such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences,
The challenges faced by modern economies urgently call for new forms of collective action between public and private stakeholders
and it attributes the economy recovery. This wave contributes to the economic growth. A proliferation of organizations working on the boundaries of research and practical action.
economist and Nobel Peace Prize, developed the concepts of microcredit and microfinance. He founded the Grameen Bank.
social cohesion in the New Economy; social enterprises and social entrepreneurship; corporate social responsibility; community capacity building;
2007) Social Economy: Building Inclusive Economies, Paris: OECD (available in French in 2009, published by Economica, France) NESTA (2007) Innovation in responses to social challenges,
wwwnesta. org. uk/assets/uploads/pdf/Policy briefing/innovation in response to social challenges policy briefing nesta. pdf OECD (2004) Entrepreneurship: A Catalyst for Urban Regeneration, Paris:
OECD OECD (2003) The Nonprofit Sector in a Changing Economy, Paris: OECD (also available in French and in Spanish) OECD (2003) Asset Building and the Escape from Poverty:
deterioration of local economy and depopulation and so on) are techno-social problems, and complexly but closely interacting.
finance and emission transaction, natural regeneration, regional economy, rural development and so on. A project example One of the R&d projects, From forest to houses co-realization of carbon abatement and comfortable life to 2050 (FY2009-2013), is the project that has a prospect of social innovation
SOCIAL INNOVATION IN A COMPLEX WORLD Dr Philip Goodwin1 The rise of uncertainty Chief executive, Tree Aid (formerly Global Head, Creative and Knowledge Economy Programme, British Council
In the higher income economies, this seems to be as true for consumption of public as much as private goods. As a result
Together with Mr. Toshihiko Fujii from METI1 I have proposed one concept on CSR in our book2 1. Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan..
And how do we keep our educational system sharp to ensure a workforce adequately equipped for our knowledge economy?
and strengthen the economy? There are limits to the already well-trodden routes in both the economic and social arenas.
improvement is necessary in exploiting knowledge for the economy and society. Insufficient use of research is still being made by companies
Approximately 40 attendees from politics, economy, science and civil society argued the political framework for the future utilization
Hax and Majluf 1991) and also provides a key source of competitive advantage in the absence of scale economies (Lewis et al. 2002.
The Small Business Economy: A Report to the President on Small Firms Prepared By the U s. Small Business Administration's Office of Advocacy.
Sources of Small and Medium Enterprises Excellent Business Performance in a Service Orientated Economy, Journal of Services Research 5 (1), 5 20.
as well as for a number of selected economies in each of the five following regions: Europe and North america, Asia and the Pacific, Latin america and the Caribbean, the Middle east and North africa, and Sub-saharan africa.
and the United kingdom confirming their place among the most competitive economies. Along with the United states, three Asian economies also figure in top 10,
with Singapore remaining the second-most competitive economy in the world, and Hong kong SAR and Japan placing 9th and 10th.
Switzerland retains its 1st place position again this year as a result of its continuing strong performance across the board.
when many neighboring economies continue to struggle in this area. While Switzerland demonstrates many competitive strengths,
see The Global Competitiveness Report 2012 2013 with detailed profiles of all 144 economies as well as an interactive data platform are available at www. weforum. org/gcr.
thus providing individuals with the skills needed for a rapidly changing global economy. Finland moves up one place since last year to reach 3rd position on the back of small improvements in a number of areas.
Improving the country's capacity to adopt the latest technologies (ranked 25th) could lead to important synergies that in turn could corroborate the country's position as one of the world's most innovative economies.
but fares comparatively well when contrasted with other euro-area economies. Sweden, overtaken by Finland, falls one place to 4th position.
These characteristics come together to make Sweden one of the most productive and competitive economies in the world.
its macroeconomic environment is more stable than that of a number of other advanced economies.
Although many structural features continue to make its economy extremely productive a number of escalating and unaddressed weaknesses have lowered the US ranking in recent years.
and the scale opportunities afforded by the sheer size of its domestic economy the largest in the world by far these qualities continue to make the United states very competitive.
