the European authorities became aware of the necessity for a common vision in modernizing society and development of European Economy competitiveness.
and creation of new working places one of the main instruments identified was the development of a knowledge based economy corroborated with incentives for the IT and communications sector (ICT).
Access to broadband communications shall also play an extremely important part for applications that shall emerge as a consequence of the occurance of new needs generated by the information society and knowledge based economy.
Economy: The interconnectivity between the business environment and that of digital communications is still at an initial stage,
In the context of Romania's current development and its opening towards the European and global economy, the business environment shall become a major consumer of broadband communications.
and increase of economy's competitiveness), by encouraging those activities that may lead to reducing the areas identified as failure zones.
To this purpose a Working group shall be set up consisting of representatives of the Ministry of Communication and Information Society, Ministry of Education, Research and Innovation, Ministery of Administration and Internal Affairs, Ministry of Public Finance, Ministry of Economy
but also in sustaining national competitiveness in the medium to long term. 1 2 ICT will continue spreading its revolutionary power to modernize economies
and social divides within their territories and vis-à-vis more advanced economies. The development of the information society should be considered as a challenge
as for most countries of the world, a strategic sector of the national economy. The scale of investment in this field
and support services for the Information Society Dissemination of public and economic contents Increased use of electronic public services in education Adapting training to the needs of the economy Facilitating access to justice through electronic public services Tourism potential
the economy achieved is approximately 17.2 million RON. The percentage of online procedures carried out by contracting authorities also increased by 500%from 3. 25%to 15
The insularity and lack of soil are peculiarities of the region that marke in a special way its economy.
Regional sheets of the New Economy. N-economy. The equipment and use of ICT in households, has increased in Balearic islands in the last years.
Source: Regional sheets of the New Economy. Baleares. N-Economics. June 2012
The Smart Grids Debate in Europe Essential for the transformation of the European energy system, deserving more attention and transparency SEFEP working paper November 2012 Ruggero Schleicher--Tappeser The EU
Smart Grids Debate 2 Table of contents Executive Summary...4 1 Introduction...6 2 Framing the issue:
the e--Energy programme of the Ministry for Economy 55 has produced a series of pilot projects
India and South korea where grid development has difficulties to keep up with high growth rates of the economies have started to look at smart grid technologies before they were concerned about the transition towards high shares of renewables.
Making the World Economy Survive on Renewable Energies. Inwind Chronicle, New delhi Vol. 5, No. 4, 13--17.
what kind of agglomeration economies to exploit (Frenken et al. 2007): location economies (promoting sectorial specialization; urbanization economies (promoting sectorial diversification)
or related variety exploitation (finding a balance between the above two above). In this context, a strategy for smart specialization may focus on seeking specialized diversification behind the related variety of a given territory.
Therefore, the processes for elaborating a RIS3 not only may encounter difficulties in terms of how to identify
Specialised diversification Exploitation of regional related variety Take into account that the horizontal specialization will contribute to the rest of the economy (knock-on effects) Exploiting the possibilities of regional related diversity can lead to radical innovation
and"rethinking"of the economy. A high specialization also brings further weakness to potential crisis, technical changes and cycles.
Global context Coherence of priorities and the process in the frame of an open economy A"global"dimension of governance will allow the prioritized specialization to be consistent in the global context.
The approach of governance in an open economy is still not widespread although its success depends on its ability to generate interregional cooperation.
RIS3 seems to have prioritized sectors with a very clear share in total economy (agro industry, automotive, tourism and experience) and others with positive international trends (energy, eco industries, health and wellness and ICT.
the open economy dimension of the strategies (e g. collaboration potential with other Spanish regions but also through Europe).
Knowledge Economists Policy Brief 9 june 2009. Frenken, K.;Van Oort, F. G. & Verburg, T. 2007.
