Synopsis: Entrepreneurship:

online networks and other digital tools (collectivel termed Information and Communication Technology, ICT, in this report) are substantially changing the character of communication;

relationship building; collaboration platforms; information access and data usage; social choices; service models; financing and much more.

Often this means the barriers to social innovation in terms of communication, outreach and scaling have been reduced and thresholds lowered.

the so-called‘sharing economy'is blossoming in which people can share cars, tools, accommodation, and even their time and skills.

employment, place making, the sharing economy, health and education. After the references section, there are also three annexes:

and where network technologies and digital tools (Information and Communication Technology, ICT) is supporting and/or enabling social innovation in doing this.

The 3 http://www. oecdbetterlifeindex. org/4 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/epsis-2013 en. pdf Note, the European PSI

Education Environment Civic engagement Health Life satisfaction Safety Work-life balance General public services Defense Public order and safety Economic affairs Environmental

Scoreboard Tepsie themes Jobs Work-life balance Economic Affairs 1. Employment Income 2. Sharing economy (and sharing society) Health Health 3

Education and skills Participation and democracy Culture and arts Health and wellbeing Work and employment Neighbourhood regeneration Energy and environment Science Finance and economy.

and activism Sharing Economy (and sharing society) Exchanging time and talent Activating the value of dormant assets Creating viable shared assets Health Preventive and self help Personalised and smart patient environments Supporting smart infrastructure for integrated health

and social care Education Widening access to education Personalised education and new learning environments and knowledge commons A multi-partner approach to education 6 http://ec. europa

. eu/europe2020/index en. htm. 7 Digital Social Innovation study (2013-14): http://digitalsocial. eu/.11 ii) The types of social innovation outcomes being achieved or sought:

societal challenge Social innovation outcomes (actual or confidently predicted by the case) Employment 1. Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective) 2. Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities,

localities) 7. Other Sharing economy (and sharing society) 1. Improved matching and exchanging of time

and talent increasing social and community benefits 3. Increased fixed asset use giving economic value to more people 4. Increased fixed asset use giving social and community value to more people 5

. Increased creation of viable shared assets giving more economic value to more people 6. Increased creation of viable shared assets giving more social and community value to more people 7

. Scaled sharing economy impact (more sectors, workers, localities, people, etc. 8. Other Health 1. Increase in health and wellbeing (numbers of people and duration) 2. Increase in health personalisation 3. Increase in health skills (personal & collective:

and collective creation (including design thinking approaches) Cross-sectoral collaboration Blurring roles (e g.‘‘pro-sumers')5. Action Activism Campaigning Advocacy and voice Decision-and policy-making Operational case selection criteria Apart from the selection of cases based on the themes and focus areas

Copenhagen School of Entrepreneurship (DK) Flexible workspaces for students with no job providing start-up experience to avoid long-term problems Place making Focus area Case Social needs addressed

and volunteers Sharing economy Focus area Case Social needs addressed Exchanging time and talent Athens Time Bank (EL) Meeting all types of basic daily needs for people in poverty

and thus wasted, assets by low-income households, builds community & activism, improves environment Creating new shared assets Repair Café Movement (NL) Learning repair skills with volunteers

Personalised health & smarter patient environments Patient Briefcase (DK) A mobile solution to connect the patient in own home with professional medical

de-stigmatise HIV-positive people Social Enterprise Clinics Improve access to medical services in poor countries to provide universal provision of basic medical services,

Personalised education & new learning environments Quest to Learn (USA) Engaging children in education by using the seven principles of gaming.

School of One (USA) Mass-customisation of daily instructions of how and what math skills to practice

both of which tend only to be relatively infrequently subject to competition from new sources, but high in new sectors like ICT, business services, media,

and new and high tech manufacturing where such competition is a common occurrence. Across Europe, there are also considerable differences in the institutional and regulatory systems within which work

employment and entrepreneurial activity sit. Although there are many nuances and variations, these include the so-called‘flexi-curity'models, typical in Nordic countries,

and the more market-oriented models in the Anglo saxon countries, aspects of which many of the former command economy countries of Eastern europe have tended to adopt.

European learning networks, such as gender mainstreaming, age management, inclusive entrepreneurship, migrant and ethnic minorities, reintegration of ex-offenders, social economy, asylum seekers

despite the economy picking up again in the last few years. This reflects and exacerbates many social problems arising from sometimes contradictory issues like:

after an initial rise soon followed by a fall. 9 This may be due to many self-employed people transferring their business to the unofficial economy as well as more self-regulation via,

as elsewhere, there is a trend towards a greater role for social entrepreneurship and the social economy,

by the European WISE Network (Work Integration Social Enterprises as a tool for promoting inclusion),

docid=6137&langid=en. 11 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Zero-hour contract 12 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/sme/promoting-entrepreneurship

/social-economy/13 http://www. isede-net. com/content/social-economy/wise-work-integration-social-enterprises-tool-promotinginclusion 19

which is recruiting so-called‘ambassadors'from enterprises, chambers of commerce, business federations, social partner organisations,

For example, most observers agree that innovation in the economy supported or enabled by ICT typically reduces the demand for labour in existing sectors and companies because of increased productivity,

innovation in processes, organisational restructuring, and more automated and/or do-it-yourself products and services on the part of some consumers who become so-called prosumers.

At the same time, historical experience indicates that new technologies, and especially socalled general purpose technologies like steam, electricity and now ICT, spawn massive new economic sectors

the reduction (or qualitative change) in social capital (instead of people actually meeting in person with all the personal interactions that usually shape relationships, they merely Skype and leave aside all the rest),

In each case, of course, such human-centred work will increasingly be strongly 14 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/workplace-innovation/euwin/index en. htm 15 See Tepsie

Services such as Skype have made global videoconferencing free and made it easier for people to form work partnerships across countries.

and this opens up opportunities for those with caring responsibilities who might choose to stay at home rather than work in a traditional job.

Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective) using ICT. Improved employment supports (e g. training, tools, facilities, etc.

and manage the supply and demand of labour and volunteers, and better utilise existing resources-Public (€600, 000 seed money 2005), private and civil funding, civil partners, private operation-80,000 users, 13. 7m potential, 9 FTES,

and demand of household and family tasks-Private funding, 15%of price paid to Eslife after work

Copenhagen School of Entrepreneurship (DK) 22 Flexible workspaces for students with no job providing start-up experience to avoid long-term problems-ICT for student start-ups in lab incubator environment as part of

or organisation or by the business model being copied by potential competitors, with the Slivers of Time case already providing a nationwide service.

which is used also to survey the demand for their service. In addition, the case uses ICT as a medium of instruction for improving digital and other skills.

'This in turn, generates strong social capital (both some bonded and bridging types) amongst user communities.

Indeed especially Eslife and Skillendar are copied from other similar services elsewhere, such as Taskrabbit, so are part of a global scale-free dissemination network.

and earning profits, than the intrinsic value of the service itself in a particular context.

to generate an‘elevator pitch'document for physical presentation to be permitted to enter the proof-of-concept phase.

External communication is handled mainly by social media (Facebook and Linkedin with Mailchimp for newsletters. ICT is used alongside physical and traditional training workshops,

mentoring, brainstorming and general informal hub/incubator serendipity, plus interaction with business angels, facilitators, accelerators, venture capitalists and other investors.

and significant building of social capital (mainly bonding, but also some bridging types), including an alumni community providing an on-and offline knowledge base for new start-ups.

and adapting from thousands of other global IT hubs and incubators, often termed‘Silicon xxxx'(as in Silicon valley in California or Silicon Roundabout in London).

Preparing for employment 1. Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective) Surfen zum Job:

improves the entrepreneurship and overall skills, including in ICT, of people on edge of labour market.

focuses on developing the full range of unemployed students'entrepreneurship skills, as well as links into the wider higher education, innovation and specialist knowledge of the Copenhagen Business school. 2. Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities, etc.

For example, Leeds City council coped with peaks in service demand for street cleaning, data entry and stewarding with flexible labour supply.

and enables them to plan their working life much better around other demands on their time.

and about 20%are social enterprises. 6. Improved jobs and work (quality and remuneration) Mission Leben:

thereby generating strong social capital. A prime focus of all three cases is also creating flexible capacity out of underused and unused assets (i e. people's time and both technical and behavioural skills

which operates these services 29 using mainly ICT tools, and there can be a reaction against attempts to mix the market into social needs initiatives.

