or enabled by ICT typically reduces the demand for labour in existing sectors and companies because of increased productivity,
and manage the supply and demand of labour and volunteers, and better utilise existing resources-Public (€600, 000 seed money 2005), private and civil funding, civil partners, private operation-80,000 users, 13. 7m potential, 9 FTES,
and demand of household and family tasks-Private funding, 15%of price paid to Eslife after work
which is used also to survey the demand for their service. In addition, the case uses ICT as a medium of instruction for improving digital and other skills.
For example, Leeds City council coped with peaks in service demand for street cleaning, data entry and stewarding with flexible labour supply.
and enables them to plan their working life much better around other demands on their time.
There is also increasing demand from unemployed students which is driving the success of the case.
and use of ICT in social innovation ICT is seen both in a supporting role improving the matching of the supply and demand and of labour,
In the former role, ICT can make labour much more flexible by precisely linking to the demand side
or volunteers to fit their activities around other demands on their time. ICT as an enabler creates a new marketplace and business model on a modularised platform giving end-to-end access to a flexible supply of workers/volunteers,
and deploying labour to meet real-time and quick-time operational demand in any sector. This model enables much greater control over the strategic disposition of personnel resources in deploying both permanent and occasional staff
for example increasing the flexible responsiveness of local authorities in meeting variable demand (such as in Leeds, UK, in the Slivers of Time case.
significant cost savings and efficiencies through real-time and quick-time matching directly between the demand and supply sides of labour, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain.
both the demand and supply sides need their rights and interests protected in new forms of labour
and demand for labour are developed which enable flexible, rapid control and deployment of labour resources.
and demand sides of labour so as not to lead to exploitation. The creating and doing work cases strategically use ICT to align the types
quick-time and highly flexible matching of labour supply and demand is a relatively standalone and coherent function.
combatting pay cuts, unemployment and social disruption-ICT web/mobile for matching supply & demand, managing system, social fora, awareness raising;
but these are used very specifically to match the supply and demand for the exchange of local goods, services and tasks based on a local currency (Local Alternative Unit TEM).
matches the supply and demand of local goods, services and tasks ensuring that as many as possible
the constantly rising demand for elder-and other care which both keeps costs as low as possible as well as maximises quality
connectivity and training but also stimulating demand by developing good quality content and involving local citizens in generating that content.
In the former, moving demand towards home care and the use of a personal budgets has decentralised much decisionmaking about how care budgets are used to local authorities and the individual users.
and content in intelligent homes actually means the transition from supply-oriented services to demand-driven services.
In some of the cases (such as Eastserve and TEM), policies may be needed to help stimulate demand and 58 activity,
& financial links-Rising demands to meet local social needs-Vision of local champions & local solidarity-Crisis as a change catalyst-Supporting:
However, on the consumption and demand side, there is huge waste resulting from the widespread practice of exclusive asset ownership.
ICT can very efficiently match idle assets with new forms of demand, not otherwise possible,
but also create new forms of demand and thus new market value around these existing assets? Airbnb claims that over 70%of their lets are not in the centre of cities where most hotels are located,
Whatever the balance of cannibalising existing demand and creating new demand, there is no doubt that radically new business models based on new forms of value creation,
and new ways for people to interact around economic and social goods/services are being created.
for the first time, on-demand needs fulfilment, and this is also impacting many commercial, public and voluntary services (Botsman and Rogers 2010).
tradition, and diverse demand and supply factors. These semi-fixed valuations, coupled with the huge logistical difficulty of quickly connecting with people who could adequately fulfil a specific need regardless of these traditional frameworks,
because no company has built a business that aggregates the demand for those skills into jobs,
and unemployment but still requiring tasks to be done-ICT web/mobile free platform for matching supply & demand, managing system, social fora, traditional media, awareness raising;
and demand of time and talent to undertake tasks for others and have done tasks by others,
identifies and matches the supply and demand for homemade meals and food, especially unused leftover food, activates unused cooking talent,
and demand of time and talent to undertake tasks for other and have done tasks by others,
identifies and matches the supply and demand for homemade meals and food, especially unused leftover food, bringing people
This led in turn to rising demands to meet local social needs. The Athens Time Bank case was created in 2011 by a group of people who had gathered in Syntagma Square in Athens during demonstrations against the strict austerity measures taken by the Greek government.
and nurturing a demand-side ecosystem of users which, although this is growing, is not expanding sufficiently to match the supply-side offer,
and efficiencies through real-time and quick-time matching directly between the demand and supply of talent and labour, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain.
and efficiencies through real-time and quick-time matching directly between the demand and supply of goods and services,
and efficiencies through real-time and quick-time matching directly between the demand and supply of all types of assets, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain.
