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91 3. 2. 4. Best practices in matching offer and demand...94 3. 3. Innovation policy...

Innovation Landscape and Fields 13 The Waste Electrical and Electronic equipment Directive (WEEE) management system is accompanied also by a specific on-demand service (ODS),

all kinds of attacks and thefts, the demand for global security is growing. There are two ways to fight this scourge:

Public and private actors are offering speed dating hoping to match demand of large companies

A fast-growing human population and the consequent growing demand for food, energy and water are the most serious.

How can growing energy demands be met safely and efficiently? How can scientific and technological breakthroughs be accelerated to improve the human condition?

Their information systems are programmed not for effective and relevant matching of offer and demand. They need to be revisited,

stress and taking care about the well-being of citizens. 3. 2. 4. Best practices in matching offer and demand The Innocentive website2 publishes challenges proposed by various organizations with the aim to find solvers,

Their global network of problem solvers and cloud-based innovation management platform help their clients in quick matching of offer and demand.

Some examples of demands are given below: NASA is seeking applications that utilize the Climate and Earth science data recently made available on the Open NASA Earth Exchange (Opennex) platform on Amazon web services (AWS) in new and creative ways;

demand-and user-driven innovation policy approach was indicated by majority of surveyed countries as a new emerging approach to service innovation support.

Challenges and Innovation Policies 109 Figure 3. 6. The bridge analogy PUB 13 The Horizon 2020 program structure supports demand orientation that links interdisciplinary

In 2012, on demand of new government, Anne Lauvergeon, the former president of AREVA, led a group of experts studying the main ambitions for France to stimulate innovation in companies

Many private initiatives focus on greening, matching demand for jobs and offer, or try to help unemployed people to become entrepreneurs.

but how do we connect offer and demand? This statement points out main truths, difficulties and challenges:

and lacking in effective association of supply and demand, should evolve or be replaced by effective

The coexistence of demands for cost and revenue resilience, i e.,, the need to simultaneously address process issues

Ambidextrous BPM demands two different types of capabilities, i e.,, the continuation of the exploitative strength of traditional BPM needs to be combined with the explorative potential of a designintensive approach sensing external opportunities and converting these quickly into improved processes.

and possibly adapt in a systematic way to the unpredictable demands of rapid change, the organization needs to be designed

A proactive strategy could be to monitor the demand patterns for exceptional variation and to create strategies for containing the disturbances within the existing supply chain capacity (see Fig. 2). Many of the required process technologies

1) A discrete manufacturing case, aimed at containing the effects of demand variation in the supply chain;(

profitability Materials storage Publicity management Benefits administration Demand planning Order dispatch & fulfillment Real estate management Branch operations Distribution/VAR management Order

Regardless of demand origin (internal or external) there are competitors to the offered service. For example, the organization could provide its own payroll service,

Meeting today's demand for innovation and agility (37 p.).Howdoupress. ISBN: 978-0-9835439-1-6. Whittle, R,

and collaboration occurs on demand rather than with predetermined participants. Note that social collaboration often relies on cloud infrastructure,

like the demand of users for instant gratification, rich user experiences and rapid access to information.

which they can present their innovation demands. In turn suppliers can access these sites and contribute innovation ideas.

2009). 4. 7 Improvement Phase for Internal Stakeholders All processes need to be improved continuously due to ever changing technological development, organizational changes and market demands.

we now see the birth of data science as a new discipline driven by the torrents of data available in our increasingly digitalized world. 1 The demand for data scientists is rapidly increasing.

Anticipating demand in advance to allow for the delivery of products on time involves forecasting predictions about future demands based on past sales.

research and mission control, is increasingly becoming both a demand and a requirement for the management of organizational resources, most notably the management and improvement of business processes.

