while this is seen primarily in higher-income countries, emerging economies such as Brazil, China and India,
and why to foster support. infodev has created also a continuously updated database to function as an ongoing resource for stakeholders. 4
The adoption of a national standard requires broad consensus among the stakeholders who will be using it.
Health Economics Policy, and Law, 2006; 1 (Pt 2): 163 169.15. Garrido T et al. Effect of electronic health records in ambulatory care:
GNI Gross National income is the total value of all that is produced within a country plus the net income from trade with other countries.
Member States differ with respect to size, economy, and health care challenges. Nevertheless, it is still important to present high-level ehealth analyses at the regional level as this reflects the organizational structure and operational framework of WHO.
Member States participating in the survey may reflect a commitment to moving forward with ehealth. 74 Response rate by World bank income group The World bank classifies all economies with a population greater than 30 000 into four
income groups based on gross national income (GNI) per capita. 15 The classification is as follows: low income (US$ 975 or less), lower-middle income (US$ 976 3855), upper-middle income (US$ 3856 11 905),
however, low and middle-income countries are referred sometimes to as‘developing'economies and high-income countries as‘developed',for convenience.
According the European commission's definition any entity engaged in an economic activity, irrespective of its legal form is considered an enterprise.
offering the balance sheet total as an alternative criterion levels the playing field for SMES engaging in different economic activities.
the financial crisis has made it painfully clear that SMES are the engine of the European economy
in order to stabilise the European economy. Although recognition of the importance of SMES can be seen as a step in the right direction
the European union faces the phenomenon of economic crisis within its Member States. The crisis is global
and Jobs Agenda'goals to make the EU the most dynamic and competitive knowledge-based economy in the world by 2010.
In addition the revised policy framework had to serve as an answer to the new challenges SMES had to deal with resulting from the economic crisis.
A working point that was decided upon was improving the actual implementation of the principles and stimulating stakeholders'contributions in the process.
A. European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) It focuses on the fields of innovation and knowledge-based economy,
The overall aim is to boost competitiveness of the EU economy. FP7 National Contact points (NCPS) http://cordis. europa. eu/fp7/ncp en. html The National Contact Points are established by the 27 Member States as well as the associated states
Stakeholder Engagement 54 APPENDIX 2 National, Regional and Local Level Strengths 55 List of Tables & Figures Table 2. 1 Europe 2020 Headline
Ireland remains one of the most globalised economies in the world; although a small nation we are placed well to compete with larger economies around the globe.
However, as a globalised economy we know that we need to continuously adapt and be creative to meet consumer demands and the needs of industry.
Innovation drives economic growth and is critical to our future prosperity. The development of this Strategy at a regional level is opportune as it will take advantage of the reform of both regional and local government.
With this in mind this Strategy seeks to ensure that R&i becomes a priority at both a regional and local level
Oliver Garry Cathaoirleach of the Midwest Regional Authority 4 Executive Summary Introduction Research and innovation (R&i) are the cornerstones of national and regional economic growth.
This strategy embodies a holistic approach aimed at bringing all the R&i stakeholders together to create a truly innovative region that can compete globally.
innovation and smart specialisation as a means of achieving a robust and dynamic economy. Investing in research, innovation and entrepreneurship is at the heart of the Europe 2020 Strategy
and innovation landscape and to the growth of the regional and national economy. Smart Specialisation Smart specialisation is a strategic approach based on more effective spending of public resources,
collaboration with key stakeholders to identify and remove barriers to development and monitoring to evaluate the impacts of investments. 7 Research
cluster development and open innovation all have the potential to make a signifi cant contribution to economic growth in the Midwest.
Ireland is one of the most globalised economies in the world and is ranked first globally as the best country in
which to do business 10 Chapter 01 1. 0 Introduction Ireland is one of the most globalised economies in the world2
regional and national economy. 11 Research & Innovation Strategy for the Midwest Region of Ireland 2014-2018 2 Ernst & young Globalisation Index 3 Forbes 2013 4
Research and Innovation (R&i) already plays a strong role in the progression of economic growth in the Midwest.
