and the economies in which the family SME operates. High levels of performance can facilitate firm growth and subsequent profit performance,
Further, knowledge has been tied to the development in the number of SMES in economies (Petrakis and Kostis 2012.
makes a significant contribution to the US economy through the payment of taxes or the use of American products, materials, or labor;
) Family businesses contribution to the U s. economy: a closer look. Family business Review, 16 (3), 211 219.
) Information technology and the U s. economy. The American Economic Review, 91 (1), 1 32. Katz, N,
Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 1 20. doi: 10.1007/s13132-012-0115-6. Porter, ME.
Setting the adequate conditions for achieving a competitive position in the knowledge economy is far from a simple process.
This analysis looks at the potential for knowledge-based transformation of the regional economy and is based on the assessment of the supportive infrastructure for innovation existing in the region,
and universities in joint projects exploring prospects for related variety in the regional economy. Collaborative leadership is developed by inducing participants to share their substantive knowledge, professional networks,
Especially in peripheral economies in Europe, but not exclusively, corruption can be regarded as one of the main barriers to innovation.
Existing research on developing economies has shown that SMES typically act as catalysts of economic growth and the scarce literature on OI in SMES indicates that small firms engaging in OI practices are more innovative
and resulting innovation capacities serve as catalysts to (developing) economies (Benácek, 1995; Peng, 2001; Wachtel, 1999.
As SMES are important actors in all types of economies (Lukács, 2005), but most notably in developing ones (Peng, 2001), we choose to study the OI activities of a sample of Hungarian and Romanian SMES.
Existing research on the important catalyst role of SMES in developing economies and the articles that have come into existence on the driving force of OI practices behind SME innovativeness, survival, and growth.
and development as they account for over 90%of all businesses in most economies (Brunswicker and Van de Vrande, 2014).
This catalyst role seems to be particularly important in developing economies, such as Hungary and Romania (Pfirrman and Walter, 2002),
despite their large presence in the economy, however, Hungarian and Romanian SMES only account for about 49%and 54%of the total economic value added, respectively (EC, 2014).
In addition to the environmental limitations that are characteristic of developing economies (Uzkurt et al, 2012), Hungarian and Romanian SMES also face restrictions in terms of underdeveloped skills
Particularly in developing economies it is important to study the effectiveness of approaches in SMES that help these small firms in playing their catalyst role.
and their willingness to take risks are viewed as important drivers of innovation and economic growth in developing economies (Peng, 2001;
Furthermore, despite their majority stake in these developing economies in terms of sheer numbers, they do not generate a correspondingly high share of the total economic value created by firms of all sizes in Hungary and Romania (EC, 2014).
Educating owners/managers of SMES in developing economies with respect to the long-term benefits of openness and the effective management of OI may
and their overall innovativeness benefiting the economy at large. 15 When it comes to the main OI challenge reported by the owners/managers of the SMES in our sample,
The economic role of SMES in world economy, especially in Europe. European Integration Studies, 4, 3-12.
How entrepreneurs create wealth in transition economies. The Academy of Management Executive, 15,95-108. Pfirrmann, O. & Walter, G. H. 2002.
Entrepreneurship in the transition economies of Central and Eastern europe. Journal of Small Business Venturing, 14,417-425. i The survey was administered originally to a sample of SMES in three Eastern European countries:
One of the key messages underscored in the pursuit of RIS3 is untapped the often potential of universities to contribute to regional development and the need for their fuller integration with the regional economy.
Regional Development Commission of Algarve Miguel Angel Aguirre Spain Andalusia Adviser, Andalusian Regional Government, Ministry for the Economy, Innovation, Science and Employment Annex 1:
Leader, Smart Specialisation Platform, JRC-IPTS Dimitri Kyriakou Spain EC Senior Economist, JRC-IPTS John Edwards Spain EC Researcher, JRC
entrepreneurship and the knowledge-based economy, the new strategy for Europe, Europe 2020, must have social innovation at its centre,
A focus on social innovation in Europe's new strategy would also reinvigorate Europe's leadership building a society not just an economy-for the 21st century.
