), http://www. cs. ucl. ac. uk/staff
Locality Promotion enables peers of an ISP domain to receive ratings of their overlay neighbors by an entity called Smoothit Information Service (SIS.
An example is locality promotion based on BGP routing data. Insertion of Additional Locality-Promoting Peers/Resources involves (a) the insertion of ISP-owned Peers (Iops) in the overlay
or (b) the enhancement of the access rate of Highly Active Peers (HAPS) aiming at both the promotion of locality and faster content distribution.
Section 3 deals with the assessment of locality promotion, Section 4 with the insertion of locality-promoting peers/resource,
the attention is directed to simulations. 3 Locality Promotion As a selected example for a locality promotion ETM mechanism,
comparing the performance of regular Bittorrent 13 with BGP-based locality promotion using both BNS and BU (BGPLOC).
Taking this additional 126 I. Papafili et al. mechanism into account, it can be concluded that the locality promotion mechanism in the ETMS may lead to a win-no lose situation, i e.,
and the promotion of Highly Active Peers (HAPS), specifics of methodology employed for their assessment
thus, making it important to take this additional metric into account. 4. 2 Promotion of Highly Active Peers The Highly Active Peer (HAP) ETM mechanism 17 aims at promoting a more cooperative behavior among overlay peers.
which implies instantaneous measurements and an instantaneous reaction of the ISP regarding peer promotion. A static case operates at a longer time range of several hours
however, the locality promotion mechanism provided by the SIS was used by all peers in AS1.
Just by introducing the basic locality promotion mechanism, the mean download time decreases significantly (see difference between‘No SIS'and‘0 HAPS');
and (c) the promotion of HAPS. Furthermore, this methodology has been employed to assess ETM mechanisms of another category identified, namely the inter-domain collaboration.
BGP-based Locality Promotion for P2p Applications. In: 19th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN 2010), Zürich, Switzerland (August 2010) 11.
DCSNM further facilitates the promotion of distributed-decentralized management over a hierarchical distribution of management and (re-)configuration making levels:(
In the experimentation phase we focused on the (reassignment of operating frequencies to wireless NES and the vertical assisted handover of multi 288 I. P. Chochliouros, A s. Spiliopoulou,
It adopted provider requirements in shape of policy rules and promotions applicable to the final product.
A custom Human Service Manager allocates the human resources. A customised SLA Manager manages the negotiation with the Government
and the formalization of the strategies for handling human resources during negotiation and adjustment. This is still an ongoing task that has required several interviews with the operators working at the service providers.
and core concepts to the case of human resources and human provided services. Further details on this use case are available at 9. 8 Conclusions Service level agreements are a crucial element to support the emerging Future Internet
effectiveness and coordination mechanisms of the firm to these in addition to concerns arising from the changes occurring in companies on human resources,
and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the European commission. 2 1. Introduction The promotion of research
These institutional conditions may derail policy interventions such as the promotion of technological progress through expenditures in Research and development (R&d) activities, generally the traditional recipe for innovation.
aims to shed more light on these questions by investigating the role of government institutions for the promotion of innovation and smart specialisation in European regions.
The Quality of Government Index is subdivided then into its four components to identify the key institutional factors affecting the successful promotion of innovation at the regional level in Europe.
Local and regional authorities become key players in the promotion of the interactive collaboration between all relevant regional stakeholders for the collective identification of key innovation assets and long-term strategic priorities.
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