It is argued that these9 processes can be seen in a wide range of industries, such as health, transport, energy, digital media, the built environment and education,
Skills and capabilities that the NHS does not have built environment, personal finance, legal advice, community building, local knowledge, cultural specifics etc.
Enabling a European environment that can find support and share what works. Available at: http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/social-innovation/sie-finalreport en. pdf Last accessed 18.12.13 Stumbitz, B, Mcdowall, R. and Gabriel
And the quality of their local entrepreneurship environments the strength of local technology partners, the quality of local science-industry linkages, and so on is critical to generating local knowledge spillovers that FOREWORD SMES
and the main policy needs those that will render the enabling environment more favourable are identified.
therefore working with governments around the globe to produce a set of policy recommendations, adapted to the current environment and based on sound analysis,
and their agents can boost innovation by improving environments for enterprise creation and innovation in small and medium-sized firms and strengthening the capabilities of entrepreneurs and SMES.
Major findings and messages The environment for innovation has changed; the importance of new and small firms to the innovation process has increased.
and important for the provision of appropriate legal and administrative environments. The key characteristic of social EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 19 entrepreneurship is that it aims to provide innovative solutions to unsolved social problems through some form of business.
and framework conditions. 2. Increasing the participation of new firms and SMES in knowledge flows. 3. Strengthening entrepreneurial human capital. 4. Improving the environment for social entrepreneurship and social
Improve financial, fiscal, legal and regulatory environments. Build environments that enable social enterprises to meet their economic and social goals.
Facilitate the development of a social investment marketplace, for example with fiscal incentives to attract investors, multiple forms of credit enhancement,
SMES and new business ventures are important players in this new environment. They have a key role in processes of creative destruction, knowledge exploitation, breakthrough and incremental innovation,
and improving institutional environments for social entrepreneurship. 1. INTRODUCTION SMES, E 24 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 The creation of new business ventures and innovation in existing
In this new environment, established and large firms were seen to outperform new and smaller firms in innovation because of a close link between infirm R&d spending and innovation. 3. The Entrepreneurial Economy.
Nevertheless, what has emerged is an environment in which entrepreneurship and SMES have moved up the agenda.
In this new environment, it is the creativity and adaptability in applying knowledge provided by SMES
The Silicon valley Business model There have been changes in the entrepreneurship environment in some very dynamic national
and local innovation environments that have made it easier for new start-ups to gather the resources required to become viable businesses
The Silicon valley environment has not been replicated in its intensity, but many of its important features have been taken up to a significant degree in the most innovative national and local environments of the 21st century.
Venture capital firms can now provide capital quickly to the most promising ventures whether or not they are in a large firm context.
and servicing can similarly be resolved in the market in highly entrepreneurial environments. Whilst this favours the SME, large corporations are adapting to become important players within this type of business model rather than treating it solely as a threat.
and social innovation and entrepreneurship represent an important change in the environment in which innovation takes place.
Large-scale research subsidies to national champions, other large firms and basic-research silos in national universities and research organisations are not the most effective way to generate innovation in an environment where knowledge
It also shows that the quality of local environments for knowledge generation and transfer counts
OECD Product Market Regulation (PMR) indicators The PMR indicators measure the economy-wide regulatory environment in OECD countries.
and actions to improve the business environment. This includes actions for administrative simplification as well as a tax measure to support the hiring of R&d personnel in young innovative companies.
creation of firms (2. 6%),development of firms (8%),efficient energy (4. 0%),innovations (22.4%),environment for business and innovations (35.4%)and business development services
In addition, a large component of the programme supports the development of a collaborative environment in which companies can enhance their international competitiveness through strategic co-operation (clusters and technology platforms).
and further improved the overall policy environment to foster high-tech entrepreneurship and SME development. To do so the government joined together with the Kfw banking group and the industrial corporations BASF
It is designed specifically to improve the entrepreneurial environment at universities and research institutes and to increase the number of technology and knowledge-based company formations.
Improvement of the entrepreneurial environment) as well as to threads of the five regional operational programmes related to entrepreneurship and digital convergence.
policy in agriculture, health, environment, marine and natural resources; foreign direct investment; increasing output; tech transfer;
In addition to these operational action lines, the programme has an institutional pillar focused on improving the environment in
institutional development to create an environment favourable to SMES; funding; entrepreneurship; innovation and training; and support to indebted entrepreneurs.
social capital and competitive environments. The programme favours training in innovation in the context of regional development plans, provides consultancy services to micro and small enterprises, supports the attendance of small entrepreneurs at meetings and internships,
The development of a robust legal framework conducive to the establishment of a highquality technology environment reflects the strength of the role of government and rule of law in India's innovation and entrepreneurship.
and Technology. 1986 also saw passage of the Environment Protection Act, which was supplanted by the Manufacture,
The attitude and behaviour of firms with regard to innovation is affected not only by relationships with the external environment (firms, suppliers, research institutes, etc.