1593-0319 43 Technopolis (2006) Strategic Evaluation on Innovation and the knowledge based economy in relation to the Structural and Cohesion Funds, for the programming period 2007-2013.
when identifying cluster in US and Europe 7 www. clusterobservatory. eu 8 no differences between regions with urbanization economies from those characterized by specialisation economies 9 Key Enabling Technologies known as nanotechnology,
however by the slowdown of the Spanish economy and its impact on the public and private spending in R i
Funds), Economy and Rural Development (FEADER) Strong involvement of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, participation of the State Secretary for Research and Innovation in an event organized in Zaragoza on October 30th, 2012
According to the Report of the Industrial Sector of Asturias (IDEPA December 2012), Asturias has diversified a economic structure in which the service sector, making a great importance with a weight of 63%of the regional economy.
accounting for a 21.78%of the regional economy in 2011. Expert Assessment of RIS3 strategy for the region of Asturias, Spain Miquel Barceló 4 In comparison with Spain, the weight of the industrial sector in Asturias is significantly higher than nationwide (about 5%higher.
In view of the above data the main features of the Asturian economy and more specifically of its industrial sector would be the following:
To conclude this brief introduction to the Asturian economy, we will observe the status in Asturias accordding the Regional Innovation Scoreboard 2012.
of RIS3 strategy for the region of Asturias, Spain Miquel Barceló 12 3 Report following the Guidance for expert assessment After the introduction to the Asturias economy
Cantabria's economy is based mainly in industry, services and tourism. Research and Innovation RI funds in 2009 Cantabria dedicated 149 M€ to RI. 1. 1%of GDI dedicated to RI in Cantabria.
The modernization of the structure of the region is reflected in the loss of weight of the agrarian sector and the process of tertiary transformation of the regional economy.
Background document 3 1. 3 Labour market evolution Due to the important rates of growth of our economy,
Clusters with historic relevance in the employment and economy of Castilla y León, now under restructuration Automotive Agro-food Tourism Wood and forniture Natural stone Fashion-textile Oncology
The modernization of the structure of the region is reflected in the loss of weight of the agrarian sector and the process of tertiary transformation of the regional economy.
) in Castilla y León between 2000 and 2008 has been higher than the average growth of the European economy,
which hold less weight in the economy: industry and energy with 19.8%,construction holding 8. 4,
Castilla y León's economic specialisation pattern is defined by six large macro-activities that make up 59%of our economy and meet diverse criteria:
Entrepreneurial innovation and a competitive economy. P2. Excellent science and technological leadership. P3. Internationalization. P4.
AND INNOVATION STRATEGY FOR SMART SPECIALISATION (RIS3) OF CASTILLA Y LEON 2014-2020 PROGRAMME 1. ENTREPRENEURIAL INNOVATION AND A COMPETITIVE ECONOMY Programme 1 is focused on responding to the need to boost competitiveness
Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness. 5 European Statistics Office. 6 Secretariat of State for Telecommunications and Information Society.
there is little systematic exploration about their potential for different sectors and areas and its implication for economy and society (Leitner, et al,
So social innovation is invoked in already under-conceptualised areas such as‘social inclusion',‘the social economy'‘
that is to say about constructing alternative economic spaces to the dominant neoliberal market paradigm, drawing on community, social economy and diverse economy traditions?(
social economy often action focused Market values (with public support) Social values (with public support) Wealth creation/economic growth Social wealth creation/Resource distribution Efficient
and market discourses'/alternative economies Top-down and technocratic Grassroots/bottom up Economic and innovation funding (e g.,
and innovations to diffuse broadly across sectors of the economy. It does this by rallying existing innovation networks
and in shaping the institutional and legal context to stimulate open innovation practices in an economy (de Jong, et al, 2010: 892).
bringing knowledge regarding the interface between the market and the social economy and between the state/public sector and the social economy,
the process is advanced most in western economies and Europe has the oldest population of all global regions,
thus freeing up younger people for employment in the formal economy. A cadre of volunteers will also be essential to some of the social innovations envisaged by policymakers (CEC, 2012d.
One estimate puts the current European‘silver economy'at €3trn30. In addition there 28 http://www. who. int/ageing/age friendly cities network/en/29 http://europa. eu/ey2012/ey2012main. jsp?
including rapidly developing and‘newly rich'economies. This presents market opportunities for new products. For example, global spending on drugs is expected soon to exceed $1tn (FT,
2008), who set a high premium on the role of what we might call the mundane economy.