& trust strangers-Vision of local champions & local solidarity-Rising demands to meet local social needs-Crisis as catalyst-Supporting:
& technical expertise-Potential data knowledge & IPR challenges when cocreated, data quality & responsibility-Demand side ecosystem often weak-Vision of enthusiasts-Open data as income
and from rising demand driven by demographic change, particularly ageing. Across Europe there is a growing gap between revenues
Despite the grave nature of the networks infrastructure does in turn depend on the demands imposed by the constant communication between the involved parties the positive effects of the project must be taken into account
cooperation-Beneficiary and trainer reluctance to use ICT-Sometimes poor ICT-High demand-Alignment with policies for preventive medicine
and can therefore quickly adapt to the demands of the job market. 109 Source: http://www. envisioning. io/education 113 Figure 7. 3:
On the other hand, there is a societal as well as individual need and demand for (lifelong) education. Until now the ability to meet the need for lifelong education at a societal and individual level has been hampered by the high costs related to further education.
new needs and demands might arise, leading to fresh calls for social innovation. Despite good intentions, social innovations might prove to:
or prototype and only fully flesh out the demand in terms of needs much later. Often, implementation, action and practice precipitate new ideas,
information and guidance so as to adjust supply to demand in the labour market. Policies promoting a culture of mobility with regard to employment
in order to respond to the demands of the knowledge society. In order to improve their contribution to individuals and to society as a whole,
In the present economic climate, public spending caps greatly restrict the public authorities'capacity to respond to growing social demands.
and to train workers for the emerging sectors with potentially high future demand, such as personal care services,
in order to increase demand for innovation services amongst companies and to provide incentives for companies to launch highrisk technological projects.
and growing social demands, the social economy is vital for fostering the integration of groups most at risk of social exclusion.
By stimulating technology-based entrepreneurship and strengthening the‘demand side'(instead of the traditional policy focus on the supply side of innovation),
Regionally decentralised Innocheck programmes provided indirect support to stakeholders'innovation efforts (the programme promoted small and micro-sized firms'demand for innovation services in the form of innovation vouchers that could be used to purchase of innovation
monitoring demand from multinationals, improving conditions of access to capital, promoting cooperation between companies (clusters and virtual companies).
Support infrastructure Presentation of the measure It is aimed at supporting innovation in small sized enterprises, stimulating demand for innovation services,
monitoring demand from multinational companies, improving conditions of access to capital and current assets, promoting cooperation between companies (clusters and virtual companies),
development of human resources of the demand and supply sides, presenting and spreading modern product development methods.
Determination of most appropriate implementation solutions demands a judicious approach to requirement analysis of each particular health system organisation and governance model.
This development-an increased demand for museums to act as social agents encouraging social cohesion while also contributing to a growing economy-has become even more pertinent as Europe endures a financial crisis that impacts the entire functioning of its social system.
What demands can be made of museums in shaping such a society? Within the 2013 European Year of Citizens, NEMO examines new developments and demands from a society in change, one that is ageing, facing financial crises,
communicating differently and wanting to increasingly participate in political decision-making. What are the tendencies of European museums in reacting to these changes?
Julia Pagel, NEMO Project Manager Kelly Donahue, NEMO Executive Assistant 8 While the Internet's democratic potential has created corresponding demands and great opportunities,
finally working towards personalised, on-demand experiences. Successful museums in the modern world. Nick Poole 14 Science, the environment and business will evolve, building on tools that support the interpretation of large volumes of data,
but also demands more inclusive and expansive ways of working and thinking. Museums have educated highly personnel,
Despite good will, political decision-making is still much more about balancing demands from different and often opposed constituencies.
as we seek to balance the finite availability of natural resources against escalating human demand. Solutions that aim at the gradual uncoupling of economic growth from resource consumption are essential for the sustainability of entire economies.
Growing global demand for healthcare/elder care. Despite the economic crisis, healthcare budgets around the world continue to increase,
driven by escalating demand, new clinical practices, and advances in medical and biotechnologies. At the same time, the growing number of older citizens is creating a demand for new technologies
services and business models to support independent living and active ageing. Small businesses will play an important role in the future of healthcare and elder care,
there is also much to be gained from working to enhance the demand side. By increasing their absorptive capacity firms will be able to draw in,
leading them to an ever more detailed picture of demand and supply. Therefore, information asymmetry plays a dual role as it both generates market failures
Phase 2 funding under the SME Instrument raises major liquidity issues which demand urgent attention.
