| Dynamic economy (8) |  |
| Economy (8103) | |
| Global economy (187) | |
| Local economy (69) | |
| Dynamic economy (8) | |
| Economy (8103) | |
| Global economy (187) | |
| Local economy (69) | |
However, each new product, technology and process has an impact and consequences on the development of economy, the living and the planet.
Planned obsolescence CAS 13 and manipulation of customers lead to accumulation of waste and waste economy.
We can observe a knowledge economy paradox many are overeducated, and this knowledge and the past knowledge are used under.
This mess which we have created leads to waste economy and although it creates jobs for now,
Computer simulation makes a direct contribution to an economy's progress in terms of sustainability issues, particularly with regard to environmental protection, the scarcity of raw materials and the emergence of a low-carbon economy.
Sweden This provides Facebook center local job creation and impacts the regional economy. Concerning the environmental aspects
economy, mobility, environment, living and people are among the indicators to define which city is the smartest.
The knowledge economy is supposed to generate values from our individual and collective knowledge. The main barrier in developing this economy is the psychological barrier it is a strong culture of context instead of the value of the brain Very often,
people ask about a company instead of asking about the given person's knowledge and experience.
it is now the largest and fastest growing sector of the economy in the Western world.
How do we define needs in the context of a greedy economy? According to Por POR 00, by analogy to natural ecosystems, knowledge ecology is an interdisciplinary field of management theory and practice, focused on the relational and cultural aspects of knowledge creation and utilization.
This knowledge economy is linked, in general to industry; however, the sectors of tertiary, such as entertainment, telecommunication services, cinema, creative and cultural industry, health, tourism, restaurants, banking and insurance, are concerned also with innovation involving knowledge about clients BEY 13.
to turn the Union into a resource-efficient, green and competitive low-carbon economy; and to safeguard the Union's citizens from environmentrelated pressures and risks to health and well-being ECO 14a.
the vitality of a nation's economy; the advancement of society. This definition focuses on the economic impact of innovation and highlights the importance of knowledge at all levels.
The three pillars of CSR are environment, society and economy. Technological and cultural aspects are still missing here.
It may include economic innovation such as circular economy and PSS. CSR refers to companies taking responsibility for their impact on society.
because this Environment Social Culture Technology=social networks Economy Environment Social Culture Technology Economy Innovation Ecosystems 69 element is evaluated not for ranking
system and holistic MER 11 ways is also important to succeed in the knowledge economy.
Traditional skills related to industrial economy and still taught in school are aligned not with those required by the new economy.
Table 2. 1 presents the evolution of skills from industrial to knowledge economy. Industrial Economy Knowledge Economy Functional title Focus on New role Enterprise Manager Planning
organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal.
and position the public investment where it contributes best to the growth and revitalization of the economy.
Service innovation was pushed by the economists in the 1990s GAL 96 as another means to generate growth
because it reduces the use of materials ZHA 13.80 The Innovation Biosphere Economy of sharing that has already been practiced in the Eastern europe after the WORLD WAR II makes its entry to developed countries becoming poor.
The internal Chinese economy needs to be reformed and opened up to make it more productive. This is politically difficult.
making the EU the most competitive economy in the world and reaching full employment before 2010.
and globalization caused the transition to a service economy. Workers repeatedly adapted by acquiring new skills
the silver economy, innovation for longevity; the valuation of big data. These challenges can be seen as seven critical pillars to initiate in France the process of long-term prosperity and employment.
and performance in more than 45 economies, including OECD countries and major emerging economies. Eighty pages of this report (see Appendix 2. A in the report) present comparative tables of national STI strategies or plans, OECD countries and some major non-OECD economies.
This policy analysis and measurement use a data approach and are based on statistic methods, and not on real knowledge about the current situation.
lack of information on the economy and strong asymmetry with private actors, and the lack of capability in the public sector for effective policy making.
The green innovation policy is discussed in Chapter 7 of DUT 14 that explores the role that innovation can play in achieving a greener economy.
The Commission proposes to launch the necessary work for the development of a new indicator measuring the share of fastgrowing innovative companies in the economy.