The concept of the mundane economy embraces sectors that loom large in meeting core human needs-such as health education, food, water, housing, energy, social care and the like
Although the mundane sectors used to be classified as part of the non-tradeable part of the economy,
for example, are now burgeoning parts of the knowledge economy in most OECD countries. In other words, it is possible for the mundane economy to be represented universally in every region,
so as to meet an array of social and ecological needs, and for each region to develop some aspect of these sectors in a more specialised
How Information technology is Reshaping the Economy. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Calzada, I. 2013) Knowledge building and organizational behavior:
A report commissioned by NESTA, 12 september 2008 Cooke, P. and Morgan, K. 2000) The Associational Economy, Oxford:
'Innovation and the Economy: FT Special report, Financial Time. Available at: http://www. ft com/cms/s/0/5a239004-2a98-11e3-8fb8-00144feab7de. html#axzz2nyntgov8.
Etzkowitz, H. and Leydesdorff, L. 2005) Universities and the Global Knowledge Economy: A triple-helix of university-industry-government relations.
A Feminist Critique of Political economy, Minneaplois, University of Minnesota Press Gibson-Graham, J. K. 2008) Diverse Economies:
social innovation at the crossroads between science, economy and society',in Moulaert, F.,Maccallum, D.,Mehmood, A. and A. Hamdouch (eds)( 2013) The International Handbook on Social Innovation:
A critical survey Regional Studies, 37,289-302, Moulaert, F. and Ailenei, O. 2005) Social Economy, Third Sector and Solidarity Relations:
http://www. oecd. org/fr/sti/ieconomie/participativewebandusercreatedcontentweb20wikisandsocialnetworking. htm OECD (2008b)‘ Shaping Policies for the Future of the internet economy'.
'Prepared for the OECD Ministerial Meeting on the Future of the Internet Economy, Seoul, Korea, 17-18 june 2008.
Eradicate Poverty and Transform Economies Through Sustainable Development: The Report of the High-level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda.
Indeed, comparedtolarge firms, small firms maybelessabletoexploit economies ofscaleandscope, orbemore financiallyconstrained (e g.,, Teece, 1986) whichmaycauseanegativeeffectonthecostofcapital (e g.
such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences
THE CONTRIBUTORS SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 3 The Contributors This publication has been prepared under the leadership of Pier Carlo Padoan (Deputy Secretary-general and Chief Economist, OECD) and the management of Sergio
Arzeni (Director, Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMES and Local Development, OECD), with support from Jonathan Potter (Senior Economist at the Centre) and Mariarosa Lunati (Senior Economist at the Centre, currently responsible for
That contribution to the economy is reflected in the rapid growth of some of these firms, the gazelles of the enterprise ecoystem.
and fresh innovation policy is emerging in this field in OECD countries and other global economies. This book presents the relevant data and policy information from 40 economies around the world,
and so provides an insight into the various challenges of stimulating the creation of new, innovative enterprises and increasing innovation in small and medium-sized firms.
Pier Carlo Padoan, Deputy Secretary-general and Chief Economist, OECD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SMES ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 7 Acknowledgements The following experts comprised the Scientific Advisory Group that helped guide preparation of this publication:
Development and the Economy Hungary Lena Tsipouri, University of Athens, Greece Arnold Verbeek, Ideaconsult, Belgium Charles Wessner, National Academy of Science, Technology, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, USA David
it is also the creation of a multitude of new products and services in all sectors of the economy,
In addition, the knowledge economy, more open and distributed innovation, globalisation, a shift to non-technological innovation, the emergence of the Silicon valley Business model and a new imperative for social innovation and social entrepreneurship have given all
rise to a new entrepreneurial economy, as opposed to the managed economy of the past. New business ventures and SMES have a number of critical roles to play in supporting innovation.
New firm entry and SME growth contribute to upgrading the aggregate productivity of the economy by displacing firms with lower productivity
An important shift has occurred from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy, associated with a fall in the importance of economies of scale in production, management, finance and R&d.
It is characterised by a series of trends encompassing the emergence of the knowledge economy
New firms and innovating SMES are seen best as agents of change in the economy, introducing new products and services and more efficient ways of working.