However, the focus on developing the most competitive knowledge based economy in the world, with its concomitant focus on innovation through R&d has proved inadequate to tackling the social and environmental challenges facing Europe today.
instead, the recovery must be used as a way to align the best aspects of Europe's social model with a rapidly transforming economy.
and technology to how an innovative mind-set can trigger broader systemic changes in society and the economy.
many forecasters expect that the green economy will bring with it millions of new jobs. xxi Estimates for Europe suggest that 1m jobs could be created from a 20%cut in present energy consumption. xxii In the US,
The Alliance argues that an investment of $300 billion (€212 billion) would add more than 3. 3 million jobs to the economy,
connected and greener economy 'and‘creating value by basing growth on knowledge'.'This is certainly a clear step towards building a smarter, greener Europe.
empower communities and transition to a low carbon economy and there are many organisations and individuals engaged in the development and use of social innovation across Europe.
consumption and distribution and generate further ideas and innovations (like the move to a low carbon economy or the creation of a preventative system of criminal justice).
will have built up their own logic like the military bases in the old Soviet union that propped up local economies,
When systemic change does happen-for example the rise of welfare states fifty years ago, the shift to a more knowledge based economy in the last decades of the 20th century,
or the shift to a low carbon economy in the early 21st century-the opportunities for social innovation greatly increase.
such as the efficiencies that flow into the economy from better public health or low carbon technologies. xlviii This is one of the reasons why big changes are followed often by a honeymoon period.
There are however some proxy measures such as the size and scope of the non profit sector and the social economy
because much of the work of non profit organisations and the social economy does not necessarily fall under the rubric of social innovation-many non profits
and social economy firms are not innovative although they do deliver benefits to the communities they serve.
if the civil society sector in these countries were a separate national economy, its expenditures would make it the seventh largest economy in the world, ahead of Italy and Spain and just behind France and the UK. lvii In these 35 countries, the sector employed 39.5 million full time equivalent workers
which means that civil society employs, on average, 10 times more people than the utilities and textile industries in these countries,
what has been observed in the economy as a whole. The social economy in Europe is a comparable economic force-it employs over 11 million people
equivalent to about 6%of the working population of the EU. In the accession member states, 4. 2%of the wage earning population is employed in the social economy.
This is a lower percentage than the average in the older member states (7. 0%)and in countries such as The netherlands (10.7),
%Ireland (10.6%)or France (8. 7%).One of the most rapid growth areas within the social economy over the last decade has been in the growth of social enterprises.
with small and medium social enterprises contributing £24 billion Gross Value Added to the UK economy. lx In
the grant economy and the household-because there are clear and distinct trends in each sector. 36 Public sector As we mention earlier,
The approach is multidisciplinary Participle's team includes designers, social anthropologists, researchers, policy analysts, economists and others.
Civil society and the grant economy Civil society and the grant economy are rich sources of social innovation through campaigns
advocacy and service provision, non-governmental organisations and associations are often the pioneers of new approaches to tackling social needs. 1 1 We describe this as the grant economy
Given the variety and breadth of the grant economy, all we can do here is provide a very brief snapshot.
The One Foundation also provides a range of nonfinancial tailored support. 58 The household The informal household economy individuals
and develop their own innovations. 59 Within the household economy, there are a number of emergent trends.
and money is one of the defining features of this economy. In recent years, the growth of alternative currencies
time credits and vouchers have been one attempt at including elements of the household economy into the mainstream economy by valorising voluntary labour.
has set up an alternative currency to promote the creation of a‘solidarity economy','tackle social exclusion and valorise work (mostly care in the home)
Its mission is to create systemic change by promoting stable and balanced development in Finland, the qualitative and quantitative growth of its economy and its international 70 competitiveness and co-operation.
and support changes in the Estonian economy through foresight projects and venture capital investments. The fund focuses on initiatives with international potential.