This strategy embodies a holistic approach aimed at bringing all the R&i stakeholders together to create a truly innovative region that can compete globally. 1. 1 Purpose
and to work with all relevant stakeholders to present a shared vision for the Region in terms of its research and innovation priorities up to 2018.
It promotes diversifi cation of the knowledge-based economy into technologies, products and services that are related closely,
and dynamic economy 14 2. 1 European Policy Context 2. 1. 1 Europe 2020 The Europe 2020 Strategy aims to confront Europe's structural weaknesses through the progression of three
Sustainable growth, promoting a more resource-efficient, greener and competitive economy; Inclusive growth, fostering a high-employment economy and delivering economic, social and territorial cohesion.
Investing in research, innovation and entrepreneurship is at the heart of Europe 2020 and a crucial part of Europe's response to the economic crisis.
It is considered also to be of vital importance to have a strategic and integrated approach to innovation that maximises European, national and regional research and innovation potential.
Ireland and the Midwest Region to enter into a period of strong and sustained economic growth,
innovation and smart specialisation are recognised widely to be central elements in the creation of a robust and dynamic economy.
cities and the real economy, which is over 36%of the total Multi-Annual Financial Framework.
Horizon 2020 is a means to drive economic growth and create jobs through investment in research.
commitments under the Department of Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation (DJEI) Action Plans for Jobs 2012-2014 have identified the need to target areas that are most likely to create economic value and jobs.
and to remove the barriers to employment creation across the economy. The Action Plan for Jobs 2014 identifies building competitive advantage through innovation as a key priority for stimulating The irish economy over the next five years. 2. 2. 3 Forfás
Innovation Networks Report 2004 The Forfás Innovation Networks Report highlights the importance of strong network development.
and to concentrate on those sectors of economic activity where, for reasons of location, infrastructure or natural resources,
and economy in the region (Figure 2. 1) 6. Enhance skills & education 7. Tackle growingunemployment 2. Address the governance structure
From an economic growth perspective the aim is to ensure that the City and County focus on market sectors where a competitive edge exists,
national and regional level which aim to promote economic growth through research and innovation investment and growth are testament to the importance of R&i development to our national and regional economic future.
and villages supporting the regional economy. These strong national-level designations illustrate the current strength and future development potential of the Midwest Region.
while the FDI sector is of vital importance to the growth of exports and high-end employment, the economy of the Region
as productivity will be a key driver of future economic growth. BORDER DUBLIN MIDEAST SOUTHWEST MIDWEST SOUTHEAST WEST MIDLAND 9, 109m 6. 5%11, 381m 8. 1%59, 387m 42.1%5
and the facilitation of this evolution is central to sustainable economic growth in any region. Research and Innovation are core components
and expanded in order to enable economic growth in the Midwest Region. The evidence available indicates that there are strong R&i structures in the Region at present, with a skilled workforce and a range of support options.
This base is a significant asset in terms to the potential for future economic growth and the progression of employment-related development in the Region.
The Foods Development Centre brings together a multidisciplinary team of researchers with commercial specialists so as to provide a centre of excellence in food research, capable of food development and innovation to the benefit of the Regional and National economy;
The Consortium liaises with other educational 32 stakeholders in the Region such as the Education and Training Boards and adult learning providers to ensure a coherent and focused approach to advancing the social and economic goals of the Region,
and to contribute to the regional and national economy. 4. 4. 1 Enterprise Ireland (EI) Enterprise Ireland is the government organisation responsible for the development and growth of Irish enterprises in world markets.
