Indeed, comparedtolarge firms, small firms maybelessabletoexploit economies ofscaleandscope, orbemore financiallyconstrained (e g.,, Teece, 1986) whichmaycauseanegativeeffectonthecostofcapital (e g.
such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences
THE CONTRIBUTORS SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 3 The Contributors This publication has been prepared under the leadership of Pier Carlo Padoan (Deputy Secretary-general and Chief Economist, OECD) and the management of Sergio
Arzeni (Director, Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMES and Local Development, OECD), with support from Jonathan Potter (Senior Economist at the Centre) and Mariarosa Lunati (Senior Economist at the Centre, currently responsible for
That contribution to the economy is reflected in the rapid growth of some of these firms, the gazelles of the enterprise ecoystem.
But for economic growth and adaptation, it is vital to have incremental innovation from the broader bulk of SMES as well
and fresh innovation policy is emerging in this field in OECD countries and other global economies. This book presents the relevant data and policy information from 40 economies around the world,
and so provides an insight into the various challenges of stimulating the creation of new, innovative enterprises and increasing innovation in small and medium-sized firms.
Pier Carlo Padoan, Deputy Secretary-general and Chief Economist, OECD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SMES ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 7 Acknowledgements The following experts comprised the Scientific Advisory Group that helped guide preparation of this publication:
Development and the Economy Hungary Lena Tsipouri, University of Athens, Greece Arnold Verbeek, Ideaconsult, Belgium Charles Wessner, National Academy of Science, Technology, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, USA David
148 SMES, Entrepreneurship and Innovation OECD 2010 15 Executive Summary Innovation is one of the most fundamental processes underpinning economic growth, the driver of growth in output per unit of labour
it is also the creation of a multitude of new products and services in all sectors of the economy,
In addition, the knowledge economy, more open and distributed innovation, globalisation, a shift to non-technological innovation, the emergence of the Silicon valley Business model and a new imperative for social innovation and social entrepreneurship have given all
rise to a new entrepreneurial economy, as opposed to the managed economy of the past. New business ventures and SMES have a number of critical roles to play in supporting innovation.
New firm entry and SME growth contribute to upgrading the aggregate productivity of the economy by displacing firms with lower productivity
and can deal with new relationships with stakeholders and territories. It seeks new answers to social problems by identifying
An important shift has occurred from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy, associated with a fall in the importance of economies of scale in production, management, finance and R&d.
It is characterised by a series of trends encompassing the emergence of the knowledge economy
New firms and innovating SMES are seen best as agents of change in the economy, introducing new products and services and more efficient ways of working.
They underpin the adaptation of our economies and societies to new challenges and drive economic development.
Many empirical studies have shown the aggregate relationships between entrepreneurship and SME activity and economic growth and job creation.
and business start-up rates are associated with more rapid economic growth (Audretsch and Thurik, 2001; Audretsch and Keilbach, 2005;
as new and small firms take up labour released by downsizing elsewhere in the economy and increase national and local competitiveness (Neumark et al.,
and economic crisis since it is clear that policies enabling innovation in new and small businesses will have benefits not just for improving products
The chapter starts by examining how global trends towards the knowledge economy, open innovation, global connections and non-technological innovation and the emergence of national and regional economic models and new types of social innovation have increased the importance of SMES and entrepreneurship to innovation.
The change can be resumed as a shift from the Managed economy to the Entrepreneurial Economy (Thurik, 2009;
In presenting the shift from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy, Thurik (2009) distinguishes between three major historical phases of innovation and contrasts the importance of SMES and entrepreneurship in each. 1. The Schumpeter Mark I regime.
In this new environment, established and large firms were seen to outperform new and smaller firms in innovation because of a close link between infirm R&d spending and innovation. 3. The Entrepreneurial Economy.
From the late 1970s to today the structures and operations of advanced economies have again been changing.
and entrepreneurship in today's economy is reduced the importance of economies of scale and scope in production,
Thus a major force in the emergence of the entrepreneurial economy has been a reduction in the product standardisation that was the force of large firms in the middle of the 20th century.
i e. the capacity of firms and economies to specialise, able to produce output for niche markets,
the knowledge economy; open innovation; global connections; non-technological innovation; the Silicon valley Business model, and social innovation and social entrepreneurship.
