lack of clarity regarding the specific cost-benefit to each of the stakeholders (payers, physicians, patients) resulting in‘conflict'with regard to
which of the stakeholders should foot the bill; absence of financial rewards (particularly for the physicians,
and the lack of a strategic organisational process to develop the commitment of all of the stakeholders.
Partnership and collaboration with clinicians and other stakeholders have also been demonstrated to be a critical factor in the successful implementation of health IT.
(ICT) have enhanced greatly the competition spurred by the globalization of the world economies. Even small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) are no more immune to the challenges that the globalization brings about.
and in certain instances worrisome, situation since SMES play a key-role in most economies,
22 5. 2 Cost Explosion in Booming Economies...22 5. 3 Protection of Intellectual Property rights...
R. Tiwari and S. Buse (October 2007) Page 4 of 31 1-Introduction Technological advancements, especially in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have enhanced greatly the competition spurred by the globalization of the world economies.
and in certain instances worrisome, situation since SMES play a key-role in most economies,
Innovative ideas and products are becoming increasingly important to counter the priceoriented competition from low-cost producers from emerging economies
while elaborating the crucial role that SMES play in the economy. 2. 1 Innovation Innovation,
small and medium-sized enterprises, may be understood as any entity engaged in economic activity, irrespective of its legal form (EC, 2003a).
even though SMES play an important role in the national economy as discussed in the following.
2 These data exemplarily demonstrate the key-role which SMES play in Germany's economy.
For detailed discussions on SMES'role in the German economy see Hamer (1997), Bundestag (2002), Günterberg and Kayser (2004),
and find themselves faced with tough price-oriented competition from low-cost producers from emerging economies in Asia
Moreover, blocking foreign firms from doing business in the country may lead to trade retaliations abroad that could severally affect an export-oriented economy like that of Germany.
and Hamburg Institute of International Economics (HWWA, 2004). Comparing the findings of the aforementioned surveys it would not be an unreasonable assumption that SMES in the respective countries
and other developed economies we conducted a new set of investigation. The methodology and selected results of this study are explained in the following. 3. 2 Findings of the Survey RIS-Hamburg To identify barriers to innovation in SMES in the Metropolitan Region of Hamburg we at first conducted an empirical study in form
the survey targeted mainly SMES from the fields of IT, Media, Civil Aviation, Electronics, Machinery Manufacturing, Maritime Economy, Medical Equipments, Logistics,
The study carried out by Cologne-based Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft (Idw) on behalf of Germany's Federal Ministry of Economics
emerging economies in Asia are rapidly taking over the role of lead markets by their openness for consumption
or they may cause high opportunity costs in the form of lost business opportunities (in case of prohibition).
More and more people in emerging economies are having financial resources to buy high-end products (EIU, 2004), and the number of the middle class consumers is growing rapidly in emerging countries particularly China and India.
2007). 5-Challenges of Global Innovation The section above has given us a broad overview over how global innovation may be used as a chance to mitigate the effects of innovation barriers prevalent in Germany and inter alia in advanced economies.
%The shortage of qualified personnel is also felt in the booming economy of China, where German firms are finding it increasingly difficult to recruit local technicians,
2006). 5. 2 Cost Explosion in Booming Economies The cost advantage of many emerging nations with booming economies is disappearing in many respects, for instance,
In this respect the internationalization of R&d seems to be a useful instrument to mitigate the effects of barriers to innovation often faced by SMES in Germany, the EU or anywhere else in industrialized economies.
The globalisation of research and development, Economist Intelligence unit. Ernst, D. 2006: Innovation Offshoring: Asia's Emerging Role in Global Innovation Network, East-West Center Special reports, No. 10/2006.
Die Position Norddeutschlands im internationalen Innovationswettbewerb, Hamburg Institute of International Economics, Hamburg. Idw (2004: Mittelstand in Deutschland Stiefkind der Wirtschaftspolitik, Institut der deutschen Wirtschaft, Cologne:
3 months net rent (Sales tax not included) 27 Organisation 28 WISTA-MANAGEMENT GMBH 29 WISTA-MANAGEMENT GMBH State of Berlin Shareholder Supervisory Board
For example trans-European transport and energy networks and other infrastructure, the knowledge economy, energy and SMES are 10/38 Best practices in transport infrastructure financing 1/23/2013
and guarantees ranking ahead of shareholder subordinated debt mezzanine finance, including high-yield debt for SMES experiencing high-growth
The project should also benefit the local economy and satisfy both EBRD's environmental standards and those of the host country.