Indeed, in the Eslife case especially, there appear to be fewer volunteers because of the economic crisis as people need to earn as much as they can at this time,

The service and business model demonstrated by these three cases has the strong advantage of being simple, clear and typically leading to high impact and good profits,

although for the individual service platform this means that competition is becoming fierce. Creating and doing work The main barrier for the Mission Leben case is that the bespoke ICT needs backup systems and support, often at short notice,

There is also increasing demand from unemployed students which is driving the success of the case.

and opportunities in achieving this goal, as well as directly providing ICT skills which add significantly to the beneficiaries'competences

what is, in effect, an outsourced service in competition with the mainstream public agencies providing a similar service.

and use of ICT in social innovation ICT is seen both in a supporting role improving the matching of the supply and demand and of labour,

In the former role, ICT can make labour much more flexible by precisely linking to the demand side

or volunteers to fit their activities around other demands on their time. ICT as an enabler creates a new marketplace and business model on a modularised platform giving end-to-end access to a flexible supply of workers/volunteers,

whilst in turn enabling them to access flexible work or tasks that suit them. This model has disrupted incumbent methods of flexible employment by removing the need for costly intermediaries (the‘middleman,

This enabling and indispensable role of ICT is comparable to the role of ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the smart places cases in the place making theme.

and deploying labour to meet real-time and quick-time operational demand in any sector. This model enables much greater control over the strategic disposition of personnel resources in deploying both permanent and occasional staff

for example increasing the flexible responsiveness of local authorities in meeting variable demand (such as in Leeds, UK, in the Slivers of Time case.

It also makes it easier for individuals receiving personal budget allocations to hire care services more flexibility,

such as new types of local family, household and socalled‘nearest neighbour'services (as in Eslife and Skillendar).

significant cost savings and efficiencies through real-time and quick-time matching directly between the demand and supply sides of labour, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain.

both the demand and supply sides need their rights and interests protected in new forms of labour

In the CSE incubator hub case for unemployed students, ICT is vital and so well integrated into all activities that the service

They also illustrate the operational opportunities of aligning, in principle, any work task or process to match the variable needs of potential workers, regardless of their particular characteristics.

and practice which itself opens the possibilities for many further opportunities. The Mission Leben case illustrates this with individuals traditionally completely excluded from the labour market,

and demonstrates how they can be included in an economically sustainable business model. The CSE case shows how individuals with high skill

for example by making it possible to setup new business models and adapting workplaces to workers'special needs.

or enabling the latter to be developed as knowledge communities which also build social capital. All three main types of networks are deployed,

In the finding employment cases, new strategic business models for finding and matching the supply and demand for labour are developed

which enable flexible, rapid control and deployment of labour resources. In turn, these require careful balancing of the interests of both the supply

and demand sides of labour so as not to lead to exploitation. The creating and doing work cases strategically use ICT to align the types

They tend to indicate that the private sector is interested itself most in focusing mainly on services that can be carried out only by ICT

quick-time and highly flexible matching of labour supply and demand is a relatively standalone and coherent function.

and supplied to commercial or public sector customers for the same purpose, thus giving them economies of scale.

This in turn, generates strong social capital amongst user communities. All three cases also started as mainly small world networks,

indeed especially 34 Eslife and Skillendar are copied from other similar services elsewhere, e g. Taskrabbit, so are part of a global scale-free dissemination network with tendencies towards being part of a viral random network. 35 Table 3. 2:

and builds social capital (both bonding & bridging)- Starting as small world, scaling to scale-free, with some random-Trust, reciprocity, cooperation-Flexible, fast,

and social goals-Need to earn money in crisis-Better and cheaper ICT-Valuable service & business model with high impact and good profits-Supporting:

New strategic business models for finding HR, enabling flexible, rapid control and deployment, but that needs balancing by HR interests.

more and better jobs Standard & bespoke ICT alongside traditional activities All types depending on case-Complementary onand offline knowledge communities-Social capital (mainly bonding,

For example, in Eastern europe most services are provided by the state at local and regional levels, but many citizens want to participate in this,

and supported by ICT in terms of information, communication and services. The transport and mobility technologies enabling physical movement are also themselves increasingly dependent on ICT.

which are (according to the Economist, 2012) reshaping each other and often becoming a seamless whole. Physical and digital worlds are becoming increasingly interwoven,

Many technology trends (such as ambient intelligent space, artificial intelligence and intelligent agents, cloud based services, the semantic web and the internet of things, mobile and mobile apps, social media,

for instance, pointing a smart phone at a building instantly provides information about it. 34 According to the Economist (2012),

Economist, 2012) There is an increasing number of digital services which are place-specific rather than general.

as well as completely new business models like the sharing economy. 33 See Tepsie D8. 1, section 3. 1. 6:

and services, is only half the story however. From this perspective on its own, there is the danger of a one-size fits all, top-down view of place development.

and coordinating resources to improve the lives of the neighbourhood's inhabitants in terms of improved physical environments and mobility.

Specifically, CAPS aims to support extended awareness of the social world, the environment and the consequences of people's actions in developing environmentally friendly lifestyles, new economic models and participatory governance.

turnover & profit grown threefold 2007-12 TEM--Local Alternative Currency Unit (EL) 43 Meeting all types of basic daily needs of residents in poverty,

combatting pay cuts, unemployment and social disruption-ICT web/mobile for matching supply & demand, managing system, social fora, awareness raising;

and volunteers-Online crowd-resourcing and crowdfunding (mirco-finance) based on website for project registration, finding,

and IOBY) Types and uses of ICT The types of ICT and its use varies across the three sharing economy focus areas,

Given that many residents use mobile phones rather than fixed telephone lines, a 100mbps licensed wireless broadband backbone network was installed (at affordable prices for an area with the highest child poverty in the UK) for digitally enabled services

and social networking, including information and interactive services from the City council, national government departments, the police and local community networks.

and services using a modular building block concept. It currently provides 123 product and service types

but personalising the package around care, comfort, safety, information, support and advice, communication, entertainment and commerce.

but these are used very specifically to match the supply and demand for the exchange of local goods, services and tasks based on a local currency (Local Alternative Unit TEM).

and where important social innovation benefits arise especially in the form of social capital with mainly bonded

or low cost online‘crowd-resourcing'and crowdfunding (mirco-finance) based on website for project registration, finding,

and where important social innovation benefits arise especially in the form of social capital with mainly bonded

The technology provides 48 the basic services at individual level, but is designed so to encourage

matches the supply and demand of local goods, services and tasks ensuring that as many as possible

transformed community capability and participation through innovative content and e-services embedded in physical activities.

local currency exchange of goods, services and tasks has spread to 10 other localities. IOBY:

to become stakeholders in new online and offline social networks, encouraging strong and positive relationships between people from different backgrounds in the workplace, in education and within neighbourhoods to do things for themselves as‘digital pioneers'with a mutual aid ethos.

nonprofit and commercial actors work together to deliver appropriate services and support community development. The beneficiaries themselves are empowered also

at least from the start, on significant ICT and other infrastructure investments. Such high levels of investment were not necessary in the Naprawmyto case,

but because both smart places cases potentially have a broad focus across different issues and sectors

and financial crisis which constrain the provision of appropriate services to older people and others in need of care.

This implies a change in mindset and new types of business model, also related to the Dutch personal budget and client-based budgetary system.

the constantly rising demand for elder-and other care which both keeps costs as low as possible as well as maximises quality

and many more with significantly reduced income, thereby encouraging the growth of local solutions as alternatives to the mainstream economy.

but on the other hand, many of the approaches and ideas are potentially valuable elsewhere so perhaps an‘accelerator'type approach would be useful.

and use of ICT in social innovation The Eastserve case shows how ICT can have an important supporting role in helping an economically and socially deprived community through significant ICT investment in infrastructure and training

This enabling and indispensable role of ICT is comparable to the role of ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the finding employment cases in the employment theme.

looking not only at developing models of public-private partnerships (PPPS) but also at civil and citizen partnerships (PPCPS) and models of social economy enterprises.

connectivity and training but also stimulating demand by developing good quality content and involving local citizens in generating that content.

