considering the important and irreplaceable role of these companies 13 within the economy of a country, sometimes facing particular difficulties.
and technological change creates greater uncertainty in the world economy, entrepreneurship is believed to offer ways to help to meet new economic, social and environmental challenges.
According to OECD report Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard (2009), R&d intensity has increased in all OECD countries with the gradual shift to a knowledge-based economy.
Moreover, these companies play an important and irreplaceable role in the economy of a country by generating employment and contributing to the GDP.
that Spanish economy was affected more by the economic crisis from 2008 on, and it would be reflected in the growth rates presented by SMES.
and a successful innovative posture could be a key to access the export market in a global economy.
and IE 94 that one of the keys to generate a competitive advantage in a global economy is through innovativeness (Flor and Oltra, 2005;
large economies are facing difficulties due to recessions in their domestic markets. Thus, one of the avenues for small firms to gain market share
Innovation could be recognized as a key success factor in an increasingly competitive, global economy (Akman and Yilmaz, 2008.
The World Economy, 33,374-398. Da Rocha, A.,Kury, B. and Monteiro, J. 2009. The difusion of exporting in Brazilian industrial clusters.
The World Economy, 30,618-646. Fernández, Z. 1999. El estudio de las organizaciones (la jungla dominada.
economy, society, or technological development. Composite indicators are much easier to interpret than trying to find a common trend in many separate indicators.
An example of pedigree matrix used to characterise the quality of a set of statistical indicators of knowledge economy can be found in Sajeva, 2004.
When the objective of the analysis is to present a huge data set using a few variables then in applying PCA there is the hope that some degree of economy can be achieved
This method is used for the two composite indicators of the knowledge-based economy published by the European commission on Key Figures 2003-2004, for the environmental sustainability index developed at Yale university,
the production of a chemical plant, the cycles of the economy. Exactly as in these examples, no formal encoding procedure exists,
Another example of this presentational tool is given by the composite indicators of investment and performance in the knowledge-based economy,
Composite indicator of investment in the knowledge-based economy for comparison between the EU-15 and the former Acceding Countries. 8. 9 Comparing indicators using clusters of countries In the United nations Industrial Development
and transition economies in years 1985 and 1998 is based on clusters of countries with similar performance (see Figure 8. 15).
Technological evolution in industry both in industrialized and transition economies in years 1985 (blue cluster) and 1998 (black cluster.
's composite indicators for the knowledge based economy. Document presented by DG RTD at the Interservice consultation meeting on Structural Indicators on July 11th 2002.6.
The challenge from innovation-based growth in the Globalising Learning Economy, B. Lundvall and D. Archibugi eds.
Two composite indicators to assess the progress of member States in their transition towards a knowledge based economy, DG RTD, Brussels. 95.
Sajeva, M. 2004) A methodology for quality assurance of knowledge economy statistical indicators, ERU report, in publication. 121.
U s. Department of energy and Energy Information Administration,(1995), Measuring energy efficiency un the United states'economy: a beginning.
Single Market page 15 Impact of E-commerce on the Economy page 16 GLOBAL B2c E-COMMERCE IN BRIEF page 17-19 Infographic page 18 The Global Infographic
Meanwhile, e-commerce has become a major influence on the European economy. Whereas the European Gross domestic product was more than €16. 4trn in 2013
Overview of the European countries A Brief Introduction to Europe Impact of E-commerce on the Economy Gross domestic product The total Gross domestic product (GDP) of Europe is estimated to have reached around €16. 4 trillion in 2013,
%Ecommerce Europe estimates the share of the European Internet economy in the GDP at 2. 2,
EN 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background Strengthening the innovative performance of the EU economy is a main goal of both the European commission and the governments of EU member states.
it is critical for the EU economy to keep pace with the technological Chapter 1 List of Figures Figure 2-1:
EN development in these KETS in order to benefit from their innovative potentials and spillovers to other sectors of the economy.