The knowledge economy One of the features of the transition from the 20th to the 21st century has been the emergence of the knowledge economy,
and hence a shift in the specialisation of advanced-economy firms towards more knowledge-based activities that are tied more closely to local knowledge resources and capabilities.
the knowledge economy is not just an advanced world phenomenon. Emerging economies as well are engaging more with science
and technology and ideasbased production as firms around the world all seek to achieve product differentiation and greater productive efficiency.
The major feature of the knowledge economy is increased the importance of knowledge as a factor of production.
This is what is seen now generally by economists to be the major factor behind the bulk of economic growth, the growth that is not due to additions to capital and labour stocks.
Some of the ideas driving economic growth may be the result of scientific breakthroughs in large firms and universities,
Indeed, one of the reasons that new start-ups and small firms have become more important today is that innovation in the knowledge economy is coming from creativity and the unexpected,
because the services sector has seen a dramatic rise in its share of economic value added in recent years (rising for example from 55%to 70%of Japanese
the discussion has been oriented implicitly around the creation of economic value added. But a further ramification of a broader notion of innovation is need the to consider its social contribution.
But state budgets are not keeping pace with the growing needs and expectations, particularly with the consequences of the global financial and economic crisis,
This too can be seen as part of the above-mentioned shift from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy.
and a central role of unions and employers in regulating the economy and society in partnership with government.
Taken together, the trends outlined above the shift from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy, the growth of the knowledge economy
What has emerged is an economy in which SMES and entrepreneurship are now critical players in a broader, more distributed innovation process.
The major function of SMES and entrepreneurship in innovation is the introduction of advances in products, processes, organisational methods and marketing techniques into the economy.
and adopting incremental innovations that bring the economy closer to its technological frontier. The ideas for these innovations may be developed internally by the SME or start-up,
It is entrepreneurs who bring about change in an economy by providing new combinations: new or improved goods, methods of production, markets, sources of supply of inputs, organisation of an industry,
They disrupt markets, leading to long-run evolutionary growth in the economy. The entrepreneur as an opportunity identifier.
although Drucker's main focus is more on firm strategy and competitiveness than aggregate economic growth.
Like Schumpeter, Baumol (2002) adopts a dynamic framework examining the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic growth.
Entrepreneurs are those persons (business owners) who seek to generate value, through the creation or expansion of economic activity,
Entrepreneurial activity is the enterprising human action in pursuit of the generation of value, through the creation or expansion of economic activity,
It is oriented this innovation activity that promotes economic growth and solves social problems. In order to understand more fully how start-up enterprises
Creative destruction Venture creation and SME growth renew economies by forcing the contraction, exit or upgrading of incumbent competitors.
thus increasing the average productivity of the economy and driving economic growth. There is also an indirect impact,
At the same time productivity may be enhanced as new firms bring better products and services and better technologies into the economy.
which many economists understand economic growth. Investments in new knowledge are seen to spill over in part to other agents,
and economic growth through their role in promoting knowledge spillovers. The relationship may involve not just the role of new start-ups in exploiting knowledge themselves but also the role of new enterprises and SMES as participants in knowledge exchange networks within innovation systems, stimulating knowledge transfers from universities and other
and economies combine them to varying degrees, the distinction serves to highlight the need for a holistic innovation approach that recognises the importance of both kinds of processes and differences in the types of barriers that affect SMES and start-ups under each.
This state of affairs arises as a consequence of the shift from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy
innovation policy in the entrepreneurial economy must expand to include new types of actions for entrepreneurship and SMES.
and excluding large parts of the non-technology economy. It is typified by the European union Barcelona Summit headline goal of achieving an increase in the proportion of European GDP invested in research and development from 1. 9%in 2002 to 3. 0%in 2010.
