or a broad social, cultural and geographic milieu (the other two being technological creativity and entrepreneurship).
Entrepreneurship scholars have embraced the notion of social innovation and conflated it with social entrepreneurship (Bull 2008;
Ridely-Duff and Bull 2011. Social entrepreneurs, like their commercial counterparts, are said to recognize opportunities (Renko 2013).
from seeing entrepreneurship in terms of individuals'attitudes and behavior towards processes of discovering and exploiting opportunities,
More than £350 million of public money has been spent on social entrepreneurship, charity capacity-building and social ventures (Young Foundation 2007), helping to develop an estimated £24 billion social enterprise sector that now employs 800,000 people (Social Enterprise UK 2011).
In recent years, so-called microcredit has become an important source of finance for small innovative initiatives and entrepreneurship 444 R. Grimm et al. specifically in international development.
At the micro-level attitudes to social entrepreneurship and organizational cultures will shape opportunities for individuals
In Challenge Social Innovation, Potentials for Business, Social Entrepreneurship, Welfare and Civil Society, edited by H. W. Franz, J. Hochgerner,
The Politics of Narrating Social Entrepreneurship. Journal of Enterprising Communities 4 (1): 85 110. Diedricha, A p. Uphamb, L. Levidowe,
In Challenge Social Innovation, Potentials for Business, Social Entrepreneurship, Welfare and Civil Society, edited by H. W. Franz, J. Hochgerner,
In Challenge Social Innovation, Potentials for Business, Social Entrepreneurship, Welfare and civil Society, edited by H. W. Franz, J. Hochgerner,
In Challenge Social Innovation, Potentials for Business, Social Entrepreneurship, Welfare and Civil Society, edited by H. W. Franz, J. Hochgerner,
In Challenge Social Innovation, Potentials for Business, Social Entrepreneurship, Welfare and Civil Society, edited by H. W. Franz, J. Hochgerner,
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 37 (5): 1045 1069. Ridley-Duff, R, . and M. Bull. 2011.
Entrepreneurship as Method: Open Questions for an Entrepreneurial Future. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 35 (1): 113 135. doi:
10.1111/j. 1540-6520.2010.00425. x. Seyfang, G, . and A. Smith. 2007. Grassroots Innovations for Sustainable Development:
HP has a particular focus on education, entrepreneurship and health. Meanwhile other interpretations focus more on the business value of innovation to deliver advancements for society by opening untapped markets with profitable business models.
told Euractiv that in January the company committed to a further two pledges focused on fostering entrepreneurship
Digital entrepreneurship is an important part of this effort. The letter stated that tech entrepreneurship will power the economic recovery.
The app economy workforce is predicted to triple its revenues from €17. 5 billion to €63 billion from 2013 to 2018.
Entrepreneurship in the EU is a very large challenge. That comes from education, taxation, innovation unlike the US,
Campolargo added the EU was trying to identify the different elements that needed to be harmonised to promote entrepreneurship.
We support entrepreneurship but we also have to create conditions of the wealth of all of society in general.
aimed at promoting innovation and fostering a culture of European entrepreneurship. Startup Europe introduced a commission one-stop website for entrepreneurs.
Since 2010 the European Institute of technology has provided entrepreneurship training for more than 1, 000 students and contributed to the creation of more than 100 start-ups.
In March, The European commission created a new forum dedicated to enhancing digital entrepreneurship in Europe,
Digital entrepreneurship cuts across a huge amount of policy areas and national and European responsibilities.
A president taking personal responsibility would be an important advantage for those trying to create a new culture of European digital entrepreneurship.
social entrepreneurship and the activity of social enterprises; the reconfiguration of social relations and power structures4;
the problematic tendency to conflate discussions of social innovation with those of social enterprise and social entrepreneurship.
Social innovation, social enterprise and social entrepreneurship Discussion about social innovation is still dominated by issues about social enterprise and social entrepreneurship.
while the terms‘social enterprise',‘social entrepreneurship'and‘social entrepreneur'are connected all closely to the concept of social innovation,
Although social enterprises (and social entrepreneurship) do require special attention and research, a problem arises when social enterprises generally,
What are social enterprise and social entrepreneurship? Drawing on contexts, Defourny and Nyssens outline three schools of thought within social enterprise
and social entrepreneurship. 62 First, originating from the US, there is the‘earned income school of thought'.'The emphasis within this school is on social enterprises as combining social and economic goals,
There is also often an emphasis on the idea of social entrepreneurship as bringing about systemic change through innovation.