From a macroeconomic perspective, KETS can raise an economy's level of productivity, allowing for higher percapita income and increase in wealth.
and raise the overall level of innovation activities in an economy (see Helpman, 1998; see also van Ark and Piatkowski, 2004, on the role of ICT,
High macroeconomic effects of KETS result from their spread through the economy which can take considerable time.
sections of the economy simultaneously. A prominent example of an escalating technical progress in the recent past was information and communication technologies (ICTS.
KETS that exert less significant network effects are likely to result in lower economy-wide productivity gains.
Economies that are able to open up new KET-based markets earlier than others could gain a temporary monopoly
These cumulative effects will also act as entry barriers to other economies and can secure a long term lead in a certain KET.
History provides many examples for such cumulative technological advantages of economies e g. the U s. in aircraft, space and defence technologies, Japan in microelectronic household applications,
KETS and Policy Provided that economy-wide productivity and wealth effects of KETS primarily depend on the speed and breadth of their diffusion,
it is important for the EU economy to keep pace with the technological development in KETS.
Nevertheless, advancing KETS may require joint efforts of European economies, particularly in the areas of regulation and standardisation.
and regions. 29 MEXT (education, culture, sports, science and technology) and METI (economy, trade and industry) are the main funding ministries,
METI (Japan's Ministry of economy, trade and industry) accompanies cluster development in two ways. There are divisions in place to support self-sustaining development of regional (cluster) economies (regional technology division, business environment promotion division),
and there are divisions to nurture technological development (research and development division, academia-industry cooperation promotion division). 31 On a local level, the Kyoto municipality is in charge of the cluster organisation
There are also certain public divisions within the ministries of technology and economy that combine technological development with regional (cluster) development.
MEXT (Japan's Ministry of education, culture, sports, science and technology) and METI Japan's Ministry of economy, trade and industry) are the main funding ministries,
but is not highly visible in the private economy. Lack of entrepreneurial spirit strong research focus Rules and regulations The Japanese government defines rules and regulations to optimise the alignment of cluster activities according to the overall strategy.
a lack of scale economies and a lack of consumer acceptance (see Palmberg et al.,74ff;
EN nanotechnology strategies that aim at coordinating various actors from public agencies, industry and science and provide a long-term view of the likely role of nanotechnology for economy and society.
During economic downturns production drops sharply but when the economy recovers, semiconductor production does so as well.
and market semiconductor components, primarily in advanced economies. At the same time, they rely on specialised manufacturers, so called semiconductor foundries, to make the products in locations with low labour costs, such as Asian countries (Mowery, et al,
Support for research collaboration and commercialisation of research Canada has most favourable R&d tax scheme of Western economies ($49 costs for $100'R&d investment) Network
During economic downturns production drops sharply but when the economy recovers semiconductor production does so as well.
It is therefore all the more important to secure continuous research and development efforts even in times of economic downturn in order to stay fully operational and innovative when the economy catches up again.
Commercial awareness of biotechnology during this period as well as a rapidly growing global economy investing venture capital in high-tech industries have spurred the cluster's growth.
The 7th framework programme of the EU directs their activity also in biotechnology. 67 A European knowledgebased bio-economy should be built by bringing together science
however, seems still to be located in the so-called advanced economies. Within Europe for example, Germany accounts for 39 percent of European production volume, followed by France and the UK (12 percent each), The netherlands (10 percent) and Italy (8 percent)( Optech, 2007.
In Europe, the European commission treats photonics as a key technology for the economy of the 21st century because it impacts on many important European industries, such as telecommunication, lighting, environment, health care and life sciences, safety
This is somewhat more than the expected mid-term real growth of the world economy (between 4 and 5 percent)
Wallonia's Plastiwin cluster Introduction The manufacturing industry in Wallonia represented 24 percent of the value added of the regional economy in 2006 (the rest corresponds to services)( Biatour et al.
an action plan aiming to reinvigorate the regional economy. The government presented its objectives in a document entitled‘Priority actions for the future of Wallonia'subsequently called the new‘Marshall Plan Wallon'with a budget of €992, 5 m (Gouvernement Région Wallonne, 2005a,
Advanced material (and intelligent) manufacturing is one of the eight key areas for economic development for the Chinese government for the modernisation of their economy by 2050.
