and 10,618 companies with fewer than 10 employees, located in Spain and belonging to sections C, D e f, G h i, J, L, M, N and group 95.1, according to the National Classification of Economic activities
The sample was designed to offer results by branch of economic activity and by Autonomous Community. As regards Electronic commerce, any transaction carried out through telematic networks is considered to be as such.
perceived by employees and other stakeholders, their resistance to change will be more intense. lack of leadership.
The sample was represented only by representatives of ITC domain (generate by difficulties to identify innovative SMES on Romanian economy)
in order to simulate accurately the conditions of Romanian economy. 0-9 employees 10-249 employees 50-249 employees over 250 employees 223 408 154 34 27%50
%liquidity crises and success crises (58,36%).58,24%of respondents believe that the process of organizational change cannot be controlled completely vs. 41,75%believe that it is possible to direct organizational change.
, Tudorache, A. and Zgubea, F. Knowledge Based Economy Assessment in Romania, Economia. Seria Management, 2012 5. Clarke, L. Managementul schimbarii:
project number POSDRU/159/1. 5/S/142115 Performance and excellence in doctoral and postdoctoral research in Romanian economics science domain
Digital Agenda Targets Progress report Digital Agenda Scoreboard 2015 1 Digitisation has been changing not just our economy
which is affecting all sectors of the economy and society the digital economy. These changes are happening at a scale
WP4 examined how the social economy is funded, the pros and cons of different forms of funding and how the strategy and organisational development of social innovators can be promoted in terms of funding.
If we are interested most in large scale societal transformation (e g. to a low carbon economy or coproduction of public services),
Most of the future research questions we identified would benefit greatly from advanced databases containing information on social innovation, social needs, the social economy and its innovative potential, other environments of social innovation, relevant
Civil society and the social economy as incubators. Our hypothesis that civil society provides a particularly fertile ground for the generation
Graphic Footprints Introd uction 9 As such, before and beyond the economic crisis, there are a broad range of social, economic, environmental and demographic pressures
Measuring social innovation framework conditions Social innovation and the social economy We propose that there is a strong connection between social economy organizations and social innovation.
Social economy organisations are a major component of the economy and therefore warrant attention. For instance, the sector generates 7%of the national income in Denmark
and employs up to 10%of the total workforce in Germany. 47 In other countries (as is the case in Greece) there is no data to be found on employment in the social economy.
Thus we are still lacking more comprehensive and comparable data on the sector. The Third Sector Impact project that started early in 2014 will help to make this data available. 48 Nonetheless, the extent to
which social economy organisations are in fact innovators depends on numerous variables, e g. the size of the social economy and also on the welfare regime.
Typically, these social economy organisations and their teams are in close contact with communities where pressing social problems are evident.
we still witness some confusion in the terminology used by social economy, third sector or civil society organisations
(or against) our propositions that (a) the connection between social economy organizations and social innovation is a strong one,
which social economy organisations are in fact innovators, and that (c) this extent varies depending on numerous variables,
such as the size of the social economy, the respective welfare regimes and also the social problem we look at. 2. Examine existing methodologies for technological innovation and foster synergies between social and technological innovation measurement approaches.
This suggests that stakeholders need to be comfortable with a certain amount of uncertainty and need to be open to the possibility of unanticipated outcomes.
and the sharing economy and sharing society. Our research identified three main types of effect:
place making and sharing economy cases where much of the rest of the value chain is implemented using traditional and physical activities.
If we are interested most in large scale social transformation (e g. to a low carbon economy or to the co-production of public services
It has also been noted that social innovation is often filling gaps that were deepened as a result of austerity politics in the aftermath of the economic crisis of 2007/2008.
Data and monitoring It is clear that we require more and better data on social innovation, social needs, the social economy and its innovative potential, other environments of social innovation, relevant actors and networks, technological
but we could also make first steps towards reducing such complexity by identifying types of social innovations (economics, size, age, field of activity, actors involved, etc.