While this is one of the reasons we should be careful about conflating discussions of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship and social innovation,
social enterprise and social entrepreneurship. First, a focus on social enterprise within social innovation discourses obscures the real and important contributions made by public sector innovators, social movements and non-entrepreneurial civil society organisations.
In addition, although some discourses on social entrepreneurship view the concept very broadly, and understand it as operating within a much wider political and social context,
there is generally a poor account of how social entrepreneurship relates to politics, social movements and collective action.
and social entrepreneurship is problematic because there are limits to what these can achieve. Although they are connected to some‘kind of implicitly shared confidence in market forces to solve an increasing part of social issues in modern societies,
Nicholls and Huybrechts argue that‘enduring social change cannot be the result of social entrepreneurship alone;
while'social entrepreneurship is centred a human concept that highlights the personal qualities of a person who starts a new organisation','
'unlike the terms social entrepreneurship and social enterprise, social innovation transcends sectors, level of analysis and methods to discover the processes the strategies,
while social entrepreneurship and social innovation clearly overlap,'a difference lies in the fact that social innovation is not necessarily market oriented,
while social entrepreneurship clearly is'.'68 Elsewhere, the TEPSIE project has argued that‘social innovation is much broader than either social enterprise
or social entrepreneurship but may overlap with one or the other or both. For example, a social entrepreneur may set up a social enterprise
Relationship between social innovation, social entrepreneurship and social enterprise. Social Innovation Social Entrepreneurship Social Enterprise Adapted from Nicholls & Murdock,
2012 An area of de bate 33 While social entrepreneurship should be viewed as a key component of current thinking within social innovation,
it should be recognised that the field of social innovation is much broader than social enterprise and social entrepreneurship.
Social innovation is concerned clearly with new combinations of activities and resources to develop new social practices,
'70 A problematic theory of change Dey and Steyaert argue that social entrepreneurship is currently dominated by a‘grand narrative
Just like many discourses on social innovation, the social entrepreneurship debate in this grand narrative contributes to'the impression that social change can be achieved without causing debate, tensions or social disharmony.'
because the grand narrative around social entrepreneurship'introduces a de-politicised image of social change'.
and Steyaert describe this as a‘neutralization'of social entrepreneurship which suggests it is ideology free
This tendency within dominant narratives of social entrepreneurship to‘de-politicize, trivialize and individualize'complex social processes‘culminates in a depoliticized story of harmonious social change'.
'74 The concern that the dominant narrative of social entrepreneurship tends to give an apolitical account of social change is shared by Cho who points out that the very act of defining something as‘social
'and therefore within the domain of social entrepreneurship is inherently political because there is no broad agreement about
'Cho argues that social entrepreneurship as a field is therefore guilty of'bypassing political processes in favour of a subject-centred, market-oriented approach to the definition and achievement of‘social'objectives'.
'The implication of his argument is that social entrepreneurship cannot itself constitute a normative account of social change.
Rather,'social entrepreneurship is a means to an end; it is not itself capable of defining social needs
and better interrogate the underlying assumptions about the concept of social entrepreneurship and its connections to social change.
Potentials for Business, Social Entrepreneurship, Welfare and Civil Society. Springer: London. 45. Generally speaking we call existing needs‘social
Social entrepreneurship: Definitions, drivers and challenges. In: Volkmann CK, Tokarski KO, Ernst K (eds. Social Entrepreneurship and Social Business.
Springer Gabler, pp. 31-48.66. Westley F, Antadze N. 2010. Making a difference: Strategies for scaling social innovation for greater impact.
Social entrepreneurship: Definitions, drivers and challenges. In: Volkmann CK, Tokarski KO, Ernst K (eds. Social Entrepreneurship and Social Business.
Springer Gabler, pp. 31-48.69. Caulier-Grice, J. Davies, A. Patrick, R. Norman, W. 2012) Defining Social Innovation.
The politics of narrating social entrepreneurship. Journal of Enterprising Communities. 4 (1): 85-108.72. Ibid. 73.
) Politics, values and social entrepreneurship: A critical appraisal. In: Mair J, Robinson J, Hockerts K (eds.
Social Entrepreneurship. New york: Palgrave Macmillan. 76. Ibid. 77. Known as public services in the UK. 78. www. ssireview. org/articles/entry/innovation is not the holy grail 79.