In 2008, the city's economy grew at an annual rate of 15.1 percent and had a GDP per capita of about $6, 700.
and senior management often includes a senior manager known as‘Head of discipline'who represents the Communist party (Economist, 2010).
) Interactions Relationships in China are of a specific nature due to the many changes the country has gone through over the past hundred years from a centrally planned economy (until 1978), the reform period (1978-2000) and after that the opening of the economy
The role of SMES should be considered more favourable in Belgium though as the smaller firms in China have a lesser position in the economy,
Within Europe, Germany is the single most important location for producing new materials technology (42 percent of all inventors of advanced materials patents) though smaller European economies were able to increase their patent output in recent
if such lessons could be transferred to European economies as we do not have a tradition of more central planning,
The more hierarchical structures that characterise their economies can form an obstacle for innovation as these lack the trust
since they do not allow for leveraging scale economies. Small firms need open markets to develop.
when compared to the efforts of emerging economies (such as China, India and may southeast Asian countries) to catch up with Western economies in education levels.
System failures that hinder KET development System failures relate to those factors in the system that hinder innovation (Klein Woolthuis, 2010.
A mix of generic measures and KET specific interventions is most promising to accelerate the development, diffusion and use of KETS and their impacts on the wider economy:
Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization. Dobson, W.,A e. Safarian (2008), The transition from imitation to innovation:
economy, Birmingham: School of Public Policy University of Birmingham. Gouvernement Région wallonne (2005a), Contrat d'avenir pour les Wallonnes et les Wallons, Namur:
Research and Innovation Innovation Union Competitiveness papers Issue 2013/3 Europe's competitive technology profile in the globalised knowledge economy EUROPEAN COMMISSION Directorate-General for Research and Innovation Directorate
Economic Analysis and Indicators Europe's competitive technology profile in the globalised knowledge economy Innovation Union Competitiveness papers Issue 2013/3 Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European union.
5 1. Europe's position in the globalised knowledge economy...6 2. Technology profiles of the world's major knowledge centres...
which relies on a larger part of the economy producing knowledge-intensive and high valueadded goods and services.
Porter, 1990) This paper presents an overview of technology development in Europe in this context of a global knowledge economy.
at the same time transforming the broader economy. 2 An evidence-based approach is important for going beyond simplistic concepts,
Introduction 6 Europe's compet it ive technology prof i l e in the global ised knowledge economy 1. Europe's position in the globalised knowledge economy The total
the largest increase of the world share has been among the BRIS countries and in other knowledge-growth countries in the world, possibly the first significant signs of the rising importance of these countries in the global knowledge economy.
%The main expansion is found in Japan, China and other developed Asian economies. 3 PCT:
ii) Other Developed Asian Economies does not include SG and TW;(iii) BRIS does not include India and South africa.
ii) Other Developed Asian Economies does not include SG and TW;(iii) BRIS does not include South africa.
-28 United states Japan China Other Developed Asian Economies (KR+SG+TW) BRIS (BR+RU+IN+ZA) Rest of the World (5) Researchers (FTE
At the same time, emerging economies such as China and India have increased their share of total world FDI inflows.
firms from emerging economies are increasingly acting as FDI investors Even though non-EU firms increasingly consider comparative advantages for investment in geographical areas other than the EU, the EU remains the major destination for foreign direct investments of US firms.
-10%2004 2005 South korea 8 Europe's compet it ive technology prof i l e in the global ised knowledge economy This signals a shift from the traditionally perceived position
etc. an increasing interest from emerging economies is seen in investments in technology and knowledgeintensive fields.