Hence, it is important to balance supplyside measures to push innovation with demand-side measures that drive innovation development by providing market opportunities
The expected results of the above specific targets are the stimulation of RTDI demand, establishment of an efficient support and funding system as well as the completion of the start-up ecosystem.
A significant gap might be opening between the supply and demand for qualified science and engineering (S&e) personnel in the near future. 4. Unfavourable framework conditions for innovation.
The expected results of these specific targets are the stimulation of RTDI demand, establishment of an efficient support and funding system as well as the completion of the start-up ecosystem.
The latter reflected falling demand abroad as well as temporary production stoppages, both of which were reversed in the 1st quarter of 2013.
the stimulation of RTDI demand, establishment of an efficient support and funding system as well as the completion of the start-up ecosystem.
Recognised the high demand, the NIH foresees further accreditation rounds that will enable them to incubate start-ups with support of funding available from the Start-up 13 scheme. 2. 5 National Reform Programme 2013 and R&i With reference to research
therefore they have low demand for RTDI services. The share of innovative small companies is rather low
A significant gap might be opening between the supply and demand for qualified science and engineering (S&e) personnel in the near future.
More specifically, the RDI strategy would increase the public demand for innovation through Pcp actions.
and services to the market(-)Low share of demand side measures in the new RDI strategy 2013-2020 4. Intensity and predictability
Firms confronted with demands for bribes wait about 1. 5 times as long to get a construction permit,
The authors link this heterogeneity to the incidence of demands for bribes. The authors examine the relationship between requests for bribes
firms with demands for bribes wait about 1. 5 times as long to get a construction permit,
Hallward-Driemeier and Rijkers (2014) Firms confronted with demands for bribes wait about 1. 5 times as long to get a construction permit,
Rwanda Land tenure Regularization Case study. Evidence on Demand. doi: 10.12774/eod hd. march2014. gillingham. Gilson, Ronald. 2000.
Will have a constant level of water demand and wastewater flow throughout the year. Will be 1 inch in diameter for the water connection and 4 inches in diameter for the sewerage connection.
by equally stimulating the demand and supply of digital technologies and creating economies of scale. 5 Digital entrepreneurship embraces all new ventures
Players both old and new face real challenges in meeting the demand for new products and services in the age of digitisation,
cooperation between the demand and supply side is crucial to accelerate the transformation of Europe into a competitive place for doing business through the smart use of digital technologies.
validation of product features, market segmentation, price and demand, pre-sales and customer feedback as well as word-of-mouth marketing and a stable, committed shareholding structure.
both in terms of supply of new digital products and services and in terms of demand and smart use of these technologies by a o. launching the Digital Agenda and the Industrial policy flagship initiatives.
speedier and affordable integration of SMES, cost savings, better time 48 management, error-free communication and demand-driven production,
Design Leadership/Designing Demand Programme Norway: Design-Driven Innovation Programme Wales: Service Design Programme Ireland:
Design Leadership/Designing Demand Programmecountry: UK Funded by: Department for Business, Innovation and Skillsinvestment: £1. 3m per year (2007-ongoing) Run by:
Design Demand National Evaluation 2007-2012. Backgroundthe need to strengthen innovation is high on the political agendain Norway,
kick-starting a demand for design-led service innovation. Programmethe Service Design Programme was developed and delivered by PDR on behalf of the Welsh assembly government
and demand by creating demand among Welsh manufacturers and expertise in service design among Welsh designers.
which is highly information-intensive, coupled with the need for patient-centred shared care, demands the effective use of ICT.
demands the effective use of ICT or ehealth (as it is referred to in Europe). It is documented well that the widespread diffusion
By using and creating demand for modern IT solutions making use of the latest digital administration services and insisting on innovative IT SECURITY and data protection,
Demand for rapid Internet access is rising sharply: this is as a result of increasing volumes of video communication and transfer, simultaneous use of digital devices in the home, digital learning and other applications,
We therefore want to know about the development of demand for labour in the digital working world and the possible consequences of this for the social security systems.
21 4. 3. 1 App demand in developing countries...22 4. 3. 2 Tech hubs for app development...
or advanced education. 35 This situation reflects a skills mismatch wherein there is stronger demand for workers with a college education than those with secondary education. 2. 4. 2 Arab States Youth unemployment rates in the middle East continue to be the highest in the world.
the private sector has created not the number of jobs needed in the region to meet this demand.
The demand for them cuts across sectors from agriculture and construction to education and service industries. 61 Europe predicts that within five years,
The development of this sector has created also secondary effects like the demand for education useful to work in this sector.
