namely the percent of innovative enterprises collaborating with others and the number of public private co-publications.
or cluster serving the local economy and society, if local and regional authorities implement smart specialisation strategies to concentrate resources on key priorities and maximise impact (EC COM 2011).
Similarly, all the areas of national policy that may impact universities'role in their territories Labour market and employment policies, Science, technology and innovation policies, Competition policy and Regional and urban planning policies
public agencies or local governments could launch specific initiatives ranging from training opportunities, small loans and direct services to Vol. 4 Issue 2 2012 46 physical infrastructure,
such as public incubators and science parks (Fini et al. 2011), that create a supportive environment and thus facilitate university industry interactions.
Third, universities, business and governments should meet together within regional bodies and foster the dialogue with regional governance institutions,
and student living expenditure in the region and universities'economic activity induced by additional expenditure in the regional supply chain.
and their contribution has been studied with respect to their roles as economic entities, commoditised knowledge producers, shapers of human capital and institutional actors in networks.
and incubators for academic spin-offs, a relatively new route for commercialisation of academic inventions. Therefore, regional innovation systems provide a means for universities to engage with their local environments on activities
which benefit both regional partners whilst strengthening universities'own core activities (Benneworth, 2010). The present study can be placed within this wave of research,
the percent of innovative enterprises collaborating with others for innovation measures the flow of knowledge between public research institutions and firms and between firms and other firms (i e.
The third quadrant (up left) is the one that groups the regions Vol. 4 Issue 2 2012 48 with the highest scores for the percent of innovative enterprises engaged in collaboration.
The Capital Region Growth Forum in Hovedstaden (2007-2020) is the most important regional body for innovation and business development:
such as The Copenhagen Cleantech Cluster, Copenhagen Finance, Green Construction, CIBIT Accelerator etc. Regional Innovation Monitor:
Øresund Food Network, Medicon Valley Academy, Øresund Environment Academy, Øresund Design, Öresund IT academy etc.
and the main activities are linked to networking, strategic information and communication, commercialization of research and innovation.
whose focus is on each region's capacity in terms of economic growth and renewal. Many of the new policies are concentrated on so called strategic action plans Regional Growth Programmes-VINNVAXT-aiming at creating economic, ecologic and social sustainable growth (Erawatch country profile:
1000 for profit companies were involved, 55 new products were developed, 25 start-ups companies were set up and all these have resulted in improved cooperation mechanisms (Melin et al.,
Additionally, a number of regional initiatives aim at developing the planning capability together with the most important regional stakeholders.
Similarly, the PRIM project (2008-2011) in Ostra Mellansverige (Process and Relations in Innovative Environments) is aimed at prioritizing regional development initiatives for existing innovation systems,
with a focus on cooperation between incubators and the region's universities (Regional Innovation Monitor: Sweden, 2012.
innovation infrastructures (incubators), cluster initiatives and co-financing of federal programmes. Currently, there are more than 100 incubators (Impulszentren)
and 20 technology parks throughout the country, more than 40 cluster initiatives linking companies and research institutions around thematic priorities (e g. automotive suppliers, wood and wood products, plastics, environmental technologies, biotechnologies etc.)
and oriented towards enhancing regional competitiveness and strengthening the region through mobilising endogenous potentials, competitive tourism, better environment,
fostering advisory services and establishing agency infrastructures (eg. the Business & Innovation Centre) and cooperation structures.
Innovation and the knowledge based economy, Integrative city development and Technical support. It should be noted here that The City of Vienna encourages application-oriented research through the Innovation
such as the Knowledge Vouchers programme that offers incentives to enterprises to purchase services from knowledge institutes to improve innovation processes, the Business to Science Portal initiative through
in Denmark, there is still some evidence that the knowledge diffusion from universities to enterprises isn't functioning optimally yet (Erawatch country profile:
that are advised better to invest in the development of the applications of a generic technology or service innovation in one or several important areas of the regional economy or in developing cross-sectoral approaches (EC COM 2010/553).
and the knowledge economy. Industrial and Corporate Change 10: 945 974. European commission (2010: Regional Policy contributing to smart growth in Europe 2020.
an overview of the opportunities and challenges. Higher education Management and Policy 20 (2): 3-33.