) Politics, values and social entrepreneurship: A critical appraisal. In: Mair J, Robinson J, Hockerts K (eds.
Social Entrepreneurship. New york: Palgrave Macmillan. 80. Among others, the Third Sector Impact Project (http://thirdsectorimpact. eu/)and ITSSOIN (http://itssoin. eu/)undertake what we suggest concerning social innovation measurement research;
entrepreneurship and innovationinsmall-firmnetworks. Journalofbusiness Venturing March 2), 125 140. Massa, S.,Testa, S.,2008. Innovationandsmes:
In the Schumpeterian sense, innovation can be viewed as a heart of entrepreneurship (Schumpeter 1934. There are empirical researches presenting evidences about the importance of small entrepreneurial businesses in innovation.
International Journal of Industrial Organization, 28: 191 202,2010. 5 Golodner, A m.,Antitrust, Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Small Business, Small Business Economics Vol. 16 No.
70-74,1994. 13 Tõnis Mets,.Creative Business model Innovation for Globalizing SMES, Entrepreneurship-Creativity and Innovative Business models, Thierry Burger-Helmchen (Ed.),ISBN:
14 http://www. intechopen. com/books/entrepreneurship-creativity-and-innovative-business-models/creative-business-model-innovation-for-globalizing-smes, 2012;
15 Torben Juul Andersen and Peter Winther Schroder, Strategic Risk management Practice, Cambridge university Press, 2010.16 Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School, Global Entrepreneurship
Monitor, Rapport voor Bel en Vlaanderen, 2006.17 Wickham, Philip A.,Strategic Entrepreneurship, Pearson, Fourth Edition, 2006.18 Williamson, O. E.,The Institutions of Governance
19 Zimmerer, Thomas W. and Scarborough, Norman M.,Essentials of Entrepreneurship and S Business management.
24 www. alliedacademies. org/entrepreneurship/index. html; 25 www. animmc. ro; The Impact of Innovation in Romanian Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises on Economic growth Development 422 Special Issue December 2013 26 www. cnipmmr. ro;
Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2013,2: 14 http://www. innovation-entrepreneurship. com/content/2/1/14 of SMES in family firms.
Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2013,2: 14 Page 2 of 20 http://www. innovation-entrepreneurship. com/content/2/1/14 predicting SME performance (Anderson
Innovation in firms has been studied in several forms in the entrepreneurship literature. For example, a firm's‘entrepreneurial orientation'suggests that a combination of three basic dimensions:
Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2013,2: 14 Page 3 of 20 http://www. innovation-entrepreneurship. com/content/2/1/14 have a longer planning cycle that non-family firms,
Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2013,2: 14 Page 4 of 20 http://www. innovation-entrepreneurship. com/content/2/1/14 lose their‘familiness'as the advantages of knowledge
Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2013,2: 14 Page 5 of 20 http://www. innovation-entrepreneurship. com/content/2/1/14 (Andres 2008;
Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2013,2: 14 Page 6 of 20 http://www. innovation-entrepreneurship. com/content/2/1/14 Family firms included 15.6
Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2013,2: 14 Page 7 of 20 http://www. innovation-entrepreneurship. com/content/2/1/14 dependent variable.
Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2013,2: 14 Page 8 of 20 http://www. innovation-entrepreneurship. com/content/2/1/14 significant at the 1%level.
Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2013 2: 14 Page 9 of 20 http://www. innovation-entrepreneurship. com/content/2/1/14 results are stronger for family firms.
Therefore, we conclude that hypothesis 1 is supported partially. Hypothesis 2 states that firm performance is positively related to knowledge
Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2013,2: 14 Page 10 of 20 http://www. innovation-entrepreneurship. com/content/2/1/14 The relationship between a family firm
Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2013,2: 14 Page 11 of 20 http://www. innovation-entrepreneurship. com/content/2/1/14 performance, everything else constant.
Innovation has emerged over the last several years as a dominant perspective in entrepreneurship research, and this research has aligned with prior recent research that this concept indeed has potential to explain performance in smaller family-owned organizations (Lichtenthaler and Muethel 2012).
Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2013,2: 14 Page 12 of 20 http://www. innovation-entrepreneurship. com/content/2/1/14 discussed in the‘Sample'subsection of the‘Methods'section,
and New zealand have factored consistently in recent entrepreneurship studies as being conducive to entrepreneurship (Busenitz et al. 2000;
Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2013 2: 14 Page 13 of 20 http://www. innovation-entrepreneurship. com/content/2/1/14 resources are the most critical for family SMES.