Civil society and the social economy as incubators Our hypothesis that civil society provides a particularly fertile ground for the generation
the connection between social economy organizations and social innovation requires more data for sound analyses.
We need to dig deeper into the numerous variables determining in how far social economy organizations are in fact innovators (e g. the state of the social economy (size, age, heterogeneity, etc.
The Cultures of the Economic crisis. Oxford university Press: Oxford, UK. 2. TEPSIE,‘Doing Social Innovation: A Guide for Practitioners'.
The Case of the Economic crisis and the New Economy, TRANSIT working paper, TRANSIT: EU SSH. 2013.3.2-1 Grant agreement no:
The measurement of social economies in Europe-a first step towards an understanding of social innovation.
highlighting those presenting important changes from the previous year and those showing the best performance in terms of R&d and economic growth over the last 10 years.
14353.2 SYNTHES INC. SHAREHOLDERS 14/06/2012 Acq. 100%GOOGLE 9758.0 MOTOROLA MOBILITY SHAREHOLDERS 22/05/2012 Acq. 100%NESTLÉ SA 9125.7
/2011 Acq. 100%BRISTOL-MYERS SQUIBB 5647.6 AMYLIN PHARMACEUTICALS INC. SHAREHOLDERS 08/08/2012 Acq. 100%VOLKSWAGEN 4490.0 PORSCHE AG PORSCHE AUTOMOBIL 01/08
Roche acquired full ownership of Genentech for $46. 8bn (it already had a majority shareholding).
Sanofi has a 16%shareholding in Regeneron and can increase this to 30%under their existing agreement.
FDI is defined as an investment made to acquire lasting interest in enterprises operating outside of the economy of the investor.
The EU attracts more technological intensive projects than resource-saving investments compared to the other economies.
In contrast, the top destination countries are the emerging economies of China, India, Russia, and Brazil,
This suggests that advanced economies are getting access to technological complementary knowledge by investing abroad. 17 The role and internationalisation strategies of multinational companies in innovation,
which aims to help close the gap between the EU's R&d investment and that of other developed economies.
while BERD data are used primarily by economists, governments and international organisations interested in the R&d performance of territorial units defined by political boundaries.
the Scoreboard collects data from audited financial accounts and reports whereas BERD typically takes a stratified sample,
Further, the Scoreboard collects data from audited financial accounts and reports. BERD typically takes a stratified sample,
while the Scoreboard classifies companies'economic activities according to the ICB classification). Sudden changes in R&d figures may arise because a change in company accounting standards.
companies in the global economy, in particular growth opportunities in emerging economies, while maintaining an R&d focus in the EU. Low expectations for R&d in the EU (1%p. a. in 2013-15) are due to the outlook of seven automobiles
& parts companies constituting 40%of the total sample R&d. Their expectations are substantially lower than in the past:
which continues to afflict many EU economies, but to address the shortcomings of its growth model
and reflects the increasing participation of European companies in the global economy, and in particular emerging economies,
while they retain their R&d focus in the EU. It also indicates that the gap between R&d invested by the surveyed companies in the EU
Will Dearth of Experts Starve German Economy? Der spiegel, 19 april 2013, http://www. spiegel. de/international/business/lack-of-skilled labor-could-pose-future-threat-to-german-economy-a-894116. html country (number of statements
) average rating most attractive second most attractive third most attractive least attractive Finland (8) 3, 35 quality of R&d personnel knowledge-sharing opportunities with universities
and innovation activities in order to support the implementation and monitoring of the European research and innovation agenda (the Innovation Union flagship, set in the context of the Europe 2020 strategy aiming at a smarter, greener and more inclusive economy).