As the second-placed Asian economy behind Singapore (2nd), Hong kong SAR rises to 9th position
Moreover, the economy's financial markets are second to none, revealing high efficiency and trustworthiness and stability of the banking sector.
The dynamism and efficiency of Hong kong's goods market (2nd) and labor market (3rd) further contribute to the economy's very good overall positioning.
participation remains below levels found in other advanced economies (53rd). Improving educational outcomes will also help boost Hong kong's innovative capacity,
Country Profile Highlights 3 2012 World Economic Forum Europe and North Americaeuropean economies have faced a number of challenges in the past few years.
several European countries continue to feature prominently among the most competitive economies in the world. As described above, six of them are among the top 10.
As in previous years, the two countries from North america feature among the most competitive economies worldwide, with the United states occupying the 7th position and Canada the 14th.
although Canada has been successful in nurturing its human resources compared with other advanced economies (it is ranked 7th for health and primary education and 15th for higher education and training),
The bond spread against stronger economies has continued relentlessly to grow hindering the capacity of the country, its banking system,
However, Italy's overall competitiveness performance continues to be hampered by some critical structural weaknesses in its economy.
The country's economy grew by 8. 4 percent in 2011 and benefits from considerable progress in a number of areas covered by the GCI.
As in the case of other Southern European economies, Portugal continues to suffer from a deteriorating macroeconomic environment (116th)
and therefore the capacity of the country to transform its economy and move toward higher-value-added activities. 6 The Global Competitiveness Report 2012 2013:
hampering higher levels of productivity in the economy. Moreover, as the country moves toward a more advanced stage of economic development, its lack of business sophistication (119th) and low rates of technological adoption (137th) will become increasingly important challenges for its sustained progress.
and many of its economies have improved greatly their competitiveness over the past years. The excellent performance of some of the regional champions is reflected in the presence of six economies Singapore;
Hong kong SAR; Japan; Taiwan, China; the Republic of korea; and Australia within the top 20. However, significant and growing differences persist in terms of the competitiveness performance within the region, with countries such as Bangladesh (118th), Pakistan (124th),
Notable strengths include its highly efficient markets for goods, where the economy ranks 8th; its solid educational performance (9th;
Strengthening competitiveness will require continued improvements to the economy's institutional framework as well as stabilizing its macroeconomic environment,
After losing four positions to faster-improving economies last year, Australia retains its rank of 20th and score of 5. 1, just behind Korea.
Despite repeated budget deficits, its public debt amounts to a low 23 percent of GDP, the third lowest ratio among the advanced economies, behind only Estonia and Luxembourg.
but drops four places as other economies move ahead. The most notable advantages are found in Malaysia's efficient and competitive market for goods and services (11th) and its remarkably supportive financial sector (6th),
In a region where many economies suffer from the lack of transparency and the presence of red tape
Lack of progress in this area will significantly undermine Malaysia's efforts to become a knowledge-based economy by the end of the decade.
The country continues to lead the BRICS economies by a wide margin, 2 ahead of second-placed Brazil (48th) by almost 20 ranks.
The rating of its sovereign debt is significantly better than that of the other BRICS and indeed of many advanced economies.
addressing the many rigidities (134th) and inefficiencies of the labor market (70th) would allow for a smoother transition of the labor force to more productive sectors of the economy.
ICT, and energy infrastructure remains largely insufficient and ill-adapted to the needs of the economy (84th.
Strong external demand for local commodities, especially from China and other Asian economies, coupled with good macroeconomic management have allowed the countries in the region to put their short-and medium-term growth outlooks on a glide path
Despite this rather optimistic outlook, the region may face the interrelated potential headwinds of a less robust recovery in the United states, a deceleration in the economic growth of China and other Asian emerging economies,
Chile, at 33rd place, shows a rather stable performance and remains the most competitive economy in Latin america.
