Synopsis:
Entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurship:
(Focus) Eunika Mercier-Laurent-The Innovation Biosphere_ Planet and Brains in the Digital Era-Wiley-ISTE (2015).pdf
Many countries focus on entrepreneurship but the conditions for success are understood not always by politicians who want growth
Technology transfer, entrepreneurship or influence of their research on the progress of other fields are taken not into account.
The impact of education on employment/entrepreneurship is evaluated not. A little feedback from companies is possible via internship at the condition of willing to take this point into account.
Researchers are pushed for entrepreneurship without any preparation by educational system. Innovation Ecosystems 63 The task of technology is to provide an intelligent support to the whole system.
industrial transfer of results and entrepreneurship is taken not into account by the current evaluation system.
Beylat and Tambourin BEY 13 state that the innovation policy should strongly encourage entrepreneurship and value creation.
entrepreneurship and collaborative work with local companies and organizations. Smart Region may provide an enabling environment for such a synergy.
corporate entrepreneurship: enhancing corporate venturing, start-ups and spin-offs; proactive intellectual property management: creating new markets for technology;
The change of mentalities and the creation of a political ecosystem enabling innovation and sustainable entrepreneurship remain the greatest 116 The Innovation Biosphere challenge.
Masters'of Entrepreneurship and schools are now booming, but only a few teach modern entrepreneurship. In Europe, the United states and other countries, efforts are made to encourage students
and Phd scholars to start their companies. Almost every university in France has the transfer service.
and spread the entrepreneurship spirit promote professionals such as football players, top models and other stars. Recently, chefs de cuisine competitions have become a point of interest.
The Silicon valley Global Network2 group was founded by Sheridan Tatsuno with the aim to share entrepreneurship experience all around the world.
As in the United states, entrepreneurship has to be a part of educational programs in Europe too. There are still too many barriers,
A Guide to Federal Programs for Sustainable Agriculture, Forestry, Entrepreneurship, Conservation, Food Systems, and Community Development, USDA, 2014.
entrepreneurship, 46,62, 64,75, 86,112, 115,119, 120,125, 176 European union policy, 108 113 programs, 38,41, 55,79, 92,123, 157 feedback, 5, 59,62, 63,71, 80
02_Clusters are Individuals- Volume II.pdf
DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP Consulting and coaching Acquisition of financing (e g. venture capital, banks, public funds) on behalf of entrepreneurs MATCHMAKING
entrepreneurship and modernization of public administration ROMANIA Competitiveness Poles To foster the setting up and development of innovative enterprises/activities in enterprises resulting in an increased number of suppliers and clients on national and international markets via an integrated financing package of projects jointly developed by enterprises,
10_MOD_Innovation in Romanian SMEs - revised february 2013.pdf
and analyse the SMES innovation activity over a period of time as an indication of how entrepreneurship evolved
Bessant, J. and Tidd, J. 2007), Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Wiley, UK. Bigliardi, B. and Dormio
2008 Innovation in Ireland.pdf
, Clusters and Gateways 17 6 Intellectual Property Protection and Management 21 7 Services and Emerging Sectors 23 8 Entrepreneurship and Business Expansion 25 9
The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor ranks Ireland second in the EU and fifth among OECD countries for entrepreneurial activity.
The climate in Ireland for entrepreneurship and innovation is positive assisted by our benign business framework conditions,
The innovation future Entrepreneurship and Business Expansion Innovation in Ireland 26 Access to know-how The State has invested in a number of schemes to ensure that developing businesses have access to the information, training and advice that they need.
and enhancing the culture of entrepreneurship. The County and City Enterprise Boards encourage female entrepreneurship by promoting successful female entrepreneurs as role models
using mentoring and networking opportunities through the Women in Business initiative. They have also been very successful in attracting women to participate in training programmes, such as Start your Own Business courses and Management Development Programmes.
and to reduce the barriers to entrepreneurship presented by, for example, language difficulties or cultural differences.
supported by the European Social Fund and Skillnets, helps alleviate this through the promotion of entrepreneurship in ethnic minorities
2010 OECD SME Entrepreneurship and Innovation Report.pdf
SMES, Entrepreneurship and Innovation OECD 2010 23 Chapter 1 Introduction The introduction examines what is new about innovation in the 21st century
and the role played by SMES and entrepreneurship. An important shift has occurred from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy,
It is characterised by a series of trends encompassing the emergence of the knowledge economy, open innovation, global connections, non-technological innovation, the Silicon valley Business model and social entrepreneurship and social innovation.
