4. How should such an immunization system work? 5. What kind of ICTS may be used to enhance delivery of healthcare services?
and plans but it is desirable that the different health centres/hospitals offering immunization services work in a cooperative environment
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK Simple low cost techniques that are sustainable should be developed based on the following strategies for overcoming barriers to the successful integration of ICT into the delivery of immunization healthcare systems.
Highlights For SMES in the OECD, economic globalisation has created new competitors, especially in low labour cost countries,
One of the most important implications of globalisation is that the comparative advantage of OECD nations is shifting away from traditional factors of production, such as land, labour and capital, towards knowledge-based economic activities.
and other production costs sufficiently to compete with the low-cost foreign producers,(3) substitute equipment and technology for labour to increase productivity,
Substituting capital and technology for labour, along with shifting production to lower-cost locations has resulted in waves of corporate downsizing throughout Europe and North america.
rarely work with other companies; have no development activities; and rarely bring new products on the market.
But knowledge as an input is inherently different than the more traditional inputs of labour,
WK1 12 expected value of that knowledge, he has no reason to leave. On the other hand, if he places a greater value on his ideas than does his original firm,
which leaves it vulnerable to competition from more technologically advanced companies. Customers eventually reward technological leaders that can provide them with unanticipated product innovations and improvements.
It is not simply the concentration of skilled labour, suppliers and information that distinguish the region.
But doing so requires skilled labour, and high investments in human capital. -Continual innovation. Both the nature of the products,
In these specialised industrial districts an agglomeration of producers within an industry work in close physical proximity.
The narrow division of labour common to large enterprises has been replaced by an organisational structure in which employees perform a wide variety of different tasks. 15 Porter (1990) provides examples of Italian ceramics and gold jewelry as industries in
These firms generally favoured decentralised manufacturing locations in close proximity to other firms within the network in an effort to preserve small effective work groups. 55.
Globalisation has shifted clearly the comparative advantage of OECD countries away from traditional inputs of production land, labour, capital and toward knowledge.
These firms perform some development and design work, often have an absorptive capacity that recognises
Tie and Network Correlates of Individual Performance in Knowledge-Intensive Work. The Academy of Management Journal, 47 (6), 928-937.
or a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organization or external relations (OECD, 2005).
which is an encouraging fact the more than half of the Romanian SMES work to improve their products
Acknowledgements This work was supported by the strategic grant POSDRU/159/1. 5/S/133255 Project ID 133255 (2014), cofinanced by the European Social Fund within the Sectorial Operational Program Human resources Development 2007 2013.520 Nelu Eugen Popescu/Procedia Economics
which offers young college graduates financial support for their graduate work at top international universities, on the condition that they return to the region to work for at least four years.
and workforce development programmes that makes it difficult for businesses to obtain appropriately trained labour and,
These staff limitations make it difficult for OTRIS to work with small firms and prompt them to focus their efforts on working with more R&d-intensive firms.
Regional universities are critical of this legal framework as it provides little guidance for determining how benefits should be shared in the course of contractual work.
or taking a temporary leave from the university to form a private company. The act governing universities was amended in 2001 to allow university researchers a five year leave of absence without giving up their university position to participate in technology-based spinoffs.
The experience of RETA should be capitalised on The past work of RETA should be capitalised on for the future development of the region in at least three cases:
ii) the work of ICT literacy of SMES; iii) the survey of the innovative needs of local small firms.
although there is scope for the numbers of agents to be reduced and for a stronger sectoral flavour to their work.
This work could be followed up by ICT-specialised organisations that could assist small firms in introducing more complex solutions such as e-commerce.
Work across the silos of business and employment agencies by connecting business incentives with job creation in strategic sectors.
Establish cooperative education programmes engaging university students in alternating work terms with study terms throughout their undergraduate degrees.
‘and the ensuing set of=knowledge-based‘skills have gained a higher profile than the offering of traditional manual, semiskilled and technically skilled labour.
2) extensive work experience;(3) interaction with a variety of actors in the regional innovation system;
This has come to reinforce labour intensive sectors such as tourism, construction, and partly agriculture. Fig. 1 illustrates population growth during the last eleven years,
Labour utilisation and labour productivity The recent economic crisis has struck Spain severely, and Andalusia has been no exception.