For example in state-owned companies and limited companies where the government is the biggest shareholder it is hard to define strictly the funding source.
and generate positive effects to the regional economy. Cities, municipalities or other similar self-governmental regions and local-level players are also giving their contribution to the infrastructure financing.
-eu-20050-p. htm http://www. femern. com/home/economy/who-pays http://www. femern. com/home/finished-tunnel/traffic--capacity Finland
The Rail Baltica tries to promote economic growth and integration in the Baltic region. The project Rail Baltica and especially pre-studies and development phase have received support from two EU funds.
and to raise the awareness of the important stakeholders: national and regional administrations and decision makers and also 31/38 Best practices in transport infrastructure financing 1/23/2013 The Baltic Institute of Finland/BSRP Transport Cluster the awareness
and construction companies and in total the project had 15 shareholders, a consortium of 10 construction companies, Transmanche link (TML) and 5 banks.
The shareholders were evenly from France and England. The construction consortium made a design and build contract with Eurotunnel,
The first equity package came from the original 15 shareholders in the beginning of the project. The tunnel project and the shareholders went through critical times
when Equity package 2 was accepted, and it made the original project promoters minor shareholders. Before equity package 3 could be accepted the project needed more financing.
European Investment Bank provided the tunnel project a loan the deal was signed by a group of 50 banks
or cluster serving the local economy and society, if local and regional authorities implement smart specialisation strategies to concentrate resources on key priorities and maximise impact (EC COM 2011).
and student living expenditure in the region and universities'economic activity induced by additional expenditure in the regional supply chain.
whose focus is on each region's capacity in terms of economic growth and renewal. Many of the new policies are concentrated on so called strategic action plans Regional Growth Programmes-VINNVAXT-aiming at creating economic, ecologic and social sustainable growth (Erawatch country profile:
Additionally, a number of regional initiatives aim at developing the planning capability together with the most important regional stakeholders.
Innovation and the knowledge based economy, Integrative city development and Technical support. It should be noted here that The City of Vienna encourages application-oriented research through the Innovation
that are advised better to invest in the development of the applications of a generic technology or service innovation in one or several important areas of the regional economy or in developing cross-sectoral approaches (EC COM 2010/553).
and the knowledge economy. Industrial and Corporate Change 10: 945 974. European commission (2010: Regional Policy contributing to smart growth in Europe 2020.
The Role of Universities in Innovation Systems and Regional Economies. Expert meeting on The future of academic research, Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration, 19-20 october 2006.
Vol. 4 Issue 2 2012 54 Appendix 1 Europe's Top Regions for Innovation Linkages Acronym Country Region Position in RIS AT1 Austria
5 1. Introduction Innovation is arguably one of the main drivers of economic growth and the capacity to innovate among the most important factors enhancing competitiveness on a global scale (Grossman and Helpman 1991, Nelson 1996, Baumol 2002).
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR Overall, recent empirical findings show that the environment for innovation has changed with the importance of new and small firms to the innovation process has increased.
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR In a study employing Community Innovation Survey data over 16 countries,
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR Finally, the last table looks at the proportion of R&d expenditures from companies outside the enterprise.
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR Although increasing institutional efforts to harmonize data for the understanding of the relationship between innovation and SMES performance,
These results hold across four large EU economies with a high SMES intensity such as Italy, France, Germany, Spain and UK (Griffith et al. 2006). 2013 Brief on INNOVATION PERFORMANCE
Empirical Evidence for Italy, Small Business Economics, Vol. 33, No. 1 Cohen W. M. and Levinthal D. A (1990) Absorptive Capacity:
and Bettina Peters (2006), Innovation and Productivity across four European countries, Oxford Review of Economic policy, Vol. 22, No 4 Grossman G. M.,Elhanan Helpman (1991),
Innovation and Growth in the Global economy, Massachussets: MIT Press Holzl W. 2009), Is the R&d behaviour of fast-growing SMES different?