Digital and other services should be based on the social, cultural and economic needs of the neighbourhoods targeted,

and involving users in the design and delivery of new services. Also important is that the actors in the project

as well as on convenience, better services and increased participation for citizens. An important policy issue for local authorities is that this type of service becomes an essential tool in the process of decision making,

with Viedome acting as an open platform enabling accurate personalisation and targeting of services to precisely meet the specific needs of individuals and communities.

this includes instant, ubiquitous and high quality communication and access to both daily living and medical services beyond the local community,

thus, in effect, enabling vulnerable people to remain in their local community longer without having to be physically close to such services.

and exchange goods, services and tasks, thus making the local currency viable and sustainable. Strategic and operational considerations The Viedome case shows that in this successful commercially-driven case

both competition and cooperation are required across all involved actors from all sectors as public-private-civil partnerships (PPCPS.

there is room for business models that can keep costs low, make profits for commercial players, and generate real social benefits in collaboration with users.

This also involves innovation and taking calculated risks, but within a professional and strategic context.

but are seen instead as an essential complement to making its new social and business model viable, also in monetary terms.

In the former, moving demand towards home care and the use of a personal budgets has decentralised much decisionmaking about how care budgets are used to local authorities and the individual users.

This has been underpinned by the company developing a unique and successful‘social business'model, on top of its commercial business model,

The transition from services at a distance to user-generated functionalities and content in intelligent homes actually means the transition from supply-oriented services to demand-driven services.

But it also means the transition from a one-dimensional customer supplier relationship to a multidimensional user network.

This kind of approach is embedded also within a community concept where multiple organisations are active in supplying both services and technology.

These concepts work only if the user fully integrates the community technology and services into his/her life pattern,

In the Viedome case this new model remains very much in the formal monetary economy and has developed successfully a combined social

and business model demonstrating both economic and social benefits to policy makers and investors in monetary terms.

In the TEM case, the new economic model is basically non-monetary and largely outside the formal traditional economy.

services and tasks which they would otherwise not have, as well as to keep such assets within the community to prevent leakage

together with dedicated and visionary champions and activists, there are opportunities to engage with a wide range of people.

or at least permissiveness, from authorities is also important within the context of an enabling legal and governance environment.

This enabling and indispensable role of ICT is comparable to the role of ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the finding employment cases in the employment theme.

personalise and target services, shorten value chains and improve capabilities through building knowledge communities and for sharing experiences.

pilot testing before roll out often takes place and new types of business model, typically with a strong social business case, are developed sometimes also based on coopetition.

In some of the cases (such as Eastserve and TEM), policies may be needed to help stimulate demand and 58 activity,

communities-Social capital (mainly bonding, some bridging)- Starting as small world, scaling to scale-free, with some random-Collaboration, partnerships, coopetition & relationships-Building capacity,

& pilot testing before roll out-New business models Need to stimulate demand as well as provide infrastructures & skills training,

& base digital & other services on the social, cultural & economic needs of localities, through local research, engagement & evaluation,

as well as very good governance with long-term commitment & management to get efficiency, good services & development Local community development,

both with and without traditional activities All types, except matching finance to needs, depending on case-Complementary on-and offline knowledge communities-Social capital (mainly bonding, some bridging)- Starting as small world,

& financial links-Rising demands to meet local social needs-Vision of local champions & local solidarity-Crisis as a change catalyst-Supporting:

new social, business & marketing models shortening value chains & cutting intermediaries not adding value-New partnerships (PPCPS) & coordination-New strategic social business models based on

including matching local finance to local needs-Complementary on-and offline knowledge communities-Social capital (mainly bonding,

and in local problems, provided all aspects are transparent & open to interrogation. 60 The sharing economy Context This section very briefly summarises the main findings arising from the desk research carried out across Europe in relation to strategic issues

which provides the general sharing economy context, as well as some of the observed and expected roles and impacts of ICT within this context.

and to identify three focus areas and relevant cases within the sharing economy theme. Deliverables D8. 4 and D8. 5 will examine both the empirical evidence presented here in the light of the full desk research to draw conclusions and recommendations regarding outstanding research gaps and policy issues.

However, on the consumption and demand side, there is huge waste resulting from the widespread practice of exclusive asset ownership.

In the last decade this is starting to be challenged by a new sharing economy growing from a small base, in

ICT can very efficiently match idle assets with new forms of demand, not otherwise possible,

The sharing economy is starting to supplement exclusive ownership with new forms of common, collective and collaborative ownership.

since impact as global market leaders. 50 The sharing economy also termed‘collaborative consumption')is growing fast,

worth €85 billion in the US51 and already €22 billion in the UK in 2012.52 This seems to be the results of three main factors factors massively boosting the sharing economy over the last six years:

The economic crisis in 2007-8 made people look at the assets they owned and how to make these‘work harder'for them ICT connectivity makes the sharing economy possible on a scale never seen before 48 www. zipcar. com 49 www. airbnb. com 50 Given the above very general definition

of the sharing economy, it can be seen it potentially covers a huge range of issues across most, if not all, sectors and aspects of daily living.

The aim of this section is not to attempt a definitive definition, nor to try to draw boundaries as many others are doing this with much overlap

simply attempts to explore some aspects of the sharing economy using a number of cases, most

This will be taken further in Deliverables D8. 4 and D8. 5 51 www. fastcompany. com/1747551/sharing-economy 52 http://economia. icaew. com/opinion/november

According to Rachel Botsman (Botsman and Rogers 2010), the challenge of the current sharing economy is how to scale without over commercialisation and loss of its social, human-centred and experiential characteristics.

The currency of the sharing economy is‘peer trust'based on‘reputational capital, 'so measuring, transporting

and peer trust could start to replace this as the sharing economy takes off. Botsman (2010) further observes that classical economics to date has seen the sharing economy as simply‘stealing'market from the established

normally big corporate, players. For example, hotels complain bitterly about Airbnb reducing their market share without paying normal business taxes.

The sharing economy, as most radical innovations, is potentially very destructive of existing business models and incumbent actors.

The issue is how to create (new) value and how to measure it, especially around existing assets.

Does the sharing economy not only hijack and destroy parts of the existing market, but also create new forms of demand and thus new market value around these existing assets?

Airbnb claims that over 70%of their lets are not in the centre of cities where most hotels are located,

thus boosting local economies and in effect decanting some economic activity from downtown to the suburbs. Whatever the balance of cannibalising existing demand

and creating new demand, there is no doubt that radically new business models based on new forms of value creation,

and new ways for people to interact around economic and social goods/services are being created.

Any new business model comes under attack from incumbents and also hits legal, regulatory and insurance barriers designed for the ownership rather than the access economy.

The sharing economy is currently at the stage where this is a critical issue For example, traditional big corporates are starting to move in (like BMW with its car share programme) attempting to capitalise on these new markets

and commoditise the goods and services being created there, whilst, at the same time, unwittingly or not, are in danger of destroying the social, community and authenticity ethos still inherent in the sharing economy.

This current stage of development of the sharing economy will also determine whether and, if so, how the sharing economy will scale and

what form will it take. Will we recognise the current characteristics of the sharing economy in ten years?

At its core, the sharing economy is aimed social innovation at transforming how some of the fundamentals of our political economy are practiced.

At present, property ownership rights, while including the right to use and consume, are configured around the right to exclude.

The sharing economy is characterised by the organised practice of exercising this right as a right to share.

It is one movement and its impact evolves through common practices across the movement and its many diverse actors,

just as the activities, the organisations that perform them and the models, systems and technologies they deploy form one rich,

diverse, yet integrated ecosystem. What has become labeled as the sharing economy, started as many simultaneous initiatives in many places and in many asset domains.

The common realisation driving these initiatives was one of underutilised assets. While the traditional problem of the commons was depletion of assets because of 62 the‘free-rider'effect,

the problem of private property ownership as the right to exclude is the systematic under-utilisation of assets.

In the early days of the shared economy movement, and this still remains true today, phrases such as under-utilised assets equals waste

and waste can be turned into value is helping to build its active following and to scale the sharing economy.

Another of the quite unique features of the development of the sharing economy movement is that it very early on was driven by different categories of actors.

For example, individuals willing to share their assets. Groups of individuals who organise mutual sharing, and local communities that do the same.

and governments that enhance public sector services by sharing tasks and responsibilities with users and volunteers.

What has become the sharing economy movement includes all these types of actors and they all seem to enhance the scale and scope of activities and sharing for each other.