They underpin the adaptation of our economies and societies to new challenges and drive economic development.
as new and small firms take up labour released by downsizing elsewhere in the economy and increase national and local competitiveness (Neumark et al.,
The chapter starts by examining how global trends towards the knowledge economy, open innovation, global connections and non-technological innovation and the emergence of national and regional economic models and new types of social innovation have increased the importance of SMES and entrepreneurship to innovation.
The change can be resumed as a shift from the Managed economy to the Entrepreneurial Economy (Thurik, 2009;
In presenting the shift from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy, Thurik (2009) distinguishes between three major historical phases of innovation and contrasts the importance of SMES and entrepreneurship in each. 1. The Schumpeter Mark I regime.
In this new environment, established and large firms were seen to outperform new and smaller firms in innovation because of a close link between infirm R&d spending and innovation. 3. The Entrepreneurial Economy.
From the late 1970s to today the structures and operations of advanced economies have again been changing.
and entrepreneurship in today's economy is reduced the importance of economies of scale and scope in production,
Thus a major force in the emergence of the entrepreneurial economy has been a reduction in the product standardisation that was the force of large firms in the middle of the 20th century.
i e. the capacity of firms and economies to specialise, able to produce output for niche markets,
the knowledge economy; open innovation; global connections; non-technological innovation; the Silicon valley Business model, and social innovation and social entrepreneurship.
The knowledge economy One of the features of the transition from the 20th to the 21st century has been the emergence of the knowledge economy,
and hence a shift in the specialisation of advanced-economy firms towards more knowledge-based activities that are tied more closely to local knowledge resources and capabilities.
the knowledge economy is not just an advanced world phenomenon. Emerging economies as well are engaging more with science
and technology and ideasbased production as firms around the world all seek to achieve product differentiation and greater productive efficiency.
The major feature of the knowledge economy is increased the importance of knowledge as a factor of production.
This is what is seen now generally by economists to be the major factor behind the bulk of economic growth, the growth that is not due to additions to capital and labour stocks.
Indeed, one of the reasons that new start-ups and small firms have become more important today is that innovation in the knowledge economy is coming from creativity and the unexpected,
This too can be seen as part of the above-mentioned shift from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy.
and a central role of unions and employers in regulating the economy and society in partnership with government.
Taken together, the trends outlined above the shift from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy, the growth of the knowledge economy
What has emerged is an economy in which SMES and entrepreneurship are now critical players in a broader, more distributed innovation process.
The major function of SMES and entrepreneurship in innovation is the introduction of advances in products, processes, organisational methods and marketing techniques into the economy.
and adopting incremental innovations that bring the economy closer to its technological frontier. The ideas for these innovations may be developed internally by the SME or start-up,
It is entrepreneurs who bring about change in an economy by providing new combinations: new or improved goods, methods of production, markets, sources of supply of inputs, organisation of an industry,
They disrupt markets, leading to long-run evolutionary growth in the economy. The entrepreneur as an opportunity identifier.
Creative destruction Venture creation and SME growth renew economies by forcing the contraction, exit or upgrading of incumbent competitors.
thus increasing the average productivity of the economy and driving economic growth. There is also an indirect impact,
At the same time productivity may be enhanced as new firms bring better products and services and better technologies into the economy.
which many economists understand economic growth. Investments in new knowledge are seen to spill over in part to other agents,
and economies combine them to varying degrees, the distinction serves to highlight the need for a holistic innovation approach that recognises the importance of both kinds of processes and differences in the types of barriers that affect SMES and start-ups under each.
This state of affairs arises as a consequence of the shift from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy
innovation policy in the entrepreneurial economy must expand to include new types of actions for entrepreneurship and SMES.
and excluding large parts of the non-technology economy. It is typified by the European union Barcelona Summit headline goal of achieving an increase in the proportion of European GDP invested in research and development from 1. 9%in 2002 to 3. 0%in 2010.
There should not be unnecessary obstacles to SMES and entrepreneurship in the institutions of the economy such as taxation, social security, bankruptcy legislation, competition policy,
as the global economy is 1. INTRODUCTION SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 39 experiencing today.
and investment subsidies and the improvement of productivity by helping new and small firms to carry innovations into the economy.