Evidence from CIS III data for 16 countries, Small Business Economics, Vol. 33 pp 59 75.
Harnessing Technology for Economic growth. Washington, D c.:National Academy Press, pp. 275 305. Love J.,Stephen Roper (2013), SMES Innovation, Exporting and Growth, ERC White paper N 5. Macpherson A.,Robin Holt (2007), Knowledge, learning and small
"IPTS Working papers on Corporate R&d and Innovation series (http://iri. jrc. ec. europa. eu/papers. htm) Nelson R. R. 1996), The Sources of Economic growth, London:
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR 2013 Brief on INNOVATION PERFORMANCE ANNUAL REPORT ON EUROPEAN SMES 2012/2013 15 II.
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR 2013 Brief on INNOVATION PERFORMANCE ANNUAL REPORT ON EUROPEAN SMES 2012/2013 16 III.
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR 2013 Brief on INNOVATION PERFORMANCE ANNUAL REPORT ON EUROPEAN SMES 2012/2013 17 IV.
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR
Hungary: Towards a National S3 strategy Balázs Borsi (Ministry for National Economy) Budapest, 25 june 2013 Source of map:
wikipedia The questions we would like the peer critical friends to discuss: How can the RIS3 process be tailored to a country, with substantial economic and social disparities and with no real economic regions (apart from the Capital region?
Thereby, they make a substantial contribution to the competitiveness of the Hungarian economy, making it a sustainable knowledge economy Investment in Our Future The National RDI Strategy 2020 Main objective:
GERD/GDP ratio shall reach 1. 8%by 2020 (from business sources) Hungary's innovation performance should reach the EU average by the end of the decade.
A substantially larger number of supplier SMES have business links with the MNCS in the economy.
and evaluation mechanisms Consultations in NUTS-2 regions about the strategy documents In depth interviews (82) with stakeholders+workshops were organised during the process Synthesising the regional S3 strategy documents
and value chain learning economy, industrial based innovation Central Hungary A globally competing region tackling all?
and globally relevant industry networks and connected higher education/research) Central Transdanubia Southern Transdanubia (Some sporadic industry players yet weak economy in general, higher education and research is (usually) locally important and relevant
) Northern Hungary Northern Great Plain (Economy is the least competitive, strong (often interdisciplinary) research with international connectivity) Southern Great Plain???
and R&d (Ministry for National Economy) and the National Innovation Office For the National RDI Strategy, there was a consultation body,
however, it is far from involvement levels in more developed economies/societies National and regional governance bodies and mechanisms are still to be defined High-level S&t policy coordination body is to be introduced For S3 a fully centralised governance system at the national level is planned Chief scientists for facilitating public-sector RDI is to be introduced in the ministries
Relevant stakeholders are to be involved in the implementation stage as members of advisory board (national and/or regional,
and project generation Coordination to be ensured by a monitoring committee The EDIOP GINOP measures under priority axis 2 Development of the knowledge economy Measure 1:
a regional and national social consultation is planned to reinforce participation of the regional stakeholders What is needed (in the short and medium term) to develop
combined, would create economic growth and lead eventually to economic development. Economic growth would be increased the productivity in the existing activities;
economic development would come from the opening, through research and innovation, of new production branches or the birth of knowledge-based firms (OECD, 2005;
is used without exception in relation to competitiveness, sustainable economic growth, closing the structural heterogeneity gap in productivity, and the like,
The hypothesis that there is a trickle-down effect from economic growth to social inclusion, implicit in many analyses, is illusory;
and other stakeholders may have. In addition, they have a role to play in creating the mechanisms to allow for the effective integration of all the system stakeholders.
The role of the goods and services producers is to render operative the solutions generated in the research process Particularly in the case of technological solutions,
The first stage in the travel through the circuit is composed of the recognition of a problem by the affected population or other stakeholders.