Such a ranking encourages competition between the European countries instead of challenging them to act as a whole. 3. 3. 1. 3. Digital Agenda Digital Agenda aims to reboot Europe's economy
energy storage, recycling of rare metals, exploration of sea resources, vegetable proteins and plant chemistry, personalized medicine, silver economy and longevity and valorization of Big data.
The french ANR supports the development of public private partnerships that have a direct impact on the economy and competitiveness.
and between the industrial era and the global knowledge economy. A huge amount of money is being spent on public and private initiatives.
One of them is devoted to green innovation and covers the fields such as food security and sustainable agriculture, the ocean and the blue economy, keeping water clean and fresh, sustainable cities, biodiversity and ecosystems
economy is task-centered instead of being centered people; students must learn realworld problem-solving; we have to connect science and business.
and diversify the economy. With this realization, The Kohala Center was founded in 2000 as an independent, community-based center for research, conservation and education.
It outlines how Qatar will use the vast revenues from its hydrocarbon resources to transform itself 7 http://www. qf. org. qa. 136 The Innovation Biosphere into a modern knowledge-based economy.
Through these activities, the foundation supports an innovative and open society that aspires to develop sustainable human capacity, social and economic prosperity for a knowledge-based economy.
and actions to transform into a green economy. These conditions include social environmental and economic innovation;
It may lead to cocreative and more inclusive economy. The principle is shown in Figure 4. 4. Experimentations
The author believes that cocreation thinking expands the current approach (wealth generation) to create wealth welfare well-being in economy and society.
improve knowledge about toxic chemicals and help businesses move toward a sustainable economy. They also make sure that member states apply EU environmental law correctly by helping them comply with the legislation they have agreed,
to develop social and military economies, to buy directly from producers, to plant vegetables to take for free
And all this with enough economy of effort to provide endurance, which is achieved by means of elastic energy storage in tendons during certain phases of the locomotion cycle and the later return of this energy to the more exigent phases HIL 87.
zero margin cost will replace the old economy which is looking for an increase in productivity and a reduction in margin cost.
AMI 97 AMIDON D.,The Innovation Strategy for the Knowledge Economy, Butterworth Heinemann, Boston, 1997 AMI 98 AMIDON D. ed.),Collaborative Innovation and the Knowledge
Economy, The Society of Management Accountants of Canada available at http://www. entovation. com/backgrnd/future. htm, 1998.
and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy, Lexington: Digital Frontier Press, 2011. BUL 13 BULL GROUP, Corporate social responsibility and sustainable development 2013-2014, Sustainability by and for IT, available at http://www. bull. com/download/bull/Bull csr report 2013-2014 gri4 en
STA 94 STAHEL W.,The Utilisation-Focused Service Economy: Resource Efficiency and Product-Life Extension, National Academy Press, WASHINGTON DC, pp. 178 190,1994. 198 The Innovation Biosphere STA 14 STARCK P.,Betting on 3
indicators, 176 knowledge discovery, 9 ecology, 54 economy 47,55, 70,73, 123 cultivators, 60,63, 64,137, 178 management, 46,67, 71,103, 139 processing, 177 knowledge-based systems, 99 Kohala Center, 128
Volume 4-Vulnerability of Coastal Ecosystems and Adaptation Volume 5-Development of Marine Resources Volume 6-Value and Economy of Marine Resources MUTTIN Frédéric Marine
and the dissemination of a culture of innovation for the knowledge economy. She is also an expert for French and European institutions. www. iste. co. uk Z (7ib8e8-CBFFGG
Consequently, BPM can contribute to one of the most important challenges of our modern economies and societies,
They all share the spirit that it is important to emphasize the strong contribution BPM can make to the economy and society,
Innovations that have a substantive influence on many or even all parts of the economy (e g. the Internet.
The size of a cluster does not necessarily depend on the size of the national economy.