1) variation of the modelling demand, e g. best practice, common practice or model reusability;(2) variation of the object, e g. companies with several locations/offices, parent/subsidiary companies of a horizontally organized enterprise, organization units with comparable function in different sectors;(

a flexible adaptation of ongoing workflows to new demands or changing contexts is challenging (see, e g.,

and efficiently adapting their business processes to changing demands from markets, customers'individual needs, requirements of business networks,

on-demand meetings. In our example the cycle starts by checking the current process to identify ideas for process improvement as a basis for Process Operation.

resource responsibles of employees perform core roles of the process Table 2 Overview of FAR+communication flows Process coordination On demand communication between process manager and resource responsible No structured

and The increasing demand from enterprise for readily accessible applied research capabilities. Higher education Industry linkages We are supporting a number of specific initiatives to develop these vital links between higher education and enterprise.

and faster to market demands. They must develop wider and deeper partnerships that harness and develop regional scientific and technological knowledge.

exploiting high price elasticities of demand (Schumpeter, 1942). Innovation from the 1940s to the 1970s fits this model:

the creation of jobs in SMES in response to an aggregate demand stimulus or targeted employment

and discourages purely defensive use of IP to block new solutions to market demands; 3 Missing an open goal?

and particularly not to make blanket demands for fully closed, or open, innovation strategies as a prerequisite for new business funding in specific sectors;

or service to meet a market demand, or the creation and implementation of processes which improve the productivity of existing activities.

The rise of educated and sophisticated consumer demand is changing and creating potential for the co-creation of a diverse range of new products

since advertising organisations centred in London may struggle to demonstrate an awareness of consumer demands and cultural sensitivities in many emerging markets.

This demands translating the concept from the level of the organisation to something which is of relevance to a national innovation system.

But to achieve that mission demands much more than having a competitive tax rate, or even the often-measured variables of the ease with which a business can be set up

The different market failures and enterprise objectives demand different policy responses. For example, information deficits may be addressed by interventions that provide information to entrepreneurs.

The evidence available on the outlook for new, early stage, high growth companies suggested that there would continue to be a demand for VC investment from these enterprises at a rate similar or greater than that experienced over the preceding five years;

In meeting the demand for information, CEBS generally provide: Access to a selection of fact sheets, business publications and periodicals;

and often arise from the demand from clients of management development programmes who wish to build on previous learning

or if 148 demand from this cohort could not be met. In these circumstances the more effective use of resources would exclude supports to start-ups in local and personal services.

December 2013 NCC Submission to the Action Plan for Jobs 2013 NCC November 2013 Addressing Future Demand for High-level ICT Skills Forfás

Changes on the demand side however, are sometimes slow and steady. Think about the growing awareness of companies to develop environmentally friendly or sustainable products or the increase in prominence of healthcare and wellness in our lives.

and create pull-trough demand. Three strategic changes in a single decade may appear to be too much turbulence,

and scaling up the production of TEMPRAKON quickly enough to meet the worldwide demand was a major challenge.

In the face of increasing demands for customer value, firms are looking at ways to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of their innovation processes.

of market demand. Identify innovation opportunities in response to market demands. Signal interest in innovation to their customers or suppliers.

Innovate by themselves and in cooperation with others. Recruit/retain a cadre of professionals/creatives

Therefore the entrepreneurship policy of our country must be viewed with the sense of urgency that our economic survival and our way of life demand.

and skill development programmes. 2. Build ICT skills at secondary level as per the Oireachtas report on Information Communication Technology (ICT) Skills Demand in Ireland (2012) recommendations

We encourage the Department to consider extending the tech visa to other areas of unmet demand in high skilled areas, such as finance and science.

Expand the tech visa to talent in other areas of unmet demand. -39-recommendations-40--41-Access to Finance Every entrepreneur and business owner has a vision for their company,

The SME Credit Demand surveys commissioned by the Department of Finance could be used to measure conditions of sanction with regard to personal guarantees to help gain evidence on the issue.

and skill development programmes. 2. Build ICT skills at secondary level as per the Oireachtas report on Information Communication Technology (ICT) Skills Demand in Ireland (2012) recommendations

Expand the tech visa to talent in other areas of unmet demand. 6. Access to Finance 6. 1 Encouraging investment in startups 51.

and Innovation (2012) A review of the Information Communication Technology (ICT) skills demand in Ireland.