The context of the first call in 2003 was a deep social and economic crisis at the national level,
Some years later, Uruguay showed an unparalleled rate of economic growth: at the end of 2008, the country growth reached 8. 9 percent
from violent robberies for food at the time of the first call to different types of security problems associated now with violence related to the uneven economic growth and the persistence of social exclusion, from the bankruptcy of hundreds of firms
and the damaging personal indebtedness in dollars to inflation in the national currency and a type of foreign exchange favorable to imported consumption,
and a sustained economic growth. The persistence of these situations makes even more valid the premise from
the so-called‘sharing economy'is blossoming in which people can share cars, tools, accommodation, and even their time and skills.
employment, place making, the sharing economy, health and education. After the references section, there are also three annexes:
Scoreboard Tepsie themes Jobs Work-life balance Economic Affairs 1. Employment Income 2. Sharing economy (and sharing society) Health Health 3
Education and skills Participation and democracy Culture and arts Health and wellbeing Work and employment Neighbourhood regeneration Energy and environment Science Finance and economy.
and activism Sharing Economy (and sharing society) Exchanging time and talent Activating the value of dormant assets Creating viable shared assets Health Preventive and self help Personalised and smart patient environments Supporting smart infrastructure for integrated health
localities) 7. Other Sharing economy (and sharing society) 1. Improved matching and exchanging of time
and talent increasing social and community benefits 3. Increased fixed asset use giving economic value to more people 4. Increased fixed asset use giving social and community value to more people 5
. Increased creation of viable shared assets giving more economic value to more people 6. Increased creation of viable shared assets giving more social and community value to more people 7
. Scaled sharing economy impact (more sectors, workers, localities, people, etc. 8. Other Health 1. Increase in health and wellbeing (numbers of people and duration) 2. Increase in health personalisation 3. Increase in health skills (personal & collective:
and volunteers Sharing economy Focus area Case Social needs addressed Exchanging time and talent Athens Time Bank (EL) Meeting all types of basic daily needs for people in poverty
and the more market-oriented models in the Anglo saxon countries, aspects of which many of the former command economy countries of Eastern europe have tended to adopt.
European learning networks, such as gender mainstreaming, age management, inclusive entrepreneurship, migrant and ethnic minorities, reintegration of ex-offenders, social economy, asylum seekers
despite the economy picking up again in the last few years. This reflects and exacerbates many social problems arising from sometimes contradictory issues like:
after an initial rise soon followed by a fall. 9 This may be due to many self-employed people transferring their business to the unofficial economy as well as more self-regulation via,
as elsewhere, there is a trend towards a greater role for social entrepreneurship and the social economy,
/social-economy/13 http://www. isede-net. com/content/social-economy/wise-work-integration-social-enterprises-tool-promotinginclusion 19
For example, most observers agree that innovation in the economy supported or enabled by ICT typically reduces the demand for labour in existing sectors and companies because of increased productivity,
Indeed, in the Eslife case especially, there appear to be fewer volunteers because of the economic crisis as people need to earn as much as they can at this time,
This enabling and indispensable role of ICT is comparable to the role of ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the smart places cases in the place making theme.
which are (according to the Economist, 2012) reshaping each other and often becoming a seamless whole. Physical and digital worlds are becoming increasingly interwoven,
for instance, pointing a smart phone at a building instantly provides information about it. 34 According to the Economist (2012),
Economist, 2012) There is an increasing number of digital services which are place-specific rather than general.
as well as completely new business models like the sharing economy. 33 See Tepsie D8. 1, section 3. 1. 6:
and IOBY) Types and uses of ICT The types of ICT and its use varies across the three sharing economy focus areas,
to become stakeholders in new online and offline social networks, encouraging strong and positive relationships between people from different backgrounds in the workplace, in education and within neighbourhoods to do things for themselves as‘digital pioneers'with a mutual aid ethos.
and many more with significantly reduced income, thereby encouraging the growth of local solutions as alternatives to the mainstream economy.
This enabling and indispensable role of ICT is comparable to the role of ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the finding employment cases in the employment theme.
looking not only at developing models of public-private partnerships (PPPS) but also at civil and citizen partnerships (PPCPS) and models of social economy enterprises.
In the Viedome case this new model remains very much in the formal monetary economy and has developed successfully a combined social
In the TEM case, the new economic model is basically non-monetary and largely outside the formal traditional economy.