Through the provision of funding, training & support, infrastructure & accommodation and the development of linkages and networks, EI support sustainable economic growth, regional development and secure employment. 4. 4. 2
This Strategy aims to build on the existing R&i structures in the Region for the benefi t of the wider economy.
and innovation landscape and to the growth of the regional and national economy. 5. 1 Smart Specialisation 5. 1. 1
The goal of smart specialisation is to transform regional economies around new knowledge-based activity domains.
Through the prioritisation of complementarity between related economic activities, and fi nding better ways to combine their strengths,
To work in coordination with key stakeholders in the Region e g. local authorities, Higher education Institutes and business support agencies such as Enterprise Ireland to ensure that funding is focused on removing the identified barriers to development;
Smart specialisation focuses on specifi c innovation-intensive sectors whereas clusters apply to a broader set of sectors/actors in the economy.
and open innovation all have the potential to make a significant contribution to economic growth in the Midwest.
Stakeholder engagement has been the cornerstone of the preparation of this Strategy. Stakeholders have participated extensively in its design,
with the Midwest Regional Authority performing a coordinating role. Stakeholder involvement will also be the cornerstone of the implementation of this Strategy.
At a regional level the Midwest Regional Authority will be incorporated into a new Regional Assembly in the near future with the new Assembly assuming responsibility for planning and participation in EU projects at a regional level.
In light of these new structures it is of particular importance to develop multi stakeholder governance mechanisms
and other stakeholders in the region and in assisting to devise strategies to achieve the desired outcomes. 6. 2 Conclusions As already illustrated the Midwest has signifi cant research
and partnership-building between all the stakeholders in the Region. The recommended actions set out in this Strategy are the building blocks from
bringing benefi ts to all sectors of the regional economy. The proposed new working group of the RPG Implementation Steering committee will provide the governance mechanism necessary to ensure the implementation of this Strategy in the coming years.
and capabilities and where further focus and investment of resources are required. 54 Appendix 1 Stakeholder Engagement Stakeholder Engagement
The following stakeholders were engaged: One-to-one meetings with: Enterprise Ireland NEXUS Innovation Centre Limerick Institute of technology Enterprise Research Centre Cook Medical University of Limerick Technology Transfer Office Vistakon IDA Ireland
11th december 2013 & 9th april 2014 Midwest R&i Stakeholders Workshop: 4th february 2014 Presentations to the Midwest Regional Authority Monthly Meeting:
An Economic and Spatial Plan for Limerick Limerick 2030 sets out nine broad sectors which will drive the Limerick and Midwest economy over the next 10-15 years.
77 3. 1 IDI by region, 2013 and 2012.84 3. 2 The top five economies in each region and their ranking in the global IDI, 2013.85 3. 3
20 25 30 Per 100 inhabitants CIS slowdown in fixed-broadband growth in some of the larger economies, such as China, India, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Malaysia.
The evolution of telecommunication revenues in developed countries follows the overall pattern of their economies as a whole (in the European union, for instance,
This testifies to the growing importance of the telecommunication sector in the economic growth of the developing world.
and are driving the information economy across the globe by providing online services and content, engaging in e-business at both the wholesale and retail levels,
The diffusion of ICTS in the economy has been found to facilitate macroeconomic performance and business growth by increasing labour productivity
UNCTAD Information Economy Database, 2014, available at unctadstat. unctad. org. Percentage of enterprises 92 85 78 72 43 31 30 50 18 14 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
economic growth, environmental balance and social inclusion. At its meeting in May 2014, the UN Commission on Science and Technology for Development (CSTD),
In addition, diffusion of ICTS in the economy has been found to facilitate macroeconomic performance and business growth by increasing labour productivity, enlarging enterprises'market reach, saving on costs and fostering innovation.
analysed and disseminated, in view of the large data gaps prevailing in many developing countries in basic statistics in the areas of the economy, health education, labour, etc.,
besides governments, other stakeholders such as the private sector, civil 27 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 Box 1. 2:
and economy and the Partnership has contributed significantly to monitoring and tracking those changes, by developing new indicators and standards, providing technical assistance to developing countries
covering many aspects of the information society and economy, is used widely by countries in the course of their national ICT data collection.