The empirical study examines 430 firms and contributes to our knowledge about performance in SMES in both family and nonfamily firms.
Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2013,2: 14 Page 14 of 20 http://www. innovation-entrepreneurship. com/content/2/1/14 showed no significant difference between the US
Finally, there remains the widespread use of convenience sampling in both entrepreneurship and family research.
Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2013,2: 14 Page 15 of 20 http://www. innovation-entrepreneurship. com/content/2/1/14 Personal/mail survey The survey with a covering
Scale development Innovation Early research has examined the important role of innovation within entrepreneurship (Schumpeter 1947.
Most items in the innovation scale were sourced from questions in existing scales from the entrepreneurship, SME,
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Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34,289 316. Alavi, M, & Leidner, D. 2001). Knowledge management and knowledge management systems:
Paper presented at the first annual global entrepreneurship symposium, New york, 29 apr 2003. Audia, P, Locke, E,
Global entrepreneurship monitor. Report on high-expectation entrepreneurship. Wellesley: London Business school/Mazars/Babson. Barney, J. 1991.
Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17,99 120. Bird, B, Welsch, H, Astrachan, JH,
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Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29,249 266. Carrillo, P, Robinson, HI, Algghassani, A, & Anumba, C. 2004).
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29,555 575. Chrisman, JJ, Kellermanns, FW, Chan, KC, & Liano, K. 2010).
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35 (5), 1077 1090. Dierickx, I, & Cool, K. 1989). Asset stock accumulation and sustainability of competitive advantage.
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34,1145 1172. Gilbert, BA, Mcdougall, PP, & Audretsch, DB. 2008). ) Clusters, knowledge spillovers and new venture performance:
Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 8, 1 17. Gundry, HP, & Welsch, LK. 2001). ) The ambitious entrepreneur:
) The intersection of entrepreneurship and strategic management research. In DL Sexton & H Landstrom (Eds.
The Blackwell handbook of entrepreneurship (pp. 45 63. Oxford: Blackwell. Price et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2013,2: 14 Page 18 of 20 http://www. innovation-entrepreneurship. com/content/2/1/14 Hofstede, G. 1991.
Cultures and organizations: software of the mind. London: Mcgraw-hill. Holt, DT, Rutherford, MW, & Kuratko, DF.
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30,731 746. Lee, KC, Lee, S, & Kang, IW. 2005). ) KMPI:
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. doi: 10.1111/j. 1540-6520.2012.00548. x. Ling, Y, & Kellermanns, FW.
Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 22 (3), 1 24. Lumpkin, GT, & Dess, GG. 1996). ) Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct
In WD Bygrave (Ed.),Frontiers of entrepreneurship research: proceedings of the 23rd annual entrepreneurship research conference (pp. 309 321.
Babson Park: Babson college. Mccann, JE, Leon-Guerrero, AY, & Haley, JD. 2001). ) Strategic goals and practices of innovative family businesses.
Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 32,507 528. Naldi, L, Nordqvist, M, Sjoberg, K, & Wiklund, J. 2007).
Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2013,2: 14 Page 19 of 20 http://www. innovation-entrepreneurship. com/content/2/1/14 Nooteboom, B. 1994.
Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2003 global report. Wellesley: Babson/London Business school/Kauffman Foundation. Reynolds, PD, & White, SB.
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32,979 998. Skilton, PF. 2009). ) Knowledge based resources, property based resources and supplier bargaining power in Hollywood motion picture projects.
implications for corporate governance and entrepreneurship in East asia. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 26,513 535.
Entrepreneurship in family versus non-family firms: a resource-based analysis of the effect of organizational culture.
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28 (4), 363 381. Zahra, SA, Neubaum, DO, & Larraneta, B. 2007).
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2014 Andrés Rodríguez-Pose Marco di Cataldo Alessandro Rainoldi S3 Policy Brief Series No. 04/2014 The Role of Government Institutions for Smart Specialisation
. and Schulze, W s. 2009) Entrepreneurship, innovation, and corruption. Journal of Business Venturing, 24: 465 476.
%Some 12%24%21%All 3%15%12%Although researchers in OI and entrepreneurship have begun only just to study the role of the individual owner/manager in the success of OI within an SME context (Lambrechts et al
Small Businesses and Private Entrepreneurship during Transition: The Case of the Czech republic. Eastern European Economics, 33,38-75.