Although the economies of Germany and Denmark are very much different in terms of the numbers of economic players,
The size of clusters in Poland is given quite small the size of the Polish economy;
Eventually there is of course a size limit set by the size of the economy as it has an influence on the number of players in economic sectors in
national or regional economies are able to reply to the market failure of information asymmetries.
It can therefore be assumed that due to the corrective influence of clusters within an economy, many countries have set up their specific cluster program.
Knowledge Economists Policy Brief No. 9. European commission. 40 their relevance on the policy agenda and their coordination with other funding programs, support of cluster internationalization, the role of program owners
Common to all programs is their rationale of increasing the competitiveness of the national economy through the facilitation of collaboration between companies and research stakeholders.
and to create radical innovations FRANCE Grappe d'entreprises To develop business clusters in economic sectors with weak R&d activity Les Pôles de Compétitivité To boost the competitiveness of The french economy
and investment in research and innovation in the economy ITALY Innovation Clusters Piedmont To identify firms'technological needs
educational institutions and the public sector POLAND Polish Cluster Support Increased competitiveness of the Polish economy through the support of the establishment and development of clusters at the national and regional level PORTUGAL COMPETE To improve the sustained competitiveness
of the Portuguese economy in the context of the global market, intervening on strategic dimensions such as innovation, scientific and technological development, internationalization,
either setting up cluster management organizations from scratch or towards the promotion of particular industries that are driven already cluster to improve the global competitiveness of industry sectors that are relevant for the national economy.
If there are such strategic objectives then they are motivated by the interest in a consolidated cluster landscape (e g. in the case of Innovation Networks Denmark it was decided to limit the number of nationwide clusters) or in the concentration of efforts on the most important business sectors of the economy (e g.
OF COVERING THE MOST IMPORTANT BUSINESS SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY? AUSTRIA Cluster Program Lower Austria Yes Yes Yes BELGIUM Competence Centres-Light Structures No No Yes Cooperative innovation network integrated project No No Yes CZECH REPUBLIC Cooperation Clusters, Czech republic Yes No No DENMARK
Icelandinnovation Clusters Piedmont, Italycluster Program, Latviainnocluster LT, Lithuaniainnocluster LT+,Lithuanialuxembourg Cluster Initiativenorwegian Centres of Expertise (NCE), Norwayarena Program, Norwayinnovative Economy Operational
III) Cluster programs that focus on the commercial exploitation of the R&d potential of a country's economy The third type of cluster programs is characterized by a focus on the establishment of clusters
Support to innovative industrial cluster organizations, Slovakia Luxembourg Cluster Initiative CLUSTER PROGRAMS THAT FOCUS ON THE COMMERCIAL EXPLOITATION OF THE R&d POTENTIAL OF A COUNTRY'S ECONOMY Strategic Research Program for Centres of Excellence
and further developing the competitiveness of the country's economy in the global context. From the survey it can concluded that all program owners agree on the importance of internationalized clusters
and that have an impact on the national economy. In this regard an active involvement in the development of individual clusters has two principal dimensions:
and that have an impact on the national economy. Therefore, the majority of program owners argued to focus programs on cluster excellence instead of numbers of clusters.
-and the overall impact of the cluster support on the national economy. The challenge of measuring impacts lies in the complexity of the huge array of variables that decide on the actual effect of funding.
The Lower Austrian regional Government department for Economy, Tourism and Technology has developed and implemented a system of different monitoring
and extend the global competitiveness of the European union's economy that is the most important conclusion from the benchmarking of 261 cluster management organizations.
and that have an impact on the national economy. In this context is it important to support cluster management through targeted,
The support should focus on those industries in which a country's economy shows pronounced comparative advantages on the global market.
, cultural attitudes to bribery, lack of transparency, informal economy), environmental barriers and skill barriers. A completely different situation was portrayed for SMES in the food and drink industry in UK,
was also felt by the Romanian economy, even though with a particular time lag. The global financial crisis that determined the collapse of a number of financial institutions,
the closing down of many companies and consequently the loss of jobs affected many economies, including the Romanian one.
when the Romanian economy had an ascending economic trend, the peak being registered in 2006/2007
a) offers information about innovative activities in SMES, seen at a general level, within an economy wide sample,
Our goal is to develop an innovation-driven economy that maintains competitive advantage and increases productivity.