Trust and community are at the heart of the sharing economy. It promotes personal and long-term relations in new ways creating loyalty and community around the shared economy service,

and thereby making the automated systems resilient to commoditisation. The shift from selling a product once and for all in a market transaction,

For such reasons, most sharing economy companies are based on some form of membership model, where there is partly some initial screening,

and thus their‘reputational capital',become important values. But it reaches further than this. When local communities share assets

This is one of the reasons why the sharing economy movement seemingly without effort can span across businesses

Whether or not the sharing economy becomes a business, remains purely voluntary or some mix in between,

this means that the sharing economy movement comprehensively fulfils at least the mainstream definitions of social innovation.

such as the economy, environment, employment, education, health and community. It spans from individual 53 www. taskrabbit. com 63 action, community initiatives,

public sector services to full or partial business models for thousands of companies with more than €85 billion in combined business volume in the USA alone. 54 It spans from local to global,

There seem to be two main impacts of the sharing economy First, on human empowerment by giving people access to goods and services in ways and on a scale not possible before,

and second on economic and social value creation by exploiting the‘idling capacity'of unused assets

Roles and impacts of ICT The sharing economy has always been bed around, such as-and-breakfast holidays

but at least in the era of the modern economy it has always been niche and marginal.

driving the massive growth and impact of the sharing economy now possible on a scale never seen before.

to start experimenting with sharing money, time, services, physical things and expertise. ICT can match‘needs

for the first time, on-demand needs fulfilment, and this is also impacting many commercial, public and voluntary services (Botsman and Rogers 2010).

For example, Macmillan Cancer Trust has for many years run a volunteer service offering their time and skills,

or supporting social innovation in the sharing economy theme. 1. Exchanging time and talent One of the conundrums of advanced labour markets is that there are fairly fixed valuations of different kinds of time and talent based on job-position, education, skill-sets, labour market regulation and legislation

tradition, and diverse demand and supply factors. These semi-fixed valuations, coupled with the huge logistical difficulty of quickly connecting with people who could adequately fulfil a specific need regardless of these traditional frameworks,

but 54 www. fastcompany. com/1747551/sharing-economy 64 can easily find a handyman on Taskrabbit who has the half an hour needed to do the task,

because no company has built a business that aggregates the demand for those skills into jobs,

The sharing economy is rich on initiatives that address this conundrum, ranging from neighborhood task

and talent increasing social and community benefits. 2. Sharing existing dormant assets The basic proposition of the sharing economy is that every under-utilised asset can be turned into use

and other organisations at marginal cost whenever there are no commercial full price users. Both economic and social gains are manifold:

Increased existing asset use giving more economic value to more people Increased existing asset use giving more social and community value to more people. 55 www. rentez-vous. com 65 3. Creating new shared

It is an important part of the sharing economy ecosystem that it has achieved the kind of dynamics where assets, tools, systems needed,

but unachievable by individual actors, can be created as business opportunities for new companies, often with early users as co-investors.

Increased creation of new shared assets giving more economic value to more people Increased creation of new shared assets giving more social and community value to more people In addition, there is also one theme

Scaled sharing economy impact (more sectors, workers, localities, people, etc. 56 www. techshop. ws 57 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fab lab 66 Case analysis Social needs addressed and summary Five cases are analysed in the sharing

economy theme as summarised in Table 5. 1. Table 5. 1: Sharing economy cases: summary Focus area Case Social needs addressed Summary Exchanging time

and talent Athens Time Bank (EL) 58 Meeting all types of basic daily needs for people in poverty

and unemployment but still requiring tasks to be done-ICT web/mobile free platform for matching supply & demand, managing system, social fora, traditional media, awareness raising;

and thus wasted, assets by low-income households, builds community & activism, improves environment-Online internet

and services-Started in 2010 by nonprofit company (social enterprise), incubated in Open Data Institute, some foundation funding, other civil partners and civil operated-from 3 to 75 jurisdictions by 2014,60 million companies in database, small fees given

and enable new social innovations in the context of the sharing or collaborative economy, where existing assets are shared (people's time,

social and environment outcomes are being achieved..Focus areas The sample of five cases comprises two exchanging time and talent cases, one sharing existing dormant assets case,

Funding and actors All the sharing economy cases examined here are started and operated by civil organisations and/or volunteers,

all started as small locallyfocused services and have grown since both and situ as well as spread to other locations as well as internationally.

Types and uses of ICT The types of ICT and its use varies across the three sharing economy focus areas,

The main component of the platform is a tab that shows the services that are provided

and the services that are requested, through which members come in contact with one another and exchange services.

Social media and social communication tools (like Skype) are used also. The ICT operates together with traditional and physical activities

such as workgroups and brainstorming sessions which take place twice a month when members can get updates on all the services being provided.

The digital platform functions as a hub by connecting all actors and enabling coordination and management of the service,

These services include arts and crafts, minor construction and mechanical services, business administration, computers, education, entertainment, event organisation, food, gardening, health and healing, household services

and where important social innovation benefits arise especially in the form of social capital with mainly bonded

offer services or spare time, or review what's on offer in the neighborhood. The system is precise,

and where important social innovation benefits arise especially in the form of social capital with mainly bonded

This facilities communication between people who want things repaired and/or want to learn repair skills,

Director of Marketing and Communications, Streetbank. com, 2014.70 there is a search for the latest Health

as well as independently by third parties, in physical hackathon-type events where data are created and shared, sometimes leading to new products and services.

Both cases also facilitate important social innovation benefits especially in the form of social capital with both bonded

and demand of time and talent to undertake tasks for others and have done tasks by others,

identifies and matches the supply and demand for homemade meals and food, especially unused leftover food, activates unused cooking talent,

and demand of time and talent to undertake tasks for other and have done tasks by others,

identifies and matches the supply and demand for homemade meals and food, especially unused leftover food, bringing people

Sharing existing dormant assets 3. Increased fixed asset use giving more economic value to more people Streetbank:

Creating new shared assets 5. Increased creation of new shared assets giving more economic value to more people Repair Cafés:

online open data and open data communities create new content and knowledge for developing new products and services in for example hackathons and other physical events with economic value

as below. 7. Scaled sharing economy impact (more sectors, workers, localities, people, etc.)All cases are scaling,

which stipulates that no one can receive more than 30 hours of services without paying back with his/her own services, not necessarily to the same person.

it is designed not to create profits as the Cooks are encouraged to use leftover and existing food and ingredients,

thus investing in social capital, and it is open to experimentation since participants are free to innovate the way they use it and

This also encourages the take up other related issues, like public sector and business participation in the sharing economy, the impact of consumption on the immediate and the global environment, democracy, representation, social security benefits reform,

In the Opencorporates case an open 64 Interview with Kate Groves, Director of Marketing and Communications, Streetbank. com, 2014 74 data community has been developed

legal and regulatory framework is not conducive to such bottom-up alternatives to provide both monetised and non-monetised services,

This means that even though all people without serious impairments have generic skills to undertake basic services, such as cooking or cleaning,

which will also curtail their ability to receive services from others. In the Athens Time Bank case, the barriers faced by the community as a whole are the difficulty of involving sufficient people in the decision making process,

and this led in Greece and elsewhere to experiments with exchanging free services as well as preparing homemade food for swapping,

This led in turn to rising demands to meet local social needs. The Athens Time Bank case was created in 2011 by a group of people who had gathered in Syntagma Square in Athens during demonstrations against the strict austerity measures taken by the Greek government.

for exchanging free services, using time as the unit of transaction in order to withstand to the continuous degradation of social 75 coherence.

and the environment is suffering, and that participation in sharing schemes can help alleviate both,

not to make a profit but to cover some basic costs), to find and use suitable meeting places,

and nurturing a demand-side ecosystem of users which, although this is growing, is not expanding sufficiently to match the supply-side offer,

interview with Kate Groves, Director of Marketing and Communications, Streetbank. com. 76 professionals. For Opencorporates, the main driving trend is seeing corporate data as well as government and other data as a source of income.

and exchanging services, without which there would be no service or network. New monetary and non-monetary social and business models are created

which considerably shorten value chains and cut out intermediaries not adding value, creating significant economic and social value.

Important considerations when exchanging any assets in the sharing economy context are that much of the policy

legal and regulatory framework is often not conducive to such bottom-up alternatives to providing services,

but as a very small payment it is designed not to create profits as the Cooks are encouraged to use leftover and existing food

and efficiencies through real-time and quick-time matching directly between the demand and supply of talent and labour, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain.