There should not be unnecessary obstacles to SMES and entrepreneurship in the institutions of the economy such as taxation, social security, bankruptcy legislation, competition policy,
Furthermore, the process of creative destruction is pronounced most in periods of economic crisis and recovery, as the global economy is 1. INTRODUCTION SMES,
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 39 experiencing today. As the incumbent firm stock is contracted, room is created for innovative firms to enter
and investment subsidies and the improvement of productivity by helping new and small firms to carry innovations into the economy.
One of the contributions of new firms and SMES to the economy is breakthrough innovation.
which could contribute more to the economy if they begin to innovate incrementally and strengthen their non-technological innovation.
and constraints across 40 economies and examines the major and new policies that have been introduced. Among the issues identified, it underlines the relevance of three major policy areas highlighted in this introduction,
the Knowledge Filter and Entrepreneurship in Endogenous Growth, Centre for Economic policy Research Discussion Paper No. 4783, Centre for Economic policy Research:
An Empirical Assessment, Centre for Economic policy Research Discussion Paper 5409, Centre for Economic policy Research, London.
and B. Carlsson (2009), The Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship, Small Business Economics, Vol. 32, pp. 15-30.
Audretsch, D.,M. Keilbach and E. Lehmann (2006), Entrepreneurship and Economic growth, Oxford university Press, Oxford. Audretsch D. and R. Thurik (2001), Linking Entrepreneurship to Growth, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working papers, 2001/2, OECD, Paris. Audretsch, D. and R. Thurik (2004
), The Model of the Entrepreneurial Economy, International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 143-166.
Factor Productivity and the Role of Entrepreneurship, Jena Economic Research Papers 2008-19, Friedrich Schiller University and the Max Planck Institute of Economics, Jena.
Henrekson, M. and D. Johansson (2008), Gazelles as Job Creators A Survey and Interpretation of the Evidence, IFN Working Paper 733, Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm.
in J. Potter (ed.),Entrepreneurship and Higher education, Ch. 10, pp. 235-254, OECD, Paris. Lundvall, B. and S. Borràs (1997), The Globalising Learning Economy:
and Financing, The Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 77, No. 1, pp. 55-65.
2007), The Social Economy: Building Inclusive Economies, OECD, Paris. OECD (2002), High-growth SMES and Employment, OECD, Paris. OECD (2003), The Nonprofit Sector in a Changing Economy, OECD
, Paris. OECD (2004), Global Knowledge Flows and Economic Development, OECD, Paris. OECD (2006a), Innovation and Growth in Tourism, OECD, Paris. 1. INTRODUCTION SMES
Sabel, C. 1989), Flexible Specialization and the Re-Emergence of Regional Economies, in P. Hirst and J. Zeitlin (eds.
Firm Formation and Economic growth Paper No. 1, Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, WASHINGTON DC. Stuart, T. 2000), Inter-organisational Alliances and the Performance of Firms:
Entrepreneurship, Economic growth, and Policy, in Z. Acs, D. Audretsch and R. Strom (eds.),Entrepreneurship, Growth,
The dataset follows the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) Rev. 3 for the classification of economic activities (see Annex 2. A1.
OECD Product Market Regulation (PMR) indicators The PMR indicators measure the economy-wide regulatory environment in OECD countries.
Walloon Pre-activity Grant The Walloon Pre-activity Grant is available to individuals who propose a project for the creation of a new firm based on an original and realistic idea in almost any sector of the economy.
The programme also received an additional CAN 45 million for the financial year 2009-10 as part of the Economic Action Plan's specific effort to stimulate job creation and the economy in Southern Ontario.
Technology centres and centres of strategic business support services One of the major challenges of the business sector in the Czech economy is to move up the value chain
This has been pursued mainly through the promotion of business support services especially in sectors of strategic relevance to the Czech economy such as automotive, machinery engineering, electronics, life sciences and information and communication technologies.
and the Economy (TEM) is building a modern growth entrepreneurship policy that seeks to create first-rate conditions for Finnish growth ventures.
thus to encourage co-operation and collaboration among key local development stakeholders around related industries in a specific geographical area.