IPR laws, R&d subsidies, environment regulations, etc..7. Incubation activities that provide facilities, business services and administrative support to new innovative efforts. 8. Finance, both debt-and equity-based,
Moreno, R.,R. Paci and S. Usai (2005), Spatial Spillovers and Innovation Activity in European Region, Environment and Planning A, Vol. 37, pp. 1793-1812.
requiring greater capacities to transform ideas into value in a changing business environment. Training for this skill is, first of all, not usually part of a formal education curriculum.
(and unlearn) from life situations inside and outside the work environment. Source: Adapted from Green et al.
vocational education and schools) and in work environments (focusing on informal entrepreneurship learning at work through the involvement of workers in knowledge-intensive service activities
Universities can create a protected environment for nascent entrepreneurship. This can be an important stimulus for students
Programmes should not be overloaded with information that will not be used in practice such as regulatory environments, industry trends, balance sheet and ratio analysis
rapidly changing operational environments and evolving business concepts (OECD, 2006, p. 47). This results in co-production of knowledge by the different workers involved, constituting a critical nexus of today's networking economy.
and structured environment (e g. in an education or training institution or on the job) and is designated explicitly as learning (in terms of objectives, time or resources).
Develop case studies tailored to the environment that students will face. Link into wider networks. Tap into the resources of alumni networks to help fund and support entrepreneurship programmes
in order to engage with their environment in coherent ways. They need to choose either value creation
which connects nonprofit organisations, sociallyresponsible companies and engaged individuals in a unique environment of shared interests.
Social entrepreneurship Build enabling environments and implement supporting policies Specific enabling environments (legal, fiscal, regulatory) might be needed for social entrepreneurs
it is constrained by the external environment (p. 10. Among the secondary characteristics that is, less recurring features one can find various degrees of positive social transformation;
and constrained by the external environment (p. 11). 6. The public sector may be included because of the entrepreneurial nature of some of its social projects,
They continuously interact with a turbulent and dynamic environment that forces them to pursue sustainability, often within the context of the relative resource poverty of the organisation.
vocational education and training and formal and informal training. 4. Improve the environment for social entrepreneurship and social innovation Build financial, fiscal,
legal and regulatory environments that enable social enterprises to meet their economic and social goals,
Green growth means making investment in the environment a new source of economic growth. Green jobsjobs that contribute to protecting the environment
and reducing the harmful effects human activity has on it (mitigation), or to helping to better cope with current climate change conditions (adaptation.
Investment in knowledge creation, diffusion and exploitation are critical in this environment. Knowledge flows The flows of knowledge occurring
This book explores how government policy can boost innovation by improving the environment for entrepreneurship and small fi rm development,
and capacity-building to make organizations resilient to rapidly changing external environments. The social innovation concept is employed also to research management structures
Funding streams have to be diversified to make social innovation resilient and sustainable in cyclical environments.
An innovative environment has to offer access to seedcorn capital; this can be provided through market mechanisms and public listings.
and regulatory systems create distinct circumstances and environments for social innovation. There is therefore an urgent need for research on the relation between social innovations and economic policy,
In this way we can start to explore in what kinds of environments social innovations are created
What kind of environment and what kind of settings are most favorable to the emergence of social innovations?
social innovation emphasizes the value of social capital for building sustainable and resilient societies that have the capacity to act in an environment of permanent change.
including access to social environments, community services, and e-commerce to its infohabitants. This study investigates how social network theories can be used to design
including access to social environments, community services, municipal information, and e-commerce to its infohabitants (Ferguson et al.,
) and is an environment of learning and innovation on real and virtual level and is a center of knowledge, information management, technology,
Garrison & Posey, 2006), easy-to-use environments, social computing, and services for collaboration and communication and how all these aspects of technology are needed to produce stable digital cities for everyone's benefit.
and cooperative environments and to give the user a sense of belongingness in the community (Ferguson et al.,
and Search User profiles Facilitates collaborative environments and gives the user a sense of belongingness in the Information City User Management Manage user's business information
. & Hayes, J. 2003), Transit Oriented Sustainable Urban Developments-Enhancing Community Consultation through Web Based Virtual Environments, Association for Computing Machinery Inc.,ACM Press, 271
and demand forecasting especially in a supply-chain environment. Prashanth Kannan conducted research in the area of Social networking/Digital Cities and business innovations and received his MS degree in Computer sciences from University of missouri at Rolla.
and power-hungry global population increasingly concentrated in urban environments entirely dependent on vulnerable power grids? In Transport, will we empower our increasingly urbanised global population with door-to-door,
and communicate to changing environments, optimizing operations, and improving efficiency. We will see over 15 smart global cities in 2020 and 26 by 2025.