Arguably, large regional unemployment also conceals a remarkable share of labour informality, which negatively impacts on labour productivity.
Autonomous Communities) with regard to labour productivity. This is the outcome of the local industry structure but also of low levels of formal tertiary education (see Table 1). Low labour productivity has also a dent on regional GDP per capita,
which we have seen being much lower than the national value. According to estimates by Reig (2010), differences in labour productivity accounted for 83%of spatial variation in GDP per capita in Spain.
Business demography and industrial structure Until the outbreak of the crisis, between 2005 and 2008, Andalusia had experienced a remarkable 10.6%growth in the number of registered businesses, with finance/insurance(+33%)and construction(+22
In the 1980s the emphasis was on the restructuring of labour-intensive sectors such as shipbuilding,
Work experience is important to innovation in part because a long career path brings broader social networks
2) extensive work experience; 3) interaction with a variety of actors in the regional innovation system;
However, a 1985 immigration law restricts the ability of immigrants to work, forcing them to obtain a job offer before seeking work visas and residency permits.
A 2005 opinion survey of the Spanish public found significant opposition to loosening immigration laws for workers, particularly among less-skilled Spaniards (Martínez i Coma and Duval-Hernández
Although labour and immigration policies and programs come under the purview of the national government,
which attracts immigrant workers to work in unskilled occupations. The immigrant population has increased from less than 1%of the total population in the early 1990s (mostly British and German retirees) to 8. 8%in 2009, mostly Latin americans (32%),African (24%)and EU-15 (20),
on the condition that they return to the region to work for four years. By 2009, the program had funded about five hundred young Andalusians (Laurent, Periáñez and Petit de Gabriel, 2010.
and workforce development programming that makes it difficult for businesses to obtain appropriately trained labour and,
or a new organizational method in business practices‘workplace organization or external relations takes place at these low-tech firms
Connect business incentives with job creation Work across the silos of business and employment agencies by connecting business incentives with job creation in strategic sectors.
while firms need quick and flexible access to labour to compete in the global market.
trainees become more familiar with workplace practices, and the intermediary may act as an employment broker, introducing workers to prospective employers.
Then, local firms certified to perform the more advanced work receive incentives if they hire locally.
The localization industry in 2006, a USD 9 billion business helps businesses design multilingual websites that work in different national contexts.
International Labour Review 141,1-2: 123-159. Bates, T. 1990. Entrepreneur Human Capital Inputs and Small Business Longevity.
and how it's transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life. New york, NY: Basic books. Giloth, R. 2000.
In general, the universities are critical of the current state of the legal framework governing intellectual property rights as it provides them with little guidance for determining how benefits should be shared in the course of contractual work.
as well as providing support services to facilitate work experience for its students in enterprises and the Foundation.
The centre also has used radio isotopes in medical research as well as training technicians for later work in hospitals.
and go to work for a start up company with any assurance that they will be able to return from that employment to their university position.
The staff limitations of the technology transfer offices make it difficult for universities to work with small firms and,
) Table 2. Interactions with universities of Andalusian innovative firms (Percentage of'yes'answer to each type of interaction) Consultancy work 21.8 Patent exploitation 4. 6 Joint ventures
Where the consultancy arrangement works out to the firm‘s satisfaction, studies indicate that they often move on to the next level of involvement with the university researcher
when RETA works with them to bring individual firms to the research office or OTRI to find suitable faculty collaborators.
RED-OTRI could use the results of the survey to begin to identify the faculty members on the various research teams at the individual universities with skill sets in demand by the second tier of innovative companies that RETA works with.
A cooperative education program usually involves engaging university students in alternating work study terms throughout the course of their undergraduate or first degrees.
and specialized knowledge into the private firms and also for bringing the=real world‘perspective of the firms back from their work terms into the university classroom.
and expanding university coop programs is the high cost incurred by the university administrations in locating work placements for their students.
It would require RETA to work closely with both the firms located in the technology parks as well as firms distributed more broadly throughout the region to identify the firms that would be interested in providing work placements for students in a cooperative education program.
and they get an opportunity to evaluate their performance in the workplace before hiring them.
which makes it easier to find firms willing to take the students on work placement.
or introducing a full coop education initiative in finding the work placements for students. For further information http://www. cecs. uwaterloo. ca/about Future Trends in Science and Technology Parks Description of the approach The third learning model corresponds to the third policy recommendation in that it draws
Europe becomes a more attractive place to invest and work: 1. Extend and deepen the internal market;
Their main role was to commission work from a range of different organisations to ensure the delivery of the programme.