The internationalisation of the economy has moved to cover the higher end of the value chain,
i l e in the global ised knowledge economy While EU firms invested € 13.2 billion in the US,
and Industrial Scoreboard datasets, see Azagra-Caro, J. and Grablowitz, A.,2008.12 Europe's compet it ive technology prof i l e in the global ised knowledge economy between the two data sets,
i l e in the global ised knowledge economy Economic transformation addressing societal challenges may come from Asia Figures 10 and 11 below highlight the accelerating progress of Asia in transformative technologies linked to major societal
Contrasting with the slow move from the traditional technology leaders of the US and the EU, the figures below outline a major geographic strategic shift in the world's knowledge economy in the decade to come.
The trend of an increasing world technology share of Asian economies is also clear at this level.
16 Europe's compet it ive technology prof i l e in the global ised knowledge economy The EU is not focusing on these transformative technologies.
'18 Europe's compet it ive technology prof i l e in the global ised knowledge economy Figure 14:
Clean transport strengths (share of S&t in ERA), 2000 11 20 Europe's compet it ive technology prof i l e in the global ised knowledge economy
and demand with networked specialisation The demographic evolution in developed economies is leading to an ageing population, with public health systems under increasing cost pressure.
Innovation medicine relevant specialisation of European countries 22 Europe's compet it ive technology prof i l e in the global ised knowledge economy cancer, immune-mediated
However, Asian economies are growing very swiftly and have already overtaken the technology lead of Europe and the US in certain sectors.
while Asian economies have taken the lead in ICT and reached a technology position on par with the Western block in green energy, environmental technologies, materials and space.
while the Asian economies are specialised in ICT, energy and the environment. However, Europe has the potential to strengthen its competitive position in these converging technologies relevant for societal challenges and emerging growth markets.
Conclusions 24 Europe's compet it ive technology prof i l e in the global ised knowledge economy Azagra-Caro, J. and Grablowitz, A. 2008)‘ Exploring data on business R&d:
Economy, Society and Culture',Volume I: The Rise of the Network Society, Blackwell Publishers Ltd, Oxford, UK Expert group report to the European commission,
'paper presented at the European commission Mutual Learning seminar 2012 References European commission Europe's competitive technology profile in the globalised knowledge economy Luxembourg:
10.2777/29715 This article analyses Europe's competitive technology profile in the context of a globalised knowledge economy and increasingly tougher world competition for the upper end of the global value chains.
the significant contribution that this hybrid sector delivers to an economy as a whole can be recognised. 1 Chair of Tech City UK 2 Economist, 21st Sept 2013,
for the purposes of our discussions we are considering groups of enterprises producing a critical mass of business activity that have significant impact on the local economy through investment, employment, infrastructure and profitability.
Here, the protagonist can see how the development of a digital local economy could respond to addressing a problem,
economy and ecosystems, and is our third case history at Appendix‘A'.University--Based Technology Enterprise Centres/Parks/Incubators Centres of academic excellence usually universities
The government has realised that the economy could be benefit from connecting the two booming clusters.
Economist, 21st Sept 2013, p30) Figure Four, below, models this type of cluster. Multiple Clusters Many clusters develop a strong identity with a specific industry educational technology in Birmingham, Marketing and Advertising in Bournemouth,
regional and national economies there is a discernible interest by various stakeholders to engineer the development of viable and sustainable enterprise ecosystems.
and what impact they have on local and national economies. Various credible sources have offered data and insights as we have referred to in this paper
Primary References Economist, 21st Sept 2013, p 30 Tech Nation‘Powering the Digital economy'www. TECHCITYUK. COM https//www. gov. uk/government/news
and further improve NSI effectiveness. 3. 8. Benefiting from strong specialisation in innovative labour Economists have shown that the growth of a more complex division of labour is closely bound to the growth of total production and trade
the economy of specialisation was confined largely within firms 74. A study by Arora et al. 75 shows that a decline of research productivity inevitably occurs
Here, they stressed the role universities play in technical innovation and knowledge-based economies. Such networks are popular in NSI research.
industries, and national economies. In this study, we examine how open innovation practices in firms have an impact on the regional or national systems of innovation (NSI.