Exist EXIST is a support programme of the Federal Ministry of Economy and Technology. It is designed specifically to improve the entrepreneurial environment at universities
is geared towards transforming Greece into a highly competitive and open economy. The Operational Programme Competitiveness and Entrepreneurship (OPCE) and five Regional Operational Programmes are the main tools for improving competitiveness and entrepreneurship and fostering innovation.
The official purpose of the Fund is to strengthen Iceland's economy and increase internationalisation.
SMES, E 72 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Ireland Creating a leading innovative economy has been identified as a key priority of The irish government.
It can offer its entire range of services to all sectors (including SMES) of the Luxembourg economy.
Finally, the INNO-START network assists in the creation of innovative enterprises by bringing the Ministry of the Economy and Foreign Trade, the Ministry of SME and Tourism,
E 90 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Poland The Innovative Economy Operational Programme 2007-2013 is the main vehicle in Poland for pursuing the objectives of the Lisbon Strategy.
The purpose of the Innovative Economy Operational Programme is to improve the coherence of policies toward innovation that fall within the competence of the Ministries of Economy, Science, Tourism and Informatisation.
and business sectors in order to more effectively transfer advances in science to the wider economy. The science base of the economy both its R&d
and its supporting infrastructure will receive more than a quarter of the total funding. Measures to strengthen the commercialisation of new ideas will receive around half of the total,
All projects and programmes undertaken as part of the Innovative Economy Operational Programme are expected to be subject to formal evaluation.
This institute acts under the authority of the Portuguese Ministry for Economy, Innovation and Development and aims at supporting the enhancement of SMES'capabilities, fostering SME investment,
including the Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic, the Slovak Association of Entrepreneurs and the Slovak Association of Crafts.
the company was created to help increase the amount of venture capital investment for SMES in the Slovak economy.
Its tasks are to fund the needs-driven research required by a competitive business and industrial sector and a thriving economy,
Among its main tasks is the promotion of entrepreneurship in The swiss economy. The most important entrepreneurship programmes are the CTI Start-up programme and Venturelab.
and projects focused on the low carbon economy. Support for innovation activity is also increasingly being provided by the Regional Development Agencies,
It even allows the federal government to participate as a minority shareholder in innovative enterprises operating in highpriority sectors.
2010 Chile As a part of the government strategy to promote economic growth a National Innovation for Competitiveness Council (CNIC) was established in 2005.
Estonian policy has given a great deal of attention to entrepreneurship awareness raising among key stakeholders, including entrepreneurs themselves, the general public, policy makers and even school children.
Both programmes have contributed to enhancing the resilience of Indonesia's SMES, faced with the economic crisis of 1998 and the financial crises of 2009.
The Centre was created in 2008 with a strong legal foundation through presidential and Coordinating Ministry for Economy decrees.
Department of state Regulation in the Economy of the Russian Federation. Charts B and C: Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation.
, Science and Technology (MHEST) and the Ministry of the Economy (ME) have been supporting R&d and innovation activities in SMES through co-financing R&d projects, innovative research investments, research infrastructure, participation
Ministry of Economy and Ministry of Defence are participating by contributing through their own resources.
Most data presented refer to the nonfinancial business economy, i e. ISIC Rev. 3/NACE Sections C to I and K and is subdivided into Industry (Sections C, D,
Liquidity constraints and credit rationing undermine entrepreneurship, pushing wealthy people towards an entrepreneurial career and deterring those without the necessary financial resources (Evans and Jovanovic, 1989).
which is a basic statistical measure indicating the geographical concentration of a particular activity in a particular locality as compared to a reference economy (EU27 in this case).
Two distinct types of map were calculated for each distribution of US firms by economic activity. The first type illustrates the basic characteristics of firm spatial distribution based on quantiles;
b) an economic growth indicator (average rate of turnover; c) an employment growth indicator (average rate of employment growth;
e) financial constraints to growth (average liquidity ratio and average solvency ratio. In the case of the US clusters, given data source constraints for this country, the composite indicator is limited to the first three variables in the list.
