Building Resilient Economy, Zagreb, Croatia 241 SOCIAL INCLUSION AS INNOVATION Alessandra Morgado Ramiro de Lima Federal University of Rio de janeiro, Business Administration, Brazil
Building Resilient Economy, Zagreb, Croatia 242 children in need, with the motto"No money in the world can afford the smile on a child's face.
Building Resilient Economy, Zagreb, Croatia 243 The consolidation of these ideas is reinforced by the analysis of the other two examples mentioned in the introduction.
Building Resilient Economy, Zagreb, Croatia 244 each of these NGOS, participating in the Service Society that pervades our time,
based on a service economy and sustained by civil society, which is being generated territorially in the small community,
Building Resilient Economy, Zagreb, Croatia 245 LITERATURE 1. André I, Abreu A. Dimensões e espaços da inovação social.
neo-liberalism Introduction Advanced economies face a growing number of social, economic and environmental challenges.
The 2007/2008 sub-prime financial crisis led to deep recession in many European economies. Europe's economic woes further intensified with the sovereign debt crisis and subsequent deficit-cutting policies.
According to Florida (2002), one of the three institutions of the creative economy is interaction and proximity,
and creative content is the motor of today's economy. The role of culture and creativity as drivers of growth and employment is high on the European commission's agenda.
We move on to the broader economy and economic policy. Some social innovation can be and is delivered in the framework of the market.
Key growth sectors for many European economies in the coming years will be health education and social care (Mulgan et al. 2007.
These sectors are characterized by mixed economies, the strong involvement of public policy and a need for models of innovation that are very different from those that have worked in the technology and finance sectors (Mulgan et al. 2007).
since been preferred a legal status for businesses operating in the social economy. Other examples of innovative finance are complementary local currencies such as the Brixton
Working in the Social Economy. Social Enterprise Journal 5 (1): 30 49. doi: 10.1108/17508610910956390. Bakhshi, H,
Economy, Society and Culture. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Chesbrough, H. 2003. Open Innovation: The New Imperative for Creating
Die Soziologie in Zeiten der Wissensgesellschaft Sociology in the Time of the Knowledge Economy. Soziologie 34 (4): 424 441. doi:
INTRODUCTION With the globalization of economies and competition, innovation has become the most important factor in development, employment,
The top 12 transformative, global forces that define the future world with their far-reaching impacts on businesses, societies, economies, cultures,
Companies will now look at new economies Beyond BRIC and new hotspots for their business operations.
developing economies will contribute around 65%to 70%of global growth in the next 10 years
and has increased the outlook for production across a wide variety of industries from railroads, shipping, local economies, and farming.
This transition toward sharing everything and not owning assets is creating a new circular economy where there is no wastage
growing economies Source Frost & Sullivan Source: Frost & Sullivan Social Innovation to answer Society's Challenges 2014 Frost
is prepared your organization for the next profound wave of industry convergence, disruptive technologies, increasingcompetitive intensity, Mega Trends, breakthrough best practices, changing customer dynamics and emerging economies?
-Support and manage orderly change to a more environmentally sustainable, multiethnic society and a knowledge-based economy;
p. 4 Economist editor: Big data is a goldmine for companies...p. 6 Boosting e-skills in European higher education requires political will at national level...
and contribute €63 billion to the economy, with a positive impact on youth unemployment. The real issue is that there are going to be skill gaps.
but for the economy as a whole. We need more highly specialised computer engineers. The ICT sector currently lacks people with the right skills to accomplish a number of functions, from developing software applications and security systems,
According to Microsfot's Schaart, the technology sector's gender gap is a serious loss for the European economy
The app economy workforce is predicted to triple its revenues from €17. 5 billion to €63 billion from 2013 to 2018.
Digital Commissioner Neelie Kroes. European parliament 6 5-9 may 2014 SPECIAL REPORT ESKILLS FOR GROWTH Euractiv Economist editor:
Kenneth Cukier is data editor at The Economist and co-author with Viktor Mayer-Schönberger of Big data:
In addition, the creation of a digital single market in the EU could add up to €800 billion in the European economy.
Present and Future in the Mirror of the Past 1 1. The Computer Revolution, the"Productivity Paradox"and the Economists Over the past forty years, computers have evolved from a specialized and limited role in the information processing
and the productivity performance of the economy at large crystallized around the perception that the U s,
. along with other advanced industrial economies, was confronted with a disturbing"productivity paradox.""The precipitating event in the formation of this"problematic"view of the digital information technology was an offhand (yet nonetheless pithy) remark made in the summer of 1987 by Robert Solow, Institute Professor at MIT and Economics Nobel laureate:"
and communications technologies have given rise during the latter 1990's to"a new economy"or"new paradigm"of macroeconomic behavior.