These new social and business models see people 77 becoming‘pro-sumers, 'i e. both producers and consumers,

However, the basic ICT platform is the prime enabler of the sharing services, without which there would be no service or network.

New non-monetary social and business models are created which considerably shorten value chains and cut out intermediaries not adding value,

and not for private benefit so individuals can make a profit or professionals sell their services.

It is for the common good. and...active Streetbank neighbourhoods are friendlier places and communities more resilient because people are working together and supporting each other. 66 Important considerations

when exchanging any assets in the sharing economy context are that much of the policy, legal and regulatory framework is not conducive to such bottom-up alternatives to providing services,

whether monetised or not, and often this means that it can be difficult to stay within the law,

Director of Marketing and Communications, Streetbank. com. 78 Policy issues When sharing existing dormant assets,

whether as monetised or non-monetised services provided by organisations which are small, bottom-up, informal and attempting to be democratic,

and efficiencies through real-time and quick-time matching directly between the demand and supply of goods and services,

These new social and business models see people becoming‘pro-sumers, 'i e. both producers and consumers,

and in the process benefiting the environment and promoting sustainable practices. This in turn contributes to the development of less self-interested

Data from Opencorporates is used also in physical events such as hackathons to create new shared assets in the form of new products and services or other content.

maintain and repair goods and services for themselves and with others, and this increasingly means in a created shared physical space.

These movements represent new forms of social and/or business models which see people becoming‘pro-sumers,

are summarised below as they relate to the sharing economy theme. An overview of all the main results of the analysis of the sharing economy cases is provided in Table 5. 2. 80 1. The role and use of ICT in social innovation In all cases,

ICT is essential but is deployed also alongside physical and traditional activities, and, particularly when there are many ICT illiterate members,

sharing and exchanging of goods and/or services, without which there would be no service or network.

New monetary and non-monetary social and business models are supported and/or enabled by ICT which considerably shorten value chains

Important considerations when exchanging any assets in the sharing economy context are that much of the policy,

legal and regulatory framework is often not conducive to such bottom-up alternatives to providing services,

maintain and repair goods and services for themselves and with others, and this increasingly means in a created shared physical space. 3. Policy issues related to ICT in social innovation Given the nature of these sharing economy cases,

whether monetised or not, as small, bottomup, informal and attempting to be democratic, it is important that unconducive policy,

and efficiencies through real-time and quick-time matching directly between the demand and supply of all types of assets, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain.

These new social and business models see people becoming‘pro-sumers, 'i e. both producers and consumers,

all six social innovation outcomes examined in the sharing economy theme, as well as several others, have been shown to be supported

despite the very broad ambit of the sharing economy movement, the basic underlying economic and social model based on access to assets rather than ownership of them,

All the sharing economy cases examined here are started and operated by civil organisations and/or volunteers,

and Europe has not yet) been able to convert sharing economy initiatives into large commercially successful companies,

This leads to new models for providing goods and services, intimately linked to 82 people's needs and the capacity of the ICT network,

and probably in most sharing economy context, is that objectives, participants, processes and outcomes need to be transparent and open to interrogation,

Indeed, in the sharing economy theme, from the evidence presented above, there seem to be three big enablers based on ICT.

-and-the-sharing-economy-shaping-themarket-in-2014-and-beyond-47488/#./#Uxzlmc4tbfo 83 Table 5. 2:

Sharing economy case analysis overview Focus area and SI outcomes ICT use Online platforms Commun-ities Networks Social innovation processes Barriers

& trust strangers-Vision of local champions & local solidarity-Rising demands to meet local social needs-Crisis as catalyst-Supporting:

essential for new monetary & nonmonetary social & business models shortening value chains & cutting intermediaries not adding value-Civil, voluntary finance & operation-Flat, informal, open, democratic, bottom-up,

but Is need flexible conducive permissive policies & legal frameworks-Social & economic efficiencies, better community, more flexibility, personalisation, mass customisation, new social & business models around prosumers-Potential

essential for new non-monetary social & business models shortening value chains & cutting intermediaries not adding value-Civil, voluntary finance & operation-Flat, informal, open, democratic, bottom-up,

but Is need flexible conducive permissive policies & legal frameworks-Social & economic efficiencies, better community, more flexibility, personalisation, mass customisation, new social & business models around prosumers-Potential

-and offline knowledge community-Social capital bonding & bridging Starting as small world & scaling to scalefree plus much

& technical expertise-Potential data knowledge & IPR challenges when cocreated, data quality & responsibility-Demand side ecosystem often weak-Vision of enthusiasts-Open data as income

but Is need flexible conducive permissive policies & legal frameworks-Social & economic efficiencies, better community, more flexibility, mass customisation, new social & business models around pro-sumers-Potential

and from rising demand driven by demographic change, particularly ageing. Across Europe there is a growing gap between revenues

Health and social care services face another challenge too: while there have been considerable improvements in quality in recent years,

Too often services are delivered in a de-personalised fashion and in a way that neglects the importance of good-quality relationships among citizens and between citizens and professionals.

Health and social care services are lagging behind other areas in the use of modern technologies.

and social care services. ehealth can have its maximum effect only if it is interoperable at every level-local, regional, Member State level and across the borders.

knowledge generation and use How to ensure access to relevant data for the use of social enterprises

and the potential for Social enterprises to feed back into the loop of formal health and social care.

and social care services to collaborate on multiple levels-from private doctors to public hospitals and from home carers to emergency centers for the elderly.

Big data and healthcare-Health communication and health information technology (IT) are central to health care, public health, and the way our society views health.

The extent to which stakeholders create user confidence through adequate privacy and security protections will play a key role in accelerating

the combination of ICT solutions and social innovation opens up a whole new world of services

Examples of such apps and services focusing on applications which support citizens outside traditional healthcare facilities in their personal environment are for instance Beating the Blues75, Living Life to the Full76, BUDDY77.

One can also observe a trend of platform-based health-related websites that focus on the provision of comprehensive health care information,

/198065436/one-mans-quest-to-make-health-care-accessible-andaffordable 74http://www. forbes. com/sites/jenniferrooney/2013/03/26/the-opportunities-that-exist-in-the-market-of-well-being-mequilibriumsjan-bruce/75

and duration) 2. Personalised health and smarter patient environments Personalised healthcare is a healthcare model emphasising the systematic use of context information about an individual patient to select or optimise that patient's preventative and therapeutic

the increasingly elderly population will be able to live more independently in their home environment, overcoming isolation and minimising their reliance on carers.

For health and social care providers, services will be focused around more personalised and preventative health management, rather than treatment,

Management support tools and services for consumers focusing on applications which enable citizens to interact with health service providers electronically e g.

They often need both types of services, such as support with daily living activities and chronic disease management.

Center for better Health, UK86 who run social enterprises that deliver healthcare; a for profit medical care-Derbyshire Health united provides after hrs access to doctors (UK) 87 or Social Enterprise Clinics-Penda Health88 offer special care to women, Kenya;

Lower income maternity Hospitals in India (Lifespring; Mini Health Centre Chains (access afya) offer high tech centres in Kenya, Medicall Home89, Mexico;

/or presentaiton about ICT-enabled services for carers and care: pathways and actors in the development of services for Long term Care http://www. slideshare. net/jamesks/carers-and-innovationpresentation-edinburgh-2012 85 https://www. facebook. com/nayajeevan

/info 86 http://www. centreforbetterhealth. org. uk/87 http://www. derbyshirehealthunited. com/88 https://www. facebook. com/Pendahealth 89 https

government organisations and others who use them to continuously develop more effective products, pharmaceuticals, services and care.

the biggest provider of mental health services in the UK. -The Buddy program was only one of their many social initiatives,

and now the program has been spun off as a separate start-up named Buddy Enterprises Ltd. Personalised health & smarter patient environments Patient Briefcase (DK) 99 A mobile solution to connect the patient in own home with professional medical

& care personnel through live video and audio channels over a broadband Internet link-Cooperation between the public and private sectors,

originally supported by public innovation funds (both European and Danish) as well as private investment by Medisat itself,

-Rolled out in 4 countries/hospital environments; 50 employees Diabetiva (DE) 100 Reach high-risk patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 who have displayed symptoms

and to give them the opportunity to familiarise themselves with projects/organisations to be funded. An intended side-effect is that they learn about problems and issues as well as solutions and effective ways of dealing with the HIV/AIDS problem.