E 144 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 The role of local knowledge flows for spatial agglomerations and local innovation systems The above section illustrated the phenomenon of spatial clustering of economic activity
In a study on the US economy, Jaffe et al. 1993) find that patents are more likely to cite other patents
) For instance, Feldman and Audretsch (1999) find that the diversity among complementary economic activities with a common science base is more conducive to innovation in terms of returns to R&d investments than narrow sector specialisation.
b) small economies (Australia, in our case) are more likely to engage in international collaborations
which can spin off into the host economy to drive productivity improvements and innovations in local firms and organisations.
if multinationals are plugged into the local economy through effective linkages with local firms and research organisations.
and development agencies have developed initiatives to improve the linkages of inward FDI with the rest of the economy.
The attraction of foreign skilled workers Renowned examples of attractive local economies, such as Silicon valley and Austin in the United states or Dublin in Europe, are witness to the importance of attracting foreign highskilled workers to stimulate entrepreneurship.
But it is also important in everyday economies. For receiving places, the inflow of foreign talent has positive effects on the number of skilled workers
Moreover, these programmes can help embed multinationals in the local economy by encouraging managers or skilled workers of the foreign affiliate to set out their own business.
Cluster programmes continue to receive much attention from national and local policy makers in light of the importance of agglomeration economies and of helping firms to link up with each other and with research organisations at the local level.
Indeed, the centrality of this role increases with the growing importance of knowledgebased activities in the globalised economy.
Inward foreign direct investment is also an important though sometimes overlooked source of new knowledge for the local economy
Acs, Z.,D. Audretsch and M. Feldman (1994), R&d Spillovers and Recipient Firm Size, Review of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 76, No. 2, pp. 336-340.
Auerswald, P. 2007), The Simple Economics of Technology Entrepreneurship: Market Failure Reconsidered, in D. Audretsch,
Drucker, P. 1985), Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Harper collins, New york. Duranton, G. and D. Puga (2005), From Sectoral to Functional Urban Specialisation, Journal of Urban Economics, Vol
Evans D. and B. Jovanovic (1989), An Estimated Model of Entrepreneurial Choice under Liquidity Constraints, Journal of Political economy, Vol. 97, No. 4, pp. 808-827.
Jaffe, A m. Trajtenberg and R. Henderson (1993), Geographic Localization of Knowledge Spillovers as Evidenced by Patent Citations, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 108, No. 3, pp. 577-598.
, R. 2002), The Rise of the Creative Class, Basic books, New york. Lazear, E. 2005), Entrepreneurship, Journal of Labor Economics, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 649-680.
National Policy Approaches, OECD, Paris. OECD (2007b), Globalisation and Regional Economies: Can OECD Regions Compete in Global Industries?
and can consider all sectors of economic activity. There are no exclusion thresholds in terms of enterprise size, unless national limitations reduce the coverage of administrative data sources.
or administrative location of the company as a proxy for the place where the company concentrates its economic activity.
or legal headquarters may diverge from the place where it carries out its core economic activities.
turnover, employees, value added) by classification variables (economic activity, firm size and location. Such a deviation potentially generates biased economic indicators.
or a rich and efficient infrastructure endowment, that is to say, driven by sharing rather than learning agglomeration economies.
as industry is transformed into a low-carbon economy. Green and silver jobs are expected to grow
and there will be a marked shift towards business services jobs in advanced economies (CEDEFOP, 2008a). The level of skills is expected also to increase.
%while none of the Danish universities reported participation rates above 2. 5%.Despite the rapid growth in entrepreneurship teaching in higher education, there are a number of issues that need to be addressed in adapting universities to the needs of a more entrepreneurial economy (Potter,
and will give the economy of Scotland the skills, new ventures and entrepreneurs it needs for growth.
as well as national and global economies. 4) Effective contributors have an understanding and appreciation of the world of work, the value of different occupations and entrepreneurship and their contributions to the economy and to society;
have knowledge and understanding of wealth creation and wealth distribution both nationally and globally; are willing to take the initiative and lead;
what stakeholders needs to be involved, and what regular measurement systems need to be embedded into the overall process.