Alan Greenspan, subscribed publicly to a strongly optimistic reading of the American economy's prospects for sustaining rapid expansion
which the U s. economy is taking the lead: 2 We are living through one of those rare, perhaps once-in-a-century events...
as a consequence, the emergence of modern computer, telecommunication and satellite technologies have changed fundamentally the structure of the American economy.
Yet, many economists continue to demur from this view, and there has been no lack of skepticism regarding the potential of the new information
Among academic economists the consensus of optimistic opinion now holds a wait -and-see attitude,
or cyclical movements that, in any case, have yet to materially reverse the profound"slowdown"in the economy's productivity growth trend
so that it brought the TFP growth rate all the way back down to the very low historical levels indicated by Abramovitz and David's (1999) statistical reconstructions of the mid-nineteenth century American economy's performance.
May 6, 1998) that enable us to follow the path of measured productivity gains in the U s. economy well into the 1990's. The figures relating to the private non-farm business economy are regraded generally as providing a more accurate picture of recent movements,
only slightly above the 1890-1929 rate. 4 Moving from the private domestic economy to the private business economy concept also eliminates the distortions in the picture of productivity that arise from the inclusion of the imputed gross rents on the stock of dwellings
except for the fact that this particular category of capital equipment only recently has begun to bulk large in the economy's total stock of reproducible capital.
and the private rates of return on this the new information technology and all of its networked applications. 4 Economists'reactions to questions concerning the anomalous slowdown of TFP growth
and its perplexing conjuncture with the wave of ICT-embodying investments in the U s. economy
1) the productivity slowdown is an artifact of inadequate statistical measurement of the economy's true performance,
along with me in the cautious optimist camp share the view that the persistence of the slow trend rates of TFP growth experienced in the U s. economy during the past two decades is unlikely.
and measure the performance of the economy which is undergoing significant and unprecedented structural changes.
it seems to have been rather misleading for economists to have approached these as though they were necessarily independent, mutually incompatible and hence competing explanatory hypotheses.
which there seems to be broad agreement among economists. The magnitude of the bias, however, is another question.
This might well be twice the magnitude of the error introduced by mismeasurement of the price deflators applied in estimating the real gross output of the private domestic economy over the period 1966-89.10 Were we to allow for this by making an upward correction of the real output growth rate by as much as 0. 6
whether structural changes in the U s. economy have exacerbated the problem of output underestimation, and thereby contributed to the appearance of a productivity slowdown.
and employment in the"hard-to-measure"sectors of the economy is immediately pertinent. The bloc of the U s. private domestic economy comprising Construction, Trade, Finance, Insurance,
and Real estate (FIRE), and miscellaneous other services has indeed been growing in relative importance, and this trend in recent decades has been pronounced especially. 13 There is certainly a gap in the manhours productivity growth rates favoring the better-measured,
but the impact of the economy's structural drift towards unmeasurability is not big enough to account for the appearance of a productivity slowdown between the preand post-1969 periods.
whereas prices and real output growth were measured properly for the rest of the economy. Taking account of the increasing relative weight of the hard-to-measure sector in the value of current gross product for the private domestic economy
the implied measurement bias for the whole economy--under the conditions assumed--must have become more 13 Gross product originating in Griliches'hard-to-measure bloc average 49.6 percent of the total over the years 1947-1969,
but its average share was 59.7 percent in the years 1969-1990. See Griliches (1995:
in other words, whether the rate of turnover of the economy's output mix has increased. 18 Diewert
But, in itself, the substitution of this rapidly rising input for others does nothing to lift the economy's measured growth rate of TFP. 3. Conceptual Challenges:
These appeared when economists sought to illuminate the macro-level puzzle through statistic studies of the impact of 20 The difference between the measured TFP performance of the computer-producing
and the computer-using sectors of the economy, which emerges starkly from the growth accounting studies by Stiroh (1998),
The former are closer in spirit to the attempt to measure the productive efficiency of the economy by calculating TFP as the ratio of aggregate real output to the aggregate inputs of labor and capital services;
which is becoming increasingly widespread as digital information technologies diffuse throughout the economy, deserves further consideration. 3. 2 Leaving out investments in organizational change:
of general purpose technologies that transform an economy by finding many new lines of application, and fusing with existing technologies to rejuvenate other,
preexisting sectors of the economy. While the positive, long-run growth igniting ramifications of a fundamental technological breakthrough of that kind are stressed in the formalization of this vision by the new growth theory literature
The first is concerned to show that lags in the diffusion process involving a general purpose technology can result in long delays in the acceleration of productivity growth in the economy at large.