We have identified ten key policy areas that underpin the Government's approach to innovation in support of the knowledge economy and enterprise.
and a commitment to innovation that is unmatched by competing economies. In short, our ambition is to put innovation at the core of our policies and strategies for the future,
In this Innovation Policy Statement we identify ten key policy areas where innovation will be exploited in support of enterprise and the knowledge economy.
and will enhance the development of a knowledge-based economy. Building a world-class research system Knowledge creation Innovation in Ireland 2008 Main aims of the Strategy for Science,
and equip them with generic and transferable professional skills that are relevant to a modern knowledge-based enterprise economy;
R&d expenditure Gross expenditure on R&d (GERD) across all sectors of the economy reached €2. 33 billion in 2006,
Innovation in Ireland 20087 One of the most important assets in Ireland's innovation system and vital in a small economy with limited resources is the quality of the public research infrastructure and its links to industry.
so that it delivers optimal returns to The irish economy. Enterprise Ireland coordinates Irish participation in the EU Framework Programmes
Better skilled and better educated employees are good for the economy as a whole and for the firms that employ them.
The National Framework of Qualifications Continuously updating the skills of our workforce in a knowledge economy requires a flexible framework,
robust enough to respond to the needs of the economy, and, at the same time, provide authoritative accreditation of qualifications in which all stakeholders can have confidence.
Towards a National Skills Strategy sets out a vision of Ireland in 2020 in which a well-educated and highly skilled population contributes to a competitive, innovation-driven, knowledge-based economy.
and more successful economies and help increase innovation and productivity levels of their constituent parts.
The Government and state agencies recognise the great potential value of innovation in services to The irish economy.
Tapping the entrepreneurialskills of immigrantsimmigrants are making a significant contribution to Irish society and economy.
The key message of the National Workplace Strategy is that the quality of Irish workplaces is critical to Ireland's transition into an even more dynamic, highly skilled, innovative and knowledge-based economy.
Enhancing competition within Ireland's domestic economy is critical to improving the cost competitiveness of internationally-trading Irish-based firms.
and have described the substantial progress that we have made in building capacity and in drawing out the latent imagination and creativity within The irish economy.
An important shift has occurred from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy, associated with a fall in the importance of economies of scale in production, management, finance and R&d.
It is characterised by a series of trends encompassing the emergence of the knowledge economy, open innovation, global connections, non-technological innovation, the Silicon valley Business model and social entrepreneurship and social innovation.
New firms and innovating SMES are seen best as agents of change in the economy, introducing new products and services and more efficient ways of working.
They underpin the adaptation of our economies and societies to new challenges and drive economic development.
as new and small firms take up labour released by downsizing elsewhere in the economy and increase national and local competitiveness (Neumark et al.,
The chapter starts by examining how global trends towards the knowledge economy, open innovation, global connections and non-technological innovation and the emergence of national and regional economic models and new types of social innovation have increased the importance of SMES and entrepreneurship to innovation.
The change can be resumed as a shift from the Managed economy to the Entrepreneurial Economy (Thurik, 2009;
In presenting the shift from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy, Thurik (2009) distinguishes between three major historical phases of innovation and contrasts the importance of SMES and entrepreneurship in each. 1. The Schumpeter Mark I regime.
In this new environment, established and large firms were seen to outperform new and smaller firms in innovation because of a close link between infirm R&d spending and innovation. 3. The Entrepreneurial Economy.
From the late 1970s to today the structures and operations of advanced economies have again been changing.
and entrepreneurship in today's economy is reduced the importance of economies of scale and scope in production,
Thus a major force in the emergence of the entrepreneurial economy has been a reduction in the product standardisation that was the force of large firms in the middle of the 20th century.
i e. the capacity of firms and economies to specialise, able to produce output for niche markets,
the knowledge economy; open innovation; global connections; non-technological innovation; the Silicon valley Business model, and social innovation and social entrepreneurship.
