competition

Competition

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Global competition imposes low prices to meet the criteria of purchasing power. As a result, the central purchasing for supermarkets requires the low prices,

He applied to the open competition for the centerpiece of the exposition that he won.

these actions reinforce the competition between small companies instead of encourage them to elaborate a common offer to win.

creating competition between countries instead of considering Europe as a whole. Politicians are connected not with the reality; they are not entrepreneurs.

Such a ranking encourages competition between the European countries instead of challenging them to act as a whole. 3. 3. 1. 3. Digital Agenda Digital Agenda aims to reboot Europe's economy

Recently, chefs de cuisine competitions have become a point of interest. Just one channel in France devotes 30 s daily for the presentation of a selected profession with the aim to inspire those who have to take a decision or change a professional life.

Companies in Silicon valley are still based on competition and a few consider the impact on livings and the environment.

Faced with competition from China some companies went bankrupt leaving a precious space in the center of Paris. The association Silicon Sentier was born in 2000 with the aim to offer digital services in this area.

there is strong competition and the amount of allocation in France and Europe is decreasing to encourage crowdfunding.

and there is no competition for thinkers and visionaries, nor a Nobel prize. A new mindset is required connecting intuition, imagination and innovation AMI 14.

In the current economic environment, competition emerges quickly in the form of technologysavvy disruptors able to provide superior value propositions based on light asset models.

Activation-supporting components for IT-based ideas competition. Journal of Management Information systems, 26 (1), 197 224.

the process owner (the CEO of the service-process offering he/she is responsible for) is in competition with other value propositions that offer to (partially

If it's internal service competition, then the solution could be shared services (single internal provider).

Conversely, a lack of successful transformation following technology innovation can lead to bankruptcy of established businesses (Lucas & Goh, 2009), more and fiercer competition for established businesses by later market entrants that copy

With companies being subject to increasing degrees of competition and a more dynamic market environment, it is crucial to implement organizational changes rapidly

and also by economic motives, like higher international competition, altered customer expectations, and work redundancies with high costs (Hammer & Champy, 2003).

Clusters and the New Economics of Competition, in: Harvard Business Review, November/December 1998, p. 78 19 Figure 5:

With regard to the limitation of numbers of clusters per thematic area some program owners pointed out that one has to balance between the interest in concentrating resources for the benefit of efficiency and effectiveness and the potential economic benefits that result from competition between clusters in the same

According to Porter c lusters promote competition and cooperation. Rivals compete intensively to win and retain customers.

Without vigorous competition, a cluster will fail. 10 Porter's argument is focusing on competition between companies within the cluster.

Why should not there be also competition between the cluster management organizations when they apply for public support?

Competition for limited public funds due to the decision of the program agency to support only one cluster management organization in the thematic area of XYZ puts pressure on cluster management organizations

and impact) would be one of the results of such a competition. Although there are certainly restrictions for such an approach e g. in larger countries it can make economic sense to have several clusters in a specific thematic area due to the regional concentrations of relevant cluster stakeholders,

Competition is always good to encourage rethinking whether one is taking the right decisions. 2. 2. 4 TOP-DOWN

Clusters and the New Economics of Competition, in: Harvard Business Review, November 1998, p. 78 52 that cluster management organizations and their affiliated members know best which projects they should focus on to create value or

For more information about the Spitzencluster-Wettbewerb (Leading-edge cluster competition) please see www. bmbf. de/en/10726. php. 16 The majority of the programs that were benchmarked in this project are programs that were initiated

e g. technical assistance or capital investments in organizations. 8. Quality labeling of cluster organizations should feature as an integral part of cluster programs 9. The program should activate competition among the clusters benefitting from the program by setting up e g. annual contests.

Partnership and Workplace Innovation 29 10 Competition and Better Regulation 31 Conclusion 33 Innovation in Ireland 2008 Innovation in Ireland 20081ireland is recognised internationally as a stable and progressive society

Innovation in Ireland 200831 Competition fuels innovation The pressure to be competitive drives innovation across the range of business practice;

With greater competition in markets, companies need to draw on all their entrepreneurial and innovative skills to develop new products and services,

Enhancing competition within Ireland's domestic economy is critical to improving the cost competitiveness of internationally-trading Irish-based firms.