000 employment permits per year to experienced ICT professionals with skills in high demand. DJEI) 24 National Policy Statement on Entrepreneurship in Ireland Well-functioning, appropriate and stable framework conditions, incentives and supports form the basis of a good entrepreneurship ecosystem.

including an analysis of international comparisons to ensure it meets best practice and identification of any unmet industry demands.

so that all viable businesses have the opportunity to access sufficient finance to meet their needs Improve monitoring of the supply and demand for bank credit within the SME sector, particularly, the high rate of refusal among micro enterprises, taking account

National Policy Statement on Entrepreneurship in Ireland 46 5. 3. 2 Acceleratorsin response to the popularity and demand for accelerators among startups, work will also be undertaken on developing

and to identify any unmet industry demands in this area. 2012: No approvals 2013: €2. 0m approved Programme/Fund and Objective Number of Projects Funding Areas of strategic Focus 2014-2016 Community Enterprise Centres:

while government research now turns to areas like grid accommodation of fueling demand for EVS.

energy, food and water demands. Strategies vary. In the U s.,the government tends to seed innovation with investment in basic research and some tax and policy incentives,

the supply of capital will fall short of demand by 2030. This is especially important for those among the 74 ROW economies with limited R&d infrastructures:

the demands to keep pace are unrelenting. In a more positive direction, the 2014 survey reflected a sense of improving productivity,

market demand and technological evolution. The ICT industry is the largest private-sector R&d investor in the U s,

To keep pace with the demand for increased device performance, chip makers continue to invest in technology

it is consumer demand for functionality driving R&d investments in other sectors of the ICT industry.

as the ICT industry's R&d operations are built to support these demand requirements. Nearly three in four industry respondents felt technology change was a decisive factor, with 31%reporting significant technological changes just in the past year.

R&d related to improving the fuel efficiency, operating costs and production of commercial aircraft will continue to benefit from the growing demand for global air travel.

Growth in the deployment of UAVS, primarily (but not exclusively) from increasing military demands, is driving R&d related to structures, materials, electronics and communication and surveillance technologies.

Within the energy industry, governments can play a significant role in modulating market demand and therefore,

and the role this industry plays in support of other demand-driven industries. We forecast U s. chemical and advanced materials R&d to increase by 3. 6%in 2014, reaching $12. 2 billion.

and by key customer demand. Lower-cost raw materials have dampened but definitely not eliminated, continued R&d into the use of biomass feedstocks and the production of bioplastics.

2 4 3 1 All Respondents 2 4 3 1 Governments'understanding of science & technology issues 38%Sustainable development 32%Demand for renewable

Aligning the supply of graduates with the demand of the regional labour market necessitates actions that target the improvement of the curricula, the services and the research capacities of the relevant higher education institutions.

More policy measures ought to target demand (market for technology) and entrepreneurship (start-up and spin-off formation.

WT's RIS3 strategy explicitly addresses this challenge through voucher-based, demand-side measures and through the identification of creative industries and ecoindustries as sectoral priorities.

They address innovation supply, try to foster demand; promote collaboration; stimulate market-oriented R&d and support to business enterprises'investment in new technology.

and more and more demand side policy instruments are included in RIS3. 4 Regional Innovation Monitor Plus 1. Main Trends

It is indispensable to align the supply of graduates with the demand of the regional labour market,

More policy measures ought to target demand (market for technology and entrepreneurship (start-up and spin-off formation.

demand-side measure should be reintroduced in the region. Moreover, the identification of creative industries and eco-industries as sectoral priorities that complement the region's traditional strengths (automotive, machinery and wood industries) and require increased policy attention also contributes to meeting this challenge.

Another new element in the orientation of regional innovation policy documents is increased the recognition of the importance of demand-side instruments.

and contends that increased resources should be allocated to other demand side instruments as well, for example 1) to innovation vouchers to be used for R&d services;

Some of the measures addressed demand for innovation, such as‘Support to micro enterprises'and SMES'market access';‘

nevertheless there was no demand for some components of the programme while other components were so popular that they quickly became short of the necessary resources.

Regional Innovation Monitor Plus 31 8. The dominance of supply-oriented measures at the expense of demand-and commercialisation-oriented ones;

the primary task of the former group is to ensure alignment between the supply of graduates and the demand of the regional labour market,

Nevertheless the supply of engineering graduates could not keep up with increasing demand for them. A catch 22 situation:

in terms of enhancing investors'local embeddedness and innovation collaboration with local stakeholders), the more the demand for highly skilled workforce increased.

and more and more demand side policy instruments are included among the suggested ones. It is not only SMES'market access that is planned to be fostered 25 Several other R&d achievements in the field of electric mobility are listed in Angster et al.

documents include more innovative demand-side instruments such as awareness increase (for creative industries, design, green solutions etc.;

and for ensuring that credit demand from growing businesses can be supplied; A national enterprise strategy;

using collaborative funding initiatives to ensure skills supply meets demand to underpin the New Economy.

commensurate with resourcing, meeting 74 per cent of demand through domestic supply in 2018. We will provide technology summer camps and 1, 250 extra ICT places for students in 2015.