The four projects, Industry Engines, EST IT, Service Economy, and Growth Vision are all foresights for the year 2018
The field is developing fast in the UK where there are an estimated 62,000 social enterprises with small and medium social enterprises contributing £24 billion GVA (Gross Value Added) to the UK economy. cxvi
Moreover, while public procurement can stimulate innovation and boost the economy, it can also help governments achieve twin objectives of reducing costs
Civil society and the grant economy have long been rich sources of social innovation, but they are placed not well to develop rigorous methods for innovation, lack R&d capacity,
Similarly, the informal household economy plays a critical role in developing social innovations but it remains fragmented,
as well as for evaluations-Finance for embedding successful models-Finance for growth Social economy firms remain heavily dependent on grant financing,
incubate, launch and operate social economy firms at a small scale. cxxiiicxxiv But, while grant funding is valuable in the prototyping
A common problem faced by social economy firms is an inability to secure growth capital (also known as expansion capital) in general,
Specialist academies linked to social economy initiatives, such as the University of Mondragon in Spain, and the University of Gastronomic Science in Bra and Colorno in Northern Italy,
and skills formation strategies within the grant economy in particular and identify a lack of training
and an unstructured NGO-government relationship. cxxxiv Some programmes are currently serving to develop skills within the grant economy on both national and European-wide level.
include (1) a measure of the amount of investment in innovation in the UK economy,
and economists to develop better indicators of social progress and well-being, bearing fruit in the Stiglitz Commission's work for President Sarkozy in France
Second, and longer term, developing some economy and society wide measures for both the generation
and those involved in social innovation from businesses, the public sector and the grant economy. It is not that a range of tools isn't available;
not just for return on investments and all sectors of the economy should be drivers for innovation.
http://ec. europa. eu/commission barroso/president/pdf/press 20090903 en. pdf Accessed on 3 december 2009. ii European commission (2009),‘European Economic Forecast'European Economy 10
New york. xlviii Economists generally emphasise allocative efficiency. But other kinds of efficiency can be just as important for long-term growth.
Crisis and the new Social Economy, Provocation 09, London: NESTA. lxii Jocelyne Bourgon, The Future of Public Administration:
pre-clusters in strategic economic sectors that spam more than the 70%of the Industrial Economy CLUSTER POLICY 9 Warsaw (February 2012) ACEDE-Household appliances Cluster Association of the Basque
OPEN ECONOMY AXIS 2: INNOVATIVE, ENTREPRENEURIAL AND TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED ECONOMY AXIS 3: SUSTAINABLE ECONOMY AXES of the Basque Competitiveness Plan 15 Warsaw (February 2012) AXIS 1:
OPEN ECONOMY-40-30-20-100 10 20 30 40 2008 2009 2010 2011 (I-III) USA EU-27 Spain Basque
Country GROWTH OF INTERNATIONAL EXPORTS(%)16 Warsaw (February 2012) AXIS 1: OPEN ECONOMY Foreign Trade 17 Warsaw (February 2012) The Competitiveness Plan is an umbrella plan,
various Government plans have been involved in its deployment such as: The Basque Energy Strategy 2020, PESI. Euskadi Plan for Information Society Competitiveness Plan for Basque Tourism, PCTI.
Trade Adaptation Plan Science, Technology and Innovation Plan 2015 18 Warsaw (February 2012) Energy Strategy, 3e2020:
vibrant picture of social innovation in practice and demonstrates the vitality of this rapidly emerging economy.
ideas and resources 124 Section 3 Ways of supporting social innovation 141 1. Support in the public sector 146 2. Support in the grant economy 167 3
. Support in the market economy 180 4. Support in the informal or household economy 195 Bibliography 209 Index 211 Acknowledgements 220 2 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION
and tools for innovation being used across the world and across different sectors the public and private sectors, civil society and the household in the overlapping fields of the social economy, social entrepreneurship and social enterprise.