and productivity indexes of the economy. As this theme already has been aired well (in sections 2 and 3, above),
the U s. economy could be said 33 See e g.,, chapters by Helpman and Trajtenberg (1998), Aghion and Howitt (1998),
the extent of computerization that had been achieved in the whole economy by the late 1980's was roughly comparable with the degree to
Some economists who have voiced skepticism about the ability of computer capital formation to make a substantial contribution to raising output growth in the economy point to the rapid technological obsolescence in this kind of producer durables equipment
and argue that the consequent high depreciation rate prevents the stock from growing rapidly in relationship to the overall stock of producer capital in the economy.
when suggesting (in 1989-1990) that it perhaps was still too soon to be disappointed that the computer revolution had failed to unleash a sustained surge of readily discernable productivity growth throughout the economy.
and transforms the organization of production in many branches of an economy. One cannot simply infer the detailed future shape of the diffusion path in the case of the digital information revolution from the experience of previous analogous episodes;
Coupled with the widespread diffusion of information appliances, they appear to hold out a realistic prospect for the older branches of an increasingly digitalized economy to enjoy a pervasive quickening in the pace of conventionally measured multifactor productivity improvements,
the U s. Economy's Growth Path in the Twentieth Century, in D. Foray and B. A. Lundvall, eds.
Employment and Growth in the Knowledge-Based Economy,(OECD Documents. Paris: OECD, 1996. Abramovitz, Moses,
What Should Economists Measure? The Implications of Mass Production vs. Mass Customization, Federal reserve bank of Dallas, Working Paper no. 98-03 july 1998.
A Profile of the Information Economy,"Special Economic Study: Morgan stanley, New york, September 22, 1987. Roach, Stephen S.,"White Collar Productivity:
Digitized, Have-It-Your-Way Economy, Fortune, September 1998: pp. 114-21. Sichel, Daniel E.,The Computer Revolution:
Triplett, Jack E.,Economic Statistics, the New Economy, and the Productivity Slowdown, Business Economics, 34 (2 april 1999:
The sample was represented only by representatives of ITC domain (generate by difficulties to identify innovative SMES on Romanian economy)
in order to simulate accurately the conditions of Romanian economy. 0-9 employees 10-249 employees 50-249 employees over 250 employees 223 408 154 34 27%50
, Tudorache, A. and Zgubea, F. Knowledge Based Economy Assessment in Romania, Economia. Seria Management, 2012 5. Clarke, L. Managementul schimbarii:
Digital Agenda Targets Progress report Digital Agenda Scoreboard 2015 1 Digitisation has been changing not just our economy
which is affecting all sectors of the economy and society the digital economy. These changes are happening at a scale
WP4 examined how the social economy is funded, the pros and cons of different forms of funding and how the strategy and organisational development of social innovators can be promoted in terms of funding.
If we are interested most in large scale societal transformation (e g. to a low carbon economy or coproduction of public services),
Most of the future research questions we identified would benefit greatly from advanced databases containing information on social innovation, social needs, the social economy and its innovative potential, other environments of social innovation, relevant
Civil society and the social economy as incubators. Our hypothesis that civil society provides a particularly fertile ground for the generation
Measuring social innovation framework conditions Social innovation and the social economy We propose that there is a strong connection between social economy organizations and social innovation.
Social economy organisations are a major component of the economy and therefore warrant attention. For instance, the sector generates 7%of the national income in Denmark
and employs up to 10%of the total workforce in Germany. 47 In other countries (as is the case in Greece) there is no data to be found on employment in the social economy.
which social economy organisations are in fact innovators depends on numerous variables, e g. the size of the social economy and also on the welfare regime.
Typically, these social economy organisations and their teams are in close contact with communities where pressing social problems are evident.
we still witness some confusion in the terminology used by social economy, third sector or civil society organisations
(or against) our propositions that (a) the connection between social economy organizations and social innovation is a strong one,
which social economy organisations are in fact innovators, and that (c) this extent varies depending on numerous variables,
such as the size of the social economy, the respective welfare regimes and also the social problem we look at. 2. Examine existing methodologies for technological innovation and foster synergies between social and technological innovation measurement approaches.
and the sharing economy and sharing society. Our research identified three main types of effect:
place making and sharing economy cases where much of the rest of the value chain is implemented using traditional and physical activities.