%and technology hardware & equipment (4%).The responding companies carry out a quarter of their R&d outside the EU. Their expectations for R&d investment for the next three years show continued participation of European companies in the global economy, in particular growth
opportunities in emerging economies, while maintaining an R&d focus in the EU. Two thirds of the European companies in the sample chose their home country as the most attractive location for R&d,
Technovation29 (2009) 438 450 The antecedentsofsmeinnovativenessinanemerging transition economy Sonja Radas, Ljiljanaboz ic'The Instituteofeconomics, Trgj.
Becauseoftheimportanceofthesmesectorincreating economic growth, bothdevelopedanddevelopingcoun-tries areveryinterestedinfindingwaystostimulatesmes in realizinginnovations. Butinwhichwayscansmesbe helped toinnovate? Whatisthebestwayforpolicymakers to encourageinnovation? Manyeffortshavebeenmadein ARTICLEINPRESS www. elsevier. com/locate/technovation 0166-4972/$-seefrontmatter r 2008 Elsevierltd.
Yetpolicymakersin developingcountries, facedwiththetaskofcrafting regulationstosupportsmeinnovation, oftendrawupon the stockofknowledgefrominvestigationofsmesin developed economies. Soanimportantissueforpolicy makers wouldbetofindouttowhichextenttheycanrely on thesefindings. Inthispaper, weshedsomelightonthis questionbyinvestigatingfactorsthatsignificantlyimpact innovationinsmesincroatia, asmalldeveloping economy.
Ininvestigatingthesefactors, webuildupon the existingfieldofresearchaboutinnovationdeterminants in SMES. Ourdatacomefromthecommunityinno-vationstudyperformedin2004andcoversperiodfrom 2001 to2003. Following Keizeretal. 2002), wedefinealistof variablesandthenproceedtoexaminetheirsignificancefor innovationincroatiansmes.
Anotherpolicymeasure (inparticularinsmall economies) shouldbeencouragingsmestobecome exporters. Firststepwouldbetodeterminewhat possible obstaclestoexportingthereareandthen address thosewithasetoftargetedmeasures. Incentives that wouldhelpfirmstoaccesswidermarketscouldalso encourage innovation.
Paperforsymposiumon Technology Economics, 31march1988, Thehague. Forrest, J. E.,1990. Strategicalliancesandthesmalltechnology-based firm. Journalofsmallbusinessmanagement28 (3), 37 45.
and innovation are fundamental to long-term economic growth and prosperity. Some of these arguments can be traced back to economists like Joseph A Schumpeter (1883-1950) and Karl Marx (1818-1883.
Countries like India, South africa, and Brazil have joined in, increasingly recognising that the establishment of a innovative environment is a prerequisite of development.
As reference architectures require agreement among all stakeholders, they are developed usually through an incremental process.
and Technology Hellas/ITI, Greece daras@iti. gr 6. Athens University of Economics and Business,
and validated on large-scale testbeds 3. 2 Designs for In-Network Clouds Due to the existence of multiple stakeholders with conflicting goals and policies,
In flat architectures the radio access network components could be compared much cheaper to HSPA and LTE devices today because of the economy of scale.
the knowledge sector of modern economies is focussed increasingly on value networks rather than on value chains.
As reference architectures require agreement among all stakeholders, they are developed usually in an incremental process.
, measuring impacts and benefits of economic activity via integrated environmental monitoring and modeling, by managing consequences,
and by enabling novel low-impact economic activities, such as virtual industries or digital assets. In turn, ICT enables novel systems in terms of technologies
1) The study of the relationship between any sort of economic activity (here networking in the areas of Internet-based and telecommunications-based communications for a variety of lower-level network/telecommunication as well as application-based services) and the social life of user (here,
To ensure a mutually beneficial situation for all stakeholders in a Future Internet scenario, the Triplewin investigations determine the key goal of Economic Traffic Management (ETM) mechanisms developed.