Ensuring they reach their full potential requires a new innovation policy approach that facilitates entrepreneurship and SME innovation.
Priorities include inserting new and small firms in knowledge transfer networks, strengthening entrepreneurship skills, and improving institutional environments for social entrepreneurship. 1. INTRODUCTION SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION 24 OECD 2010 The creation of new business ventures and innovation in existing small
and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) are critical parts of today's innovation process, and should take a central place in government strategies to promote innovation.
however, SME and entrepreneurship support is embedded not yet fully in innovation policy, and the requirements for effective policies in this area are still not well enough understood.
But their numbers from the Entrepreneurship Indicators Project should not be exaggerated. They make up only a small minority of all SMES.
2009). 2 The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor survey in 53 countries suggests that only 6. 5%of new entrepreneurs are highexpectation entrepreneurs,
Many empirical studies have shown the aggregate relationships between entrepreneurship and SME activity and economic growth and job creation.
while in 1. INTRODUCTION SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 25 2007 two-thirds of the entire pool of new jobs were created by firms aged between one and five years
This job creation function of entrepreneurship and SME development is of great relevance to the recovery from the global financial
In the short to medium term there is a real opportunity for governments to use policies for entrepreneurship
recognition that entrepreneurship and small firm development promotes innovation and in so doing meets fundamental economic and social objectives.
and Entrepreneurship, aimed at policy makers and their advisors with direct responsibility for entrepreneurship and SME policy or working in other policy domains such as education,
innovation and social policy who could better realise their goals by adopting strategies that are more aware of and sensitive to the needs and opportunities of SMES and entrepreneurship.
This chapter sets the context. It focuses on two key questions and draws out the policy implications of each:
which relies much more strongly than in the past on entrepreneurship and SMES, but institutions and policies have yet to fully adapt to this new reality.
developing entrepreneurial human capital and bringing about social entrepreneurship and social innovation. The chapter starts by examining how global trends towards the knowledge economy, open innovation,
global connections and non-technological innovation and the emergence of national and regional economic models and new types of social innovation have increased the importance of SMES and entrepreneurship to innovation.
and entrepreneurship contribute to innovation by driving processes of creative destruction, commercialising research, making break through
In the latter, entrepreneurship is one of the foundations of innovation. 1. INTRODUCTION SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION 26 OECD 2010 New and small firms have become critical innovation players because of their ability to recognise
and exploit the commercial opportunities emerging from technological, competitive and market changes. Furthermore, economies of scale in research and development are no longer the barriers they once were to small firm participation in innovation.
Thurik (2009) distinguishes between three major historical phases of innovation and contrasts the importance of SMES and entrepreneurship in each. 1. The Schumpeter Mark I regime.
and entrepreneurship in today's economy is reduced the importance of economies of scale and scope in production,
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 27 reducing the transaction costs associated with managing different parts of the production process,
which entrepreneurship and SMES have moved up the agenda. A number of further associated trends have changed the way that innovation is carried out in the 21st century,
and social innovation and social entrepreneurship. These are discussed in turn. The knowledge economy One of the features of the transition from the 20th to the 21st century has been the emergence of the knowledge economy,
and entrepreneurship that have made them essential drivers of innovation, growth and employment creation. The major feature of the knowledge economy is increased the importance of knowledge as a factor of production.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION 28 OECD 2010 Open and distributed innovation Innovation today involves going beyond exclusive reliance on internal ideas from within any one business for development (closed innovation) to innovation that leverages internal
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 29 make a major difference, such as changes in product design or packaging, product placement, product promotion or pricing.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION 30 OECD 2010 Many non-technological innovations are small, everyday innovations. But whether they are small or more radical combinations of existing technologies,
The Silicon valley Business model There have been changes in the entrepreneurship environment in some very dynamic national
significantly increasing the prospects of major innovation in small firms. 1. INTRODUCTION SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 31 Social entrepreneurship and social innovation So far,
Social entrepreneurship is defined by its paramount logic of providing entrepreneurial business solutions to social challenges.
Social entrepreneurship and social innovation are of fundamental importance today because welfare states are changing. New social needs are emerging as people live longer,
social entrepreneurship is also now usefully entering fields where there is some public or private sector provision,
and social innovation and entrepreneurship represent an important change in the environment in which innovation takes place.
which SMES and entrepreneurship are now critical players in a broader, more distributed innovation process.
and entrepreneurship now play in innovation, before we examine the implications for policy. 1. INTRODUCTION SMES,
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION 32 OECD 2010 What is the role of SMES and entrepreneurship in innovation?