If we are interested most in large scale social transformation (e g. to a low carbon economy or to the co-production of public services
Data and monitoring It is clear that we require more and better data on social innovation, social needs, the social economy and its innovative potential, other environments of social innovation, relevant actors and networks, technological
Civil society and the social economy as incubators Our hypothesis that civil society provides a particularly fertile ground for the generation
the connection between social economy organizations and social innovation requires more data for sound analyses.
We need to dig deeper into the numerous variables determining in how far social economy organizations are in fact innovators (e g. the state of the social economy (size, age, heterogeneity, etc.
The Case of the Economic crisis and the New Economy, TRANSIT working paper, TRANSIT: EU SSH. 2013.3.2-1 Grant agreement no:
The measurement of social economies in Europe-a first step towards an understanding of social innovation.
FDI is defined as an investment made to acquire lasting interest in enterprises operating outside of the economy of the investor.
The EU attracts more technological intensive projects than resource-saving investments compared to the other economies.
In contrast, the top destination countries are the emerging economies of China, India, Russia, and Brazil,
This suggests that advanced economies are getting access to technological complementary knowledge by investing abroad. 17 The role and internationalisation strategies of multinational companies in innovation,
which aims to help close the gap between the EU's R&d investment and that of other developed economies.
while BERD data are used primarily by economists, governments and international organisations interested in the R&d performance of territorial units defined by political boundaries.
companies in the global economy, in particular growth opportunities in emerging economies, while maintaining an R&d focus in the EU. Low expectations for R&d in the EU (1%p. a. in 2013-15) are due to the outlook of seven automobiles
& parts companies constituting 40%of the total sample R&d. Their expectations are substantially lower than in the past:
which continues to afflict many EU economies, but to address the shortcomings of its growth model
and reflects the increasing participation of European companies in the global economy, and in particular emerging economies,
while they retain their R&d focus in the EU. It also indicates that the gap between R&d invested by the surveyed companies in the EU
Will Dearth of Experts Starve German Economy? Der spiegel, 19 april 2013, http://www. spiegel. de/international/business/lack-of-skilled labor-could-pose-future-threat-to-german-economy-a-894116. html country (number of statements
) average rating most attractive second most attractive third most attractive least attractive Finland (8) 3, 35 quality of R&d personnel knowledge-sharing opportunities with universities
and innovation activities in order to support the implementation and monitoring of the European research and innovation agenda (the Innovation Union flagship, set in the context of the Europe 2020 strategy aiming at a smarter, greener and more inclusive economy).
%and technology hardware & equipment (4%).The responding companies carry out a quarter of their R&d outside the EU. Their expectations for R&d investment for the next three years show continued participation of European companies in the global economy, in particular growth
opportunities in emerging economies, while maintaining an R&d focus in the EU. Two thirds of the European companies in the sample chose their home country as the most attractive location for R&d,
Technovation29 (2009) 438 450 The antecedentsofsmeinnovativenessinanemerging transition economy Sonja Radas, Ljiljanaboz ic'The Instituteofeconomics, Trgj.
Yetpolicymakersin developingcountries, facedwiththetaskofcrafting regulationstosupportsmeinnovation, oftendrawupon the stockofknowledgefrominvestigationofsmesin developed economies. Soanimportantissueforpolicy makers wouldbetofindouttowhichextenttheycanrely on thesefindings. Inthispaper, weshedsomelightonthis questionbyinvestigatingfactorsthatsignificantlyimpact innovationinsmesincroatia, asmalldeveloping economy.
Ininvestigatingthesefactors, webuildupon the existingfieldofresearchaboutinnovationdeterminants in SMES. Ourdatacomefromthecommunityinno-vationstudyperformedin2004andcoversperiodfrom 2001 to2003. Following Keizeretal. 2002), wedefinealistof variablesandthenproceedtoexaminetheirsignificancefor innovationincroatiansmes.
Anotherpolicymeasure (inparticularinsmall economies) shouldbeencouragingsmestobecome exporters. Firststepwouldbetodeterminewhat possible obstaclestoexportingthereareandthen address thosewithasetoftargetedmeasures. Incentives that wouldhelpfirmstoaccesswidermarketscouldalso encourage innovation.
Some of these arguments can be traced back to economists like Joseph A Schumpeter (1883-1950) and Karl Marx (1818-1883.