This enabling and indispensable role of ICT is comparable to the role of ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the finding employment cases in the employment theme.
and in local problems, provided all aspects are transparent & open to interrogation. 60 The sharing economy Context This section very briefly summarises the main findings arising from the desk research carried out across Europe in relation to strategic issues
which provides the general sharing economy context, as well as some of the observed and expected roles and impacts of ICT within this context.
and to identify three focus areas and relevant cases within the sharing economy theme. Deliverables D8. 4 and D8. 5 will examine both the empirical evidence presented here in the light of the full desk research to draw conclusions and recommendations regarding outstanding research gaps and policy issues.
In the last decade this is starting to be challenged by a new sharing economy growing from a small base, in
The sharing economy is starting to supplement exclusive ownership with new forms of common, collective and collaborative ownership.
since impact as global market leaders. 50 The sharing economy also termed‘collaborative consumption')is growing fast,
worth €85 billion in the US51 and already €22 billion in the UK in 2012.52 This seems to be the results of three main factors factors massively boosting the sharing economy over the last six years:
The economic crisis in 2007-8 made people look at the assets they owned and how to make these‘work harder'for them ICT connectivity makes the sharing economy possible on a scale never seen before 48 www. zipcar. com 49 www. airbnb. com 50 Given the above very general definition
of the sharing economy, it can be seen it potentially covers a huge range of issues across most, if not all, sectors and aspects of daily living.
The aim of this section is not to attempt a definitive definition, nor to try to draw boundaries as many others are doing this with much overlap
simply attempts to explore some aspects of the sharing economy using a number of cases, most
This will be taken further in Deliverables D8. 4 and D8. 5 51 www. fastcompany. com/1747551/sharing-economy 52 http://economia. icaew. com/opinion/november
According to Rachel Botsman (Botsman and Rogers 2010), the challenge of the current sharing economy is how to scale without over commercialisation and loss of its social, human-centred and experiential characteristics.
The currency of the sharing economy is‘peer trust'based on‘reputational capital, 'so measuring, transporting
and peer trust could start to replace this as the sharing economy takes off. Botsman (2010) further observes that classical economics to date has seen the sharing economy as simply‘stealing'market from the established
normally big corporate, players. For example, hotels complain bitterly about Airbnb reducing their market share without paying normal business taxes.
The sharing economy, as most radical innovations, is potentially very destructive of existing business models and incumbent actors.
Does the sharing economy not only hijack and destroy parts of the existing market, but also create new forms of demand and thus new market value around these existing assets?
thus boosting local economies and in effect decanting some economic activity from downtown to the suburbs. Whatever the balance of cannibalising existing demand
and creating new demand, there is no doubt that radically new business models based on new forms of value creation,
regulatory and insurance barriers designed for the ownership rather than the access economy. The sharing economy is currently at the stage where this is a critical issue
For example, traditional big corporates are starting to move in (like BMW with its car share programme) attempting to capitalise on these new markets
whilst, at the same time, unwittingly or not, are in danger of destroying the social, community and authenticity ethos still inherent in the sharing economy.
This current stage of development of the sharing economy will also determine whether and, if so, how the sharing economy will scale and
what form will it take. Will we recognise the current characteristics of the sharing economy in ten years?
At its core, the sharing economy is aimed social innovation at transforming how some of the fundamentals of our political economy are practiced.
At present, property ownership rights, while including the right to use and consume, are configured around the right to exclude.
The sharing economy is characterised by the organised practice of exercising this right as a right to share.
What has become labeled as the sharing economy, started as many simultaneous initiatives in many places and in many asset domains.
In the early days of the shared economy movement, and this still remains true today, phrases such as under-utilised assets equals waste
and to scale the sharing economy. Another of the quite unique features of the development of the sharing economy movement is that it very early on was driven by different categories of actors.
For example, individuals willing to share their assets. Groups of individuals who organise mutual sharing, and local communities that do the same.
What has become the sharing economy movement includes all these types of actors and they all seem to enhance the scale and scope of activities and sharing for each other.