This resulted in a shift of resources, particularly of capital and labour, from the more productive and internationally competitive sectors of the economy.
although its strategy is to work with firms in particular sectors (e g. aeronautical, biotechnology, renewable energy)
Although this approach has recently been discontinued because of a reconsideration of RETA‘s model of work,
The agency interested in this would need to work with the relevant industry organisations to ensure more effective dialogue between the agents and the firms.
The fur industry is dominated also SME with over 2 000 independent producers in a labour intensive sector that has 3 000 direct employees but around 25 000 indirect jobs in supporting and dependent
Industries tend also to lack vertical integration with highly developed divisions of labour existing between rather than within firms (Christensen, 2010;
commonly in technical problem solving activities that involve lending material and equipment and even labour in some cases (Maskell 1998;
the Danish labour market model often referred to as=Flexicurity‘also provides generous provision for vocational training and retraining both for those in work and the unemployed.
and firing of labour while employees are given generous social protection and rights to retraining has been attributed as a major factor in the resilience of Danish SMES through past crises (Anderson and Mailand, 2005, Madsen, 2006).
labour unions, social economy organisations. Greater autonomy from the regional government in developing sector specific agendas would allow Andalusia SMES to generate their own strategies with regard to innovation and productivity improvements.
The two sources could be used to better address the needs of innovative firms, the future target of RETA‘s work.
RETA‘s future will also depend on its ability to learn from its previous work. The experience of innovation agents has been interrupted,
Some of the work started by RETA could also be resumed and brought forward by other organisations (e g. technology parks and technology centres).
This work could be followed up by ICT-specialised organisations assisting small firms to introduce more complex solutions such as e-commerce.
the work done by RETA over the last years should be capitalised, if anything to enhance the cost-effectiveness of regional government policies.
and this is where careful planning of the work of intermediary agencies can be particularly useful.
Entrepreneurship works when new firms are formed, when new skills are developed and deployed, and when new talent is able to work with new products and services.
However, harnessing talent among these communities for work in growing sectors could open up opportunities for new products and markets.
Work across the silos of business and employment agencies by connecting business incentives with job creation in strategic sectors.
Establish cooperative education programmes engaging university students in alternating work terms with study terms throughout their undergraduate degrees.
Alex, thanks for accepting to lead this work when it was still only a project.
With regard to the use of SME samples, we decided to work with small and mediumsized companies,
and labour intensity. The American Economic Review, 91,320-334. Dimitratos, P.,Lioukas, S. and Carter, S. 2004.
whereby a lot of work in data collection and editing is wasted or hidden behind a single number of dubious significance.
The whole Pedigree matrix is conditioned by the principle that statistical work is (unlike some traditional lab research) a highly articulated social activity.
Numeral, Unit, Spread, Assessment, Pedigree) has been devised to characterise the quality of quantitative information based in large part on the experience of research work in the matured natural sciences (Funtowicz and Ravetz, 1990.
which in turns suggests recursive actions for the improvement of the process itself. 2 This chapter is based on text available on www. nusap. net 15 The whole pedigree matrix is conditioned by the principle that statistical work is articulated a highly social activity.
Equal weighting works well if all dimensions (economic, social, environmental, etc. are represented in the composite with the same number of sub-indicators (as in the TAI example.
It has been noted earlier in this work that composite indicators can be considered as models. When as in the present analysis-several layers of uncertainty are activated simultaneously,
. and Wells W.,(1993), Employment regulation and patterns of work in EC countries, OECD Economic Studies, n. 21 Winter, 7-58, Paris. 51.
Companies as Amazon and Netflix are the living proof that personalization works. They have used this tool for many years and as a result,
What works for Germany does not necessarily have to work for China or Brazil, for instance.
In general, applying KETS will enable producers to using labour, capital, energy and other inputs more efficiently.
when inventors reside in another country than the country of the workplace. Industry Impacts and Market Potentials A key issue in evaluating the role of KETS for competitiveness is the link between KETS and industries.
and of sufficient quality to make the system work. European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 44error!