Competition Authority The Competition Authority has a role in promoting competition, and it has completed recently studies into a range of sectors,

The Authority has an important role in enforcing competition laws. Government as a driver of Innovation Competition and Better Regulation Innovation in Ireland 2008 32innovation in Ireland 2008better regulation The challenges facing regulatory bodies include ensuring that regulation is not too burdensome on the enterprise sector,

and the cost of compliance does not impact on competitiveness. The current consensus, as reflected by the National Competitiveness Council,

Changing markets, increased competition and new technologies have reduced product life times, demanding more rapid creation of products and their more rapid destruction.

therefore, escalating competition and specialisation. This puts a premium on innovation. At the same time, innovation itself is globalising (Archibugi and Iammarino, 1997.

There should not be unnecessary obstacles to SMES and entrepreneurship in the institutions of the economy such as taxation, social security, bankruptcy legislation, competition policy,

policy should promote entry and exit and competition in the market. Furthermore, the process of creative destruction is pronounced most in periods of economic crisis and recovery,

Kirzner, I. 1973), Competition and Entrepreneurship, The University of chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. Kirzner, I. 1997), Entrepreneurial Discovery and the Competitive Market Process, Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. 35, pp. 60-85.

and business services where there are fewer‘tangible'barriers to new-entrant competition. As organisations consider their place within innovation value chains they reflect on the subtle and complex balance between the advantages and disadvantages of openness for each area of corporate knowledge.

++XX Enable knowledge migration+-o/+o Competition policy XXI Stimulate competition++++++25 De Jong, J. P. J.,Vanhaverbeke, W.,Kalvet, T. and Chesbrough, H. 2008), Policies for Open Innovation:

or that there are imperfections in the market that restrict competition. The different market failures and enterprise objectives demand different policy responses.

and can increase competition with existing firms. Start-ups are one of the means by which new sectors or sub sectors of existing industries take root in Ireland helping to deliver a strong enterprise mix. 3 Action Plan the European Agenda for Entrepreneurship,

and competition has remained constant throughout the 2004-2010 period. The desire to proactively develop the enterprise base to stimulate sustainable economic growth

There may be imperfections in the market that restrict competition, so that new entrants to the market facilitate increased competition and improved productivity;

Start-up entrepreneurs may fail to understand the benefits of training or the fact that new knowledge and skills may spill over to other firms;

Start-up activity can increase competition with existing firms and contribute to addressing this economic challenge.

which is established twice yearly on foot of open competition. Trainers develop and deliver the training to a specification established by the CEB.

or at your event, take part in the De Bedenkers (The Inventors) classroom competition and an online game to discover how you score as an innovative manager.

Third, when new technological developments drive competition, small firms can prosper only when they collaborate with a range of knowledge partners:

o New substitutes and new players in the market sharp increase in competition o Public policies changing the market conditions forcing SMES to overhaul their strategy. o Slow, steady changes in demand:

In the case of Curana, the company gained control points to differentiate itself from the competition.

and in this way stayed ahead of the competition. In this way, Jaga got in touch with promising technologies to develop low CO2 emission radiators, Jaga's so-called Energy Savers.

increasing international competition, and growing technological complexity. More and more large companies rely on both internal and external knowledge sources to create new business37.

In this way, the business unit can balance the risk of increased competition in the market with the royalty income it receives from licensing the technology.

Competition among companies producing biotechnological F&f was limited. At that time, Isobionics had two main competitors, but with 3, 000 flavors it was easy to avoid competition.

Still entry barriers are given considerable the proprietary technology and the years required developing the technology.

In the long run, companies that face stiff competition have to reinvent their businesses, looking for new ways to reposition their products and services.

which made their competition irrelevant (at least for several years). They started with a strong vision

and make te competition irrelevant, Harvard Business Review Press, Harvard: MA. 13 Johnson. M. W. 2011), Seizing the white space:

and resources from the external environment to stay ahead of the competition. 3 As global competition intensifies,

demand conditions and the degree of competition in the domestic market (including public procurement) and the availability of high quality human resources and infrastructure. 10 As in nature's ecosystems, no single actor in an innovation system functions

and wealth creation but also in fostering the entrepreneurship, competition and innovation that leads to sustainable growth and development.

and failure is denigrated not. 4. Activity is driven by volunteer efforts. 5. An inclusive attitude prevails. 6. The media plays its part in highlighting the importance of entrepreneurial endeavours. 7. Various competitions

or paid via a relatively small level (1%)of stock options. 13 The Entrepreneurship Forum in conjuction with Ernst & young surveyed some of the country's most successful entrepreneurs (winners and finalists of the EY Entrepreneur of the Year competition).

but there is a dearth of international banks that could help provide a greater degree of competition and international standards in banking.