The knowledge economy One of the features of the transition from the 20th to the 21st century has been the emergence of the knowledge economy,
and hence a shift in the specialisation of advanced-economy firms towards more knowledge-based activities that are tied more closely to local knowledge resources and capabilities.
the knowledge economy is not just an advanced world phenomenon. Emerging economies as well are engaging more with science
and technology and ideasbased production as firms around the world all seek to achieve product differentiation and greater productive efficiency.
The major feature of the knowledge economy is increased the importance of knowledge as a factor of production.
This is what is seen now generally by economists to be the major factor behind the bulk of economic growth, the growth that is not due to additions to capital and labour stocks.
Indeed, one of the reasons that new start-ups and small firms have become more important today is that innovation in the knowledge economy is coming from creativity and the unexpected,
This too can be seen as part of the above-mentioned shift from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy.
and a central role of unions and employers in regulating the economy and society in partnership with government.
Taken together, the trends outlined above the shift from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy, the growth of the knowledge economy
What has emerged is an economy in which SMES and entrepreneurship are now critical players in a broader, more distributed innovation process.
The major function of SMES and entrepreneurship in innovation is the introduction of advances in products, processes, organisational methods and marketing techniques into the economy.
and adopting incremental innovations that bring the economy closer to its technological frontier. The ideas for these innovations may be developed internally by the SME or start-up,
It is entrepreneurs who bring about change in an economy by providing new combinations: new or improved goods, methods of production, markets, sources of supply of inputs, organisation of an industry,
They disrupt markets, leading to long-run evolutionary growth in the economy. l The entrepreneur as an opportunity identifier.
Creative destruction Venture creation and SME growth renew economies by forcing the contraction, exit or upgrading of incumbent competitors.
thus increasing the average productivity of the economy and driving economic growth. There is also an indirect impact,
At the same time productivity may be enhanced as new firms bring better products and services and better technologies into the economy.
which many economists understand economic growth. Investments in new knowledge are seen to spill over in part to other agents,
and economies combine them to varying degrees, the distinction serves to highlight the need for a holistic innovation approach that recognises the importance of both kinds of processes and differences in the types of barriers that affect SMES and start-ups under each.
This state of affairs arises as a consequence of the shift from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy
innovation policy in the entrepreneurial economy must expand to include new types of actions for entrepreneurship and SMES.
and excluding large parts of the non-technology economy. It is typified by the European union Barcelona Summit headline goal of achieving an increase in the proportion of European GDP invested in research and development from 1. 9%in 2002 to 3. 0%in 2010.
There should not be unnecessary obstacles to SMES and entrepreneurship in the institutions of the economy such as taxation, social security, bankruptcy legislation, competition policy,
and investment subsidies and the improvement of productivity by helping new and small firms to carry innovations into the economy. l Access to finance.
One of the contributions of new firms and SMES to the economy is breakthrough innovation.
which could contribute more to the economy if they begin to innovate incrementally and strengthen their non-technological innovation.
and constraints across 40 economies and examines the major and new policies that have been introduced. Among the issues identified, it underlines the relevance of three major policy areas highlighted in this introduction,
), The Model of the Entrepreneurial Economy, International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 143-166.
in J. Potter (ed.),Entrepreneurship and Higher education, Ch. 10, pp. 235-254, OECD, Paris. Lundvall, B. and S. Borràs (1997), The Globalising Learning Economy:
2007), The Social Economy: Building Inclusive Economies, OECD, Paris. OECD (2002), High-growth SMES and Employment, OECD, Paris. OECD (2003), The Nonprofit Sector in a Changing Economy, OECD
, Paris. OECD (2004), Global Knowledge Flows and Economic Development, OECD, Paris. OECD (2006a), Innovation and Growth in Tourism, OECD, Paris. 1. INTRODUCTION SMES
Sabel, C. 1989), Flexible Specialization and the Re-Emergence of Regional Economies, in P. Hirst and J. Zeitlin (eds.