The major function of SMES and entrepreneurship in innovation is the introduction of advances in products, processes, organisational methods and marketing techniques into the economy.
Another function of SMES and entrepreneurship in innovation is to provide ideas and inputs to ideas generation that are exploited by large firms, universities/research organisations and other small firms.
It is useful to start by considering how a number of seminal authors have seen the connection between entrepreneurship and innovation (see also Ahmad and Seymour
Like Schumpeter, Baumol (2002) adopts a dynamic framework examining the relationship between entrepreneurship, innovation and economic growth.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 33 ties to existing technologies. Large firms are seen to undertake more incremental innovation, based on systematic research in their existing development channels.
All of these authors identify essential roles for entrepreneurship in innovation: in both static and dynamic frameworks;
But in which settings is entrepreneurship to be found? There are many competing views and some degree of confusion in this area.
processes or markets. l Entrepreneurship is associated the phenomenon with entrepreneurial activity. The definition of entrepreneurship is therefore not synonymous with either SMES or business start-up,
but reflects instead the human action behind innovation. Entrepreneurial activity may occur in start-up enterprises SMES, large firms or public sector organisations.
Our focus in both cases is on entrepreneurship and innovation i e. the generation of value from the identification and exploitation of new products, processes and markets.
but with innovation-oriented entrepreneurship within new firms and SMES. It is oriented this innovation activity that promotes economic growth
knowledge spillovers and entrepreneurship; large and small firm roles in breakthrough and incremental innovation; distributed and open innovation;
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION 34 OECD 2010 SMES that grow clearly have some productivity advantage that enables them to compete (either from greater productive efficiency or from the greater value of output for given inputs that results from product differentiation).
and a range of entrepreneurship boot camps, mentoring programmes, entrepreneurship resource centres and entrepreneurship courses for researchers have been introduced (Mcnaughton, 2008).
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 35 offs high-growth firms on average, while they also tend to grow slowly (Lindholm-Dahlstrand,
and the University of Waterloo in Canada are key drivers of entrepreneurship in their areas through spin-offs (84 spin-offs in Madison;
Considering entrepreneurship as all venture start-ups, Audretsch et al. 2006) and Acs et al. 2004,2005, 2009) suggest that commercialisation of knowledge by new start-ups explains part of the link between entrepreneurship
and economic growth through their role in promoting knowledge spillovers. The relationship may involve not just the role of new start-ups in exploiting knowledge themselves but also the role of new enterprises and SMES as participants in knowledge exchange networks within innovation systems, stimulating knowledge transfers from universities and other
with entrepreneurship acting to convert knowledge into growth by exploiting spillover originating in a country's R&d stock (Acs et al.,
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION 36 OECD 2010 There is certainly evidence that small firms and new ventures are active in breakthrough innovation in sectors such as biotechnology and information and communication technologies.
Within any innovation system, a close articulation is needed 1. INTRODUCTION SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 37 between
Modes of innovation A key distinction needs to be made between the role of SMES and entrepreneurship in the Science,
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION 38 OECD 2010 Policy implications As is clear from the above discussion,
SMES and entrepreneurship are fundamental to the modern innovation process. Yet their place is established not fully in today's innovation policies.
innovation policy in the entrepreneurial economy must expand to include new types of actions for entrepreneurship and SMES.
l Entrepreneurship cultures. With entrepreneurship at a premium, it is important for policy to engender conducive cultures and attitudes where possible.
For example, education systems, the media and business support organisations can help foster entrepreneurial motivations (Potter et al.
l SME and entrepreneurship framework conditions. There should not be unnecessary obstacles to SMES and entrepreneurship in the institutions of the economy such as taxation, social security, bankruptcy legislation, competition policy,
product market regulation, labour market regulation, finance markets and intellectual property protection. OECD research shows for example how unbalanced taxes on company profits
and losses and high average tax rates on SMES relative to large firms can diminish SME and entrepreneurship activity (OECD, 2009).
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 39 experiencing today. As the incumbent firm stock is contracted, room is created for innovative firms to enter
One of the key drivers of SME innovation and innovative entrepreneurship is knowledge exchange between and among explorers and exploiters, particularly for the exploitation of new, science-based knowledge.
and hence make incremental improvements in its products, processes, 1. INTRODUCTION SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION 40 OECD 2010 organisational methods and marketing approaches.
l Entrepreneurship skills. Another often overlooked factor affecting the propensity for successful business start-up is the degree to
which motivated people possess adequate entrepreneurship skills. This includes small business management skills (such as business planning and accounting), strategic skills (such as decision-making and opportunity recognition),
l Social entrepreneurship and social innovation. Entrepreneurship is not only about profitmaking. Social entrepreneurship and social innovation are important features of a broader vision of innovation
and are expanding at a rapid pace. Institutional arrangements, however, are often not well adapted to the needs and modus operandi of these organisations and approaches.