A report prepared for European commission, DG Enterprise and Industry, Brussels. Available from: http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/ris-2012 en. pdf Melin G.,Fridholm, T.,Håkansson A.,Jansson, T.,Stern P,
. and N. Thorell (2012): Erawatch country report 2011: Sweden. ERAWATCH Network Technopolis Group. Moulaert, F. and F. Sekia (2003:
The Role of Universities in Innovation Systems and Regional Economies. Expert meeting on The future of academic research, Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration, 19-20 october 2006.
Vol. 4 Issue 2 2012 54 Appendix 1 Europe's Top Regions for Innovation Linkages Acronym Country Region Position in RIS AT1 Austria
14 I. Proportion of Product and Process Innovation (enterprises...14 II. TOTAL INNOVATION EXPENDITURES (2010)..15 III.
Firms cooperating for innovation-Proportion of product and process innovative enterprises (2010)..6 Table 2:
5 1. Introduction Innovation is arguably one of the main drivers of economic growth and the capacity to innovate among the most important factors enhancing competitiveness on a global scale (Grossman and Helpman 1991, Nelson 1996, Baumol 2002).
which enable firms to pursue the necessary investments in R&d and enhance the knowledge content of the product
and services delivered and hence their productivity. Recent literature suggest that European SMES have increased their share of absolute R&d expenditures
and will investigate investments associated to innovation; expenditures in R&d both internal and external to the firm;
and proportion of enterprises cooperation active engaging in product and process innovation. The tables and figures below are sourced from Eurostat available aggregates of the last edition of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS 2010.
The table below (see also Figure 1a in Appendix) shows proportions of product and process innovative enterprises engaged in cooperation divided by size class.
As the table shows, small and medium enterprises cooperate on innovation in about the 34 per cent of cases (EU-27 average.
Firms cooperating for innovation-Proportion of product and process innovative enterprises (2010) COUNTRY SMES LARGE Austria 0, 4708 0, 5531 Belgium 0, 4747 0
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR Overall, recent empirical findings show that the environment for innovation has changed with the importance of new and small firms to the innovation process has increased.
As such, they consider all the investments associated to: R&d; acquisition of advanced machinery, equipment and software for innovation;
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR In a study employing Community Innovation Survey data over 16 countries,
The next two tables provide a more specific proxy of the actual expenditures in research and development at the firm level providing a more direct assessment of the investments purely associated to technological innovation.
The former defined as all creative work undertaken within the enterprise that increases knowledge for developing new and improved goods or services and processes
or by public or private research organisations and then purchased by the enterprise. In 2010, the EU-25 average proportion of intramural R&d expenditures by SMES was around the 35 per cent and the countries with a higher quota of SME investment in internal R&d awere eleven
, among which Lituania (LT) with the highest levels (74%.%Poland, Finland and Denmark respectively these countries recorded the lowest amount of resources invested in internal R&d.
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR Finally, the last table looks at the proportion of R&d expenditures from companies outside the enterprise.
The average level of outsourced investment for SMES was slightly lower than the average internal expenditures:
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR Although increasing institutional efforts to harmonize data for the understanding of the relationship between innovation and SMES performance,
along with investment in equipment, enhances the likelihood of having both process and product innovation. Both these kinds of innovation have a positive impact on firm's productivity, especially process innovation.