This is as true for the private as for the social economy. New paradigms tend to flourish in areas where the institutions are most open to them,
An emerging social economy Much of this innovation is pointing towards a new kind of economy.
We describe it as a‘social economy 'because it melds features which are very different from economies based on the production and consumption of commodities.
Its key features include: The intensive use of distributed networks to sustain and manage INTRODUCTION 5 relationships,
Much of this economy is formed around distributed systems, rather than centralised structures. It handles complexity not by standardisation
This domestic sphere has previously been seen as outside the economy, as too complex and ungovernable,
In both the market and state economies, the rise of distributed networks has coincided with a marked turn towards the human, the personal and the individual.
(what Jim Maxmin and Shoshana Zuboff call the‘support economy');'it has led to lively innovation around personalisation (from new types of mentor to personal accounts;
With this emphasis on the individual has come an interest in their experience as well as in formal outcomes, in subjective feedback as well as the quantitative metrics of the late 20th century state and economy (hence the rise of innovations like the Expert Patients programmes, or Patient Opinion.
for example, are not always directly transferable to the social economy. Measuring success Measuring success in the social economy is particularly problematic.
In the market the simple and generally unambiguous measures are scale, market share and profit.
trial and error and rapid learning that are accompanying the birth of this new economy. But we can be certain that its emergence will encourage ever more interest in how innovation can best be supported,
including those within each economy: the public sector, the grant economy of civil society, the private sector,
and the household. Some of these conditions are about structures and laws, others are about cultures.
and testing ideas is particularly important in the social economy because it's through iteration,
and innovations take hold in the social economy in many other ways, whether through inspiration and emulation,
private sector, grant economy and household sector, usually over long periods of time. In this part of the book we explore each of these stages in depth,
Within the social economy, especially amongst artists, entrepreneurs and community groups, there is a long tradition of taking advantage of empty, abandoned or derelict buildings and spaces.
Nooteboom, B. 2000)‘ Learning and Innovation in Organisations and Economies.''Oxford: Oxford university Press. 12. Laderman Ukeles, M. 2001) On Maintenance and Sanitation Art.
however, competition is not always the driving force behind the development of new innovations in the social economy.
In the social economy, however, there are arguments for sharing, rather than shifting, the risk. This can be achieved through a stage-gate process
The business concepts of the social economy require as much care and creativity in their generation as the social ideas The two are developed best together to sustain
For the social economy the issues of control, the team and relations with users are likely to have greater priority,
SUSTAINING 63 In the social economy, ownership is an ambiguous concept. Its organisational structures are the site of contending pressures of goals and interests.
Much of the social economy is made up of organisations that are not dissimilar to those in the state or private business
But as with supply chains, the goal is to have the demand chain reflecting the social mission of the venture. 4 SUSTAINING 71 133) Shared backroom economies.
both in what they receive back from a reciprocal economy of information, and in extending the value
In a volunteer economy, roles, relationships and incentives have to be thought about differently to those where there is a contractual wage relationship.
There are distinct forms of lending within the social economy that include saving and lending circles,
The private economy is structured to reserve the benefits of an innovation to its own organisation
The social economy being oriented primarily around social missions, favours the rapid diffusion of an innovation,
This is one reason why the social economy has less compulsion to organisational growth and more towards collaborative networking as a way of sharing innovation. 1 As a result of these differences,
The tools for effective supply include reshaping of projects to reap different kinds of economy (scale,
and express the idea behind the project becomes a key method for the social economy,
and can also lead to economies in processing tenders. The public sector's procurement portal in the UK is Buying Solutions,
Transmitters We look at platforms as the nodes of the new economy, and at other ways in which users and originators can engage in the evaluation
and scale There are currently pressures to promote mergers and takeovers within the grant economy. However, we suggest that in a distributed economy a different conception of scale is needed, one that focuses on economies of information and communication,
and structures that can deliver that. Organisations within the social economy have less compulsion to organisational growth
and more towards collaborative networking as a means of sharing innovation. 200) Organisational growth is the simplest way to grow an innovation.