Based on the assumption that the Internet has evolved into a worldwide social and economic platform with a variety of stakeholders involved,
classify, and develop an analysis framework for such tussles in the socioeconomic domain of Internet stakeholders.
and Burkhard Stiller5 1 Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland 3julius-Maximilian Universität Würzburg
in order to deal with the overlay traffic in a way that is mutually beneficial for all stakeholders of the Future Internet.
while in Section 5 presents concluding remarks. 2 Methodology of Assessment The detailed studies undertaken to assess ETMS deployment evaluate how all three stakeholders (end users, service providers,
and Henna Warma3 1 BT Innovate & Design, UK philip. eardley@bt. com 2 Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece {kanakakis, alexkosto}@ aueb. gr
deployment and adoption Protocol design Initial scenario (s) Deployment Adoption Benefits to Stakeholders Incremental Implement Wider scenario Deployment Adoption Implement Network effect
Then each step may involve different stakeholders, for example Bittorrent was adopted initially by application developers (and their end-users) to transfer large files,
because different stakeholders are involved equipment vendors implement, whilst network operators deploy; their motivations are not the same.
as only one stakeholder is involved viz the data centre operator. Fig. 2. Potential MPTCP deployment scenario, in a data centre.
Both the devices and servers are under the control of one stakeholder, so the end user‘unconsciously'adopts MPTCP.
Several stakeholders may now be involved. For instance, it is necessary to think about the benefits and costs for OS vendors, end users, applications and ISPS (Internet service providers.
is problematic as it requires several stakeholders to coordinate their deployment 9 . Since this is likely to be difficult,
Journal of Political Economics 94,822 841 (1986) 6. Joseph, D.,Shetty, N.,Chuang, J.,Stoica, I.:
and Burkhard Stiller4 1 Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece ckalog@aueb. gr, courcou@aueb. gr, gstamoul@aueb. gr 2 University of Southampton
With the evolution of the Internet from a controlled research network to a worldwide social and economic platform, the initial assumptions regarding stakeholder cooperative behavior are no longer valid.
Accordingly, different stakeholders in the Internet space have developed a wide range of on-line business models to enable sustainable electronic business.
a thorough investigation into socioeconomic tussle analysis becomes highly critical 9. The term tussle was introduced by Clark et al. 5 as a process reflecting the competitive behavior of different stakeholders involved in building
which each stakeholder has particular self-interests, but which are in conflict with the self-interests of other stakeholders.
Following these interests results in actions and inter-actions between and among stakeholders. When stakeholder interests conflict,
inter-actions usually lead to contention. Reasons for tussles to arise are manifold. Overlay traffic management and routing decisions between autonomous systems 11
and mobile network convergence 10 constitute only two representative examples for typical tussle spaces. The main argument for focusing on tussles in relation to socioeconomic impact of the future Internet is in the number of observed stakeholders in the current Internet and their interests.
Clark et al. speak of tussles on the Internet as of today. They argue 5 that t here are,
tussle analysis becomes an important approach to assess the impact of stakeholder behavior. This paper proposes a generic methodology for identifying
In Section 3 we provide a classification of tussles according to stakeholders'interests into social and economic ones,
and can be executed recursively, allowing for more stakeholders, tussles, etc. to be included in the analysis. It is out of the article's scope to suggest where the borderline for the analysis should be drawn,
economists and social scientists, would allow for suggesting candidate techniques and incorporating useful insights from different domains at each step of the methodology.
1. Identify all primary stakeholders and their properties for the functionality under investigation. 2. Identify tussles among identified stakeholders and their relationship. 148 C. Kalogiros et al. 3. For each tussle:
a. Assess the impact to each stakeholder; b. Identify potential ways to circumvent and resulting spill overs.
For each new circumventing technique, apply the methodology again. The first step of the methodology suggests identifying
and studying the properties of all important stakeholders affected by a functionality related to a protocol, a service,
The outcome of this step is a set of stakeholders and attributes such as their population, social context (age, entity type, etc.
as well as the relative influence across stakeholders, change over time. The next step aims at identifying conflicts among the set of stakeholders and their relationship.