As the economy steadily moves toward a higher stage of development, many economic activities will require higher levels of skills and innovation in order to increase their competitiveness potential.
and consolidates its position as the most competitive economy in Central america. Panama leverages its traditional strengths with its very good transport infrastructure (33rd), especially for ports (4th;
which remains one of the biggest challenges to diversifying the national economy. However, little progress is observed in Panama's institutional setup,
and a fairly sophisticated business community (36th) help foster innovation in a service-oriented economy despite the low R&d investment (72nd) and technological innovation capacity (91st).
in order to continue improving the competitive edge of the economy. The functioning of public institutions is assessed still poorly (100th) because of the high costs associated with the lack of security (137th) and the low trust of the business community in politicians (97th.
The lack of effective competition (100th), especially in some key strategic sectors, also hinders an efficient allocation of resources that spills over into most sectors of the economy.
Furthermore, as the economy moves to higher levels of development and explores ways to diversify away from its large mining sector, its low quality of education (132nd), poor use of ICT (89th),
As the economy continues to improve steadily, with a growth rate of 4. 5 percent, unaddressed challenges in these areas that hinder the competitive edge of national businesses seem to become more evident,
As Uruguay's economy moves toward higher levels of development, some doubts arise about the ability of the traditionally praised educational system to generate the skills that businesses require (107th), the overall availability of scientist and engineers (117th),
while economies that were affected more significantly by unrest and political transformations tend to drop or stagnate in terms of national competitiveness.
Qatar reaffirms once again its position as the most competitive economy in the region by moving up three places to 11th position
reducing the country's vulnerability to commodity price fluctuations will require diversification into other sectors of the economy
and the country attempts to diversify its economy, which will require a more skilled and educated workforce.
especially as this is an area where Saudi arabia continues to lag behind other Gulf economies. The United arab emirates gains three places in the GCI to take the 24th position.
which would trigger efficiency gains in the domestic economy as well as transfer of knowledge and technology.
For Egypt to more fully benefit from the considerable potential that lies in its large market size and proximity to key global markets, the country will have to raise its productive potential across the domestic economy.
and contribute to energizing the economy by allowing for new entrants. And third, making labor markets flexible (135th) and more efficient (141st) would allow the country to increase employment in the medium term.
While some African economies improve with respect to national competitiveness this year South africa and Mauritius, the two African countries in the top half of the rankings, remain stable.
remaining the highest-ranked country in Sub-saharan africa and the third-placed among the BRICS economies.
The country benefits from the large size of its economy particularly by regional standards (it ranks 25th in the market size 14 The Global Competitiveness Report 2012 2013:
These combined attributes make South africa the most competitive economy in the region. However, in order to further enhance its competitiveness,
which is ranked 132nd out of 144 economies the result of high rates of communicable diseases and poor health indicators more generally.
Botswana moves up one place to 79th, one of the top five economies in the region.
The economy is supported also by financial markets that are developed well by international standards (24th) and a relatively efficient labor market (39th.
despite a slight improvement since last year, the institutional environment does not support a competitive economy because of concerns about the protection of property rights, ethics and corruption, undue influence,
And despite efforts to improve its macroeconomic environment including the dollarization of its economy in early 2009
Mozambique ranks 138th this year and needs improvements across many areas to lift the economy onto a sustainable growth and development path, particularly in view of its natural resource potential.
To develop a corridor benchmarking methodology against key performance indicators (KPIS) on the environment, economy and service quality;
The benefits would affect fuel economy, operation time variables, safety and reliability. At the same time, it was seen also that there are cases in
The energy economy on the way to the internet era,-dena-Netzstudie II (Grid Study: Integration of renewable energies in the German electricity supply system 2015-2020 with outlook for 2025,-Estimation of the enhancement needs iof German distribution grids due to photovoltaic
The Resolution on the National Research and development Programme 2006-2010 (and the updated in 2011-2015) identifies most promising research areas including those enabling a sustainable economy.