Small Firms and Entrepreneurship in Central and Eastern europe, Springer. Ragatz, G. L.,Handfield, R. B. & Scannell, T. V. 1997.
Entrepreneurship in the transition economies of Central and Eastern europe. Journal of Small Business Venturing, 14,417-425. i The survey was administered originally to a sample of SMES in three Eastern European countries:
The Entrepreneurial University at the university's Centre for Entrepreneurship and Innovation (CEI: this project is funded by the European Social Fund, the Danish Growth Council and Aarhus University.
Shortcut to Knowledge project at the university's Centre for Entrepreneurship and Innovation (CEI: this is a three-year project launched in January 2011.
while ESF funding is important especially in projects related to training, entrepreneurship and regional competence building.
Leadership and entrepreneurship Digital technologies can reach into the handbags and homes of individuals who are alienated from the democratic process.
entrepreneurship and the knowledge-based economy, the new strategy for Europe, Europe 2020, must have social innovation at its centre,
The term social innovation is used often synonymously with social enterprise and social entrepreneurship. They are overlapping but distinct.
The term social entrepreneurship is used to describe the behaviours and attitudes of individuals involved in creating new ventures for social purposes,
Social innovation is much 16 broader than either social entrepreneurship or social enterprise although it will often include one or both of these.
Unlike the terms social entrepreneurship and social enterprise, social innovation transcends sectors, levels of analysis,
the Basque Centre for Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and New Business development in Spain is creating a business park for social enterprises and cooperatives.
Social Entrepreneurship Ireland and Vietnam to promote social entrepreneurship in Ireland and Vietnam by funding social initiatives and organisations acting as a launchpad for potential entrepreneurs.
Overall strategic frameworks for social innovation, social enterprise or entrepreneurship. These remain rare but are beginning to spread, for example Denmark's recent strategy for social enterprise.
and amplify capacity and activity (for example Denokinn, the Basque Centre for Innovation, Entrepreneurship and New Business Development in Bilbao,
There are many existing courses and programmes for social entrepreneurship and a few for social innovation. However, while some existing training programmes have some good elements, many lack coherence, comprehensiveness,
Many MBAS now offer modules on social entrepreneurship, and a market in specialist courses is beginning to emerge.
http://s3. amazonaws. com/connected republic/attachments/15/Cologne the participatory budget. pdf lxvii For more information on social enterprises and social entrepreneurship see, Alex Nicholls (ed.)(2006) Social Entrepreneurship:
J. Gregory Dees (2001) The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship, reformatted and revised, May 30; Jacques Defourny and Marthe Nyssens (2008)‘ Social Enterprise in Europe:
addressing the critical gaps in risk-taking capital for social enterprise, Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship Working Paper, Said Business school, University of Oxford, Oxford: UK lxxxviii
Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship Working Paper, Said Business school, University of Oxford. Oxford: UK cxxiv Murray, R.,Caulier-Grice, J. & Mulgan, G. 2009.
Addressing the critical gaps in risk-taking capital for social enterprise, Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship Working Paper, Said Business school, University of Oxford, Oxford: UK cxxvi
for Social Entrepreneurship http://elware. fi/teematyo 126 clix For a recent survey see Tuan,
The form a space of enterprising entrepreneurship with spill over potential to other activities Furthermore, they are active agents in the drawing up
and tools for innovation being used across the world and across different sectors the public and private sectors, civil society and the household in the overlapping fields of the social economy, social entrepreneurship and social enterprise.
Coalitions and networks Coalitions and networks are increasingly turning out to be the key to successful change (this is well described in Stephen Goldsmith's forthcoming book on civic entrepreneurship in the USA.
Social intrapreneurs apply the principles of social entrepreneurship inside a major organisation. They can also be characterised by an‘insider-outsider'mindset
At the European level, The Community of Practice on Inclusive Entrepreneurship (COPIE) brings together a wide variety of stakeholders to discuss issues relating to inclusive entrepreneurship, local development,
and social entrepreneurship. 305) Action learning sets are groups of between four and seven people who come together on a regular basis to reflect on their work,
The more recent waves of interest in social entrepreneurship and venture philanthropy have also been better at supporting individual projects than making them more than the sum of their parts,
such as the Skoll Awards for Social Entrepreneurship, the Social Entrepreneur of the Year Award (organised by the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship),
hands on support to voluntary and community groups in their local areas. 431) Personal assessment tools to understand capacities for leadership and entrepreneurship,
Many MBAS now offer modules on social entrepreneurship, and there is a thriving market in specialist courses. 433) Training for future leaders.