Employment growth within Enterprise Ireland supported companies will be fuelled by an increase in global demand for Irish products and services.

We are committed to maintaining the progress on meeting ICT skills demand through increasing domestic graduate supply,

There are continuing demands and need for extra provision in a number of areas that will be the focus of engagement between the HEA and higher education institutes.

Meet employer demand for employment permits in the ICT sector, which is expected to reach 2, 000;

Investing in 1, 250 extra places p. a. to achieve target to meet 74 per cent of demand with domestic supply by 2018;

meeting 74 per cent of demand through domestic supply in 2018. Provide 1, 250 extra ICT places for students in 2015.

The education and training system has responded to significantly increased demand in recent years: in the six years to 2014, the higher education system delivered 25,000 extra places.

to get to the ambitious target of meeting 74 per cent of demand through domestic supply by 2018.

The Action Plan commits the Government to meet employer demand for employment permits in the ICT sector,

expertise and products developed in Ireland that are in increasing demand internationally; Ireland is home to many of the world's leading technology companies, many

The SBCI will also seek to address demand side issues in relation to SME financing. By ensuring financing at a lower cost,

of a longer tenure and with more flexible conditions attached this new entity will provide an important‘signalling'effect in relation to releasing any‘latent'or‘pent-up'demand for finance from SMES.

Given the SBCI's potential to improve both the supply and demand for credit the effective implementation of its business plan and associated operational elements over the course of 2015 will be critical.

The Expert Group on Future Skills Needs, from consultations with companies, has identified a demand for manufacturing skilled trades for sectors such as food, medical devices, engineering and Pharma/Biopharma,

3. Continue to implement the recommendations of the EGFSN's report Assessing the demand for Big data and Analytics Skills;

and demand for credit the effective implementation of its business plan and associated operational elements over the course of 2015 will be critical.

DJEI) 108 Survey the SME demand for credit. D/Finance) 4. 2 Communications Raising awareness amongst SMES and Entrepreneurs of supports Raising awareness amongst SMES and entrepreneurs of the range of state funded supports that are available remains

and TV sound stage studio infrastructure-and thereby increasing jobs-in the face of growing demand for audiovisual content across multiple platforms.

To support demand driven innovation the SBIR will be expanded to two new contracting authorities. The objectives for 2015 are to:

Allied with the pace of advances in technologies such as these, changing consumer demands, environmental concerns,

employer demand for employment permits in the ICT sector, which is expected to reach 2, 000 Investing in 1,

250 extra places p. a. to achieve target to meet 78%of demand with domestic supply by 2018 Target 13,800 annual science, technology, engineering and maths graduates by 2018

10,200 in 2011) Target for 30%of students to take 2. 1-National Talent Drive 3. 2 Domestic supply meeting demand for highend ICT skills 42%of demand in 2012

in 2015 To increase the cumulative number of unique users of the SME online tool To register an increase in the awareness of the SME Online tool (as reported in the credit demand survey) Provide €800m over 2 years of additional

Social innovation relates to new responses to pressing social demands by means that affect the process of social interactions,

the Transition Network was set up to respond to the demand for information, guidance, training and materials from communities engaged in the transition process.

4) incorporation of demand-side resources and demand response; 5) deployment of smart technologies and integration of smart appliances and consumer devices;

including on-demand power quality of supply, enhanced reliability, deferrals in transmission investment, and avenues for meeting renewable mandates in the face of growing disinvestments in transmission assets all of which cater to the smart grid philosophy.