These results hold across four large EU economies with a high SMES intensity such as Italy, France, Germany, Spain and UK (Griffith et al. 2006). 2013 Brief on INNOVATION PERFORMANCE
final remarks In the previous section we looked at key innovation inputs such as broad investments associated to innovation and expenditures in R&d;
and at the innovation output in terms of the proportion of enterprises engaging in product and process innovation.
and opportunities to innovate (Allman Et al. 2011). In particular, key enablers of the innovation process rest on the interplay between available resources and knowledge creation,
Research into human capital has suggested that innovation-driven growth in small and medium sized firms is fostered by a broad range of capabilities both managerial and entrepreneurial (Kakaki 2003;
Human and social capital in turn also activate networking opportunities and increase firms'absorptive capacities, defined as the capacity of make use of external knowledge.
Institutional, physical and financial infrastructures such as the normative framework stimulating trade and competition; an increasing communication and digitalization accessibility;
as well as smooth lending technologies augmenting credit availability are tested all historically keys to pursue the expansion of productivity (Mokyr 2008). 2013 Brief on INNOVATION PERFORMANCE ANNUAL REPORT ON EUROPEAN SMES
Empirical Evidence for Italy, Small Business Economics, Vol. 33, No. 1 Cohen W. M. and Levinthal D. A (1990) Absorptive Capacity:
(2013), Innovation Union Scoreboard,(http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/ius-2013 en. pdf) Griffith R.,Elena Huergo, Jacques Mairesse,
and Bettina Peters (2006), Innovation and Productivity across four European countries, Oxford Review of Economic policy, Vol. 22, No 4 Grossman G. M.,Elhanan Helpman (1991),
Innovation and Growth in the Global economy, Massachussets: MIT Press Holzl W. 2009), Is the R&d behaviour of fast-growing SMES different?
Evidence from CIS III data for 16 countries, Small Business Economics, Vol. 33 pp 59 75.
Kakati M. 2003), Success criteria in high-tech new ventures, Technovation, Vol. 23 Issue 5, pp. 447 457 2013 Brief on INNOVATION PERFORMANCE
Harnessing Technology for Economic growth. Washington, D c.:National Academy Press, pp. 275 305. Love J.,Stephen Roper (2013), SMES Innovation, Exporting and Growth, ERC White paper N 5. Macpherson A.,Robin Holt (2007), Knowledge, learning and small
"IPTS Working papers on Corporate R&d and Innovation series (http://iri. jrc. ec. europa. eu/papers. htm) Nelson R. R. 1996), The Sources of Economic growth, London:
Harvard university Press OECD (2010), SMES, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMES and Local Development, Paris:
pp 441 457 2013 Brief on INNOVATION PERFORMANCE ANNEXES I. PROPORTION OF PRODUCT AND PROCESS INNOVATION (ENTERPRISES) Source:
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR 2013 Brief on INNOVATION PERFORMANCE ANNUAL REPORT ON EUROPEAN SMES 2012/2013 15 II.
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR 2013 Brief on INNOVATION PERFORMANCE ANNUAL REPORT ON EUROPEAN SMES 2012/2013 16 III.
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR 2013 Brief on INNOVATION PERFORMANCE ANNUAL REPORT ON EUROPEAN SMES 2012/2013 17 IV.
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR
Hungary: Towards a National S3 strategy Balázs Borsi (Ministry for National Economy) Budapest, 25 june 2013 Source of map:
wikipedia The questions we would like the peer critical friends to discuss: How can the RIS3 process be tailored to a country, with substantial economic and social disparities and with no real economic regions (apart from the Capital region?
How would you define non-performing investments in the S3 context? 2 Summary Innovation Index (SII) Source:
Thereby, they make a substantial contribution to the competitiveness of the Hungarian economy, making it a sustainable knowledge economy Investment in Our Future The National RDI Strategy 2020 Main objective:
GERD/GDP ratio shall reach 1. 8%by 2020 (from business sources) Hungary's innovation performance should reach the EU average by the end of the decade.
A substantially larger number of supplier SMES have business links with the MNCS in the economy.