Trust and community are at the heart of the sharing economy. It promotes personal and long-term relations in new ways creating loyalty and community around the shared economy service,
and thereby making the automated systems resilient to commoditisation. The shift from selling a product once and for all in a market transaction,
For such reasons, most sharing economy companies are based on some form of membership model, where there is partly some initial screening,
This is one of the reasons why the sharing economy movement seemingly without effort can span across businesses
Whether or not the sharing economy becomes a business, remains purely voluntary or some mix in between,
this means that the sharing economy movement comprehensively fulfils at least the mainstream definitions of social innovation.
such as the economy, environment, employment, education, health and community. It spans from individual 53 www. taskrabbit. com 63 action, community initiatives,
There seem to be two main impacts of the sharing economy First, on human empowerment by giving people access to goods and services in ways and on a scale not possible before,
Roles and impacts of ICT The sharing economy has always been bed around, such as-and-breakfast holidays
but at least in the era of the modern economy it has always been niche and marginal.
driving the massive growth and impact of the sharing economy now possible on a scale never seen before.
or supporting social innovation in the sharing economy theme. 1. Exchanging time and talent One of the conundrums of advanced labour markets is that there are fairly fixed valuations of different kinds of time and talent based on job-position, education, skill-sets, labour market regulation and legislation
but 54 www. fastcompany. com/1747551/sharing-economy 64 can easily find a handyman on Taskrabbit who has the half an hour needed to do the task,
The sharing economy is rich on initiatives that address this conundrum, ranging from neighborhood task
and talent increasing social and community benefits. 2. Sharing existing dormant assets The basic proposition of the sharing economy is that every under-utilised asset can be turned into use
and other organisations at marginal cost whenever there are no commercial full price users. Both economic and social gains are manifold:
Increased existing asset use giving more economic value to more people Increased existing asset use giving more social and community value to more people. 55 www. rentez-vous. com 65 3. Creating new shared
It is an important part of the sharing economy ecosystem that it has achieved the kind of dynamics where assets, tools, systems needed,
Increased creation of new shared assets giving more economic value to more people Increased creation of new shared assets giving more social and community value to more people In addition, there is also one theme
Scaled sharing economy impact (more sectors, workers, localities, people, etc. 56 www. techshop. ws 57 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fab lab 66 Case analysis Social needs addressed and summary Five cases are analysed in the sharing
economy theme as summarised in Table 5. 1. Table 5. 1: Sharing economy cases: summary Focus area Case Social needs addressed Summary Exchanging time
and talent Athens Time Bank (EL) 58 Meeting all types of basic daily needs for people in poverty
and enable new social innovations in the context of the sharing or collaborative economy, where existing assets are shared (people's time,
Funding and actors All the sharing economy cases examined here are started and operated by civil organisations and/or volunteers,
Types and uses of ICT The types of ICT and its use varies across the three sharing economy focus areas,
Sharing existing dormant assets 3. Increased fixed asset use giving more economic value to more people Streetbank:
Creating new shared assets 5. Increased creation of new shared assets giving more economic value to more people Repair Cafés:
online open data and open data communities create new content and knowledge for developing new products and services in for example hackathons and other physical events with economic value
as below. 7. Scaled sharing economy impact (more sectors, workers, localities, people, etc.)All cases are scaling,
This also encourages the take up other related issues, like public sector and business participation in the sharing economy, the impact of consumption on the immediate and the global environment, democracy, representation, social security benefits reform,
Important considerations when exchanging any assets in the sharing economy context are that much of the policy
when exchanging any assets in the sharing economy context are that much of the policy, legal and regulatory framework is not conducive to such bottom-up alternatives to providing services,
are summarised below as they relate to the sharing economy theme. An overview of all the main results of the analysis of the sharing economy cases is provided in Table 5. 2. 80 1. The role and use of ICT in social innovation In all cases,
ICT is essential but is deployed also alongside physical and traditional activities, and, particularly when there are many ICT illiterate members,
Important considerations when exchanging any assets in the sharing economy context are that much of the policy,
and this increasingly means in a created shared physical space. 3. Policy issues related to ICT in social innovation Given the nature of these sharing economy cases,
all six social innovation outcomes examined in the sharing economy theme, as well as several others, have been shown to be supported
despite the very broad ambit of the sharing economy movement, the basic underlying economic and social model based on access to assets rather than ownership of them,
All the sharing economy cases examined here are started and operated by civil organisations and/or volunteers,
and Europe has not yet) been able to convert sharing economy initiatives into large commercially successful companies,
and probably in most sharing economy context, is that objectives, participants, processes and outcomes need to be transparent and open to interrogation,
Indeed, in the sharing economy theme, from the evidence presented above, there seem to be three big enablers based on ICT.