In flat architectures the radio access network components could be compared much cheaper to HSPA and LTE devices today because of the economy of scale.
the knowledge sector of modern economies is focussed increasingly on value networks rather than on value chains.
economists and social scientists, would allow for suggesting candidate techniques and incorporating useful insights from different domains at each step of the methodology.
which economists identify as a tragedy of the commons. Similar contention tussles can take place for other cloud resources as well
and the economy through white papers, workshops, FIA sessions, and research consultancy. In this paper SESERV proposes a methodology for identifying
Infrastructure as a service (Iaas), Platform as a service (Paas) and Software as a service (Saas). These models have the potential to better adhere to an economy of scale
Furthermore, the Internet underpins the whole global economy. The diversity and sheer number of applications and business models supported by the Internet have affected also largely its nature and structure (3
and related business models 5. If today's Internet is a crucial element of our economy,
The Seoul Declaration for the Future of the Internet Economy. OECD, Paris, France (2008) 11.
Services 323 Introduction The global economy can be characterised under three main sectors. The primary sector involves transforming natural resources into primary products
which can support the service economy. Two overarching requirements influence the scope and technical solutions created under the Internet of Services umbrella.
However, the goal of reaching a truly serviceoriented economy would require that IT-based services can be traded flexibly as economic good,
Service Level Agreement, Cloud, Service Lifecycle 1 Introduction Europe has set high goals in becoming the most active and productive service economy in the world.
This rapidly growing service-oriented economy has highlighted key challenges and opportunities in IT-supported service provisioning.
For a vivid IT service economy, better tools are necessary to support end-to-end SLA management for the complete service lifecycle,
in different sectors of the economy including the service sectors, and in social networks. Research on the Future Internet
Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age. Report on behalf of the Global esustainability Initiative, Gesi (2008) 2. Saunders, H.:
innovation and globalisation 6. The World Foundation for Smart Communities advocated the use of information technology to 434 H. Schaffers et al. meet the challenges of cities within a global knowledge economy 7. However,
and upgrading of skills to promote the knowledge economy. Active labour market policy is a top priority to sustain employment,
sustain the innovation economy and wealth of cities, maintain employment and fight against poverty through employment generation, the optimisation of energy and water usage and savings,
Fig. 1 presents three key domains of potential smart city applications in the fields of innovation economy
As the major challenge facing European cities is to secure high living standards through the innovation economy
and the knowledge economy overall. 3 Future Internet Experimentation and Living Labs Interfaces In exploring the role of Future Internet experimentation facilities in benefiting urban development as we move towards smart cities,
six dimensions 448 J. M. Hernández-Muñoz et al. of‘smartness'were identified (economy, people, governance, mobility, environment, and living).
As the upsurge of information and communication technologies (ICT) has become the nervous system of all modern economies,
a crucial aspect for Smartcities to become future engines of a productive and profitable economy.
Assistant professor of Marketing at the Olin Business school, Washington University in St louis. 1 1 Introduction Activity consumption is a significant component of the U s. economy,
When the SMES competitive advantage is based on knowledge as is the case of the knowledge economy,
At the same time, much less is written about the majority of small and micro size firms that constitute the core of the economy.
as in all transition economy, play an important role in the economic growth development and are recognized increasingly as having a permanent role as a seedbed for future growth.
, economies everywhere are given special attention. Hence the concern for their delineation as appropriate, with the intention to create conditions for broader and more effective participation in economic activities in or involved.
perpetuation and rise or fall of SMES in the economy of any country is their contribution to creating new value,
SMES form a big and vital part of the modern economy. The second argument is more qualitative:
All countries statistics result that SMES dominate in economy, representing over 99%of the total of companies,
In a Romanian economy located yet in a consolidation process and of getting stronger of SMES sector,
Is it possible to measure The Impact of Innovation in Romanian Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises on Economic growth Development 413 Special Issue December 2013 the innovation in a transition economy,
with which to explain the The Impact of Innovation in Romanian Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises on Economic growth Development 414 Special Issue December 2013 reasons of the emergence of companies in specialized exchange economy
At the same time, most small businesses that constitute the core of the economy do not innovate. Most SME innovations are marginal improvements of already existing products,
Today, the view which is taken as a current guideline is that the most important way of supporting Romanian small and medium enterprises is to encourage the business environment and the general development of the economy.
in Romania there was created a vicious circle where the state is ensuring the minimum financial resources for stimulation of knowledge-based economy
Another important aspect is the fact that these generate in a big proportion technical innovations that are economy applicable.
This should stimulate the concentration of domestic private capital to help boost the sector's role the Romanian economy.
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