National legal, financial and fiscal frameworks for social enterprises therefore need to be reviewed and adjusted and accompanied by capacity building, skills development and network creation for social entrepreneurs.
This is not a comprehensive account of all areas of policy intervention for SMES, entrepreneurship and innovation
and entrepreneurship, recognising both the potential of SMES and entrepreneurship in innovation and the barriers that policy needs to overcome (see Annex A). The next chapters will examine the major issues in more detail.
Evidence is presented on what can be measured in this new area. Three themes are explored then which are of major importance but merit more attention than traditionally received:
and facilitating social entrepreneurship and social innovation. Chapter 2 provides data on SME innovation performance
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 41 example through embedding of foreign direct investment, attraction of highly-skilled labour from overseas and building cross-national SME alliances.
while entrepreneurship skills are needed to start successful firms, they are understood not well or supported. They may be imparted through school education, universities and vocational training colleges.
Finally, Chapter 5 examines social innovation and social entrepreneurship. While there is a growing interest in the area
and gives some telling examples of social entrepreneurship and social innovation that offer inspiration for wider adoption.
with average annualised growth in employees greater than 20%a year over a three-year period and with ten or more employees at the beginning of the period. 2. See also NESTA (2009). 3. The OECD/Eurostat Entrepreneurship
Indicator Programme is developing internationallycomparable indicators of entrepreneurship based on this definition. Bibliography Acs, Z. and D. Audretsch (1990), Innovation and Small Firms, MIT Press, Cambridge MA.
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and B. Carlsson (2009), The Knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship, Small Business Economics, Vol. 32, pp. 15-30.
Ahmad, N. and A. Hoffman (2008), A Framework for Addressing and Measuring Entrepreneurship, OECD Statistics Working papers, 2008/2, OECD Publishing, Paris, doi:
INTRODUCTION SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION 42 OECD 2010 Anyadike-Danes, M.,K. Bonner, M. Hart and C. Mason (2009), Measuring Business Growth:
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Audretsch, D. and M. Keilbach (2005), Entrepreneurship Capital and Regional Growth, The Annals of Regional Science, Vol. 39, pp. 457-469.
Audretsch, D.,M. Keilbach and E. Lehmann (2006), Entrepreneurship and Economic growth, Oxford university Press, Oxford. Audretsch D. and R. Thurik (2001), Linking Entrepreneurship to Growth, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working papers, 2001/2, OECD, Paris. Audretsch, D. and R. Thurik (2004
), The Model of the Entrepreneurial Economy, International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 143-166.
Autio, E. 2007) Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2007 Global Report on High-Growth Entrepreneurship, Babson college, Massachusetts.
Baum, J.,T. Calabrese and B. Silverman (2000), Don't Go It Alone: Alliance Network Composition and Startups'Performance in Canadian Biotechnology, Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 21, pp. 267-94.
Entrepreneurship, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and the Macroeconomy, Cambridge university Press, Cambridge. Drucker, P. 1985), Innovation and Entrepreneurship:
Practice and Principles, Harper Business, New york. 1. INTRODUCTION SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 43 Erken, H p. Donselaar and R. Thurik (2008), Total
Factor Productivity and the Role of Entrepreneurship, Jena Economic Research Papers 2008-19, Friedrich Schiller University and the Max Planck Institute of Economics, Jena.
Etzkowitz, H.,L. Leydesdorff (2000), The Dynamics of Innovation: from National Systems and Mode 2 to a Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relation, Research Policy, Vol. 29, pp. 109 123.
Entrepreneurship, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and the Macroeconomy, Cambridge university Press, Cambridge. Henrekson, M. and D. Johansson (2008), Gazelles as Job Creators A Survey and Interpretation of the Evidence, IFN Working Paper 733, Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm.