This results in co-production of knowledge by the different workers involved, constituting a critical nexus of today's networking economy.
especially in the context of the new green growth economy and in occupations that depart from previous rigid conceptions of job profiles (Miles et al.,
This, and the positive effects of local networks and connectivity in achieving the vitality of local economies,
Martinez-Fernandez C.,M. Receretnam and S. Sharpe (2007), Manufacturing Innovation in the New Urban Economy:
Miles, I.,B. Jones, T. Dunnewijk, H. Meijers, A. van Zon and B. Kotteik (2008), Innovation in the European Service Economy Scenarios and Implications for Skills and Knowledge
and change most especially in a time of economic crisis and a renewed or new approach, not only to the new social challenges but also to the old ones that have not yet been met successfully.
and in entrepreneurship, both commercial (for-profit businesses pursuing as a primary objective economic value and its appropriation) and social (primarily aiming at addressing and satisfying unmet social needs,
The most urgent challenge for national governments, local authorities, policy makers and economic stakeholders is therefore to help the less well-off adapt to new and changing situations
so that once the economy has recovered the benefits can be diffused widely. Social entrepreneurship and social innovation are part of the solution,
A term like social entrepreneurship tends to overlap with terms such as social economy, third sector, nonprofit sector, social enterprise and social entrepreneur, some
measuring it like measuring the social economy, the third sector and the nonprofit sector is difficult.
and this sector contributed JPY 10 trillion (USD 110 097 billion according to OECD STAT) to the economy in 2005,
and contributed GBP 8. 4 billion to the UK economy. In 2007/08 540 000 people were employed in the third sector as a whole in England.
Moving to the social economy, a recent report by CIRIEC (2007) clearly shows its diversity in European countries.
and analysis of the different definitions of social economy existing in the 25 countries included in the study.
The report presents the main figures for the social economy in the European union, by 5. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIAL INNOVATION SMES,
The main conclusion to be drawn is that the social economy in Europe is very important in both human and economic terms, over 11 million paid employees,
the Global 300 is the 10th largest economy in the world (ICA, Annual Report, 2006). 5. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIAL INNOVATION SMES,
2006). 2. is shaped social entrepreneurship by social value rather than economic value? The answer would be that,
and social entrepreneurship is that the economic value serves social objectives. In this sense, social entrepreneurship creates blended value that consists of economic, social and environmental value components (Emerson,
shareholder funds of about EUR 120 million (one of the largest capitalisations in its field;
Social innovation The financial and economic crisis makes creativity and innovation in general and social innovation in particular even more important to foster sustainable growth, secure jobs and boost competitiveness.
This multi-stakeholder Forum was created in April 2000 with the main Box 5. 6. SIEL Bleu (France) In 1997, SIEL Bleu (acronym for Sport,
and can deal with new relationships with stakeholders and territories: Social innovation seeks new answers to social problems by:
as shareholders, in their governance system. Examples include The french SCIC société coopérative d'intérêt collectif
consumption and distribution and generate further ideas and innovations (like the move to a low-carbon economy or the creation of a preventative system of criminal justice)( Caulier-Grice and Mulgan, 2009).
and can therefore pay attention to long-term social issues. 11 At the same time the nonprofit/social economy sector is increasingly adopting an entrepreneurial approach to further pursue its social objectives
it is the result of the joint efforts of multiple stakeholders. Box 5. 7. Individual Development Accounts (IDAS) IDAS are matched savings accounts held with financial institutions usually banks and credit unions but also nonprofit organisations
The Bank has developed also an economic system that has an alternative micro credit line (for producers and consumers
and the wider benefits of the solidarity economy; to help build a network of local producers and traders;
In 2005, an agreement to enter into partnership with the Secretaria Nacional de Economia Solidária (National Secretariat of Solidarity Economy)
Community banks represent a hybrid economy locally connected but market driven which helps to promote the attractiveness of an area and the proper development of the community.