Objectives in the National RDI Strategy 2020 used already in the EDIOP GINOP planning Smart specialisation the planning framework Investment in our future:
and evaluation mechanisms Consultations in NUTS-2 regions about the strategy documents In depth interviews (82) with stakeholders+workshops were organised during the process Synthesising the regional S3 strategy documents
and value chain learning economy, industrial based innovation Central Hungary A globally competing region tackling all?
and globally relevant industry networks and connected higher education/research) Central Transdanubia Southern Transdanubia (Some sporadic industry players yet weak economy in general, higher education and research is (usually) locally important and relevant
) Northern Hungary Northern Great Plain (Economy is the least competitive, strong (often interdisciplinary) research with international connectivity) Southern Great Plain???
*before detailed processing of the regional strategy documents and finalisation of the synthesis Required strategic integration for RDI-based growth (only the main and RDI-relevant funding sources are illustrated) Investment in our future:
and R&d (Ministry for National Economy) and the National Innovation Office For the National RDI Strategy, there was a consultation body,
however, it is far from involvement levels in more developed economies/societies National and regional governance bodies and mechanisms are still to be defined High-level S&t policy coordination body is to be introduced For S3 a fully centralised governance system at the national level is planned Chief scientists for facilitating public-sector RDI is to be introduced in the ministries
Digital infrastructure a horizontal area Digital competencies (e-literacy+e-inclusion) Digital economy (innovative developments, e-governance, digitalisation of contents, e-services, RDI
Relevant stakeholders are to be involved in the implementation stage as members of advisory board (national and/or regional,
to be defined, see the slides on governance) Private R&d+I investments are stimulated foremost by the National RDI Strategy (tax measures+collaborative R&d), for the S3 process,
and project generation Coordination to be ensured by a monitoring committee The EDIOP GINOP measures under priority axis 2 Development of the knowledge economy Measure 1:
including a review of the strategy based on the evaluation outcomes to weed out non-performing investments Challenges in relation to monitoring at regional level
a regional and national social consultation is planned to reinforce participation of the regional stakeholders What is needed (in the short and medium term) to develop
and supportive environment How aware of the processes and supportive are: Hungarian politicians? the regional/national administrations?
How would you define non-performing investments in the S3 context? THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION
combined, would create economic growth and lead eventually to economic development. Economic growth would be increased the productivity in the existing activities;
economic development would come from the opening, through research and innovation, of new production branches or the birth of knowledge-based firms (OECD, 2005;
is used without exception in relation to competitiveness, sustainable economic growth, closing the structural heterogeneity gap in productivity, and the like,
The hypothesis that there is a trickle-down effect from economic growth to social inclusion, implicit in many analyses, is illusory;
or social groups that are excluded from the opportunities shared by others (Sen, 2000). We do not mean that any feeling of disadvantage configures a social exclusion situation;
This can be achieved by setting a point of view or a demand. In Hirschman's (1970) terminology
or the absence of investment in vital infrastructure such as sewage, or starvation and undernourishment in the midst of the world's food overproduction, among many others.
policy makers, knowledge producers, goods and services producers, and actors directly linked to SIPS. This fourth vertex is a collection of diverse and heterogeneous actors but defined by a common role within the system.
to provide that acceptable levels of quality of life for the inhabitants are achieved, to actively demand knowledge for problem solving,
and other stakeholders may have. In addition, they have a role to play in creating the mechanisms to allow for the effective integration of all the system stakeholders.
The role of the goods and services producers is to render operative the solutions generated in the research process Particularly in the case of technological solutions,
these actors are responsible for passing from the prototype stage to the delivery of complete products
and services able to be put to work. We now turn to those actors directly linked to SIPS.
Their characterization and definition is perhaps the most complex one. This vertex is made up of actors directly related to the problem but with different types of connections with it.
and to generate a demand for solution. The 780 Santiago Alzugaray Leticia Mederos, and Judith Sutz actors in this vertex acquire, in turn and in different ways, responsibility for the solution's implementation and acceptance.