Competition in banking would help provide better‘manners'to our own indigenous banks, and perhaps force banks to manage their costs

We recognise that that the lack of competition within the banking sector is difficult to solve,

when it comes to competition and the availability of startup skills, while India has a shortage of venture capital.

GEDI Pillar Comparison Opportunity Perception Risk Acceptance Gender Opportunity Startup Start-up Skills Risk capital Cultural Support Product Innovation Process Innovation Networking Competition

and the level of competition. The institutional variables include the freedom to operate a business

As part of the Action Plan for Jobs, the Local Enterprise Offices launched a competition in 2014 to identify Ireland's Best Young Entrepreneur.

Open to people under 30 years of age, the competition has a total prize fund of €2 million available to reward young entrepreneurs.

Mentoring, marketing and other supports will also be available to participating businesses at various stages of the competition.

National Women's Enterprise Day, the Student Enterprise Awards scheme and the recently launched Ireland's Best Young Entrepreneur Competition.

and strategic planning) Horizon 2020 supports voucher scheme and information service Equity Finance Business Angel networks All-Island Seedcorn Investor Readiness competition

and KTI will use these as a starting point to create collaboration guidelines specifically for startup businesses. 3. 7 Increasing Inward Entrepreneurship International competition for mobile entrepreneurs is intense around the world,

It also brings benefits to the economy by supporting business growth and market competition, thereby generating wealth

Business Representative Bodies, DJEI) Business Representative Bodies should leverage resources from the entrepreneurial community in Ireland for the promotion of initiatives to celebrate entrepreneurs (competitions, conferences, internships.

in co-operation with Enterprise Ireland and ESB, launched Ireland's first Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) competition on 30th june 2014.

The competition's first target is smart solutions for charging Electric Vehicles (EVS) in communal parking areas such as apartment blocks for which up to €200,

This SBIR competition aims to develop an innovative solution in this area. The competition will be run in two phases.

Phase one opened on 30th june 2014, and up to four feasibility studies and contracts will be awarded in quarter 4 of 2014 (with a budget of €25, 000 each).

5. 5%Total Early Stage Entrepreneurial Activity GEM 9. 2%Public Attitude to Entrepreneurship GEM 50%Participation rates in competitions/awards Student

-Index Competition Competitors Market Dominance Human Capital Educational Level Staff Training Technology Absorption Technology Level Tech Absorption Gender Female Opportunity

Science and Technology The United states is in a global competition for innovative advantage. 16 Our international competitors have been strategically ramping up their public investments in research over the last two decades

so too will be lost the supply of highly trained researchers who drive innovation and competition. -Academic Researcher/U s. 12 R&dmagazine December 2013 www. rdmag. com 2014 GLOBAL R&d FUNDING FORECAST International Overview Summary For the past six years

Increased competition, at 39%,was the second most cited factor in industry technology change. The constant evolution of ICT technologies is recognized as both a market driver and as a driver for R&d

as both material substitution and global competition, in what are often commodity products, requires firms to drive production costs to the lowest level possible.

%Competition 14%Translating Research into Products 10%15%Finding New Collaborators 17%Skilled worker Shortages 16%Rankings of Research Impact Metrics Broad Factors Influencing Research

in the areas of entrepreneurship, the launch of the Local Enterprise Offices and launch of Ireland's Best Young Entrepreneur competition;

Skills Provision The key area of competition among countries is in the development and attraction of high-end ICT, analytics and engineering skills.

Where the potential for improved competition exists in any given market, Ireland's policies should promote rather than inhibit such competition.

Ireland's poor performance with regard to the legal profession (which to date is largely selfregulated) reflects poor scores in relation to interprofessional cooperation, compulsory chamber membership,

Today the competition for talent is global, and talent has become increasingly mobile. It is critical that we continue to nurture talent to meet the needs of an advanced economy.

creating real competition; New forms of credit in The irish market; and Funding at lower cost which partner lenders must pass on to SMES.

and also to enhance competition in the market place. By providing stable low cost funding to all qualifying institutions (including new entrants) the SBCI should serve to intensify competition within the SME finance market,

which has become over-concentrated. The establishment of this new wholesale lending institution could also serve as a key incentive for new market entrants

in order to deliver increased choice and enhanced competition. The SBCI is a vital new part of the country's financial architecture.

and will be agreed within the international parameters for fair tax competition. A public consultation process will gather views on how the Knowledge Development Box should operate.