Society, economy, and even human psychology itself are undergoing an irreversible change, which we as citizens and policymakers are still struggling to understand.
with least activity around DSI science and technology projects (110) and DSI finance and economy solutions, such as crowdfunding for social good projects (104).
the collaborative economy, cities and public services; open tools and distributed architectures; and citizen engagement and direct democracy. 2. Make it easier to grow and spread DSI through public procurement:
in particular campaigning sites such as Avaaz and parts of the collaborative economy and the maker movement.
3) collaborative economy;(4) new ways of making;(5) open democracy; and (6) acceleration and incubation.
and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Open Hardware Organisations More Filters Screenshot of the crowdmap www
the collaborative economy, local exchange and trading systems, digital currencies, and awareness networks that incentivise experimentation with new models in a variety of domains.
We are undergoing a transformation that involves society and the economy, driven by the fast evolution of ICT.
Health and Wellbeing, Finance and Economy, Energy and Environment, Education and Skills, Culture and Arts, Work and Employment, Participation and Democracy, Neighbourhood Regeneration,
Economy Open Democracy Funding Acceleration and Incubation The organisations and projects identified to date can roughly be grouped within six broad domains.
1) New ways of making,(2) Open democracy,(3) The collaborative economy,(4) Awareness networks enabling sustainable behaviours and lifestyles,(5) Open Access
Hexegan schematic of the 6 areas of DSITHE collaborative economy and the many other umbrella terms used to describe the rise of digital marketplaces for people to make transactions and share skills,
The Collaborative Economy has been documented by organisations like the P2p Foundation, Nesta, and Ouishare. Across the world the burgeoning field of collaborative consumption is using digital platforms to change how people share resources and exchange goods and services,
It is now setting up branches in the UK and USA COLLABORATIVE ECONOMY New collaborative socioeconomic models that present novel characteristics,
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 25 Ouishare SHARING ECONOMY NETWORK Ouishare is a global collaborative consumption network founded in January 2012.
The overarching aim of Ouishare is to shift the focus of the economy to one that can find new ways to connect,
Ouishare. net and collaborative economy events. Ouishare. net is an online community where members can post articles on collaborative consumption
which brings together the global collaborative economy community. The 2014 event took place in Paris
or interested in, the collaborative economy. In parallel thousands of alternative currencies are focused in use some on localities (e g. the Brixton Pound in the UK or Chiemgauer in Germany;
Bitcoin) 7. Some of these have encouraged deliberately a changed awareness of how economies work for example, valorising labour time equally,
Goteo SHARING ECONOMY NETWORK A vibrant ecosystem of makers is developing across Europe and globally.
and sharing economy platforms like Peerby are creating new forms of relationships and services. Inspired by the open-source movement, individuals, self-organising groups
including crowdfunding and P2p lending that has been documented deeply by Nesta in the UK14 36 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Case studies categorised into the 6 different types of DSI COLLABORATIVE ECONOMY FUNDING ACCELERATION
-based knowledge economy. The project is a joint research effort sponsored by the Coordinating Ministry of Knowledge and Human Talent, the Senescyt,(Secretaria National de Educacion Superior, Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion) and the IAEN
FINANCE AND ECONOMY EMPLOYMENT SMART PUBLIC SERVICES ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT Health and Wellbeing Finance and Economy Energy and Environment Participation and Democracy Smart public services Science and technology Education and skills Culture and Arts Work and Employment DSI AREAS AREAS OF SOCIETY New
ways of making Funding acceleration and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network TECHNOLOGY AREAS Open Hardware
Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data 47 45 44 41 40 38 34 25 18 17 15 12 6 5
AND ECONOMY ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT PARTICIPATION AND DEMOCRACY NEIGHBOURHOOD REGENERATION SCIENCE EDUCATION AND SKILLS CULTURE AND ARTS WORK AND EMPLOYMENT 254 251 164 163 162 138
The collaborative economy and open knowledge is the specialty of the second largest but also more scattered community (7. 41 per cent), consisting of Esade, the IRI,
and Horizon 202022 present an integrated approach to help the EU economy become more competitive,
and the collaborative economy. These platforms based on open technology can gather and integrate information in order to allow participation and citizens'feedback,
In Seoul, the Mayor has designed programmes for the sharing economy and citizen engagement. Colombia set up a centre for social innovation within its government,
The competition invited Europeans to come up with new solutions to reduce unemployment and minimise its corrosive effects on the economy and society.