Great potential for employment growth derives from a demand for services enabled by mobile phones. 81 Young people can now find
but the demand for it occurs in peaks and the work needs to be completed quickly
who provide app development as part of a larger suite of services. 4. 3. 1 App demand in developing countries
but from the demand for localized apps in the developing world. 96 Developers in North america see relatively small demand from other regions,
Latin america and Asia have a large share of developers (44 and 38 per cent respectively) that do not see high local demand-developers there mostly export apps to North america and Europe, where demand for apps,
local demand in these markets will reach the levels of local demand in Europe and North america,
In response to demand by local mobile entrepreneurs a number of incubators, or labs, focused on mobile entrepreneurs have been established over the last five years in emerging markets,
traditional models of education are not adequately preparing students to meet the demands of a changing job market. 177 The report emphasizes that formal education remains the primary vehicle for improving the supply of skills needed for driving innovation,
and the generation of an adequate context for Uruguay's children to be able to answer to the demands of the information and knowledge-based society. 188 This programme aims to mainstream ICTS in the classroom,
not only to create demand for its products but also to provide critical public assets and a supportive environment.
while missing the most important demand of All too many companies have lost sight of that most basic of questions:
In advanced economies, demand for products and services that meet societal needs is rapidly growing.
The demand for water-saving technology has allowed India's Jain Irrigation, a leading global manufacturer of complete drip irrigation systems for water conservation,
Poverty limits the demand for products and leads to environmental degradation, unhealthy workers, and high security costs.
and demand for ancillary services rises. A company's efforts to improve framework conditions for the cluster spill over to other participants and the local economy.
And new value chain configurations will create demand for equipment and technology that save energy, conserve resources,
and demand creation to the study of deeper human needs and how to serve nontraditional customer groups.
and available immediately via print-on-demand services and e-book formats. 5. Buddycloud http://buddycloud. com Buddycloud is a publish-subscribe architecture with real-time updates.
and the demand for quality healthcare, seem to require digitally-extended collective intelligence, such as collectively tackling problems via platforms based on crowdsourcing and cognitive mapping based on real-time data analysis and visualisation.
It is crucial for successful crowdsourcing to design the activity properly to prevent excessive demands and frustrations.
Recent global developments have revealed increasing demands of citizens for their governments and administrations to become more participatory,
using analytics software to test demand. Financial Value: There has to be a market for the venture to be sustainable
and it would make sure that services deployed answer to concrete unmet local needs and demand.
It represents new responses to pressing social demands, which affect the process of social interactions.
Social demand innovations which respond to social demands that are addressed traditionally not by the market
Demand-led rather than supply-driven; Tailored rather than mass-produced, as most solutions have to be adapted to local circumstances
In this way, it links well to the Digital Agenda, another flagship initiative of the Europe 2020 strategy37. 21st century society increasingly demands digital literacy
To meet interpretation demands, STEP started a social enterprise and now offers 250 part-time interpreters across a wide range of languages.
)).This provision demands Member States complement the 2017 and 2019 annual implementation reports of their operational programmes with specific information on actions in the field of social innovation.
demand stimulation, networking, clusters and open innovation through smart specialisation"."This shows that social innovation is part of the wider concept of innovation,
and more on real demands or needs is indeed an attractive premise for reconsidering production and redistribution systems.
which radically change the competition and supply and demand equations of traditional business models. On this issue, a study conducted by a consortium of partners15 is currently building a map of digital social innovation actors and networks.
the recognition and the private and public support systems for social business is still in its infancy but in great demand.
E O F C H A n G E s 1. 4. 3. Indicators for a socially innovative society In the wake of demands from stakeholders, the issue of social innovation
However, in view of increasing demand from policymakers and practitioners alike for social innovations and the emerging possibilities for new research avenues on social innovation, including in Horizon 2020,
responding to social demands, societal challenges or engaging systemic change. Going systematically through the barriers identified then,
European population ageing will have direct consequences for the working population and social welfare systems, health services and pensions in terms of demand and expenditure.
which encourage Member States to boost labour demand and job creation through promoting and supporting self employment, social enterprises and business start-ups.