Because of the very nature of nanotechnology and its environmental, health and safety concerns, cluster network organisation have to establish a certain work ethic to address these issues.
so called semiconductor foundries, to make the products in locations with low labour costs, such as Asian countries (Mowery, et al,
while 1, 200 graduates leave higher education per year. In comparison, the closely related sector of IT and software employs 14,000 people with 2, 200 graduates annually (Innova, 2008.
While work in the past was focused on‘demand pull'activities such as improved mobile phone functionality, the decisions for these functions were external to the cluster.
EN not-for-profit national industry association that works to articulate a national strategy for the cluster.
1) the highly skilled labour pool and commercial talent, 2) a strong cluster policy supported by federal and regional funds,
High skilled labour pool and commercial talent Generally, Canada has skilled a highly workforce and several world leading microelectronics researchers have contributed to the success of the cluster's evolution (CMC, 2009).
and prestigious universities providing a strong high skill labour pool. Its key asset in this respect is the Minatec campus where public researchers
an entrepreneurial culture, a slightly skilled and stable labour pool, a local lead customer base with many corporate headquarters located in the province,
and retaining highly skilled labour; Significant numbers of and spin-offs creating a dynamic business environment;
that was established in northwestern Taiwan to create an environment conducive to high-tech research and development, production, work, life,
Although the molecular process behind it was explained not until Pasteur's work in the 19th century.
the Babraham Bioincubator offered small laboratories and offices for flexible and temporary work, but it did provided not subsidised services.
Also the fact that competition in the sector is global provides incentive for local actors to work together (Northern lights
2010) Local economic development agency Pôle Québec Chaudière-Appalaches works closely with Montréal-based Investissement Québec as well as companies and institutions from the area to ensure the success of photonics-related
This also results in a strong labour pool with highly qualified technical personnel available. A particular strength of the Optecbb cluster is its geographic concentration
As for industry-science links in general, important success factors include a long-term oriented co-operation with clear division of labour between the industrial and the public research part.
and labour costs in China Market structure 70 percent SME's Large firms are e g.
Moreover, there is a pressing requirement for increasing productivity through robot usage as labour costs are
AMT may also incur manufacturing processes to become more user-friendly as they reduce the amount of hard labour that is needed in the manufacturing process and that is taken over for example by robots.
These models all seem to work, but we strongly believe they also do because they are suited to the countries they are designed for.
A likely shortage of skilled labour should be tackled through both education and immigration policies. -A vital venture capital market is important for commercialising research results in KETS through university spin-offs and other types of start-ups.
Research Motivation and Vision This paper follows up previous work undertaken by the authors in this field4.
As a work study analyst in the early 1970s undertaking projects in London Telecommunications Region one of this paper's authors tramped up and down the streets of Bethnal Green, Clerkenwell,
Hoxton and Shoreditch to carry out his work. He recalls describing the area as a jumble of filthy,
Their work drew on other studies including Durmaz, B.,Platt, S. and Yigitcanlar. T. 2010;
Physical proximity of businesses to one another and clients, plus integrated work/home/social locations are important factors.§
This refers to the attractiveness of the work and social environment in which the enterprise is located
and reporting on sector developments Architects/urban and rural planners--creative workplace and business environment design Industry--specific partnerships identifying partners, implementing partnerships Themes,
Regeneration projects that may include transforming old work sites and buildings in to new enterprise space are gaining pace.
Employees look forward to interacting with colleagues, customers and partners in the physical workplace. Business owners have to be careful to ensure that the free,
They have to learn how to interface and work effectively with their creative suppliers and partners.
vintage furniture and sleek modern office technology crammed every which way into cool working environments. Within this dynamic ecosystem companies come
http://dx. doi. org/10.1108/17506181011067592 Munn, B.,Baum, A.,Boscherini, G. and Perri, C. 2013)‘ The Work Shop'CBRE AND Henley Business school Bachmann
Yet apart from Chesbrough's 2003 pioneering work, there are few studies exploring the important relationship between OI
Instead of weakening public support for basic research, this NSI role may need to be beefed up. 3. 5. The supply of high-quality labour is linked strongly to education
strong specialisation in innovative labour; the efficiency of resource allocation; accelerating knowledge flows at lower costs. 3. 7. Eliciting social resources for innovation In modern society,
and further improve NSI effectiveness. 3. 8. Benefiting from strong specialisation in innovative labour Economists have shown that the growth of a more complex division of labour is closely bound to the growth of total production and trade
There is a natural labour division in knowledge generation and commercialisation between firms of different sizes.
there is a major opportunity to benefit from this strong division of labour through an open innovation model. OI theory purports that innovators do not necessarily implement all innovation stages,
thus profiting from the division of labour in this field. In particular, innovating firms can choose to sell technologies instead of investing in the downstream assets required to commercialise technologies
Through this innovative labour specialisation, companies may be able to focus their strengths on some parts of innovation value networks.