Supported by the Brazilian National Secretariat for Economic Solidarity, partner of several Brazilian traditional banks, supported by global networks of social economy organisations;
The originality of this partnership is built around the innovative relationship of the stakeholders involved, which shows, once again, that social innovation is often the result of networks and partnerships.
and has been extended to networks of social economy organisations. Source: www. iledefrance. fr. 5. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIAL INNOVATION SMES, E 202 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 The following provides an outstanding example of how social media
and does not apply only to countries physically distant from donors or developing economies but also to organisations in developed countries:
the Specific Programme to Support Social Economy Development (PADES), which includes support for social innovation,
which aims to support the modernisation of institutions and job creation through the annual inclusion of 1 000 qualified young people in social economy institutions.
in order to increase growth in some priority areas as a response to the economic crisis. EUR 35 billion will be invested by the state
Support further research Governments should support further research into the field of social entrepreneurship and its main components (social enterprises, social economy organisations, social venture business, nonprofit organisations, etc.
they must be embedded across sectors the state, the private sector and the social economy/nonprofit sector.
A comprehensive debate on the contribution of social economy organisations to local development through long-term projects, not constrained by the need of making profits in the short term,
Definitions and Boundaries, paper presented at ANSER ARES 2009 Conference Association for Nonprofit and Social Economy Research/Association de recherche des organismes sans but lucratif et
CIRIEC (2007), The Social Economy in the European union, European Economic and Social Committee, No. CESE/COMM/05/2005.
De Biase, L. 2009), Knowledge-Based Economy and Growth of Network Media, paper prepared for the OECD LEED Programme, Paris. Dees, J. G.,J. Emerson
and P. Economy (2002), Strategic Tools for Social Entrepreneurs: Enhancing the Performance of Your Enterprising Nonprofit, John Wiley & Sons, New york. Defourny, J. and M. Nyssens (2008), Social Enterprise in Europe:
2007), The Social Economy: Building Inclusive Economies, OECD, Paris. OECD (1999), Social Enterprises, OECD, Paris. OECD (2003a), The Nonprofit Sector in a Changing Economy, OECD, Paris. OECD
(2003b), Asset Building and the Escape from Poverty. A New Welfare Policy Debate, OECD, Paris. OECD (forthcoming), Improving Social Inclusion at Local Level through the Social Economy, Report for Korea, 2010, report by the OECD LEED
Programme, OECD, Paris. Peredo, A m. and M. Mclean (2006), Social Entrepreneurship: A Critical review of the Concept, Journal of World Business, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 56-65.
Pomerantz, M. 2003), The Business of Social Entrepreneurship in A down Economy',Business, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 25-28.5.
p. 1) Dees, Emerson and Economy 2002 Social entrepreneurship is not about starting a business
and can deal with new relationships with stakeholders and territories.‘‘Social innovation'seeks new answers to social problems by:
namely enterprising human action in pursuit of the generation of value through the creation or expansion of economic activity by identifying
Green growth Means by which the economy can make the transition to environmental sustainability. It involves promoting growth
It requires further decoupling of environmental impacts from economic growth, and greening of consumption and production patterns,
Green growth means making investment in the environment a new source of economic growth. Green jobsjobs that contribute to protecting the environment
Knowledge economy An economic paradigm in which knowledge is regarded widely as the most important factor of production and driver of growth.
The concept is used to explore how economies can grow by moving from mature existing specialisations into growing activities by combining knowledge in new ways.
Social economy The ensemble of entities that explicitly have both an economic and a social mission.
This type of economy is regulated essentially by the stakeholder principle, which stands in stark contrast to the notion of shareholder capitalism.
Social enterprise Any private activity conducted in the public interest that is organised with an entrepreneurial strategy and
and more recently also for the social economy, particularly in European literature. The term reflects the idea that the sector sits between the public and private sectors.
which firms create their profit margins and value for shareholders. Vocational education and Training (VET) Formal education and training programmes that have a task orientation rather than an academic nature
-64-08031-7 No. 57299 2010 www. oecd. org/publishing OECD Studies on SMES and Entrepreneurship SMES, Entrepreneurship and Innovation Welcome to the entrepreneurial economy:
In addition, country notes present statistics and policy data on SMES, entrepreneurship and innovation for 40 economies, including OECD countries, Brazil, China, Estonia, Indonesia, Israel, the Russian Federation
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