Kirzner, I. 1973), Competition and Entrepreneurship, The University of chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. Kirzner, I. 1997), Entrepreneurial Discovery and the Competitive Market Process, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 35, pp. 60-85.
in J. Potter (ed.),Entrepreneurship and Higher education, Ch. 10, pp. 235-254, OECD, Paris. Lundvall, B. and S. Borràs (1997), The Globalising Learning Economy:
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Mcnaughton, R. 2008), Technology Commercialisation and Universities in Canada, in J. Potter (ed.),Entrepreneurship and Higher education, Ch. 11, pp. 255-234-269, OECD, Paris
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and Public Policy, Ch. 10, Cambridge university Press, Cambridge, pp. 219-249. Williamson, O. 1975), Markets and Hierarchies:
2011 Missing an Open Goal_UK public policy and open innovation.pdf
Knowledge Creation Entrepreneurship Selection Mobilising Resources 11 Missing an open goal? UK Public policy and open innovation Figure 1:
o VI Stimulate interaction+++VII Enhance technology markets-o--VIII Use go-betweens++o+IX Back up clusters+++o/++Entrepreneurship policy X Support corporate entrepreneurship
++o+XVI Organised diffusion+++o/++Education policy XVII General stimulation+++XVIII Entrepreneurship education+o o o Labour market policy XIX Aim for flexibility+o
2012 Evaluation_of_Enterprise_Supports_for_Start-Ups_and_Entrepreneurship-Publication.pdf
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 1 EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP 2table of Contents Executive Summary 3 1 Background and Context
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 3 Executive Summary Background Programme of Evaluations for Enterprise Supports The Department of Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation (DJEI) has requested that Forfás
Entrepreneurship and start-up supports; Research, Development and Innovation supports; and Business development supports that encompasses supports for capacity building (capital
This report sets out the findings and recommendations relating to the evaluation of the supports for Entrepreneurship and Start-ups.
the County Enterprise Boards and those programmes delivered by SFI that have a'touch point'with enterprise 2 Informed by research conducted by Indecon Consultants 4evaluation of Supports for Entrepreneurship
and Start ups Rationale for Government Intervention Entrepreneurship is recognised internationally as a key element of enterprise policy and contributor to economic performance.
There is a positive and robust correlation between entrepreneurship and economic performance in terms of growth, firm survival, innovation, employment creation, technological change, productivity increases and exports3.
In the first instance it relates to market failure specific to entrepreneurship, and in the second to a desire to proactively develop the enterprise base
and particularly so for start-up activity given that entrepreneurship is a key driver of innovation
which new sectors or sub sectors of existing industries take root in Ireland helping to deliver a strong enterprise mix. 3 Action Plan the European Agenda for Entrepreneurship,
2010 FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 5 The Action Plan for Jobs published in 2012 places an increased emphasis on supporting indigenous start-ups.
Entrepreneurship Activity in Ireland during the Period under Evaluation Since the onset of the recession that occurred midway through the evaluation period,
Figures compiled from Entrepreneurship in Ireland 2010 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Report and GEM Report 2011;*
1%Ideagen, €0. 14,0%FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 9 Individual Programmes-Key Findings & Recommendations High Potential Start ups Programme
Recommendation Introduce a modular system for the delivery of start-up/entrepreneurship supports, with clear marketing and communications material for participants aimed at providing a more streamlined delivery mechanism,
and 141 in Enterprisestart2 for the period 2009 to 2011 FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 13 Seed and Venture capital Programme Findings The evaluation focused on the period 2000-2010
NPRF) FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 15 Work with the private sector to ensure the availability of funding from other sources for key sectors that are not appropriate for venture capital investment.
and for promoting entrepreneurship and supporting local developments that contribute to enterprise. Total exchequer funding to the CEBS is circa €33. 5 million (2009) to support their wide ranging remit.
and in particular facilitate the delineation of activities/supports directed toward the stimulation of entrepreneurship and start-ups.
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 17 Overarching Recommendations Alignment with Government Policy Findings Generally,
the entrepreneurship and start-up supports examined are in alignment with Government policy and mirror practices in many innovation driven economies.
whether or not supports provided to entrepreneurs are effective in realising Ireland's entrepreneurship potential.
Examination of entrepreneurship policy in the Nordic countries reveals similar trends but there has been progress
or by benchmarking themselves against high performing countries. 32 Recommendation It is recommended that a national Entrepreneurship policy be developed for Ireland that sets out clearly identified objectives,
In overall terms, the analysis of the enterprise agency supports for start-ups and entrepreneurship34 shows that these programmes are addressing the market failures common to entrepreneurship.
what Ireland wants to achieve in this area 32 Entrepreneurship policy in the Nordic Countries perspectives of development since 2003, Nordic Innovation Centre 2008 33 Action Plan for Jobs, 2012.