However in the face of strong European and international competition in this area the Task force has identified a number of new actions that will harness Big data for employment growth.

In addition LEOS have delivered a very successful competition to find Ireland's Best Young Entrepreneur which gave rise to over 1, 000 applications for investment in new business projects from people under 30 years of age.

and strategic actions needed to ensure that Ireland's enterprise policy is sufficiently robust in the context of a changing competitive environment and intensified global competition for trade,

DPER/OGP) 161 Develop metrics to assess the market during the procurement process to improve future procurement competitions.

I've another s ow us to mai e get more tr pass us by. g Entrepr petition (Acti ip as a caree ses by Irelan this competit 2 Competition yed delivery t

's productivity performance to be boosted by the increased competition and the diffusion of technology and skills.

Given this ambitious target and the increased level of competition for these funds it will be necessary for all stakeholders

and intensified globalisation and competition are driving new models of manufacturing. We can already see a shift toward increasing complexity with the convergence of sectors

and,(3) supporting social innovation projects through the Social Innovation Competition. 4 See also: http://ec. europa. eu/growth industry/innovation/policy/social/index en. htm 5 See also:

i) Networking,(ii) Competition,(iii) EU funding,(iv) Finance,(v) Framework conditions,(vi) Results,(vii) Incubation and scaling up.

Competition Every year since 2012, the European Social Innovation Competition is organized to support new solutions and raise awareness of social innovation.

The Competition invites Europeans to develop new solutions to reduce unemployment and minimize its effects on the economy and society.

Naples 2. 0-International Social Innovation Competition, and Social Innovation Tournament. EU funding Direct funding to support social innovation is offered by the EU programme for Employment

the launch of a Social innovation community in 2015, support to the public sector observatory of the OECD, a new competition for the prize of the European capital of Innovation,

as well as continuation of support to the Social innovation competition for the next years Finance Information about available financial support for social innovation is made public by the European commission that prepared a well-structured report to describe the main typologies of support.

-Bigger role for social innovation in the European Social Fund-European Social Innovation Competition; -Support to networks of incubators for social innovation. 27-Support a research programme on public sector and social innovation;

This is perhaps the opinion of Mario Monti, the former EU Commissioner for Competition, who, in describing the internal market scoreboard

DG Enterprise funds a social innovation platform (circa 5000 users) and organizes a competition in honour of social innovator Diogo Vasconcelos.

'11 Bibliography Addari, F. and Lane, D. A. 2014), Naples 2. 0 A social Innovation Competition, Report for Unicredit. available at http://socialrenaissance. it/images

65 5. 1 Standards, IPRS, and competition...69 5. 1. 1 Focus: Practices in patent pools...

As observed in other areas and debates (e g. telecoms, competition policy, financial services, etc. it would be possible to establish a centralised/coordinated policy at EU level,

and competition especially when they are picked up by the market and not imposed top-down. This calls for a pro-active standards policy only at EU level

and there is no competition between different standards. In all other cases the market should be allowed to pick up the best standard. 19.

Clearer competition rules The European commission should provide policy documents that: clarify the relationship between standard-setting organisations and intellectual property rights (IPRS;

As observed in other areas and debates (e g. telecoms, competition policy, financial services, etc. it would be possible to establish a centralized/coordinated policy at EU level (see also point above),

since the patentee can use them anyhow to exclude competitors and stifle genuine competition until someone,

The Proper Balance Of Competition And Patent Law And Policy, 2003 available at http://www. ftc. gov/os/2003/10/innovationrpt. pdf. Presentations by Bruno van Pottelsberghe

though, additional problems would have to be tackled, such as competition between NPOS, which may translate into a‘race to the bottom';

At the same time, standards can have both positive and negative effects on competition, and this inevitably warrants a case-by-case approach.