One of the contributions of new firms and SMES to the economy is breakthrough innovation.
which could contribute more to the economy if they begin to innovate incrementally and strengthen their non-technological innovation.
and constraints across 40 economies and examines the major and new policies that have been introduced. Among the issues identified, it underlines the relevance of three major policy areas highlighted in this introduction,
), The Model of the Entrepreneurial Economy, International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 143-166.
in J. Potter (ed.),Entrepreneurship and Higher education, Ch. 10, pp. 235-254, OECD, Paris. Lundvall, B. and S. Borràs (1997), The Globalising Learning Economy:
2007), The Social Economy: Building Inclusive Economies, OECD, Paris. OECD (2002), High-growth SMES and Employment, OECD, Paris. OECD (2003), The Nonprofit Sector in a Changing Economy, OECD
, Paris. OECD (2004), Global Knowledge Flows and Economic Development, OECD, Paris. OECD (2006a), Innovation and Growth in Tourism, OECD, Paris. 1. INTRODUCTION SMES
Sabel, C. 1989), Flexible Specialization and the Re-Emergence of Regional Economies, in P. Hirst and J. Zeitlin (eds.
OECD Product Market Regulation (PMR) indicators The PMR indicators measure the economy-wide regulatory environment in OECD countries.
Walloon Pre-activity Grant The Walloon Pre-activity Grant is available to individuals who propose a project for the creation of a new firm based on an original and realistic idea in almost any sector of the economy.
The programme also received an additional CAN 45 million for the financial year 2009-10 as part of the Economic Action Plan's specific effort to stimulate job creation and the economy in Southern Ontario.
Technology centres and centres of strategic business support services One of the major challenges of the business sector in the Czech economy is to move up the value chain
This has been pursued mainly through the promotion of business support services especially in sectors of strategic relevance to the Czech economy such as automotive, machinery engineering, electronics, life sciences and information and communication technologies.
and the Economy (TEM) is building a modern growth entrepreneurship policy that seeks to create first-rate conditions for Finnish growth ventures.
Exist EXIST is a support programme of the Federal Ministry of Economy and Technology. It is designed specifically to improve the entrepreneurial environment at universities
is geared towards transforming Greece into a highly competitive and open economy. The Operational Programme Competitiveness and Entrepreneurship (OPCE) and five Regional Operational Programmes are the main tools for improving competitiveness and entrepreneurship and fostering innovation.
The official purpose of the Fund is to strengthen Iceland's economy and increase internationalisation.
SMES, E 72 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Ireland Creating a leading innovative economy has been identified as a key priority of The irish government.
It can offer its entire range of services to all sectors (including SMES) of the Luxembourg economy.
Finally, the INNO-START network assists in the creation of innovative enterprises by bringing the Ministry of the Economy and Foreign Trade, the Ministry of SME and Tourism,
E 90 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Poland The Innovative Economy Operational Programme 2007-2013 is the main vehicle in Poland for pursuing the objectives of the Lisbon Strategy.
The purpose of the Innovative Economy Operational Programme is to improve the coherence of policies toward innovation that fall within the competence of the Ministries of Economy, Science, Tourism and Informatisation.
and business sectors in order to more effectively transfer advances in science to the wider economy. The science base of the economy both its R&d
and its supporting infrastructure will receive more than a quarter of the total funding. Measures to strengthen the commercialisation of new ideas will receive around half of the total,
All projects and programmes undertaken as part of the Innovative Economy Operational Programme are expected to be subject to formal evaluation.
This institute acts under the authority of the Portuguese Ministry for Economy, Innovation and Development and aims at supporting the enhancement of SMES'capabilities, fostering SME investment,
including the Ministry of Economy of the Slovak Republic, the Slovak Association of Entrepreneurs and the Slovak Association of Crafts.
the company was created to help increase the amount of venture capital investment for SMES in the Slovak economy.