In performing the first part of this step the analyst could find particularly useful to check
The third step of the methodology proposes to estimate the impact of each tussle from the perspective of each stakeholder.
In the ideal scenario a tussle outcome will affect all stakeholders in a nonnegative way
Usually this is a result of balanced control across stakeholders, which means that the protocols implementing this functionality follow the Design for Choice design principle 5. Such protocols allow for conflict resolution at run-time,
or all stakeholders are satisfied not by the tussle outcome and have the incentive to take advantage of the functionality provided,
which one can draw inferences about stakeholders and tussles. For all steps of this methodology except for 3a,
However, in complex systems with multiple stakeholders, multiple quantitative and qualitative sources of evidence may be required to better understand the actual and potential tussles.
In this case, the set of stakeholders is extended to include ASPS as well. The new tussle involves ISPS and ASPS (e g.
In the third iteration it will be assumed that the policy-maker (a new stakeholder) decides to intervene
The regulator's decision will redistribute control across stakeholders in a balanced way or, in more complex cases,
On the right part of Figure 1 we see that agents acting selfishly can lead to new tussles (spill over) that may involve new stakeholders as well.
For example, the Tussle I among Actor A and Actor B may trigger the Tussle II involving the same stakeholders,
Economic tussles refer to conflicts between stakeholders, motivated from an expected reward gained (or cost avoided)
while social tussles refer to conflicts between stakeholders that do not share the same social interests,
because a set of stakeholders follow economic objectives and their actions affect the social interests of other stakeholders. 3. 1 Tussle Patterns We have identified an initial set of four tussle patterns that include contention, repurposing, responsibility and control.
Figure 2 shows the actors involved in each tussle An Approach to Investigating Socioeconomic Tussles 151 pattern,
Dotted arrows represent a conflict among two stakeholders while a dotted rectangle shows the selected set of resources
when at least one stakeholder has the ability to influence the outcome. Based on the context, a reverse tussle pattern may also be present.
and an individual stakeholder can be a resource consumer in one tussle, but a provider of a resource in another.
Instances of this tussle pattern have their roots in economics and thus are resolved typically through the process of economic equilibrium
3. 2 Economic Tussles Economic tussles refer to conflicts between stakeholders, motivated from an expected reward gained
Furthermore, such tussles can occur between collaborating stakeholders due to different policies or, in economic terms, different valuations of the outcome.
when a stakeholder is being bypassed. Contention tussles are caused usually by the existence of scarce resources
which economists identify as a tragedy of the commons. Similar contention tussles can take place for other cloud resources as well
a situation known as information asymmetry in the economic theory literature. This imbalance of power can sometimes lead to market failures,
The ETICS project (Economics and Technologies for Inter-Carrier Services) 8 studies a repurposing tussle arising
and the economy through white papers, workshops, FIA sessions, and research consultancy. In this paper SESERV proposes a methodology for identifying
we believe it can capture the evolving relationships among stakeholders, and thus tussles, across time.
Economics, Technology and Modeling. Wiley, Chichester (2003) 7. CRAMM: http://www. cramm. com (accessed December 1, 2010) 8. ETICS:
and examine the minimal trust assumptions between the stakeholders in the system to guarantee the security properties advertised.
In the inter-domain setting, we have to take into account the various stakeholders such as ISPS, end-users,
but keep the architecture flexible and let the balance of power between stakeholders to decide the stable configuration.
and minimal in complexity and trust assumptions between stakeholders. 2 Basic Concepts Data-or content-centric networking can be seen as the inversion of control between the sender
Such a life cycle support must deliver assurance to the stakeholders and enable risk and cost management for the business stakeholders in particular.
The paper should be considered a call for contribution to any researcher in the related sub domains
and used by a virtual consortium of business stakeholders. While the creative space of services composition is unlimited in principle,
more stakeholders with different trust levels are involved in a typical service composition and a variety of potentially harmful content sources are leveraged to provide value to the end user.