therefore allowing for innovation in the wider economy based on the Future Internet users must be able to come (no barriers to entry)
This focus could be on four key areas of opportunity in DSI. a. Collaborative economy b. Digital social innovation in cities and public services c. Open tools and distributed architectures
health authorities and universities to pilot large-scale DSI experiments around collaborative economy, direct democracy, distributed energy, civic health and bottom-up smart city solutions.
Within the single digital social market it should be easier for digital social innovations such as collaborative economy
'Technology and Society Magazine, IEEE 31.4 (2012): 54-62.5 http://www. nesta. org. uk/publications/making-sense-uk-collaborative-economy Manchester
sustainable growth, promoting a more resource efficient, greener and competitive economy; inclusive growth, fostering a high employment economy delivering economic, social and territorial cohesion.
Investing more in research, innovation and entrepreneurship is at the heart of Europe 2020 and a crucial part of Europe's response to the economic crisis.
and the knowledge economy in all regions. 2 http://ec. europa. eu/europe2020/index en. htm 3 See previous footnote. 4 http://ec. europa. eu
because the development of an economy based on knowledge and innovation remains a fundamental challenge for the EU as a whole.
as an important innovation effort and considerable investment is required to shift towards a resource-efficient and low carbon economy,
and a global role for every national and regional economy, including both leader and less advanced territories.
All regions have a role to play in the knowledge economy, provided that they can identify comparative advantages and potential and ambition for excellence in specific sectors or market niches.
and remain competitive in the global economy. This type of specialisation allows regions to take advantage of scale, scope and spillovers in knowledge production and use,
Furthermore, strategies that combine innovation with specific strengths of the national/regional economy offer a much greater chance of success. Imitating other regions by trying to create'miracle growth'in headline industries such as semiconductor
However, who has the entrepreneurial knowledge in the regional economy? It may be held by firms, which is often the case in'advanced'regions rich in entrepreneurial experiments and discoveries.
In such cases the discovery concerns potential synergies (economies of scope and spillovers) which are likely to materialise between an existing activity and a new one.
RIS3 needs to be based on a sound analysis of the regional economy, society, and innovation structure, aiming at assessing both existing assets and prospects for future development.
such as technological infrastructures, linkages with the rest of the world and the position of the region within the European and global economy,
and key challenges both for the economy and the society. Economic differentiation is one of the central principles behind smart specialisation.
which suggests that a regional economy can build its competitive advantage by diversifying its unique,
This analysis aims to build a systematic understanding of the areas in the economy and society that have the greatest potential for future development,
Step 3-Elaboration of an overall vision for the future of the region Analytical evidence should be used to depict a comprehensive scenario of the regional economy
suggesting that a regional economy can build its competitive advantage by diversifying its unique, localised knowledge base (existing specialisation) into new combinations/innovations
Hence, the work for this analytical step of a RIS3 strategy should combine the above types of analyses with other analyses aiming at shedding light on potential for knowledge-based transformation of the economy, based on information on the positioning of the regional
economy in international value chains and on identification of specific key assets. Several methods can be used to support the identification of potential niches for smart specialisation.
quantitative analyses calculate degrees of specialisation of regional economies on the basis of employment (or value-added) data.
Location quotients measure whether some sectors are represented over in a regional economy compared to other regions or countries.
the above wide view means that several policy areas are concerned with the RIS3, beyond the traditional science and technology and economy ministries and agencies.