One Stop Shop for Entrepreneurs Findings The analysis found that there are multiple supports available from a number of State agencies in the area of entrepreneurship
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 19 Recommendation Develop a national information portal to provide easily accessible and relevant information for individuals wishing to start a new business, building upon existing websites.
Conclusion Overall the individual supports aimed at stimulating entrepreneurships and start-ups are appropriate, in that they are aligned with national policy,
35 The Voice of Small Business, 2011 report of the Advisory Group for Small Business, Forfás 20 1 Background and Context 1. 1 International Review Entrepreneurship
and Economic Performance Entrepreneurship is recognised internationally as a key element of enterprise policy and contributor to economic performance.
There is a positive and robust correlation between entrepreneurship and economic performance in terms of growth, firm survival, innovation, employment creation, technological change, productivity increases and exports36.
This echoes the creative destruction theories of Schumpeter38 who argues that entrepreneurship is associated typically with innovative new firms competing with,
In the first instance it relates to market failure specific to entrepreneurship, which involves a number of different factors,
Financial market imperfections may be addressed by grant aid. 36 Action Plan the European Agenda for Entrepreneurship European commission, COM (2004) 37 Understanding Economic growth, OECD,(2005) 38
London FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 21 It is also true to say that the nature
Entrepreneurship is a key driver of innovation. Increased start-up activity enhances innovation in the market place
This should be borne in mind in terms of resource allocation to entrepreneurship programmes. Cost Competitiveness: As an open economy that is reliant on export performance for economic growth, relative cost competitiveness comes into sharp focus for Ireland.
Government intervention in entrepreneurship can play a key role in creating a strong enterprise mix.
Its recent publication, The Action Plan for Jobs published in 2012 places an increased emphasis on supporting indigenous start-ups. 1. 3 Entrepreneurship Activity during the Period under Evaluation
Entrepreneurship in Ireland Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2010. FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 23 Table 1. 1:
New Firm & Early Stage Entrepreneurs in Ireland 2004-2011 New Firm Entrepreneurs Early Stage Entrepreneurs 2011 3. 1%7. 3%2010
2. 6%6. 8%2008 4. 3%7. 6%2007 4. 2%8. 2%2006 2. 9%7. 4%2005
Figures compiled from Entrepreneurship in Ireland 2010 GEM report and GEM Report 2011; Ireland is not alone in experiencing this decline in entrepreneurial activity.
Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2004&2010. Key Indicators Database at:<<http://www. gemconsortium. org/key-indicators>Accessed 04 may 2012.24 Chart 1. Source:
of Adadult Popula dult Populatation 2004 & tion 2004 &2010 2010 FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 25 2 Enterprise Ireland High
so for up to 6 years after hiring its first employee FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 27 Potential Scaling companies;
The timeframe chosen reflects time lags associated with entrepreneurship and start-up programmes a 5 year timeframe is considered necessary for a programme of this type to deliver on its stated objectives.
The important contribution of entrepreneurship and innovative start-ups is reflected in relevant reports throughout the evaluation period.
& ENTREPRENEURSHIP 29 with the potential and ambition to grow innovative, export-focused companies. Increasing export potential of entrepreneurs is at the core of both of these reports.
Towards Developing an Entrepreneurship Policy for Ireland (2007) stresses that enterprise supports should optimise the number of start-up businesses
2006 Direct Costs (€) Indirect Cost (€) FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 31 Table 2. 2:
& ENTREPRENEURSHIP 33 HPSUS are tracked through the ABSEI46 and the Annual Employment Survey that are published annually by Forfás.
EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 35 Table 2. 5: Total Turnover (2004 HPSUS)( 000's) 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2004-2010 Total Sales 2004 Arrivals 30,030 58,965
00's) FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 39 Chart 2. 9:
FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 43 Chart 2. 14: Survival Rates (HPSU V's Comparator Group, 2004-2006) Start-ups dating as far back as 2000 were selected as a more robust comparator group to reflect the fact that companies can be trading for some years before receiving HPSU supports.
cies, FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 45 HPSU, leading to a sharp decline in subsequent years,
The National Technology Transfer system, the Business Advocates Programme and the Patent Fund FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 47 3 CORD Programme (2005
a one year entrepreneurship training and start-up incubation programme run by the Institutes of Technology and funded by Department of education and Science.