or a computer are now being collected by more than 100 economies worldwide, and data on Internet use in businesses by almost 70 countries,
Effective partnerships of stakeholders in the telecommunication/ICT environment society and international organizations should be involved. New data sources could include big data (mostly provided by private-sector companies)
thus complementing official statistics on the economy, society and environment. Furthermore administrative records, which are used widely by official Note:
in order to identify the extent to which stakeholders in the ICT sector can be used as an alternative data source.
The Economist, April 12 2014, Nigeria's GDP step change. 13 Telefónica, for instance, reduced its net debt by EUR 4 819 million in 2012 after several years of sustained increases in borrowings.
Economic growth and development will remain below potential if economies are not capable of exploiting new technologies
and reaping their benefits. Therefore, the IDI includes a measurement of the capability to use ICTS effectively.
There were three economies that were identified as outliers, namely Hong kong (China), Luxembourg and Malta. The reference value for mobile-cellular subscriptions was lowered to 120.
No fewer than 104 economies of the 166 included in the IDI have passed the 100 per cent mobile-cellular penetration mark.
Overall, this version of the IDI includes 166 countries/economies as compared with 157 in last year's edition.
Finland and Luxembourg) and include an additional economy from Asia and the Pacific (Hong kong, China)( Table 2. 2). Differences in IDI value between the top performers are very small.
ICT Development Index (IDI), 2012 and 2013 Economy Rank 2013 IDI 2013 Rank 2012 IDI 2012 Economy Rank 2013 IDI 2013
IDI access sub-index, 2012 and 2013 Economy Rank 2013 Access 2013 Rank 2012 Access 2012 Economy Rank 2013 Access 2013 Rank 2012
IDI use sub-index, 2012 and 2013 Economy Rank 2013 Use 2013 Rank 2012 Use 2012 Economy Rank 2013 Use 2013 Rank 2012
IDI skills sub-index, 2012 and 2013 Economy Rank 2013 Skills 2013 Rank 2012 Skills 2012 Economy Rank 2013 Skills 2013
with all of the top ten countries being high-income economies (see section 2. 3). 6 The following section looks at the performance of the top ten countries of IDI 2013.
Having regard to the general economic downturn, Denmark's government sees ICTS as a major driver for growth, innovation and economic development (Government of Denmark, 2012).
The economy ranks in ninth position, with an IDI value of 8. 28. Hong kong (China) is particularly strong on the access sub-index of the IDI,
only surpassed by the region's highincome economies. The launch of 3g was anticipated much in Thailand,
Countries differ significantly in terms of land area, size of the economy, population or geographic location. Indeed, adverse geography is cited often by economists to explain why some countries are doing better than others in terms of economic development. 37 Jeffrey Sachs argues that geography matters
because it affects Chapter 2. The ICT Development Index (IDI) 58 Box 2. 2: The world's least connected countries (LCCS) The world's least connected countries (LCCS) are the group of 42 countries that fall within the low IDI group,
There are also some non-LDCS among the least connected, most notably such populous economies as India, Pakistan and Nigeria.
Above 2. 78 LCC (2. 78 and below) Data not available 59 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 the profitability of various kinds of economic activities (Sachs, 2012.
Methodology In order to better understand the relationship between IDI, the economy, geography and population, the following variables were selected for each country:
Gross national income (GNI) per capita: GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees
minus income earned in the domestic economy by nonresidents. GNI, calculated in national currency, is converted usually to United states dollars at official exchange rates for comparisons across economies,
although an alternative rate is used when the official exchange rate is judged to diverge by an exceptionally large margin from the rate actually applied in international transactions.
The marginal cost of service provision in densely populated urban areas is usually much lower than in rural areas.
and the size of a country's economy (measured by GNI p. c.).GNI levels are correlated also with other variables, such as population density and share of urban population.