-and-the-sharing-economy-shaping-themarket-in-2014-and-beyond-47488/#./#Uxzlmc4tbfo 83 Table 5. 2:
Sharing economy case analysis overview Focus area and SI outcomes ICT use Online platforms Commun-ities Networks Social innovation processes Barriers
The extent to which stakeholders create user confidence through adequate privacy and security protections will play a key role in accelerating
while at the same time increasing value for patients and reevaluating the whole care process by bringing patients, the main stakeholder, into the fold.
This kind of innovation of transferring some power and responsibility to the stakeholders galvanises the process and puts the individual, rather than the condition or the health-care system, into the centre of the debate.
The 21st Century classroom107 Strategic issues, trends and challenges Even as the economy and much of the rest of society are being transformed in countries around the world,
In addition, innovation, creativity and independent thinking is becoming more important than ever in our increasingly global economy.
where knowledge isn't a commodity that's delivered from teacher to student but something that emerges from the students'own curiosity-fueled exploration (Davis 2013).
The involvement of the private sector underscores the value multi-stakeholder partnerships can add, and shows the vested interest the private sector has in the Education system
if a holistic approach is taken with multi-stakeholder partnerships at the heart of effective education. 110 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Personalized learning 115 Vignette:
ATC21S ATC21S is a multi-stakeholder partnership to define learning progressions for 21stcentury skills, create innovative assessment methodologies,
individual stakeholders would not be able to solve it on their own. The Advisory board includes PISA OECD, IEA, UNESCO and the World Economic Forum.
The World Economic Forum defines a multi-stakeholder partnership in the e-schools context broadly as a partnership that exists
Most of these are examples of multi-stakeholder partnerships. Here several collaborative social innovation processes are evident, notably consultation
the cultures of the economic crisis, Oxford university Press Chadwick, A. 2009a. Web 2. 0: New Challenges for the Study of E-Democracy in an Era of Informational Exuberance.
1 february 2003), pp. 111-135 Economist Magazine (2012) A sense of place technology and geography, 27 october 2012 Eisenhardt, K. M. 1989) Building theories
Green, C. H.,(2012) Trust and the Sharing Economy: A New Business model#,White paper: http://trustedadvisor. com/public/White-paper-Trust-and-the-Sharing-Economy. pdf Harford, T. 2011) Adapt:
why success always starts with failure, Little, Brown, London. Harris K, Flouch H The Networked Neighbourhoods Group, The Online Neighbourhood Networks Study,
Europe's transition to the knowledge economy, In the future of the Information Society in Europe: Contributions to the Debate, Editors:
D8. 1reportdevelopmentofonlinenetworkingtools. 31052012. p df Millard, J. 2012) Social innovation in the age of the sharing economy:
. eu/images/documents/social. innovation. and. the. sharing. economy. workshop. report. 2012. fro m. tepsie. pdf Millard, J.,Nielsen, N c.,Thaarup, R
. and Byers, J. W. 2014) The Rise of the Sharing Economy: Estimating the Impact of Airbnb on the Hotel Industry, Boston University School of management, Research Paper Series No. 2013-16.
The zero-marginal cost society: the internet of things, the collaborative commons and the eclipse of capitalism. Palgrave Macmillan:
Other (specify) Sharing economy 9. Changed economic dynamic between common ownership (free-rider problem and over use) and private ownership (right to exclude others, hence threat of under-utilization) 10.
Scaled sharing economy impact actual or predicted (more sectors, groups, localities) 13. Other (specify) Health 6. Increase in health
Inspired by new approaches in social and behavioural economics, we take a network perspective and analyse the role networks play in innovation
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