Social Enterprise Clinics Improve access to medical services in poor countries to provide universal provision of basic medical services,

-Mobile phones (or the widespread telecommunications services) are the main driver for social enterprise clinics. This tool gives to the people access to new form of medical services

which wouldn't be possible without existence of telecommunication. -Review of various initiatives: -Penda Health Pilot phase.

two personalised health & smarter patient environment cases and three supporting smart infrastructure for integrated health & social care cases-Funding and actors The examples covered in this chapter

vary from private sector initiatives to social enterprise run solutions. For instance, Medisat is the private company behind the innovative Patient Briefcase.

and services to the Danish health sector also a vendor with vision of modernising health services through the introduction of tele-medicine solutions to different patient groups. dothiv should be referred better to as dothiv g. e

which is not really very uncommon for social ventures in Germany. As the venture is still in the planning/start-up phase,

there is yet no proven sustainable business model. However, economic sustainability is envisioned to be achieved by the commercial branch.

hiv Gmbh, which is to sell the domains and thereby cross-subsidise the charitable branch, dothiv.

Another non for profit setup is cell slider. Cell Slider was developed by a team of four Cancer Research UK researchers from the Universities of Cambridge, Leeds and Southampton in collaboration with the Citizen Science Alliance, a network of scientists,

The Social Enterprise Clinics are initiated either by a company (Access Afya) or by individual people (Penda Health.

Social innovation solutions in other domains such as teach first in education seem to be much more successful at scaling internationally (through the copying of the business model

which might be a future opportunity for the health domain. Types and uses of ICT The types of ICT and its use varies across the three health focus areas,

To exemplify how transformational the use of ICT can be, in particular one case study stands out the social enterprise clinics.

Here research across a number of examples was undertaken to exemplify a successful social enterprise driven,

what technologies are used to provide health services or health care to the poorest: Penda Health, Kenya:

Moreover to improve communications between health providers and patients outside of traditional doctor visits and to improve data collection, organisation,

Penda collaborates with Kopo 93 Kopo, a social enterprise in East Africa, to collect M-PESA payments and more patients use the service as they become aware of its availability.

or the next to pay for services. Lifespring, India-Lifespring chose Red hat Enterprise Linux, JBOSS Enterprise Middleware,

and a number of Red hat certified, enterprise-class, open source software solutions to build its entire IT infrastructure.

Increased flexibility and choice by freeing the organisation from vendor lock in, decreased IT costs, simplified management, reduced systems maintenance,

increased scalability and performance, gained higher customer satisfaction. Access Afya, Kenya/Nairobi-ICT in Access Afya is used to improve communications between health providers

and patients outside of traditional doctor visits and to improve data collection, organisation, or analysis. Access Afya staff record all patient information, consultations,

Medicall Home, Mexico-ICT used in Medicallhome helps improve communications between health providers and patients outside of traditional doctor visits.

Medical Contact Center and a network of medical services intended to reduce the cost of health care

Universal Access Number 01-800, immediate and timely health service, equity in health, population education, increasing efficiency of services,

Moreover it helps to improve communications between health providers and patients outside of traditional doctor visits and to improve data collection, organisation,

providers and nonprofits develop more effective products, services and care. The aim of many of the available examples of self-help or patient portals and platforms is to create online communities of complementary audiences in other words, patients, family members, clinical experts and researchers, sometimes even pharmaceutical experts

and improve the care environment. For instance, Buddy makes it possible for therapists and clients to share more information on a timely basis. The two trends demonstrate diverging network effects

Personalised health and smarter patient environments ICT used The main drivers behind personalised healthcare solutions

and smarter patient environments are the provision of better and more efficient care in terms of wellbeing,

and research into smart patient environments and the borderline between social innovation solutions and innovation in healthcare is blurred rather.

Despite the project branching out to national levels the true nature is limited quite in is overall capabilities as it is in essence designed to amplify medical services to a specific group of high risk patients that are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Despite the grave nature of the networks infrastructure does in turn depend on the demands imposed by the constant communication between the involved parties the positive effects of the project must be taken into account

Nevertheless, there are also some more down to earth implications and opportunities. The major uses of ICT and the respective associated objectives can be summarised as follows:

(smart capital) to support social innovation-Increase the probability of numerous types of actors to donate

Although dothiv is not a typical crowdfunding platform, we can borrow the knowledge we have about them to inform the likely picture we get about dothiv:

To build social capital between the HIV community (HIV-positive people and those who aim to help) and the rest of the world.

To de-stigmatise is to build social capital, or the condition of the possibility for building bridging social capital.

But the approach also aims to make people actually engage, donate, vote, etc.,i e. to build bonding social capital.

Social innovation outcomes In the following the social innovation outcomes and their beneficiaries reported by the cases are summarised:

Personalised health and smarter patient environments 2. Increase in health personalisation Patient Briefcase: Assessment of the quality of life of patients showed a marked improvement,

originally supported by public innovation funds (both European and Danish) as well as private investment (by Medisat itself),

The company also continues to cooperate with the public sector in developing new applications using its own and public investment and innovation funding.

including crowdfunding and micro-donations Dothiv-funds generated and forwarded to support HIV/AIDS projects/organisations.

Personalised health and smarter patient environments Examples like Diabetiva and the patient briefcase push the market into adopting more innovative methods and products.

while at the same time increasing value for patients and reevaluating the whole care process by bringing patients, the main stakeholder, into the fold.

This kind of innovation of transferring some power and responsibility to the stakeholders galvanises the process and puts the individual, rather than the condition or the health-care system, into the centre of the debate.

and campaigning with elements of crowdfunding (making use of an established and highly successful platform both as a role model and a provider of ICT infrastructure).

and to give them the opportunity to familiarise themselves with projects/organisations to be funded. An intended side-effect is that they learn about problems and issues as well as solutions and effective ways of dealing with the HIV/AIDS problem.

Personalised health and smarter patient environments Technological advances, such as mobile internet tablets, smart phones, better broadband foundations and so forth, in combination with advances in the medical field are the primary driving force in relation personalised health and smarter patient environments,

for instance in the field of coping with diabetes. Fast moving paces of telemedicine in different markets,

and services like the Patient Briefcase are now becoming possible in Denmark. The barriers which need to be overcome for the type of cooperation,

investment and commercialisation represented by the Patient Briefcase are documented well and include: The problems associated with the release of commercially sensitive information and data

The difficulties of setting appropriate commercial prices for the product and services which the public sector as the main customer can afford and

pharmaceutical companies, regulators, providers and nonprofits develop more effective products, services and care. They are supported by the private sector

or are run as non for profit organisations. Patientslikeme, the largest online network for patients, has established 103 its first broad partnership with a drug company, a recent article reports106.

Personalised health and smarter patient environments The role and use of ICT in social innovation In the area of personalised health care social innovation meets concrete health issues

& smarter patient environments could open up possibilities for social innovation approaches to improve the patients quality of life,

Both are technological examples that could enable social innovation services in the future to provide the patients,

therefore that the telemedicine area could benefit from applying social innovation perspectives as part of their ideation phases to enrich this future market be it in concrete illnesses or in elderly care or handicapped care or long-term ill care.

originally supported by public innovation funds (both European and Danish) as well as private investment (by Medisat itself),

Every person treated in a Social Enterprise clinic would otherwise not have been treated, Cell slider is an example where the power of crowdsourcing potentially can save lives by spotting cancer earlier.

and has increased capabilities (individual & collective) for instance the social enterprise clinics give poor patients access to local medical capacity

and how they get medical services access. Cell Slider innovatively uses the general public's motivation to see improvements in cancer research and treatments,

There are many relationships that are worth mentioning in dothiv becoming a successful venture: First and foremost, the 105 relationship between domain operators, large and small,

Overall, one the central goals of the venture is just that: The establish and improve relationships,

For social enterprise clinics, which are highly successful in developing countries but also could be a model for affordable healthcare for the poorest in Western countries require specific policy changes.

and breadth of ICT solutions from apps to entire home care patient environments. A key finding is enabled that ICT real social innovation in other words social innovation according to our definition-was mainly to be found in the smart infrastructure for integrated health & social care category.