NBER Innovation Policy & the Economy, 2 (1), MIT Press, Cambridge MA, 2002, pp. 51 77.49 H. Chesbrough, Open Business models:
S&t Indicators for the Knowledge-Based Economy OECD, Paris, 1996.64 M. E. Porter, The Competitive Advantage of Nations, Free Press, New york, 1990.65 C. Freeman
The Economist, 27 may 2013. Further reading Ready for take off? How to make the business fly, EY, 2014.
The insights and quality services we deliver help build trust and confidence in the capital markets and in economies the world over.
and Academy of Economies Studies from Bucharest Oncioiu Florin Rzvan University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary medicine of Bucharest Romania Innovation is a broad concept
259 The creation of new businesses is necessary for the renewal and modernization of the economy but not sufficient.
and the suburb economy, comparing that between the income tax and gray economy. The Northern states with large amount of social expenses in the brut profit have increased also suburb economies.
Suede, Norway and Finland, have gray economies of 19, %while USA or Switzerland only 8, 8%of the total economy.
In spite of reducing the income tax and those on the profit to 16%,Romania with assistance expenses of 38
6%has a suburb economy of 34,4%.%It is very logical why a company manager to be very reticent to legalize his affair,
as long as due to the fiscal reform it has a reduction for taxes, incomes and contributions by 2, 2%of the brut profit,
In Romania was created a vicious circle where the state is ensuring the minimum financial resources for stimulation of knowledge-based economy
A high degree of innovation is considered to f make the economy more‘competitive'.'Innovation will not only support the development of new products or increase the productivity of labor and capital,
This is especially the case in a small open economy operating in this type of market as is illustrated by the case of Romanian References 1. Biatour, Bernadette and Kegels, Chantal and Vandecandelaere, Siska (2006.
The irish economy is operating within tough budgetary conditions and fiscal constraints. The Government's response includes its Building the Smart Economy
which identifies the importance of returning to export-led growth3, and budgetary steps taken in December 2009.
In knowledge intensive and service oriented economies, what actually happens at the level of the regions will increasingly account for the success of the national economy in the first place10.
Sustainable Recovery and Growth: The Enterprise Agenda The Government's Building the Smart Economy identifies the importance of returning to export-led growth
and the enterprise agencies have a crucial role to play in leading and supporting that objective.
Region as an important region in its own right, given Dublin's significance as an international city and its own challenges and potential in that context. 10 NESC (2008: 178) The irish Economy in the Early 21st
Enterprise Related Regionally Based Initiatives As a developed economy (facing significant challenges in the current economic downturn) successful enterprise development is premised upon enhanced skills and innovation, leading to improved productivity and competitiveness.
manufacturing remains an important part of the economy of the West. Manufacturing employment declined however over the 1998-2008 period in line with the decrease nationally Medical Devices is the most significant employer within the exporting sectors
the agricultural sector remains a significant part of the Southeast economy. Strong international players in the food processing industry provide a solid platform for future growth
and articulate the skills needs for the local economy and encourage and promote a strategic response from existing local FORFÁS REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDAS:
Sectoral Opportunities 9the Bio-economy 10agri-Food 10bio-energy 12tourism 13internationally Traded Services (excluding ICT) 15ict Services & Software 16lifesciences 185.
The Government's'Building the Smart Economy'document identifies the fundamental importance of returning to export-led growth.
Services contribute a higher proportion to GDP in developed economies driven by consumer demand, increased disposable incomes and a demand for‘personalised'solutions.