How Europe's Economies Learn. Coordinating Competing Models: Different modes of innovation. 35 delivery instruments
groups that were interested more in preserving the regional status quo than transforming the regional economy through innovation.
This in turn helps to overcome the sectoral and disciplinary silos that reproduce old habits and routines, locking regional economies into their traditional paths of development.
and management consultancy, all of which afford an overview of the regional economy. Formal recognition of the boundary spanning role,
and its significance for universities, businesses and the regional economy, would do much to promote a skill set that is critically important to the moderation of the RIS3 process, particularly of the entrepreneurial process of discovery,
regional authorities and development agencies will need to behave less like traditional public bureaucracies and more like innovation animateurs, brokering new connections and conversations in the regional economy.
universities, development agencies and regional governments could jointly identify a project to explore the prospects for related variety in the regional economy.
as well as their own diagnosis of the strengths and weaknesses of the regional economy, and these views were subjected to critical review through a combination of SWOT analyses and collective debate.
and channelling resources towards those investments that have the potentially highest impact on the regional economy.
in order to select a few priorities focusing on the existing strengths of the economy but also on emerging opportunities.
economies of scope and local spillovers can be realised fully in the process of knowledge production and distribution. A regional economy clearly provides the appropriate dimensional framework for such processes of decision
strategic implementation, agglomeration of resources and materialisation of spillovers. However, national economies might also be a good framework,
particularly in the case of small countries. 52 But how to present the prioritised areas?
For this reason, the major aspects related to the current and projected structure of the regional economy should be investigated in the preliminary,
Additional elements of interest with a view to a RIS3 are distribution by size and the innovativeness of firms in the regional economy,
such as the existence of a number of industries in need of modernisation or the dependence of the regional economy on a limited number of industries.
and channelling resources towards investments with a potentially higher impact on the regional economy. The distinctive elements that can guide review,
allowing regions to create more value, reaching higher levels of excellence and thriving in the global economy.
to face up to the new forms of competition that are developing in the global economy. SMES are thus at the core of Cohesion Policy.
The resulting innovation ecosystem spurs new ideas, solutions and innovations of benefit to the European economy and society, as well as science.
particularly research and innovation, promoting the competitiveness of SMES and the shift to a low carbon economy;
goods and service innovation throughout the economy and are of systemic relevance. They are multidisciplinary,
capable of generating economic growth and employment and strengthening the competitiveness of the EU economy. They bear enormous market potential.
and diversification in many industrial zones and rural areas with the potential to rejuvenate economies, stimulate innovation and contribute to growth;
However, in many regions, cultural and creative sectors constitute a major asset for the economy and building on this asset should be considered in national/regional research and innovation strategies for smart specialisation.
and the spill over effects of CCIS on the wider economy, 'will provide in early 2012 a policy handbook identifying good practices in this field that might prove very useful for managing authorities, regional authorities and cultural sector operators.
and Convergence i e. supporting the economically less developed regions of Europe, implementing the knowledge-based economy,
and greener economy to boost its competitiveness and be able to sustain its growth. This is why sustainable growth is one of the priorities of Europe 2020,
which stresses the need for a transition to a green, low-carbon, resource-efficient economy as a new paradigm for sustainable growth.
This will result in an EU economy that is more competitive in a world of high energy prices and tough resource constraints and competition.
but it is critical in accelerating the transition towards a greener economy and getting the actors of innovation and environment working together.
ERDF resources are earmarked for thematic priority‘supporting the shift towards a low-carbon economy in all sectors;
In particular a closed-loop economy that aims to reduce in absolute terms, input, waste and the release of harmful substances along the value chain
Eco-innovation-putting the EU on the path to a resource and energy efficient economy, Study and briefing notes',
Second, a region's natural assets can be the very start of innovation activities and the development of new technologies or solutions, for instance in the case of renewable energy sources but also the expansion of the bio-economy.
It is important to link business, the public sector, the social economy and civil society. To make an impact,
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