Every person treated in a Social Enterprise clinic would otherwise not have been treated Cell slider is an example where the power of crowdsourcing potentially can save lives by spotting cancer earlier.

The most difficult category was the personalised healthcare solutions and smarter patient environments. Here the potential for social innovation is significant,

Strategic and operational considerations related to ICT in social innovation The examples covered in this chapter vary from private sector initiatives to social enterprise run solutions.

and services to the Danish health sector also a vendor with vision of modernising health services through the introduction of tele-medicine solutions to different patient groups. dothiv 106 should be referred better to as dothiv g

which is not really very uncommon for social ventures in Germany. As the venture is still in the planning/start-up phase,

there is yet no proven sustainable business model. However, economic sustainability is envisioned to be achieved by the commercial branch.

hiv Gmbh, which is to sell the domains and thereby cross-subsidise the charitable branch, dothiv.

Another non for profit setup is cell slider. Cell Slider was developed by a team of four Cancer Research UK researchers from the Universities of Cambridge, Leeds and Southampton in collaboration with the Citizen Science Alliance, a network of scientists,

The Social Enterprise Clinics are initiated either by a company (Access Afya) or by individual people (Penda Health.

cooperation-Beneficiary and trainer reluctance to use ICT-Sometimes poor ICT-High demand-Alignment with policies for preventive medicine

& knowledge Non for profit and private sector financed innovation-Creation of new resource to help efforts to find cures

sensitivity & privacy Personalised health & smarter patient environments Mainly bespoke ICTS-Content creation-Issue identification-Matching assets to needs-In theory online knowledge communities No network

new business & service models New strategic business models for SI in telemedicine & care needed Careful embedding of ICT is needed into the traditional activities in telemedicine and home care, initially through controlled experimentation depending on context.

a new breed of innovative social enterprises are emerging that can help on both counts.

Social enterprises aid innovation in education written by Tim Smedley in the Guardian 12-august 2013 Figure 7. 1:

The 21st Century classroom107 Strategic issues, trends and challenges Even as the economy and much of the rest of society are being transformed in countries around the world,

In addition, innovation, creativity and independent thinking is becoming more important than ever in our increasingly global economy.

where knowledge isn't a commodity that's delivered from teacher to student but something that emerges from the students'own curiosity-fueled exploration (Davis 2013).

The future of learning108 Roles and impacts of ICT In all regions of the world, the penetration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in schools has led to a major transformation of the education landscape.

The opportunities offered by the use of technology in education are many. It transforms the pedagogy

and blended learning offers new options for delivery and new opportunities for in service teacher training and support.

and Communication Technology (ICT) can contribute to universal access to education, equity in education, the delivery of quality learning and teaching, teachers'professional development and more efficient education management, governance and administration.

The involvement of the private sector underscores the value multi-stakeholder partnerships can add, and shows the vested interest the private sector has in the Education system

and can therefore quickly adapt to the demands of the job market. 109 Source: http://www. envisioning. io/education 113 Figure 7. 3:

learning environments ICT presents an entirely new learning environment for students, thus requiring a different skill set to be successful.

and learning by adding elements of vitality to learning environments including virtual environments for the purpose.

ICT provides opportunities to access an abundance of information using multiple information resources and viewing information from multiple perspectives

thus fostering the authenticity of learning environments. ICT may also make complex processes easier to understand through simulations that,

again, contribute to authentic learning environments. Thus, ICT may function as a facilitator of active learning and higher-order thinking (Alexander, 1999;

providing opportunities for adapting the learning content and tasks to the needs and capabilities of each individual pupil and by providing tailored feedback (Mooij, 1999;

In a Personalised Learning Environment, learning starts with the learner. According to the National Educational Technology Plan developed by the US Department of education,

For instance School of One is enabled an ICT math program which manages to mass-customise daily instructions of how and

what math skills to practice so as to meet each student's specific needs and abilities, as well as preferred ways of learning.

if a holistic approach is taken with multi-stakeholder partnerships at the heart of effective education. 110 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Personalized learning 115 Vignette:

ATC21S ATC21S is a multi-stakeholder partnership to define learning progressions for 21stcentury skills, create innovative assessment methodologies,

individual stakeholders would not be able to solve it on their own. The Advisory board includes PISA OECD, IEA, UNESCO and the World Economic Forum.

The World Economic Forum defines a multi-stakeholder partnership in the e-schools context broadly as a partnership that exists

Personalised education & new learning environments Quest to Learn (USA) 112 Engaging children in education by using the seven principles of gaming.

School of One (USA) 113 Mass-customisation of daily instructions of how and what math skills to practice

-Currently around 600 middle school students were involved with the math project. -Project budget was estimated at around $1 million at its launch in 2009.

-The business model is to sell the license to Professor Why not only to schools but to every child which is interested in chemistry.

three Personalised education & new learning environments cases (with quest to learn featuring in the first and second category),

The online communication and contact-made possible by ICT-is used also in the assessment process in some courses,

and without students to develop new ways for students to learn about everything from history to maths and English language to biology,

Personalised education & new learning environments ICT used Personalisation and the development of new learning environments be it for virtual chemistry experiments

or using gaming technologies to teach maths are the key impact and starting point of most of the case studies analysed for the education theme.

In the area of new learning environments, most cases display highly innovative technological state of the-art-the art solutions going beyond content creation to experience creation to create new ways of learning or to at least experiment with new ways

Communication processes, and key processes in the education cycle have been made very explicit in all examples

Personalised education and new learning environments 3. Increase in educational personalisation MOOCS: One of the strengths of Coursera is that learning occurs at the time and location that best suits the participant.

The School of One is enabled an ICT math program which manages to mass-customise daily instructions of how and

what math skills to practice so as to meet each student's specific needs and abilities, as well as preferred ways of learning.

However, some impact of the tailored learning environment can be noted: improved engagement, increased attainment, higher than average school rating Multi-partner approach to education 4. Improved qualification

notably consultation, engagement, participation, cocreation, design thinking and cross-sectoral collaboration. Personalised education & new learning environments As education becomes tailored to the individual student's needs,

his or her learning curve might rise considerably. Hereby gaps in the student's prior knowledge is filled to create a better foundation for future learning.

This makes the learning environment more flexible and adaptive to the students'individual needs and pace in order to boost their learning experience.

and challenges estimated to provide them with the opportunity to learn. The School of One builds on traditional teaching principles and by use of ICT it is possible to apply all the best material

which excel at math as well as university students passionate about teaching get a chance to be involved. Their abilities are utilised as support for the online instructions

At a much smaller scale Professor Why supplies the same support for the subject of chemistry by offering the opportunity of virtual experiments to make chemistry more attractive and practical as a subject and less theoretical.

However, MOOCS neither have a sustainable business model at the moment nor acceptable completion rates to actually live up to its potential First,

or give participants opportunities to earn an official certificate from a higher education institution (Yuan 2013). ) Finally, quality assurance of the courses is primarily left to reflections and informal evaluations of course participants during and after the courses,

Personalised education & new learning environments School of One exemplifies that it is possible to tailor education

and thereby overcome the growing difficulties of a united classroom given the extensive variety in math skills at school start.

A clear driver has been need the for an improved educational level in math in particular. Individually customised teaching has been an ideal in many years,

At the same time a school like this is under pressure to demonstrate significant success by producing students with significantly higher maths skills than ordinary schools.

and thus struggles to attract enough users to be a sustainable business model to achieve significant outcomes in terms of higher achievement of its students in chemistry.

and teach in new ways and therefore widen access to education for pupils who otherwise would have fallen behind in maths.

On the other hand, there is a societal as well as individual need and demand for (lifelong) education. Until now the ability to meet the need for lifelong education at a societal and individual level has been hampered by the high costs related to further education.

Personalised education and new learning environments The role and use of ICT in social innovation 126 All examples reviewed for this chapter demonstrate elements of how ICTS enable personalisation of education.

and instrumental expertise to provide them optimal opportunities to learn in each their best way.

As of December 2013 Coursera had received over $85 million in venture capital (Crunchbase, 2014. It has been crucial for MOOC's success that it has been able to make strategic collaborations with some of the most renowned universities around the world.

and an enabler in the five examples reviewed in this chapter across the categories of widening access to education, personalised education & new learning environments and a multi-partner approach to education.