Moreover, little work has been done on downstream networks exploiting existing knowledge 91.3.13. Online social networks: Enlarging the knowledge exploration landscape The OI model stresses the importance of using a broad range of sources for innovation and commercialisation activities by firms.
Next, NSI effectiveness can be boosted through greater labour specialisation in the innovation field. Finally, NSI will be more effective
general and abstract knowledge and the division of innovative labour, Res. Policy 23 (5)( 1994) 523 532.45 M. Nelson, J. L. Mason, How the South Joined the Gambling Nation:
Policy 35 (7)( 2006) 994 1017.98 H. Katajisto, J. Kimari, Education, Training and Demand for Labour in Finland by 2015
Staff members wonder why their work tools aren't all available as mobile apps, as they are in the rest of their lives.
But it also extends through their work experience: they actively seek out opportunities to work in other parts of the business and in other geographic regions.
And they engage extensively outside the business by, for example, taking on external advisory roles or directorships.
how business processes work, and how these all fit together, adds Tom Velema, EY's EMEIA IT Advisory Leader.
Her work in using mobile and analytics to drive greater sales is representative of where this role is headed (see next trait for more).
digital changes the way many businesses work, opening up wholly new possibilities, but people have to buy into this vision,
who explains that true storytelling requires a deep grasp of the core of the business and how it works,
UCB's Herman de Prins, who prefers to keep work-related topics out of social media, uses his passion for cycling as a source for non-work-related updates and links them to technology,
They are happy in their work: 64%plan to remain where they are, or move into a bigger CIO position,
most importantly around ensuring a multidisciplinary approach to their education and work experience. Section 4 It is clear that digital CIOS take a different approach to tackling their roles.
High job satisfaction The first thing to point out is that digital-ready CIOS appreciate the opportunity they hold:
Across all elements of their jobs, they express greater satisfaction with their work than their IT-intensive industry peers do.
60%benefits and incentives 40%48%The work-life balance 33%The allocation of resources such as 37%head count and budget to IT 43%54%The potential for career development 45%People
and hard work (Percentage of respondents who have chosen 8, 9 or 10 on a scale from 1=not required at all to 10=absolutely required) Not only a CIO's responsibility All of this highlights a further important point in CIOS'career paths,
Norway (16,3%),Island (13,7%),Switzerland (11,5%),USA (10,1%)and Denmark (2, 2%).The data confirms a much tied connection between the work tax
and ongoing discussions with the Doehlg to influence alternative mechanisms to drive regional development Informed the work of the Midwest Task force appointed by the Tánaiste
for development, arising from its endowment of natural resources, population, labour, its economic and social capital, infrastructure and its location relative to markets.
and labour/talent. Leadership and Strategic Capacity outlining relevant organisations and indications of locally driven initiatives and outcomes.
This leaves a potential gap in terms of designated regional leadership and authority to ensure adherence to the RPGS post 2010.
Many professional, highly qualified and experienced people are finding themselves without work and with uncertain prospects in the short term.
Much of this work is undertaken at national level and crossagency collaboration has been effective in this regard over recent years.
and evidence suggests that a large number of people commute to the GDA to work. The Midland's central location and close proximity to Dublin give the region a natural advantage in terms of interregional and international accessibility.
OVERVIEW, FINDINGS & ACTIONS 24 HEIS to consider work placement where students would take up opportunities in a flexible
45 This work has contributed to the deliberations of the Midwest Task force appointed by the Tánaiste earlier this year 46 Ongoing interagency work on Enhanced Agency Collaboration will help to advance this action point in the short term,
but also presents an opportunity to work with this distinctive diversity through a more coordinated regional approach.
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