and propose practical reforms with the ambition of making the UK a global open innovation hub as part of the urgent task of rebalancing and growing the UK economy,
Given that for the foreseeable future the fastest growing markets are likely to be in emerging economies such as India and China,
There is little doubt that returns to commercialisation will be centred increasingly on these economies. Does this mean that greater levels of open innovation within corporate innovation activities will see innovation investment increasingly sourced
UK Public policy and open innovation occurrence of open innovation is given by a number of broader drivers of long-term change within western economies,
particularly those classed under the‘knowledge economy'.'9 Elements from the broader knowledge economy affording a greater level of open innovation would include:
The rise of a well educated workforces knowledge not confined to an elite core within major corporations,
which support the knowledge economy are supportive of open innovation practices. The evolving focuses of our universities (exemplified by the changing impact assessment guidelines)
it is also likely that open innovation within a knowledge economy will have a particular impact on certain industrial sectors some
A. and Holloway, C. 2011) A plan for growth in the knowledge economy, London: The Work Foundation, http://www. theworkfoundation. com/research/publications/publicationdetail. aspx?
and through the dispersal of knowledge into the broader economy by educating students who go on to work outside academia.
the better to allow maximum outflow of knowledge and innovation into the national economy. In reality, the blanket mandating of openness
The challenge for universities is to be able to make decisions regarding the balance of openness in their role between the value to business and the value to the national economy. 16 Cohen, Wesley, M.,Nelson, Richard, R.,Walsh
For the foreseeable future the fastest-growing markets are likely to be located in emerging economies such as India and China.
Equally, if returns to commercialisation activities are centred increasingly on emerging economies, then rapidly-growing domestic market organisations
and an important creator of value within the economy. Within innovation value chains its activity can be viewed as commercialisation-related the sector creates value by applying its knowledge of
Such changes may also impact negatively rganisations in the UK and therefore potentially the UK economy as a whole
if more firms within an economy do so it should, for example, result in more high performance firms. 18 Unfortunately the model of open innovation presented here potentially represents a greater win for a single large firm than for the whole economy.
Take for example, the acquisition of a UK-based SME by a large non-UK multinational. Interpreted in the context of Figures 1 (closed) and 2 (open) in Chapter 2 represents a positive opportunity for a multinational company to exploit ideas
However, this is not necessarily a gain for the SME's native national economy the innovation could perhaps have been developed further by the SME
In this way many of the firmlevel wins from an open innovation strategy represent a zero-sum game at the level of the economy
or innovation system i e. the economy will not be strengthened by more organisations pursuing more open innovation strategies.
It is far from clear that trades of such enterprises reliably capture their true value especially to national economies
which knowledge moves around our economy. In this sense open innovation is a great 21 opportunity
Correcting for a changing innovation investment landscape The UK's position as a predominantly knowledge-based economy in the UK makes its degree of investment in innovation probably its only source of enduring competitive advantage.
But do greater levels of open innovation across the economy threaten that overall level of investment?
the policy agenda must generate infrastructures that support open innovation practices at the points in global industrial innovation value chains where that approach is likely to play to the strengths of the UK economy.
there is a clear case for reappraising the UK financial sectors'position in supporting the knowledge economy
when the incentive structures for developing innovations in the private sector have been unclear. 31 30 Hutton, W. and Nightingale, P. 2011) The Discouraged Economy:
But, for the knowledge economy the presence of strong business services networks are an equally important consideration.
Business Services in the Knowledge Economy',London: the Work Foundation, http://www. theworkfoundation. com/research/publications/publicationdetail. aspx?
Policy thinking must look beyond this even if open innovation is on balance a negative for our economy
and rebalance and grow the UK economy.''The Big Innovation Centre brings together some of the world's leading companies with key institutions from across the policy landscape,
ecosystems operate in different parts of our economy. It will look to map the role of open innovation activities
UK Public policy and open innovation Levy, C.,Sissons, A. and Holloway, C. 2011) A plan for growth in the knowledge economy, London:
Business Services in the Knowledge Economy',London: The Work Foundation, http://www. theworkfoundation. com/research/publications/publicationdetail. aspx?
< Back - Next >
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011