Personalisation and the development of new learning environments-be it for virtual chemistry experiments 128 (Professor Why)

or using gaming technologies to teach math's (School of One)- are the key impact

Crucially, MONEY provides insight for a community of policy makers trying to effect social change in Germany by providing insight & support in the early learning environment.

and increase social capital, with the MOOCS being the exception of also including random network effects and scale-free networks.

Network effects could potentially also have a role in personalised education & new learning environments

and coders who design such learning environments but has less importance for the actual innovations.

An interesting additional finding is the opportunity ICT provides to provide insight into learning mechanisms & evaluation possibilities in the education area.

Most of these are examples of multi-stakeholder partnerships. Here several collaborative social innovation processes are evident, notably consultation

engagement, participation, co-creation, design thinking and cross-sectoral collaboration. For instance Quest for learning was developed by a partnership of state, market and civil actors.

We can then find different operational setups in the category of personalised education & new learning environments,

the ICT enabled social innovation ideas started as projects turn non-for profits and eventually turned into schools themselves.

Examples both in the widening access to education category as well as the personalised education & new learning environments show that ICT is enabling

Particularly the personalised education & new learning environment category examples demonstrate that inclusion policy for new education providers to provide specific modules for the education market might need to be considered.

cooperation-Building capacity and skills-Lack of sustainable business models & delivery model for online education-Lack of-Good ICT infrastructure-High level of digital literacy-Provides access to education anywhere

and anytime-Opens higher education-May provide opportunities to cut costs in higher education-New strategic business model currently run through a non-for profit setup The main policy implications demonstrated are the importance of affordable broadband,

Internet and digital literacy Personalised education & new learning environment s Standard ICT solutions as well as bespoke technological solutions (for instance gaming)- Content creation-Issue identification-Matching

legal & administrative systems-Reluctance to integrate ICT-enabled educational approaches-New ICT enabled opportunities for instance through APPS/Mobile-Experimentation with new learning approaches using digital gaming-Can provide solutions for special

capital Online small world support network, issue depending scaling to scale free-Building capacity and skills-Trust, collaboration,

relationships-Knowledge and idea sharing-Funding for multi-partner approaches & sustainable business models-Specific technological issues such as data security-Bespoke ICT for high ability group

& good mix with physical activities-Strong belief and commitment from founders and from partner mix-Provide support in early learning environment-provide insight into learning mechanisms

& evaluation possibilities in the education area-New strategic business model currently run through a non-for profit setup deals with specific segments in education

the cultures of the economic crisis, Oxford university Press Chadwick, A. 2009a. Web 2. 0: New Challenges for the Study of E-Democracy in an Era of Informational Exuberance.

Social Capital Among African-american and Latin-american Low-Income Mothers, Social Problems, Vol. 50, No. 1 february 2003), pp. 111-135 Economist Magazine (2012) A sense of place technology and geography, 27 october 2012 Eisenhardt, K. M. 1989) Building theories

from case study research, The Academy of Management Review, Oct 1989,14, 4; IBI/INFORM Global. Esping-Anderson, G. 2000) Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism, Polity Press, Cambridge, UK.

'Assessing User Centric egovernment performance in Europe egovernment Benchmark 2012 European commission (2014) Mapping smart cities in the EU, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, Economic and Scientific

Green, C. H.,(2012) Trust and the Sharing Economy: A New Business model#,White paper: http://trustedadvisor. com/public/White-paper-Trust-and-the-Sharing-Economy. pdf Harford, T. 2011) Adapt:

why success always starts with failure, Little, Brown, London. Harris K, Flouch H The Networked Neighbourhoods Group, The Online Neighbourhood Networks Study,

a study of the social impact of citizen-run online neighbourhood networks and the implications for local authorities http://networkedneighbourhoods. com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/Online-Nhood-Networks-Section-1

Europe's transition to the knowledge economy, In the future of the Information Society in Europe: Contributions to the Debate, Editors:

Millard, J (2009) eparticipation recommendations focusing on the European level, Study and supply of services on the development of eparticipation in the EU, European commission.

D8. 1reportdevelopmentofonlinenetworkingtools. 31052012. p df Millard, J. 2012) Social innovation in the age of the sharing economy:

. eu/images/documents/social. innovation. and. the. sharing. economy. workshop. report. 2012. fro m. tepsie. pdf Millard, J.,Nielsen, N c.,Thaarup, R

the new challenges and opportunities of e-Inclusive. The Taylor & francis Group. Millard, J (2014b forthcoming) Open governance systems:

Perez, C (2004) Technological revolutions and Financial Capital: The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden ages, IBM 2004 Annual Report.

eradicating poverty through profits. Pearson Prentice hall: New york. Proserpio, G. Z, . and Byers, J. W. 2014) The Rise of the Sharing Economy:

Estimating the Impact of Airbnb on the Hotel Industry, Boston University School of management, Research Paper Series No. 2013-16.

The zero-marginal cost society: the internet of things, the collaborative commons and the eclipse of capitalism. Palgrave Macmillan:

half to one page) i) Random networks ii) Scale-free networks iii) Small-world networks iv) Social capital networks 119 The business model is not necessarily commercial

Improved entrepreneurship & work skills (personal & collective) 11. Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities, etc. 12.

Other (specify) Sharing economy 9. Changed economic dynamic between common ownership (free-rider problem and over use) and private ownership (right to exclude others, hence threat of under-utilization) 10.

Changed business models & value chains to harvest advantages from this change dynamic in scale 11.

Scaled sharing economy impact actual or predicted (more sectors, groups, localities) 13. Other (specify) Health 6. Increase in health

Cooperation Involvement Consultation Engagement Participation Networking Co-creation and collective creation (design thinking? Cross-sectoral collaboration Blurring roles (e g. prosumers) For example:

This is important because some social innovations are focused on the environment and preserving natural habitats. 122 Generally speaking we call existing needs‘social

new needs and demands might arise, leading to fresh calls for social innovation. Despite good intentions, social innovations might prove to:

Types of social innovation Description Example New services and products Such as new interventions or new programmes to meet social needs Car-sharing;

fair trade New practices Such as new services which require new professional roles or relationships Dispute resolution between citizens and the state in NL (the professional civil servant role has changed dramatically

New processes Such as co-production of new services Participatory budgeting (started in Brazil and since widely scaled;

and NL where older people can decide themselves how much of their support money is spent) New organisational forms Such as hybrid organisational forms such as social enterprises Belu Water, a small UK based social enterprise,

and donates all it's profits to Wateraid and has pledged to raise £1m by 2020.

Many ventures start with a practice or prototype and only fully flesh out the demand in terms of needs much later.

Often, implementation, action and practice precipitate new ideas, which in turn lead to further improvements and innovations.

Figure 1-The social innovation life-cycle 1 Prompts 2 Proposals 3 Prototypes 4 Sustaining 5 Scaling 143 The process is highly experimental so many ideas never make it off the ground.

prototypes fail and innovators start all over again. Failure is a natural part of the social innovation process.

and only then exploring business models and revenue streams when, again, they may fail if this does not happen successfully.

both new and old, applied to new challenges or opportunities. This application almost always requires well-functioning communities of practice (Cop),

online networks and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) are substantially changing the character of communication;

Inspired by new approaches in social and behavioural economics, we take a network perspective and analyse the role networks play in innovation

Online networks enabling the aggregation of individual or other forms of diverse funding, through for example micro financing or crowdfunding,

but often also old knowledge applied to new challenges or opportunities to the creation of economically valuable new solutions:

products, processes, services or business models. One of the key insights behind the 147 corporate optimization of innovation is that the application of knowledge almost always requires well-functioning communities of practice (Cop),

and others to play a beneficial role for health education, public participation and the realisation of economic opportunities.

Two important types of social capital have been identified by Putnam (2007), and these are particularly important in the context of ICT as well as for issues of inclusion:

149 Bonding social capital: tight, strong ties with the most immediate family members, closest friends and within closely knit communities of like-minded people that are bound together by common features that they regard as fundamental to their identity, such as ethnicity, deep religious beliefs

Bridging social capital: rather more loose, less committed connections to acquaintances, colleagues, and far-flung, weaker ties between rather diverse communities.

so that potential designers and suppliers of content, goods, services and ideas can identify each other wherever they are located

This was hardly possible in the world of purely physical products and services. This has been described as extending the‘long tail,

make it easier for ingroup communication 151

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