Where these succeed they create a political constituency for public investment in early years'education as well as effective models for delivery. 234) New models of the support economy.
such as feedback sites on public services or M-PESA's platform for phone-based banking. 246) Rewiring economies, connecting sectors like the utilities and automotive industries for the development of plug-in hybrid cars,
Framing involves linking particular events such as natural disasters, crises of care or of the economy to underlying causes,
as in private business, we would expect social economy intermediaries to become more explicitly focused on their knowledge and relationships.
as well as innovation for the economy. The Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) in the UK is one example.
and build a functioning website. 136 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION Innovation networks Networks can serve as alternatives to formal organisational structures within the social economy‘they can leverage the assets that already exist in a system by connecting them to others'.
'5 The very nature of networks bring a range of benefits that are particularly important within the social economy:
we discussed the emergence of a new‘social economy'which is characterised by the following features:
This social economy is the source of social innovation. However, while it already plays the key role in developing new models and services to meet social needs,
it could play an even greater role. 142 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION It has been argued elsewhere that the social economy,
and new kinds of institutions, especially in the fields of finance and formation The french term for the creation of skills and culture. 1 Progress in achieving this has been hampered by the fact that the social economy remains little understood.
So, what is the social economy? The Social Economy The social economy is a hybrid.
It cuts across the four sub-economies: the market, the state, the grant economy, and the household.
Each of these sectors has its own logics and rhythms, its own means of obtaining resources, its own structures of control and allocation,
and its own rules and customs for the distribution of its outputs. But the parts of these economies which we term the social economy are united by their focus on social goals, by the importance given to ethics,
and by their multiple threads of reciprocity. Their production ranges from the micro scale of domestic care in the household to the universal services of a national welfare state.
If the social economy is a hybrid, so are the firms, states, charities and households that operate within it.
Yet organisations like Oxfam and Age Concern are shaped still primarily by the grant economy in how they raise their money,
The shaded area in the diagram opposite represents those parts of the four sub-economies that together constitute the social economy.
The diagram shows that none of the four sub-economies is concerned wholly with the social economy.
if there are four sub economies, there will be six interfaces. The first three interfaces are between the state
and the other three sub-economies. 3 Central to these interfaces is the way finance crosses the borders,
and the platforms and tools provided by the state for the actors in other parts of the social economy.
The fourth interface is between the private market and grant economy. These relations include, for example, corporate sponsorship, charitable donations, mentoring,
and NGOS, exemplified in the work of Philips in developing new models of The State The Market The Household The Grant Economy The Social Economy Source:
The fifth and sixth interfaces (along with the third) constitute the household economy's relations with the other three sub-economies.
The extent to which social networks and a gift economy operate in the sphere of consumption has long been remarked on by anthropologists for example (from Christmas presents to the purchase of rounds of beer.
Between the grant and the household economies there are also two way movements of donations and volunteering from one direction, to a multitude of services from the other.
when associations and movements from the household economy partially transfer themselves into the grant economy,
In practice, however, each sub-economy may relate simultaneously to a number of others. 4 For example,
the state can promote social innovation in the market as well as the grant economy by applying certain policy and regulatory levers such as minimum trading standards,
and apply to the three interfaces between the household and the other sub-economies. First is the development of new systems of support economy as put forward by Jim Maxmin
and Soshana Zuboff in The Support Economy. 5 This is closely linked to the development of co-creation
and co-production representing a partnership between households and professionals. Personal budgets (introduced for people with disabilities in the UK in the 2000s),
Neither the state nor the grant economy has the structure or incentive to innovate in this way.
Crisis and the new Social Economy.''Provocation. London: NESTA. 2. This is a wider definition than the more usual one
which refers to the social economy as the third sector namely NGOS and social enterprises.