The first stage in the travel through the circuit is composed of the recognition of a problem by the affected population or other stakeholders.
solution existing in one group feeling of injustice and deprivation solution demand (voice) SIP (NGO, political, industrial,
and implementation new controversy and new definition of the SIP local design of a solution recuperation of the solution by local artisan or enterprise improvement of the solution by an NGO improvement, standardization, commercialization,
and dissemination by a multinational company creation of new differences and emergence of new SIPS. 1 From Problem to Demand Stage Once the problem is understood,
a demand for solution must be set so that the problem Figure 2. The Complete Circuit, from the Problem to its Effective Solution 782 Santiago Alzugaray, Leticia Mederos,
Many actors may intervene in the construction of demand, in a combined way or alone:
Short circuit from Problem to Demand Why may a problem not be identified as such, remaining invisible to those that suffer from it?
According to Elster, adaptive preferences evolve from an unconscious process of adaptation to situations where opportunities are limited;
The way to resolve these cognitive dissonances would be through adapting the volitions to the real opportunities at hand;
and social environment had naturalized the high prevalence of deaths at relatively young ages compared with life expectancy of men in the country.
and the demand was gathered by researchers Building Bridges 783 at the Universidad de la República
The capacities to build demand are linked to overcoming the eventual naturalization of problems. For that, a disruption is needed.
which was able to recognize a problem and express a demand. The trade union capacity to give voice to this problem is linked perhaps to the concrete historical process going on in Uruguay where neglected workers such as rural workers
From Demand to Research Stage At a cognitive level, the demand unraveled in the previous stage must be recognized by researchers with the capacity to generate appropriate knowledge in relation to an associated problem.
Researchers may get involved with demands in direct dialogue with those that suffer the problem or by means of third actors or mediators.
Short circuit from Demand to Research The passage from demand to research can be circuited short by different types of difficulties.
the concrete demand for producing the needed knowledge can be quite weak. Eventually, the weakness of knowledge demand will produce the short circuit that can stop the travel along the circuit.
In Latin america, the weakness of knowledge demand even though usually analyzed in the case of production,
is accentuated even more in relation to SIPS for at least two reasons. The first reason is due to the weakness of all types of demands stemming from the population most affected by SIPS.
Weak knowledge demand is, in this case, a particular manifestation of a more general situation (Arocena & Sutz, 2010.
One of the persons interviewed with the aim of detecting demand before the second program's (2008) call was responsible for the Ministry of Social Development's section on disabilities.
inhibiting the expression of demand. Sometimes, the researchers'academic radar, that is, the tool they use to detect
which a punctual demand to a particular problem was staged: the growth retardation detected in children under two years belonging to low-income homes.
The passage from demand to research can be stopped also if the researcher is not able to characterize
in such a case, a communication failure is driven probably present by the use of different linguistic codes.
Communication difficulties have been reported again and again in the literature on cognitive dialogues between people with quite diverse types of knowledge or belonging to different settings (Caron-Flinterman, Broerse,
Building Bridges 785 From Research to Production Stage The outcome of the research process will be a solution prototype for the identified SIP.
We understand as prototype any research outcome, in any knowledge area, that has not yet been taken to the necessary scale to solve the target problem.
Once the prototype is in place, it must be scaled up to allow the solution to reach all the people in need of it.
Actors in the productive structure of goods and services, in the private and in the public sphere, are those who should take charge in this stage of production.
For traveling from prototype to production the intervention of public policy becomes crucial. Public procurement is fundamental to achieve operative solutions for SIP:
The demand for a solution was expressed in the First Meeting on Research and Innovation Oriented Social Inclusion (August 2008) by a clinical doctor.
The demand was collected by a chemical engineer who, jointly with the mentioned doctor, presented a research project to develop a kit to detect this disease at the time of delivery.