Its tasks are to fund the needs-driven research required by a competitive business and industrial sector and a thriving economy,
Among its main tasks is the promotion of entrepreneurship in The swiss economy. The most important entrepreneurship programmes are the CTI Start-up programme and Venturelab.
and projects focused on the low carbon economy. Support for innovation activity is also increasingly being provided by the Regional Development Agencies,
The Centre was created in 2008 with a strong legal foundation through presidential and Coordinating Ministry for Economy decrees.
Department of state Regulation in the Economy of the Russian Federation. Charts B and C: Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation.
, Science and Technology (MHEST) and the Ministry of the Economy (ME) have been supporting R&d and innovation activities in SMES through co-financing R&d projects, innovative research investments, research infrastructure, participation
Ministry of Economy and Ministry of Defence are participating by contributing through their own resources.
Most data presented refer to the nonfinancial business economy, i e. ISIC Rev. 3/NACE Sections C to I and K and is subdivided into Industry (Sections C, D,
which is a basic statistical measure indicating the geographical concentration of a particular activity in a particular locality as compared to a reference economy (EU27 in this case).
In a study on the US economy, Jaffe et al. 1993) find that patents are more likely to cite other patents
b) small economies (Australia, in our case) are more likely to engage in international collaborations
which can spin off into the host economy to drive productivity improvements and innovations in local firms and organisations.
if multinationals are plugged into the local economy through effective linkages with local firms and research organisations.
and development agencies have developed initiatives to improve the linkages of inward FDI with the rest of the economy.
The attraction of foreign skilled workers Renowned examples of attractive local economies, such as Silicon valley and Austin in the United states or Dublin in Europe, are witness to the importance of attracting foreign highskilled workers to stimulate entrepreneurship.
But it is also important in everyday economies. For receiving places, the inflow of foreign talent has positive effects on the number of skilled workers
Moreover, these programmes can help embed multinationals in the local economy by encouraging managers or skilled workers of the foreign affiliate to set out their own business.
Cluster programmes continue to receive much attention from national and local policy makers in light of the importance of agglomeration economies and of helping firms to link up with each other and with research organisations at the local level.
Indeed, the centrality of this role increases with the growing importance of knowledgebased activities in the globalised economy.
Inward foreign direct investment is also an important though sometimes overlooked source of new knowledge for the local economy
National Policy Approaches, OECD, Paris. OECD (2007b), Globalisation and Regional Economies: Can OECD Regions Compete in Global Industries?
or a rich and efficient infrastructure endowment, that is to say, driven by sharing rather than learning agglomeration economies.
as industry is transformed into a low-carbon economy. Green and silver jobs are expected to grow
and there will be a marked shift towards business services jobs in advanced economies (CEDEFOP, 2008a). The level of skills is expected also to increase.
%while none of the Danish universities reported participation rates above 2. 5%.Despite the rapid growth in entrepreneurship teaching in higher education, there are a number of issues that need to be addressed in adapting universities to the needs of a more entrepreneurial economy (Potter,
and will give the economy of Scotland the skills, new ventures and entrepreneurs it needs for growth.
as well as national and global economies. 4) Effective contributors have an understanding and appreciation of the world of work, the value of different occupations and entrepreneurship and their contributions to the economy and to society;
have knowledge and understanding of wealth creation and wealth distribution both nationally and globally; are willing to take the initiative and lead;
This results in co-production of knowledge by the different workers involved, constituting a critical nexus of today's networking economy.
especially in the context of the new green growth economy and in occupations that depart from previous rigid conceptions of job profiles (Miles et al.,
This, and the positive effects of local networks and connectivity in achieving the vitality of local economies,
Martinez-Fernandez C.,M. Receretnam and S. Sharpe (2007), Manufacturing Innovation in the New Urban Economy:
Miles, I.,B. Jones, T. Dunnewijk, H. Meijers, A. van Zon and B. Kotteik (2008), Innovation in the European Service Economy Scenarios and Implications for Skills and Knowledge
so that once the economy has recovered the benefits can be diffused widely. Social entrepreneurship and social innovation are part of the solution,
A term like social entrepreneurship tends to overlap with terms such as social economy, third sector, nonprofit sector, social enterprise and social entrepreneur, some
measuring it like measuring the social economy, the third sector and the nonprofit sector is difficult.
and this sector contributed JPY 10 trillion (USD 110 097 billion according to OECD STAT) to the economy in 2005,
and contributed GBP 8. 4 billion to the UK economy. In 2007/08 540 000 people were employed in the third sector as a whole in England.