‘Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship Working Paper.''Oxford: Saïd Business school, University of Oxford. Available at:
sector leaders and others. 486) Lessons in social entrepreneurship such as the programmes offered by INSEAD and the Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship at Oxford's Saïd Business school.
'and peer-learning. 487) Mutual support networks such as Community Action Network (CAN) which promotes social entrepreneurship
and social entrepreneurship see, Nicholls, A. Ed.)(2006)‘ Social Entrepreneurship: new models of sustainable social change.'
Gregory Dees, J. 2001)‘ The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship.''Reformatted and revised, May 30, 2001; Defourny, J. and Nyssens, M. 2008) Social Enterprise in Europe:
Entrepreneurship, Democratic Action, and the Cultivation of Solidarity, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1999. Geoff Andrews, The Slow Food Story, Pluto Press, 2008.
200 Community of Practice on Inclusive Entrepreneurship (COPIE) 137 Community Shared Agriculture 205 Competitions 38;
139 School, Social services and Policy Cooperation Scheme (SSP) 166 Schumpeter, Joseph 145 Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship 169 Scripts 22;
132 Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship, 192 Saïd Business school, Oxford university 126; 192 Skoll Foundation 169 Slow Food 109;
The Young Foundation brings together insight, innovation and entrepreneurship to meet social needs. We have a 55 year track record of success with ventures such as the Open university,‘Which?'
and tools for innovation being used across the world and across the different sectors the public and private sectors, civil society and the household and in the overlapping fields of the social economy, social entrepreneurship and social enterprise.
as well, are a breeding ground for entrepreneurship and new business ideas. However, in the new globalised business scenario
Shortage of knowledge, skill, entrepreneurship The lack of suitable technical and managerial staff with sufficient knowledge and expertise is a major barrier.
Shortage of knowledge, skill, entrepreneurship Actions: Creation of local competence centers on e-business and on the local sectors of activities (e g. for improving quality) building virtual learning communities sharing e-learning and e training modules knowledge basis including models
provides the digital support for the economical development of small organisations fosters the private entrepreneurship on the sector of production of software components and services.
Local policies of education and training could help to develop a local entrepreneurship, which could go beyond the technical support, localization and the development of small local solutions, elements Local communities FN,
or the Team Academy-the Entrepreneurship Centre of Excellence of JAMK University of Applied sciences in Jyväskylä, Finland, where students run their own cooperative businesses based on real-life projects5).
Universities are also extending their capabilities of educating individuals to educating organizations, through entrepreneurship and incubation programmes and new training modules at venues such as interdisciplinary centres, science parks, academic spin-offs, incubators (Etzkowitz, 2008;
which individual and institutional innovation and entrepreneurship initiate and reinforce each other. o The‘Innovation Organizer is defined as a person that typically occupies a key institutional position,
A process of‘cross-institutional entrepreneurship'spanning the Triple Helix spheres is initiated thus for improving the conditions for knowledge-based development.
no interest in entrepreneurship, but in firm-formation as useful source for developing technology needed to advance basic research goals.
Communities of complementary entrepreneurial individuals are particularly visible in high-tech entrepreneurship, which is virtually always a collective phenomenon.
However, in the US a strong ideology of individual entrepreneurship usually suppresses the contributions of collaborators and pushes a single individual to the forefront9 (Freiberger and Swaine 2000.
In Sweden, by contrast, collective entrepreneurship is accepted openly, as individuals are inhibited culturally from attempting an entrepreneurial act
This strategy is exemplified in Sweden by the founding of the Stockholm School of Entrepreneurship as a joint initiative of Stockholm University
These joint institutional and individual innovation efforts that come together in a form of public entrepreneurship go well beyond firm formation
o Building an integrated environment for university technology transfer and entrepreneurship activities. When a university establishes a liaison
and high-growth entrepreneurship through public and private partnerships, stimulate growth in a designated region
emphasising high-tech entrepreneurship and local capacity-building through better use of local capital resources, increased local control and greater equity (Blakely, 1989).
but also require policy measures that better integrate innovation and entrepreneurship within the larger socioeconomic context,
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