Infrastructure as a service (Iaas), Platform as a service (Paas) and Software as a service (Saas). These models have the potential to better adhere to an economy of scale
A key challenge is to support dealing with an unprecedented multitude of autonomous stakeholders and devices probably one of the most distinguishing characteristics of the FI.
The need for assurance in the future Internet demands a set of novel engineering methodologies to guarantee secure system behavior and provide credible evidence that the identified security requirements have been met from the point of view of all stakeholders.
but they will also involve multiple autonomous stakeholders, and may involve an array of physical devices such as smart cards, phones,
Service-orientation and the fragmentation of services (both key characteristics of FI applications) imply that a multitude of stakeholders will be involved in a service composition
and modeling all the stakeholders'security requirements become a major challenge 5. Multilateral Security Requirements Analysis techniques have been advocated in the state of the art 14
In this respect, agent-oriented and goal-oriented approaches such as Secure Tropos 12 and KAOS 8 are recognized currently well as means to explicitly take the stakeholders'perspective into account.
and the geographical spread of smart devices stakeholders would deploy to meet their requirements. Sensor networks, RFID tags, smart appliances that communicate not only with the user
The definition of techniques for the identification of all stakeholders (including attackers), the elicitation of high-level security goals for all stakeholders,
and the identification and resolution of conflicts among different stakeholder security goals; The refinement of security goals into more detailed security requirements for specific services and devices;
devices and stakeholder concerns. 3 Secure Service Architecture and Design FI applications entail scenarios in
each model representing different functional and nonfunctional concerns that different stakeholder may have about it. However
Such a life cycle model aims to ensure the stakeholders'return of investment when implementing security measures during various stages of the SDLC.
cloud services for more sensitive markets (such as Microsoft Health Vault) use SSL encryption by Default on the other hand commodity public cloud services such as the Amazon EC2 are still growing
Another source of failure stems from the fact that large-scale computing clouds are built often using low-cost commodity hardware that fails (relatively) often.
A more practical solution is to use Trusted Computing to verify correct policy enforcement 6. Trusted computing instantiation as proposed by the Trusted Computing Group (TCG) uses secure hardware to allow a stakeholder
Economics of Information security and Privacy, pp. 121 167. Springer, New york (2010) 4. Bussard, L.,Neven, G.,Preiss, F. S.:
Economics of Information security, Advances in Information security, vol. 12, pp. 129 142. Springer, New york (2004) 10.
The heterogeneous and modular field of Future Internet Research and Experimentation with its national and international stakeholder groups requires community and cohesion building
The number of stakeholders who participate in provisioning of network and services is growing. More demanding applications (like egovernment
Making these values explicitly known to the stakeholders can help to provide incentives for cooperation.
Furthermore, the Internet underpins the whole global economy. The diversity and sheer number of applications and business models supported by the Internet have affected also largely its nature and structure (3
and related business models 5. If today's Internet is a crucial element of our economy,
7). The complexity of the FI, bringing together large communities of stakeholders and expertise, requires a structured mechanism to avoid fragmentation of efforts
The Seoul Declaration for the Future of the Internet Economy. OECD, Paris, France (2008) 11.
The current Internet has become an ubiquitous commodity to provide communication services to the ultimate consumers:
Services 323 Introduction The global economy can be characterised under three main sectors. The primary sector involves transforming natural resources into primary products
Service provision is seen as an economic activity where generally no transfer of ownership is associated with the service itself
which can support the service economy. Two overarching requirements influence the scope and technical solutions created under the Internet of Services umbrella.
However, the goal of reaching a truly serviceoriented economy would require that IT-based services can be traded flexibly as economic good,
Service Level Agreement, Cloud, Service Lifecycle 1 Introduction Europe has set high goals in becoming the most active and productive service economy in the world.
This rapidly growing service-oriented economy has highlighted key challenges and opportunities in IT-supported service provisioning.