Moving to the social economy, a recent report by CIRIEC (2007) clearly shows its diversity in European countries.
and analysis of the different definitions of social economy existing in the 25 countries included in the study.
The report presents the main figures for the social economy in the European union, by 5. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIAL INNOVATION SMES,
The main conclusion to be drawn is that the social economy in Europe is very important in both human and economic terms, over 11 million paid employees,
the Global 300 is the 10th largest economy in the world (ICA, Annual Report, 2006). 5. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIAL INNOVATION SMES,
consumption and distribution and generate further ideas and innovations (like the move to a low-carbon economy or the creation of a preventative system of criminal justice)( Caulier-Grice and Mulgan, 2009).
and can therefore pay attention to long-term social issues. 11 At the same time the nonprofit/social economy sector is increasingly adopting an entrepreneurial approach to further pursue its social objectives
and the wider benefits of the solidarity economy; to help build a network of local producers and traders;
In 2005, an agreement to enter into partnership with the Secretaria Nacional de Economia Solidária (National Secretariat of Solidarity Economy)
Community banks represent a hybrid economy locally connected but market driven which helps to promote the attractiveness of an area and the proper development of the community.
Supported by the Brazilian National Secretariat for Economic Solidarity, partner of several Brazilian traditional banks, supported by global networks of social economy organisations;
and has been extended to networks of social economy organisations. Source: www. iledefrance. fr. 5. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIAL INNOVATION SMES, E 202 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 The following provides an outstanding example of how social media
and does not apply only to countries physically distant from donors or developing economies but also to organisations in developed countries:
the Specific Programme to Support Social Economy Development (PADES), which includes support for social innovation,
which aims to support the modernisation of institutions and job creation through the annual inclusion of 1 000 qualified young people in social economy institutions.
Support further research Governments should support further research into the field of social entrepreneurship and its main components (social enterprises, social economy organisations, social venture business, nonprofit organisations, etc.
they must be embedded across sectors the state, the private sector and the social economy/nonprofit sector.
A comprehensive debate on the contribution of social economy organisations to local development through long-term projects, not constrained by the need of making profits in the short term,
Definitions and Boundaries, paper presented at ANSER ARES 2009 Conference Association for Nonprofit and Social Economy Research/Association de recherche des organismes sans but lucratif et
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(2003b), Asset Building and the Escape from Poverty. A New Welfare Policy Debate, OECD, Paris. OECD (forthcoming), Improving Social Inclusion at Local Level through the Social Economy, Report for Korea, 2010, report by the OECD LEED
Programme, OECD, Paris. Peredo, A m. and M. Mclean (2006), Social Entrepreneurship: A Critical review of the Concept, Journal of World Business, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 56-65.
Pomerantz, M. 2003), The Business of Social Entrepreneurship in A down Economy',Business, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 25-28.5.
p. 1) Dees, Emerson and Economy 2002 Social entrepreneurship is not about starting a business
Green growth Means by which the economy can make the transition to environmental sustainability. It involves promoting growth
Knowledge economy An economic paradigm in which knowledge is regarded widely as the most important factor of production and driver of growth.
The concept is used to explore how economies can grow by moving from mature existing specialisations into growing activities by combining knowledge in new ways.
Social economy The ensemble of entities that explicitly have both an economic and a social mission.
This type of economy is regulated essentially by the stakeholder principle, which stands in stark contrast to the notion of shareholder capitalism.
and more recently also for the social economy, particularly in European literature. The term reflects the idea that the sector sits between the public and private sectors.
-64-08031-7 No. 57299 2010 www. oecd. org/publishing OECD Studies on SMES and Entrepreneurship SMES, Entrepreneurship and Innovation Welcome to the entrepreneurial economy:
In addition, country notes present statistics and policy data on SMES, entrepreneurship and innovation for 40 economies, including OECD countries, Brazil, China, Estonia, Indonesia, Israel, the Russian Federation
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