For example, some economies with small land areas such as Barbados, Bahrain, Hong kong (China), Singapore, Monaco, Iceland and Luxembourg have high IDI levels,
A comparison of IDI values of the 147 economies for which data were available for 2002 and 2013 shows that the global IDI value has doubled almost from 2. 52 in 2002 to 4. 88 in 2013
The IDI 2002 and IDI 2013 figures were based on the same set of 147 economies
Simple averages based on 147 economies. Source: ITU. strong correlation between GNI p. c.,(most) MDG indicators and IDI.
as percentage of OECD/DAC donors'gross national income 8. 2 Proportion of total bilateral, sector-allocable ODA of OECD/DAC donors to basic social services (basic education
of their gross national incomes 8. 5 ODA received in SIDS as a proportion of their gross national incomes-0. 440-0. 338 177 Target 8. C:
Czernich, N.,Falck, O.,Kretschmer, T. and Woessmann, L. 2009), Broadband Infrastructure and Economic growth, http://papers. ssrn. com/sol3/papers. cfm?
Table 3. 2 presents a comparison of the global and regional rankings of the top five economies in each of the six regions,
The top five economies from Asia and the Pacific also rank relatively high globally, all of them coming in the global top 20.
The top five economies in each region and their ranking in the global IDI, 2013 Regional IDI rank Europe Global IDI rank Asia & Pacific Global IDI
Economy Regional rank 2013 Global rank 2013 IDI 2013 Global rank 2012 IDI 2012 Global rank change 2012-2013 Mauritius 1
high-income economies and are part of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC).
Economy Regional rank 2013 Global rank 2013 IDI 2013 Global rank 2012 IDI 2012 Global rank change 2012-2013 Bahrain 1
Economy Regional rank 2013 Global rank 2013 IDI 2013 Global rank 2012 IDI 2012 Global rank change 2012-2013 Korea (Rep
While some economies, including Australia, Japan, Macao (China), Republic of korea and Singapore, had reached already very high levels of penetration,
Economy Regional rank 2013 Global rank 2013 IDI 2013 Global rank 2012 IDI 2012 Global rank change 2012-2013 Belarus 1
Economy Regional rank 2013 Global rank 2013 IDI 2013 Global rank 2012 IDI 2012 Global rank change 2012-2013 Denmark 1
Economy Regional rank 2013 Global rank 2013 IDI 2013 Global rank 2012 IDI 2012 Global rank change 2012-2013 United states 1
3 Prices are expressed as a percentage of GNI p. c. in order to show them in relative terms to the size of the economy of each country,
Based on 140 economies for which 2008-2013 data on fixed-telephone and mobile-cellular prices were available.
Based on 140 economies for which 2008-2013 data on fixed-telephone and mobile-cellular prices were available.
These countries could follow the best practices of other economies in the region, such as Kenya and Ghana,
or latest available year adjusted with the international inflation rates.****Country not ranked because data on GNI p. c. are not available for the last five years.
Rank Economy Fixed-telephone sub-basket GNI p. c.,USD, 2013*Rank Economy Fixed-telephone sub-basket GNI p. c
or latest available year adjusted with the international inflation rates.****Country not ranked because data on GNI p. c. are not available for the last five years.