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 49 3. 3 Programme Rationale EPP/CORD participants are a source of potential High Potential Start-ups to Enterprise Ireland,
Towards Developing an Entrepreneurship Policy, 2007, recommends that an entrepreneurship policy and other policies dealing with entrepreneurship should focus on the entrepreneur
and not the firm in order to maximise the number of potential entrepreneurs in start-ups policies should focus particularly on innovative entrepreneurs
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 51 Table 3. 1: Number of CORD Recipients, 2005-2010 2005 71 2006 88 2007 114 2008 108 2009 75 2010 71 3. 6 Outputs
14 16 18 Yes No Don't Know FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 53 Efficiency Based on client surveys
In February 2012 Enterprise Ireland launched a new programme (New Frontiers Entrepreneurship Development Programme -which includes the replacement of Propel)
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 55 4. 1 Evaluation Aim The aim of the evaluation is to assess the appropriateness
and delivering entrepreneurship from/in all regions. As a means of achieving these wider strategic objectives,
particularly at a regional level. 4. 5 Programme Rationale A range of market failure factors relating to entrepreneurship were highlighted in Section 1. These included information deficits
Total Costs €185, 400 €159, 400 58 Towards Developing an Entrepreneurship Policy for Ireland, 2007 FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 57 Direct
& Conclusions Appropriateness It is clear that the function of the Enterprise START programme is aligned well with the prevailing policy objectives of stimulating regional entrepreneurship, in pursuit of future HPSU development and export performance.
& ENTREPRENEURSHIP 59 each focusing on different-but not necessarily highly differentiated-cohorts of entrepreneurs.
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 61 5. 1 Evaluation Aim The aim of the evaluation is to assess the appropriateness
The withdrawal of entrepreneurs on such a basis is in fact an indirect objective of the programme itself. 62 5. 4 Programme Rationale A range of market failure factors relating to entrepreneurship were highlighted in Section 1. These included information deficits
and delivering entrepreneurship from/in all regions. By delivering targeted training modules in fixed locations,
this figure was adjusted then by the estimated amount of time the 59 Towards Developing an Entrepreneurship Policy for Ireland,
2007 FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 63 team spent conducting the support.
South East BIC Percentage FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 65 contribution of Enterprisestart2 to the HPSU cohort,
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 67 6. 1 Evaluation Aim The aim of the evaluation is to assess the appropriateness,
Enterprise Ireland Strategy 2008-1010 FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 69 Making it Happen Growing Enterprise for Ireland, Forfás,
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 73 Chart 6. 2: Extent to which Propel benefitted the development of your business-Survey Respondents Propel One & Two:
Evaluation of the Propel Programme, February 2011 direct costs only FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 79 Table 6. 2:
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 81 7 Enterprise Ireland Ideagen Programme Programme Logic Model Objectives Bring entrepreneurs,
At the FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 83 same time significant investments were being made to commercialise research outputs from the higher education sector
This is supported by research literature on entrepreneurship, idea generation, and successful commercialisation of innovations which highlights the importance of:
Building on the Smart Economy strategy, the Report of the Innovation Taskforce (2010) places innovation and entrepreneurship at the heart of driving increased productivity and economic growth.
Innovation is viewed as an essential element for driving economic growth and the report emphasises the strong role of entrepreneurship and the commercialisation of academic R&d in increasing innovation.
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 85 Chart 7. 1: Direct and Indirect Costs 7. 6 Activities & Outputs Enterprise Ireland arranges
For example, a start-up enterprise could FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 89 move from the thematic area of start-up to business development after a number of years and avail of supports such as
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 91 8 Enterprise Ireland Seed & Venture capital Fund Programme Programme Logic Model Objectives Further develop The irish seed
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 93 The primary objective of a VC Fund is to make attractive capital profits for its investors by divesting its holding in investee companies after they have developed from being early stage companies into successful
United nations FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 95 The Enterprise Ireland Seed & Venture capital Programme was conceived initially in the mid 1990s with a view to developing a viable and sustainable VC market in Ireland
Ireland's Competitiveness Challenge FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 97 into the future is vital for the commercialisation of the research investments and commitments into tradable products and services or intellectual property.
& ENTREPRENEURSHIP 99 These assessments are made by the Board of Enterprise Ireland with the assistance of a Seed and Venture capital Approvals Committee,
& ENTREPRENEURSHIP 103 8. 7 Outcomes & Impacts There are a number of outcomes from the Enterprise Ireland Seed and Venture capital Programme some
& ENTREPRENEURSHIP 105 there has been an increase in the number and extent of activity by private sector VC companies in The irish market.