E. DSM Demand-side management (DSM) refers to the ability to change energy consumption patterns and characteristics via structured programs.

a requirement for demand response actions and DSM programs to achieve success. The acceptance of consumers regarding smart metering

presents a series of targeted recommendations aimed at increasing the demand and uptake of the digital solutions by European small firms in the areas of cloud computing,

presents a series of targeted recommendations aimed at increasing the demand and uptake of the digital solutions by European small firms.

while the survey reveals significantly lower levels of demand in other parts, such as Eastern europe. Similarly, the need for action from various stakeholders seems to vary,

and lack of demand were cited by accountants as the key reasons why SMES do not use e-invoicing.

and the most common obstacle (though no more common here than elsewhere) appears to be a lack of demand no interest from customers.

but more emphasis was placed on the lack of demand, and the focus shifted from complexity to cost-effectiveness.

Generally speaking, lack of awareness, security risks, a lack of demand and a shortage of cost-effective solutions tend to prevent SMES from engaging in e-commerce, according to ACCA members (Figure 6). As with other aspects of the digital agenda however,

On the other hand, lack of demand, risk, cost effectiveness, lack of advice and availability of reliable internet access are‘second generation'problems more common in sectors that are more familiar (though still not very much so) with the technology.

or services in terms of their material or energy requirements. www. factor10-institute. org/terms. html The ecological footprint is a measure of human demand on the Earth's ecosystems.

as well as meeting customer demand for an improved transparency of supply chain. The most in demand information includes data on the origin of resources used in products

Finally, issues such as the Community Patent, clear rules on technology transfer and the standardisation process are essential for a functioning Internal Market. 2. The innovation challenge requires an integrated and comprehensive approach The problem to be solved (demand from the market

Demand-side measures, such as the lead market initiative and pre-commercial public procurement, are powerful tools that should be developed to create the market incentives for innovation. 3. There is a growing gap between public policy

(i e. pumping innovation into the market) to a more demand-driven approach as far as new applications

market players should be involved to make sure that the demand perspective is taken adequately into account in deciding where public money should be spent

to include for instance innovative services and demand-side measures, such as the Lead Market Initiative or‘pre-commercial procurement'.

demand-driven The problem to be solved (demand from the market and society) should be the starting point for innovation policy;

At the same time, both the supply and the demand for innovation should lie at the heart of EU policy-making.

Demand-side measures, such as the Lead Market Initiative and precommercial public procurement are powerful tools that should be developed to create the market incentives for innovation.

(i e. pumping innovation into the market) to a more demand-driven approach as far as new applications

From a demand-side perspective: Public-private partnership schemes (PPPS) should be extended and promoted as the governing principle in all cases in

In designing and shaping the new Framework Programme (FP8) market players should be involved to make sure that the demand perspective is taken adequately into account in deciding where public money should be spent

to include, for instance, innovative services and demand side measures, such as the lead market initiative or pre-commercial procurement.

of which is that actions also on the demand side of technology are required and, to a more general level,

Examination of the selected technologies for which patent protection is requested demands very sophisticated standard setting processes and complex interfaces between standards-developing organisations (SDOS) and patent offices. 5. 1. 1 Focus:

as anticipating consumer demands might in so way influence the methodological choices made. As the methodology has changed annually,

should enable them to develop products better suited to market demands and thus bring more success. In practice,

In addition to knowledge and cost factors there might be significant market opportunities abroad in the form of demand for localized products in fast-growing markets.

All applications and application processes are not successful but the preparation of an application demands time and recourses.

The new solutions and infrastructure projects which help to adjust to the demands of the sulphur directive require funding

The European Investment Bank finances nearly half of loan demand and it granted loans from the Nordic Investment Bank, Nordea and other commercial banks.

This can be achieved by setting a point of view or a demand. In Hirschman's (1970) terminology

to provide that acceptable levels of quality of life for the inhabitants are achieved, to actively demand knowledge for problem solving,

and to generate a demand for solution. The 780 Santiago Alzugaray Leticia Mederos, and Judith Sutz actors in this vertex acquire, in turn and in different ways, responsibility for the solution's implementation and acceptance.

solution existing in one group feeling of injustice and deprivation solution demand (voice) SIP (NGO, political, industrial,

and dissemination by a multinational company creation of new differences and emergence of new SIPS. 1 From Problem to Demand Stage Once the problem is understood,

a demand for solution must be set so that the problem Figure 2. The Complete Circuit, from the Problem to its Effective Solution 782 Santiago Alzugaray, Leticia Mederos,