The research ended with a prototype that did not reach the required threshold for detecting the streptococcus
Researchers have developed, at prototype level, synthetic skin made of soluble collagen from bovine tendon (waste material in the meat industry, abundant and free of mad cow disease in Uruguay),
The demand for a solution to the problem was expressed not in an organized way. Even if such demand has been put forward in isolated events, by relatives of fire victims (especially in the mass media),
it has not been enough to reach visibility at a macro-social level. The cost of imported synthetic skin is seen as a barrier by those directly involved with the problem those who suffer from it, their family, and doctors.
However, this recognition was not sufficient to raise an effective and clear demand from the public health policy:
the lack of a clear and voiced demand for solutions to an unacceptable situation ends blocking the possibility of producing a solution out of a working prototype.
and, in addition, in contrast to conventional lamps, they can be used in incubators. The prototype was developed at the Center for Biomedical Engineering from the Faculty of engineering,
and the results were tested successfully at the university hospital (Hospital de Clínicas). The passage from prototype to production took a long time.
Finally, with support from international funds, the technology was transferred from the university to a national electronics company, under university patent.
The company introduced improvements to the prototype and hired another company specialized in marketing of medical products for its distribution.
The passage from the problem to demand was mediated by actors who are affected not directly by the problem
It is no coincidence that the demand was expressed clearly by physicians: in the case of health care, technicians who daily face limitations on the quality of their attention of patients can clearly identify barriers to perform a better job.
The passage from demand to research was mediated by a virtuous combination of use of existing capabilities, accumulated knowledge and human resources,
so it does not require material investment or large-scale logistics for implementation. Indeed, it could be said that there was an almost immediate passage from research to the effective resolution.
The context of the first call in 2003 was a deep social and economic crisis at the national level,
whose social capital is too low to allow them to emigrate, hopelessness activates circuits of violence
Some years later, Uruguay showed an unparalleled rate of economic growth: at the end of 2008, the country growth reached 8. 9 percent
For the 2008 call, special emphasis was made in the previous recollection of demand. One of the lessons learned from the previous experience was that such recollection was a must
and demands stemming from social problems even though many of them were more than willing to put their capacities to contribute to the solution of such problems.
equity in access to high-quality health services; the effects of the Plan Ceibal, or the one laptop per child program implement in Uruguay since 2007;
and the needs and demands present in two poor neighborhoods in Montevideo, profiting from the work done in these territories by a specific extension university program, the Metropolitan Integral Program.
The efforts to identify demand and to communicate it were reflected not strongly in the proposals presented to the call.
However, some proposals were built around demands that were detected not beforehand but emerged from face-to-face contacts produced during the workshops.
As a result, the travel across the circuit from the problem's identification to the demand and from there to the research problem was facilitated.
Attention to the detection of demand continues, as well as the determination to organize workshops and wide gatherings to foster face-to-face relationships between actors directly linked to the problems,
the Academic Unit was involved not as much as in 2008 in the demand detection, but it concentrated on incorporating diverse actors from the sphere of public policy, from social organizations and NGOS, from 792 Santiago Alzugaray, Leticia Mederos,
Furthermore, these interviews allowed for the detection of new research demands; they also allowed for detecting inconsistencies between
what the research proposal wanted to do and the problem that gave rise to the demand.
Its main objective was to avoid the two first short circuits in the travel across the circuit, that is, from the problem to the expressed demand and, from there
from violent robberies for food at the time of the first call to different types of security problems associated now with violence related to the uneven economic growth and the persistence of social exclusion, from the bankruptcy of hundreds of firms
and the damaging personal indebtedness in dollars to inflation in the national currency and a type of foreign exchange favorable to imported consumption,
and a sustained economic growth. The persistence of these situations makes even more valid the premise from
Communication, biotechnological innovation and development. Innogen Working paper 36. Edinburgh: Innogen. Chataway, J.,Smith, J,
Bililed low cost neonatal phototherapy, from prototype to industry. 16th Argentine Bioengineering Congress and the 5th Conference of Clinical Engineering IOP Publishing Journal of Physics:
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