Rank Economy Mobile-cellular sub-basket GNI p. c.,USD, 2013*Rank Economy Mobile-cellular sub-basket GNI p. c
Based on 143 economies for which 2008-2013 data on fixed-broadband prices were available. Source:
Based on 143 economies for which 2008-2013 data on fixed-broadband prices were available. Source:
Based on 165 economies for which 2013 data on fixed-broadband prices were available. Source: ITU.
corresponding to 0. 5 per cent of GNI p. c. This is explained not only by the country's relatively Chapter 4. ICT prices and the role of competition 118 high gross national income (the highest in the CIS),
and economic growth continues. However, policy and regulatory action will be necessary to step up a gear in broadband adoption,
It is home to the economy with the most affordable entry-level fixed-broadband plans
Macao (China), where a fixed-broadband service costs less than 0. 4 per cent of GNI p. c. Chart 4. 9). Other high-income economies in the region
The unaffordability of fixed-broadband prices in Africa is linked closely to the small size of the region's economies
These results are explained by the countries'relatively strong economies and therefore high GNI levels, coupled with their low fixed-broadband prices.
or latest available year adjusted with the international inflation rates.****Country not ranked because data on GNI p. c. are not available for the last five years.
Rank Economy Fixed-broadband sub-basket Speed in Mbit/s Cap per month in GB GNI p. c.,USD, 2013*Rank Economy Fixed
Based on 119 economies for which data on mobilebroadband prices were available for the four types of plans.
Based on 119 economies for which data on mobilebroadband prices were available for the four types of plans.
Based on 119 economies for which data on mobilebroadband prices were available for the four types of plans.
Based on 119 economies for which data on mobilebroadband prices were available for the four types of plans.
27 countries in Africa, 14 countries in the Arab States, 29 economies in Asia and the Pacific, 10 countries in the CIS, 41 countries in Europe and 27 countries in The americas.
Mobile-broadband prices, postpaid handset-based 500 MB, 2013 Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, postpaid handset-based (500 MB) GNI p
Mobile-broadband prices, postpaid handset-based 500 MB, 2013 (continued) Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, postpaid handset-based (500 MB) GNI
or latest available year adjusted with the international inflation rates.****Country not ranked because data on GNI p. c. are not available for the last five years.
Mobile-broadband prices, prepaid handset-based 500 MB, 2013 Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, prepaid handset-based (500 MB) GNI p
or latest available year adjusted with the international inflation rates.****Country not ranked because data on GNI p. c. are not available for the last five years.
Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, prepaid handset-based (500 MB) GNI p. c.,USD, 2013*Monthly data allowance (MB) as%of GNI p
Mobile-broadband prices, postpaid computer-based 1 GB, 2013 Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, postpaid computer-based (1 GB) GNI p
or latest available year adjusted with the international inflation rates.****Country not ranked because data on GNI p. c. are not available for the last five years.
Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, postpaid computer-based (1 GB) GNI p. c.,USD, 2013*Monthly data allowance (MB) as%of GNI p
Mobile-broadband prices, prepaid computer-based 1 GB, 2013 Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, prepaid computer-based (1 GB) GNI p
or latest available year adjusted with the international inflation rates.****Country not ranked because data on GNI p. c. are not available for the last five years.
Rank Economy Mobile-broadband, prepaid computer-based (1 GB) GNI p. c.,USD, 2013*Monthly data allowance (MB) as%of GNI p
thus showing how much ICT services cost relative to the economic value generated by each country. However, overall economic levels
On the one hand, GNI is a macroeconomic aggregate similar to gross domestic product (GDP) and measures the size of a country's economy as a whole
It is a measure of the value of the national production of an economy, and is calculated in the context of national accounts.
but also in several countries classified as uppermiddle-income economies by the World bank: several Latin american countries (Colombia, Dominican republic, Ecuador and Peru), two African countries (Angola and South africa) and Belarus, Serbia and Thailand.
while entry-level prices are affordable for almost all households in high-income economies in the region, in Cambodia,
Equivalized household disposable income and consumption for other countries based on World bank's Povcalnet data adjusted with ITU estimates on average persons per household. high-income economies (Australia and New zealand) to unaffordable for a majority
Simple averages for 140 economies with available data on fixed-broadband prices and competition for the period 2008-2013.
Simple averages for 140 economies with available data on mobile-cellular prices and competition for the period 2008-2013.
Therefore, gross national income per capita (GNI p. c is included in the model to control for the differences in economic resources that play a role in shaping prices.