Diageo Venture Fund €75m 8 0 Yes Total Funds €550. 6m FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 107 Viability and Sustainability of the Irish
No. of companies invested in Sweden Finland Denmark Ireland FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 109 Chart 8. 7:
Scheme 2 Sectoral Breakdown of Investments by Enterprise Ireland Partner Funds FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 111 Chart 8. 9:
2009 2010 Sweden Finland Denmark Ireland FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 113 8. 8 Findings & Conclusions Appropriateness This evaluation focuses on the period 2000-2010
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 115 In this context, it is most appropriate to measure the efficiency of the programme in terms of the leveraging effect of the State commitment,
& ENTREPRENEURSHIP 117 9 City & County Enterprise Boards Start Your Own Business Supports 2004-2010 Programme Logic Model Objectives Stimulate an increase in the number of start-ups in Ireland
and promote entrepreneurship through109: Providing financial supports to firms, sole traders and cooperatives both newly formed and preexisting;
& ENTREPRENEURSHIP 119 9. 2 Exchequer Funding to CEBS The SYOB programme of supports is delivered within the context of the wide range of inter-linked and complementary activities delivered by the CEBS to support,
Enterprise Ireland CEB Central Co-ordination Unit FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 121 With effect from 2010 a new set of financial instruments was introduced
and analysis undertaken by AECOM consultants, December 2011 FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 123 courses per annum,
and reported under the EU European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) 2007-2013 for the BMW and Southern & Eastern Regions under the Entrepreneurship in Micro Enterprise Theme115.
In some instances, individual CEBS may have set out their own targets. 9. 4 Rationale for Government Intervention The role of entrepreneurship in driving economic growth is accepted well.
Government policies recognised the role that entrepreneurship and small and medium business play in the development of the national economy.
The concept of developing entrepreneurs through education and training was echoed again in Towards Developing an Entrepreneurship Policy for Ireland, 2007.
Statement of Strategy (2008 2010) highlighted the development of culture surrounding entrepreneurship through educational and society supports
focused as it is on stimulating and supporting entrepreneurship and start ups through a range of financial supports, mentoring advice and training.
The methodology follows the template for entrepreneurship and start-up programmes, developed in the Forfás Evaluation Framework118.
Dun Laoghaire/Rathdown, Cork city, Wexford, Tipperary North, Limerick City, Roscommon, Cavan FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 125 It is also worth
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 127 Table 9. 7: Total CEB Spending on Supports for New Firms 2004-2009 Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010e (€'000)( €'000
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 129 Business Expansion Grants Business Expansion Grants are targeted not toward start-up businesses.
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 131 Celtic Enterprise-Second Level; Bi Gnothach Enterprise Programme-Primary Level;
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 133 Table 9. 10: Total Number of Grants Approved Year Number of Grants Annual Growth rate(%)2004 864 9. 7 2005 948 9. 7 2006 894-5
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 135 All 142,392 10.9 (Annual average) Source:
Scenario 126 The outcome of a programme targeted at entrepreneurship may be that of securing employment for unemployed persons
2001 FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 137 Market Driven Start-up Programmes Evaluations of the deadweight impact of market driven business start up assistance
The Economic Journal, 90 (357). 1980 FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 139 At times of high unemployment, where there are unused or underused resources in the economy,
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 141 Scaling of new start-ups; Associated employment generated;
Survey of SYOB Course Participants 2011 FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 143 Existing Start-ups For the 10 per cent of participants that were already in start-up phase,
while there may be further efficiencies possible in terms of delivery FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 145 of services,
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 147 Effectiveness SYOB Training Supports The research found the SYOB training supports had been very effective in the period evaluated.
and in particular facilitate the delineation of activities/supports directed toward the stimulation of entrepreneurship and start-ups.
Start-up Grant A Key to Entrepreneurship (Stenholm, 2010) 137 Some of the key success factors of the Finnish model of business support include the strict application procedure
//Stenholm su grant. ppt FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 151 Appendix II: Grant Evaluation Methodology and Recommendations Grant employed mixed methods involving literature review, stakeholder consultations, value for money analysis,
FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 153 International comparators United kingdom There are a number of enterprise development programmes available in the UK
Sweden The Entrepreneurship and New Business Development Programme in Sweden provides coaching and mentoring supports for entrepreneurs and SMES.
This support is provided in the Linköping region of Sweden through the Centre for Innovation and Entrepreneurship
Secretary to the Board, Forfás FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 155 Appendix IV:
2013 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2012 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor July 2013 Annual Employment Survey 2012 Forfás July 2013 Ireland's Competitiveness
for Jobs 2013 Forfás, DJEI February 2013 A Review of the Equity Investment Landscape In Ireland Forfás January 2013 FORFÁS EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP
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