The definition here includes both the public economy whose values and goals have much in common with those of the third sector
and the informal economy of the household. 3. The social components of these three sub economies outside the state are the economic parallel to civil society,
and could be thought of as the civil economy, that is to say that part of the social economy that is outside the state. 4. There are also interfaces within each sub economy,
for example between the private and social markets. This may take the form of joint ventures, as in the recent case of Grameen-Danone and their collaboration in a social enterprise producing yoghurt for low income households in Bangladesh. 5. Maxmin, J. and Zuboff, S. 2004)‘ The Support Economy:
Why Corporations are Failing Individuals and The next Episode of Capitalism.''New york: Penguin. 6. This is the argument of Beinhocker, E. 2007)‘ The Origin of Wealth.'
but this does not deal with those areas of the economy which are difficult to commodify. 146 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION 1 SUPPORT IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR In the past,
and support social innovation. 382) Policy instruments to remake markets to promote the social economy such as compulsory targets,
) 385) Planning and tax rules to promote creative economies such as subsidised rent in art districts,
Crisis and the new Social Economy.''Provocation. London: NESTA. 3. See for example, Murray, R. op cit.;
'No. 7, Winter 2008.1 SUPPORT IN THE GRANT ECONOMY 167 2 SUPPORT IN THE GRANT ECONOMY Civil society and the grant economy are the most common sites of social innovation in campaigns
We describe this sector as the grant economy because grants play an important part, even though much of the income received within this sector comes from other sources, such as contracts with governments and other kinds of trading income.
and encourage the generation and adoption of innovation within the grant economy, there need to be new kinds of finance, platforms, packages of support,
and what mix of funding for individuals, teams The State The Market The Grant Economy The Household 2 SUPPORT IN THE GRANT ECONOMY 169 and enterprises works best,
and procurement'(see methods 170-183) for ways in which the public sector can support innovation within the grant economy.
and connectivity to villages in the developing world. 2 SUPPORT IN THE GRANT ECONOMY 171 408) Intermediaries who allocate grants for specific projects on behalf of the donor,
ECONOMY 173 Governance and accountability Too often within the grant economy, governance and accountability structures do not resonate with the organisation's social mission.
and whether the innovation itself and the process surrounding it meet their needs. 2 SUPPORT IN THE GRANT ECONOMY 175 424) Members and associates as sources of innovation and review,
and formation within the grant economy and identified a lack of training and experience as one of the main barriers to the sector's success. Leaders of nonprofit organisations,
and stakeholder management while keeping the organisation aligned to its mission and values. 430) Developing skills within the grant economy.
Image courtesy of the Young Foundation. 2 SUPPORT IN THE GRANT ECONOMY 177 intelligence model.
and wider scope for charity operations. 435) Planning and tax rules to promote creative economies such as subsidised rent in arts districts,
models and ideas for building a‘bright green'future. 2 SUPPORT IN THE GRANT ECONOMY 179 End notes 1. Blackmore,
There is an asset The State The Market The Household The Grant Economy 3 182 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION lock,
prisoner rehabilitation or disability services. 447) Extending the cooperative economy in production, including MONDRAGON and Peruvian coffee co-ops. 448) Foundations as owners of corporations,
They remain critical to the social economy, both in assessing products and services on the basis of social criteria,
They create their own protected economies with discounts for particular products and services from specified places.
The growth of parallel mechanisms to favour the social economy has been geared primarily at promoting the local economy.
and development of the sector. 483) Specialist academies linked to social economy initiatives, such as: the University of Mondragón in Spain;
which has grown out of the slow food movement. 4 484) Retraining of business leaders to play roles in the social economy,
Rizzoli International. 3 SUPPORT IN THE INFORMAL OR HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY 195 4 SUPPORT IN THE INFORMAL OR HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY Many innovations begin in the informal life of households a conversation around a coffee, a kitchen table,
Over time what they do may become more formalised and shift into the grant economy and subsequently into the public or market economy.