The marginal cost of service provision in dense urban centres is often much lower than that in remote villages, pointing to the different cost per subscriber in urban and rural areas
variables GNI p. c. Gross national income per capita in current USD by year and country, as reported by the World bank.%
Descriptive statistics calculated for 124 economies that have complete data for the two models. Source: ITU.
opening up the market to some competition in the remaining 13 developing economies would be a natural option with a view to boosting fixed-broadband penetration,
so that economies with higher percentage of urban population tend to have higher GNI p. c. This means that the effects of both variables cannot be isolated in practice,
i e. the marginal cost of additional Internet data beyond 1 GB is still nonnegligible in many countries.
ICT Price Basket and sub-baskets, 2013 Rank Economy IPB 2013 Fixed telephone subbasket as a%of GNI per capita, 2013 Mobile-cellular subbasket as a%of GNI
ICT Price Basket and sub-baskets, 2013 (continued) Rank Economy IPB 2013 Fixed telephone subbasket as a%of GNI per capita, 2013 Mobile-cellular subbasket
or latest available year adjusted with the international inflation rates. Source: ITU. GNI p. c. and PPP$ values are based on World bank data.
For more information on the PPP methodology and data, see http://icp. worldbank. org. 3 GNI takes into account all production in the domestic economy (i e.
http://ec. europa. eu/enlargement/policy/glossary/terms/acquis en. htm. 50 The mean HHI for fixed broadband is calculated as the simple average of the HHI of 139 economies for
This includes 95 economies from the developing world and 44 from the developed world. 51 The mean value of clusters 1 to 3 of the Regulatory Tracker is calculated as the simple average of the scores of 142 economies for
which price and market share data were available for 2013. This includes 99 economies from the developing world
and 43 from the developed world. 52 http://www. itu. int/en/ITU-D/Regulatory-Market/Pages/bestpractices. aspx. 53 The Regulatory Tracker quantifies these aspects
http://www. omantel. om/Omanweblib/Mediacenter/Press release. aspx. 55 The mean HHI for mobile cellular is calculated as the simple average of the HHI of 140 economies for
This includes 96 economies from the developing world and 44 from the developed world. 56 The coefficient of variation of fixed-broadband prices is compared 1. 7
and use has been recorded in the developing economies, where ICT penetration levels have increased and where big data hold great promise for development.
in particular with regard to the different stakeholders involved in the area of big data from the ICT industry. 5. 2 Big data sources,
daily inflation and asset-price movements. This has the advantage of providing near real-time inflation statistics that are published traditionally monthly. 179 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 UN Global Pulse
a UN initiative to use big data for sustainable development and humanitarian action, has been mining Twitter data from Indonesia (where Twitter usage is high) 9 to understand food price crises.
Household Internet penetration in developing economies is expected to reach 31 per cent by the end of 2014,
as against almost 80 per cent in developed economies. In addition as Internet penetration rates remain limited,
not only in developed but also in developing economies. There are various examples of how mobile phone records have been used to identify socioeconomic patterns
fraud detection Social network analysis marketing Agent monitoring Enhanced credit Algorithmic liquidity needs prediction Income and poverty assessment Mapping social divides GDP estimates
through mobile data Migration monitoring Text analysis economic downturn prediction Text analysis commodity fluctuation prediction Assessment of mobility restrictions Disease containment targeting Migratory p
Chapter 5. The role of big data for ICT monitoring and for development 188 Big data for better transportation planning A data-centric approach to transportation management is already a reality in many developed economies.