Many actors may intervene in the construction of demand, in a combined way or alone:

Short circuit from Problem to Demand Why may a problem not be identified as such, remaining invisible to those that suffer from it?

and the demand was gathered by researchers Building Bridges 783 at the Universidad de la República

The capacities to build demand are linked to overcoming the eventual naturalization of problems. For that, a disruption is needed.

which was able to recognize a problem and express a demand. The trade union capacity to give voice to this problem is linked perhaps to the concrete historical process going on in Uruguay where neglected workers such as rural workers

From Demand to Research Stage At a cognitive level, the demand unraveled in the previous stage must be recognized by researchers with the capacity to generate appropriate knowledge in relation to an associated problem.

Researchers may get involved with demands in direct dialogue with those that suffer the problem or by means of third actors or mediators.

Short circuit from Demand to Research The passage from demand to research can be circuited short by different types of difficulties.

the concrete demand for producing the needed knowledge can be quite weak. Eventually, the weakness of knowledge demand will produce the short circuit that can stop the travel along the circuit.

In Latin america, the weakness of knowledge demand even though usually analyzed in the case of production,

is accentuated even more in relation to SIPS for at least two reasons. The first reason is due to the weakness of all types of demands stemming from the population most affected by SIPS.

Weak knowledge demand is, in this case, a particular manifestation of a more general situation (Arocena & Sutz, 2010.

One of the persons interviewed with the aim of detecting demand before the second program's (2008) call was responsible for the Ministry of Social Development's section on disabilities.

inhibiting the expression of demand. Sometimes, the researchers'academic radar, that is, the tool they use to detect

which a punctual demand to a particular problem was staged: the growth retardation detected in children under two years belonging to low-income homes.

The passage from demand to research can be stopped also if the researcher is not able to characterize

The demand for a solution was expressed in the First Meeting on Research and Innovation Oriented Social Inclusion (August 2008) by a clinical doctor.

The demand was collected by a chemical engineer who, jointly with the mentioned doctor, presented a research project to develop a kit to detect this disease at the time of delivery.

The demand for a solution to the problem was expressed not in an organized way. Even if such demand has been put forward in isolated events, by relatives of fire victims (especially in the mass media),

it has not been enough to reach visibility at a macro-social level. The cost of imported synthetic skin is seen as a barrier by those directly involved with the problem those who suffer from it, their family, and doctors.

However, this recognition was not sufficient to raise an effective and clear demand from the public health policy:

the lack of a clear and voiced demand for solutions to an unacceptable situation ends blocking the possibility of producing a solution out of a working prototype.

The passage from the problem to demand was mediated by actors who are affected not directly by the problem

It is no coincidence that the demand was expressed clearly by physicians: in the case of health care, technicians who daily face limitations on the quality of their attention of patients can clearly identify barriers to perform a better job.

The passage from demand to research was mediated by a virtuous combination of use of existing capabilities, accumulated knowledge and human resources,

For the 2008 call, special emphasis was made in the previous recollection of demand. One of the lessons learned from the previous experience was that such recollection was a must

and demands stemming from social problems even though many of them were more than willing to put their capacities to contribute to the solution of such problems.

and the needs and demands present in two poor neighborhoods in Montevideo, profiting from the work done in these territories by a specific extension university program, the Metropolitan Integral Program.

The efforts to identify demand and to communicate it were reflected not strongly in the proposals presented to the call.

However, some proposals were built around demands that were detected not beforehand but emerged from face-to-face contacts produced during the workshops.

As a result, the travel across the circuit from the problem's identification to the demand and from there to the research problem was facilitated.

Attention to the detection of demand continues, as well as the determination to organize workshops and wide gatherings to foster face-to-face relationships between actors directly linked to the problems,

the Academic Unit was involved not as much as in 2008 in the demand detection, but it concentrated on incorporating diverse actors from the sphere of public policy, from social organizations and NGOS, from 792 Santiago Alzugaray, Leticia Mederos,

Furthermore, these interviews allowed for the detection of new research demands; they also allowed for detecting inconsistencies between

what the research proposal wanted to do and the problem that gave rise to the demand.

Its main objective was to avoid the two first short circuits in the travel across the circuit, that is, from the problem to the expressed demand and, from there