The informal household economy has generally been recognised under as a source of innovations. But it has played a critical role in fields including the environment and health
Within the household economy, we can see a number of emergent trends. One is new forms of mutual action between individuals whether in the form of open-source software,
Paris. 4 SUPPORT IN THE INFORMAL OR HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY 197 providing others, selling information on users and so on. 1 In the field of opensource software,
However, this is not just a virtual economy. It is also about care and support in the home and the neighbourhood,
This question is of course central to current discussions of urban and rural policy (from lighting, The State The Market The Household The Grant Economy 4 198 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION to curfews
But to spread the benefits of the social economy, we will need to rethink many of the ways in which the household economy relates to the two main sources of finance the market and the state.
Issues such as the distribution of working time, the valorisation of voluntary labour, the content and channels of life skills learning, the role of many of the social and educational services, the arrangements for retirement and unemployment, the size
which provides an online publishing platform for tens of thousands of citizen reporters. 4 SUPPORT IN THE INFORMAL OR HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY 199 498) Hosts and moderators as online guides.
Propertising not privatising In the social economy, rather than restricting access to knowledge and information, there is value in diffusing and sharing ideas and information as widely as possible.
and of means to strengthen a reciprocal economy by limiting free riders. Examples include open licences. 500) Open licensing has redrawn the traditional battle lines between the interests of society
or the rights to sabbaticals provided in some professions. 505) Flexible terms of formal employment to enable a sustainable informal economy,
such as the right to request flexible working time. 4 SUPPORT IN THE INFORMAL OR HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY 201 506) Training for volunteers the provision of training and incentives for volunteers,
They create an economy based on direct household time and can serve as alternatives to mainstream currencies
OR HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY 203 514) Extending public spaces for domestic production such as allotments and opening parts of parks or schools for residents and students to grow flowers, fruits, and vegetables.
Image courtesy of Mike Russell. 4 SUPPORT IN THE INFORMAL OR HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY 205 517) Users as producers such as the Expert Patients Programme,
Image courtesy of San Patrignano. 4 SUPPORT IN THE INFORMAL OR HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY 207 This could include educational coaching services, relief and backup for home carers, health coaches, birthing
They have been generated largely from within the household economy, and have developed innovative forms of distributed network organisation and action,
Jim Maxmin and Soshana Zuboff, The Support Economy: Why Corporations are Failing Individuals and The next Episode of Capitalism, Penguin, 2004.
Walter Stahel, The Performance Economy, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. INDEX 211 INDEX 5 a Day Campaign 86 10:10 Project 87 27e Region 148;
148 Finance For emerging ideas 54-57 For new ventures 78-80 For systemic change 121-122 Public economy 149-161 budgets to promote internal
and means of payment 156-157 public investment 157-160 fiscal moves to promote social innovation 160-161 Grant economy 168-173 grant giving 169-171
71 Grant Economy 142-145; 167-179 Green Homes 88 Green Valleys 55 Greenpeace 28;
31 The Household economy 142-145; 195-208 Hubs 129; 135 I Want Great care 21;
202 Sobrato Family Foundation 169 Social economy 4-6; 63; 82; 84; 136; 141-145;
18 Supply Chains 13,62, 70,94-95,171 Support Economy 5, 111,144 Sure Start 111,150-151 Tällberg Foundation 44 Taproot Foundation 172
THE AUTHORS ABOUT THE YOUNG FOUNDATION Robin Murray is an industrial and environmental economist. His recent work has focused on new waste and energy systems and on projects in the social economy.
He was cofounder and later chair of Twin Trading the fair trade company and was involved closely in the companies it spun off,
and tools for innovation being used across the world and across the different sectors the public and private sectors, civil society and the household and in the overlapping fields of the social economy, social entrepreneurship and social enterprise.
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011