Section 5. 1 below explores the issue of industry standards, IPRS and competition. Section 5. 2 deals with European Standardisation bodies.

and competition In certain sectors, one of the issues that affects the development of certain types of standards

and their impact on competition and competitiveness is the interface between IPRS and standards. The European commission has recalled on several occasions that misuse of IPRS in the standardisation process can significantly affect access by industry players to relevant markets.

former Commissioner for Competition (and current Commissioner for the Digital Agenda) Neelie Kroes stated recently that:

competition and innovation is a very complex exercise. On the one hand, as shown in Figure 15 below,

The overall impact 70 STANDARDS AND STANDARDISATION POLICY IN EUROPE on competition is positive whenever the standard fosters aggressive downstream competition

when chosen too early, standards can limit product variety by stimulating‘intra-standard'competition in markets where‘inter-standard'competition could have led to better competitive outcomes and faster innovation to the benefit of end consumers

especially if the pace of innovation in the sector at hand does not lead to overlapping generations of products and consequently to a genuine‘competition for the market'.

The ultimate impact of the standard-setting process on competition and innovation depends on the relative weight of those costs and benefits.

who may end up stifling competition within the pool. In addition, the success of technology innovation may be linked to the capability to interoperate, hence to the success of the standards,

When potential problems are solved effectively in terms of governance and competition, patent pools can have a pro-competitive effect, lowering prices,

o Emphasise the general benefits of standards (for companies, national competition authorities and judges; o Provide guidance on the relationship between standards and IPRS (also other than patents.

standard by its very nature limits technical competition o Ex-Ante Disclosure of Maximum Royalty Rates is far more controversial,

AND STANDARDISATION POLICY IN EUROPE‘early'contributors over‘late'contributors since early contributors declare their IPRS at a time where there is less competition. o The ex ante disclosure of most restrictive licensing terms is recommended also not,

and comments on their likely impact in terms of competition and innovation. A NEW APPROACH TO INNOVATION POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 79 Table 2. IPR Disclosure rules and potential impact Rule Licensor member promises Comment Disclosure I have some patents

Standards contribute positively to growth and competition, especially when they are picked up by the market

and there is no competition between different standards. In all other cases, the market should be allowed to pick the best standard,

Competition rules should provide general guidance. In particular, the upcoming new guidelines on horizontal agreements which will focus in particular on R&d agreements,

Porter (1998) has defined five driving forces in industrial competition: Suppliers, Substitutes, Potential Entrants, Buyers and Industry Competitors.

"The technologies, competition and legislation are changing rapidly, so the strategies should be changed also. Then there are new emerging business models

What started out as a consumer product aimed at undergraduate domestic students has now become both a manifestation and a driver of global competition and a battle for excellence in itself.

for transparency, accountability, comparability and competition, and for performance indicators and assessment. The following quote from the Commission's Communication Delivering on the modernisation agenda for universities:

Competition is intensifying between universities nationally and internationally, students are becoming more conscious of the value of their education and its impact on their career opportunities,

This situation is likely to intensify as global competition increases further, (public) funding for research is reduced,

and to stimulate competition between universities. Methodology, incl. time-frame, resources, costs, technologies: The CHE Rankings provide an indicator-based, multidimensional system.

and women intensifying scientific and academic competition and generally improving scientific and academic standards in Germany.

Divided into the three competition categories of Graduate schools, Clusters of Excellence, and Institutional Strategies, and into host institutions, it provides information on the main research topics,

the results of various national competitions can be interpreted as an assessment of research performance, most notably the Higher education Authority's Programme for Research in Third-level Institutions (PRTLI) and Science Foundation Ireland (SFI).

and gives higher weight to research quality and competition than the previous funding system. The purpose of the new model is to stimulate increased research activities by allocating resources to centers that were able to document excellence in research.

A challenge is increased the international competition with new requirements on concentration and prioritization in order to keep a high and competitive scientific quality'.‘

This means that from 2010 on close to 25 percent of total GUF will be allocated according to the new competition-based model.

The competition for international students was going to surge as a result, and these students would need a mechanism to inform their choices for international study.

marketplace competition and privacy legislation. Critical success factors are integrated innovative leadership management and collaboration with the doctors based on concrete needs, benefits, incentives and support.

the optimal balance in the tradeoff between market dynamics, competition and choice, and the value of an integrated system that can generate significant benefit to clinicians, patients and payers;

competition and choice need to be weighed against the value of an integrated system that can generate significant benefit to clinicians, patients and payers.