For a vivid IT service economy, better tools are necessary to support end-to-end SLA management for the complete service lifecycle,
and connected as needed according to the requirements of the involved value chain stakeholders in the respective Future Internet scenario.
in different sectors of the economy including the service sectors, and in social networks. Research on the Future Internet
Increasingly, research and innovation on the Future Internet such as envisaged in the future Internet PPP programme forms part of a diverse, dynamic and increasingly open Future Internet innovation-ecosystem, where different stakeholders such as researchers
This approach requires sustainable partnerships and cooperation strategies among the main stakeholders. The fourth chapter Smart Cities at the forefront of the Future Internet presents an example of city-scale platform architecture for utilizing innovative Internet of things technologies to enhance the quality of life of citizens.
Knowledge, Economics and Organization. In: Mansell (ed.),The Information Society, Critical Concepts in Sociology, Routledge (2009) 6. Cordis. lu:
Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age. Report on behalf of the Global esustainability Initiative, Gesi (2008) 2. Saunders, H.:
Effectively sharing these common resources for the purpose of establishing urban and regional innovation ecosystems requires sustainable partnerships and cooperation strategies among the main stakeholders.
which states that a city may be called‘smart'when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources,
Partnerships and clear cooperation strategies among main stakeholders are needed in order to share research and innovation resources such as experimental technology platforms, emerging ICT tools, methodologies and know-how,
and needs of cities and their stakeholders, including citizens and businesses, and which may bridge the gap between short-term city development priorities and longer term technological research and experimentation.
explore, experiment and validate innovative scenarios based on technology platforms such as Future Internet experimental facilities involving SMES and large companies as well as stakeholders from different disciplines.
innovation and globalisation 6. The World Foundation for Smart Communities advocated the use of information technology to 434 H. Schaffers et al. meet the challenges of cities within a global knowledge economy 7. However,
and upgrading of skills to promote the knowledge economy. Active labour market policy is a top priority to sustain employment,
sustain the innovation economy and wealth of cities, maintain employment and fight against poverty through employment generation, the optimisation of energy and water usage and savings,
All city economic activities and utilities can be seen as innovation ecosystems in which citizens and organisations participate in the development, Fig. 1. Smart city key application areas 436 H. Schaffers et al. supply and consumption of goods and services.
Fig. 1 presents three key domains of potential smart city applications in the fields of innovation economy
As the major challenge facing European cities is to secure high living standards through the innovation economy
and the knowledge economy overall. 3 Future Internet Experimentation and Living Labs Interfaces In exploring the role of Future Internet experimentation facilities in benefiting urban development as we move towards smart cities,
Testing as joint validation activity Scale of testing Large-scale mainly From small to large scale Stakeholders FI Researchers (ICT industry & academia) IT multidisciplinary researchers, End-users, enterprises (large
This use case involves local stakeholders, such as the regional institution for air measurement quality (Atmo PACA), the local research institute providing the Iot-based green service portal
focus groups involving stakeholders and/or citizen may be run either online or face-to-face. The Periphèria project is among the Smart Cities portfolio of seven projects recently launched in the European commission ICT Policy Support Programme.
among the main stakeholders from business research, policy and citizen groups and achieve an alignment of local, regional and European policy levels and resources.
six dimensions 448 J. M. Hernández-Muñoz et al. of‘smartness'were identified (economy, people, governance, mobility, environment, and living).
As the upsurge of information and communication technologies (ICT) has become the nervous system of all modern economies,
Consequently, the successful development of the Smart Cities paradigm will require a unified ICT infrastructure to allow a sustainable economic growth 2,
a crucial aspect for Smartcities to become future engines of a productive and profitable economy.
In that sense, the FI PPP promoted by the EC 10 11 seeks for the cooperation among the main European stakeholders
Thus, the platform will be attractive for all involved stakeholders: industries, communities of users, other entities that are willing to use the experimental facility for deploying
The cardinality of the different stakeholders involved in the smart city business is so big that many nontechnical constraints must be considered (users, public administrations
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