(e g. by way of demand response) and from emerging technologies (such as home automation), and reduce the costs of the operation
Enabling both energy and ICT/telecom companies to compete in providing energy-related services will ensure that innovative services (such as effective support of demand response) will be available to consumers,
and do not hamper demand response. In Horizon 2020 the smart grids research project and projects addressing nontechnical barriers to energy efficiency will continue establishing a dynamic market of energy services. c. The emergence of the energy-literate prosumer The EU
social innovations as a concept to respond efficiently to pressing social demands, to address societal concerns,
and more effective creative new ways to deliver services that are tailored to the increasing needs and demands of individuals.
and demand side to facilitate the entire innovation process from research to market and large-scale deployment.
as well as demand-side interventions (e g. standards, public procurement, regulatory measures). For this reason, the EIP brings together EU countries, companies,
Finally, there is still a growing demand for JASMINE's technical assistance. One of the important contributions within the JASMINE initiative has been to develop a set of standards
New ideas (products, services and models) to address pressing social demands can be financed better through these initiatives. 178 ICF CHK, Evaluation of the JASMINE Technical assistance Pilot Phase, Final Report, 14 november
‘an innovation that addresses a social demand (e g. care of the elderly) contributes to addressing a societal challenge (ageing society) and,
and placing greatest demand on public service resources, and the health and social sector in particular. In this context, effective, flexible and sustainable service models,
how market demand, or demand from commissioners and policymakers is mobilised to spread a successful new model.
This process is referred often to as‘scaling, 'and in some cases the word is appropriate,
Triggers and inspirations Here we describe some of the triggers and inspirations that prompt innovation, that demand action on an issue,
The combination of social learning and technological advancement that open testing demonstrates has many applications in encouraging sustainable and systemic innovation that is both supply and demand driven.
public procurement can create sufficient demand to establish entirely new markets for innovation. One example is the Internet,
Effective supply and effective demand need to be brought together. Effective supply means that whatever is being provided has been shown to work
Effective demand refers to the willingness of someone to pay for what's on offer, which may be a public agency or the public themselves. 105) Innovative business models.
The demands of a‘Just in time'system of production, for example, provide the structure and discipline to front line staff formerly supplied by hierarchical managers.
There is commonly a tension between the demands of continuing operations and the venture's ability to maintain innovation.
The financial and managerial demands of innovation may put pressure on existing business. There are different management styles that may be appropriate for innovation and operations.
but once established they need to be maintained with as much care as Japanese assemblers give to their different levels of supply. 132) Socially-oriented demand chains.
For some ventures providing intermediate goods or services the challenge is how to develop a demand chain that processes
or developed multiple grades of compost to meet different types of demand. Sometimes the chain may be linked closely.
But as with supply chains, the goal is to have the demand chain reflecting the social mission of the venture. 4 SUSTAINING 71 133) Shared backroom economies.
They place their operational focus more on supply than demand. But 4 SUSTAINING 75 to ensure that the venture remains generative rather than static,
and effective demand (mobilising sources of finance to pay for the idea or service). 152) Business cases within the public sector. In some parts of the public sector the language of the‘business case'has been adopted.
The supply of ideas and demand for them tend to co-evolve: there are relatively few fields where there are straightforward solutions,
the successful diffusion of an innovation depends on effective supply and effective demand: effective supply refers to the growth of evidence to show that the innovation really works.
Effective demand refers to the willingness to pay. Both are needed but sometimes the priority is to prove effectiveness
To grow effective demand, there may then be need a for diffusion through advocacy, raising awareness, championing a cause,
Advocacy is the key to creating demand for services, particularly from public authorities for example, making the case for public funding for drugs treatment or sex education.
Diffusing demand The promotion of social innovation has tended to focus on the supply side and how innovations can be diffused among service providers through experts,
We also argue that a distinction should be made between services where demand can be expressed in the market (for fair trade or green goods, for example),
those where demand is expressed through the state (lobbying for disability provisions or swimming pools, for example), and those involving intermediate demand (public commissioning on behalf of citizens).
158) Information for consumers. Providing free or cheap information can also be a means of affecting consumer behaviour and demand.
This is the case with smoking for example, or food labelling, or cheap energy auditing. 159) User groups and their campaigns.
User groups create a demand for services, particularly from public authorities by spreading information and lobbying,.
and promote a different kind of demand or activity. They encourage innovation in how to meet the target.
GSM 5 88 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION and catalytic converters. 166) Creating intermediate demand via the professions for innovative goods and services.
Securing a better balance between the supply capacity of fair trade producers with demand has been one of the current issues being tackled by the Fairtrade Labelling Organisation (FLO.
/Scorecards Girls Count Task force Reports Partners & research initiatives measure girls more broadly Demand Driven System Change,
and lead to new demands on systems of provision, that often lead to service and process innovation. 259) New responsibilities such as responsibilities to care for children,
and demand for them, do not automatically link up. In the technology sector a great variety of institutions exist to connect them better.
which will reduce demand for services. Public mediums of exchange and means of payment Most public finance is undertaken in national currencies.
De Bono, Edward 32 Demand 13; 70; 83; 85-87; 88 Deming, Edward W 18;
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