SOUTHEAST 10 The Bio-economy In its long term strategy, Towards 2030: Teagasc's Role in Transforming Ireland's Agri-Food Sector and the Wider Bioeconomy11,
Agribusiness also plays a significant role as part of a wider‘bio-economy, 'as scientific advances, consumer trends
and the wider Bio-economy 13 Although this does not take into account contributions toward corporation tax Significant Future Potential‘Agriculture, forestry,
Teagasc's Role in Transforming Ireland's Agri-Food Sector and the wider Bio-economy FORFÁS REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDA:
SOUTHEAST 11 As with many other sectors of the economy, agribusiness faces difficult trading conditions today.
and one which is likely to have positive spillovers into other aspects of the region's economy and society,
Realising Potential Some challenges need to be addressed to enhance the contribution of tourism to the region's economy:
what has been called‘The New Software Economy'19. This new context sees a number of trends that provide both opportunities and challenges for software companies,
The companies typify the kind of activities associated with the‘new software economy'and include: Nubiq mobile website generation and personalisation;
To achieve Ireland's ambition as outlined in the Smart Economy, the business environment needs to continuously evolve to meet these changing needs to provide a dynamic environment that is supportive of early start ups and entrepreneurial activities,
SOUTHEAST 27 Skills and Education As in the rest of the economy, the Southeast is facing a major skills deployment issue over the medium term.
Focusing on business sectors that are matched closely with the emerging needs of the economy and that can operate competitively in global markets from an Irish base.
Pursuing Ireland's policy of becoming a knowledge-based economy by actively building world-leading clusters of knowledge-based activities.
Compiling up-to-date statistics and facts for research into industry, the economy and foreign direct investment in Ireland.
ongoing structural adjustment within the regional economy and the region's unique locational factors, including a dispersed urban configuration with a less than dominant regional Gateway and for many parts of the region, international accessibility
EI has 430 clients in the region employing 18,237 people, with exports of over €2. 2bn and purchases of €2bn in the economy.
The project is being undertaken by the Centre for Enterprise Development and Regional Economy (CEDRE), School of business, WIT in partnership with the School of management and Business, Aberystwyth University, Wales.
For the region overall, retention rates to Junior and Leaving certificate mirror the national average (Appendix 3). These improvements are linked most likely to the decline in the economy,
Employment in these types of occupations is highly dependent on personal expenditure in the local economy, which is impacted directly by employment losses more widely.
with the potential 14 Irish Maritime Transport Economist, April 2011 15 According to Cruise Ireland, cruiser traffic to Ireland created an economic benefit of around €60million (Ibid) 16 Reducing the high
IDA Ireland and Waterford Institute of technology have entered into a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to develop this site as Waterford Knowledge Campus. The MOU sets out the development objectives of the campus to host the knowledge economy,
engineering and construction within the region may find increased application in the context of opportunities in the green economy.
This presents a number of challenges for the region including reduced disposable income and its impact on the local economy and increased pressure on state services.
Agribusiness also plays a significant role as part of a wider‘bio-economy, 'as scientific advances, consumer trends
Teagasc's Role in Transforming Ireland's Agri-Food Sector and the wider Bio-economy 21 CSO, QNHS.
Fishing Ports are an important part of the economy along the South East coast, with Duncannon,
There is also a greater focus on enhanced efficacy of treatments 27 Programme for Government focuses on the application of technological innovation in established sectors of the economy like energy generation and supply
and one which also offers positive spillovers into other aspects of the region's economy and society, such as quality of life improvements for the region's permanent residents,
Realising Potential Some challenges need to be addressed to enhance the contribution of tourism to the region's economy:
What has been termed‘The New Software Economy'36 sees a number of trends that provide both opportunities and challenges for software companies,
The companies typify the kind of activities associated with the‘new software economy'and include: Nubiq mobile website generation and personalisation;
Engineering-The Green Economy (Level 9) 30 Places Higher Certificate in Good Manufacturing Practice and Technology Biopharma-Pharmachem (Level 6) 15 Places Jobbridge
and skills levels in line with the National Skills Strategy and the needs of the‘Smart Economy'.
Considerations for Ireland As a developed economy the sustainability of the sector in Ireland requires that companies based here continue to evolve to deliver the more complex,
or value-creating performance, of an economy. However, GVA is an imperfect value creation 71 The value of the region's output less intermediate materials
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