(and often the only one) in developing economies that contain behavioural information on low-income population groups Frias-Martinez et al.
with the following map showing poor areas (in blue) in relation to the areas of high economic activity (yellow to red areas).
and identify sudden events that depress the local economy (i e. economic shocks). One of the challenges has to do with operator sensitivity regarding revenue data
and cohesion of societies in relation to socioeconomic boundaries by examining the geospatial distribution of societal ties in both developed and developing economies (Sobolevsky et al.,
the creation of a semantic framework would require greater consensus among the many diverse stakeholders involved (telecom operators, network equipment manufacturers, system developers, developmental practitioners and researchers, NSOS, etc.).
as well as by other organizations such as LIRNEASIA, that seek to bring different stakeholders to the same table,
UN Global Pulse and others have a greater role to play in building an institutional model for data sharing and collaboration, in consultation with all stakeholders.
all stakeholders must see tangible benefits from such data sharing. These stakeholders include not just the public and private sectors
but also, significantly, the general public, who in many cases are the primary producers of such data through their activities.
The World Economic Forum's Rethinking Personal data project has identified key trust challenges facing the personal data economy,
as well as those of private-sector stakeholders looking to protect their competitiveness. The most common approach to addressing this issue has been based the rights approach.
mainly because the levels of‘datafication'in developing economies are still quite low. Where mobile-phone records are concerned,
the World Economic Forum (WEF) initiated a global multi-stakeholder dialogue on personal data that advocated a principle-based approach,
This does still require the confluence of appropriate stakeholders. But as UN Global Pulse suggests,
As Google's Chief Economist, Hal Varian, notes, there are often more police in precincts with high crime,
The behavioural economist Sendhil Mullainathan notes that inductive science (i e. the algorithmic mining of big data sources) will not drown out traditional deductive science (i e. hypothesis testing), even in a big data paradigm.
In a recent global survey of NSOS from 200 economies, conducted by UNSC, respondents identified the development and 203 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 retention of staff with the necessary skills as one of their main challenges,
have a shortage of advanced analytical skills by comparison with developed economies. Until such time as systematic capacity development yields proper rewards, it will remain essential to import skills from outside (both local and international),
They are placed well to develop a Chapter 5. The role of big data for ICT monitoring and for development 204 privacy framework, in consultation with other stakeholders.
To this end, national regulatory authorities (NRAS) and NSOS, in consultation with other national stakeholders, are placed best to lead the corresponding discussions
and bring together the relevant stakeholders. In particular, NSOS, given their legal mandate to collect and disseminate official statistics
including by ensuring that data holders allow others to access their data under fair and reasonable terms. 205 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 International stakeholders International stakeholders including UN AGENCIES and initiatives (such as
To this end, the key international stakeholders have to work together to facilitate the global discussion on the use of big data.
This makes them important stakeholders in defining the state of the art with respect to leveraging big data for development. They, more than others, have been the first to engage with telecommunication operators with a view to using their data for development.
The large-scale capture of such higher-resolution data is undertaken mainly by operators in developed economies.
Operators in developing economies use some of these methods, but often on a case-by-case basis,
/13 Mobile phone records have been used to infer locations of economic activity within, and patterns of migration to, slum areas in Kenya (Wesolowski and Eagle, 2010) and internal migration in Rwanda (Joshua E. Blumenstock, 2012).
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and usage are correlated both with national income, hot-deck imputation was chosen as the method for imputing the missing data,
or the latest available year adjusted with the international inflation rates. Prices for 2008,2009, 2010,2011 and 2012,
with Internet access Economy 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 1 Afghanistan 0. 3 0. 3 65.5 70.0
Economy 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 84 Lao P. D. R.
Economy 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 1 Afghanistan 5. 5 5. 9 0. 0 0. 0 0. 4 1
Society Report 2014 Percentage of individuals using the Internet Fixed (wired)- broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Wireless-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Economy 2012 2013 2012
Annex 3. Statistical tables of indicators used to compute de IDI 246 Skills indicators Gross enrolment ratio Adult Seconday Tertiary literacy rate Economy 2012 2013
literacy rate Economy 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 84 Lao P. D. R. 46.5 46.5 16.7 16.7 72.7 72.7
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