Value for Many Next-generation business models are reshaping the landscape of the business environment. The Value for Many concept implies producing
and healthcare provision environments, the developing regions will drive new business models tailored to meeting specific patient needs in novel and costeffective ways.
happiness, convenience, choice, better quality of life, a cleaner environment, more time, less stress, and more safety to the end-user.
an enhanced passenger environment; less energy use and track damage; greater safety; and TSI (and RGS) compliance.
If people truly see the improvements to their lives, environment and society, they will see the value of investing in it.
and B2c models, focussing to a higher degree on a number of social parameters (environment, business ethics, etc.),
The trend is towards a business environment in which communications both real-time and non-real time are integrated to optimise stakeholder processes
they are convinced that employers need to tackle the issue today through better training programmes, better start-up environments,
But how big the skills gap will be is impossible to forecast in an ever-changing business environment.
transparent and replicable testing of open learning environments, open education theories, new business models, open education computational tools,
and digitally interconnected environment characterized by new affordances, structures, and rules (El Sawy et al. 1999.
, customers, value chain, financial flow, goods and services, societal environment 7 No No Osterwalder and Pignuer (2009) Customer segments, value propositions, channels, customer relationships
or environment that is kept at arm's length from business activities (El Sawy 2003). To theorize about new business models
Responding to the velocity and turbulence of the environment, and taking advantages of the affordances of digital technology, firms and groups of firms have been prolific in establishing digital platforms for the combination of technologies and the delivery of services (Gawer and Cusumano 2008).
-IT IT IT as Tool IT as Environment IT as Fabric Fig. 2. 2 Changing role of technology in business 2. 2 Why Digital Business models 19 are standards
The primary bridge between these application environments was the widespread use of the IBM 3270, the DEC VT-100 and other standards for"intelligent"data display terminals, the basis for interactive data
and mainframe environment by developing the intermediate solution of client-server data processing systems. This development is still very much in progress
In this new networked environment, the re-configuration of work organization becomes a central issue; strategic and practical issues surrounding the ownership
Most of the future research questions we identified would benefit greatly from advanced databases containing information on social innovation, social needs, the social economy and its innovative potential, other environments of social innovation, relevant
or safe environments, where social innovation can occur, while regimes are the larger rules or practices that shape innovation.
support for R&d co-operation) FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS Financial/economic environment Human resources Legal/institutional environment Political context Social context AN ECOSYSTEM FOR INNOVATIVE SOCIAL
Data and monitoring It is clear that we require more and better data on social innovation, social needs, the social economy and its innovative potential, other environments of social innovation, relevant actors and networks, technological
we could learn more about environments in which certain ones of such types have particularly high chances of success
focus in a challenging environment. Their R&d growth rate of 6. 3%in 2012 is above the 4. 3%growth rate of net sales,
7%environment & industrial processing and 19.2%services (including technology services) The segmentation by region was The americas 45.4%,Europe 26.1%,Asia Pacific 26.1,
and the companies involved we need to describe the main features of the business environment in
which these major changes are occurring. 5. 2 The business environment for healthcare There are four major trends occurring in healthcare
which are driving changes in the whole business environment. These are: The increasing demand for healthcare due to ageing populations and the growing wealth of developing countries.
http://ec. europa. eu/europe2020/pdf/targets en. pdf). 5 The Industrial Policy for the Globalisation Era flagship aims at improving the business environment, notably for SMES,
governance changes underway in various countries aimed at ensuring systemic and reinforced competitiveness in a global economic environment.
increasingly recognising that the establishment of a innovative environment is a prerequisite of development. The aims of such innovation policies are:
Our environment-including our belief and value systems-shapes the way we view the world around us
which is a radically different environment from the initial Internet based on physical links. Data traffic for mobile broadband will double every year until 2014, increasing 39 times between 2009 and 201413.
235 A Use-Case on Testing Adaptive Admission Control and Resource Allocation Algorithms on the Federated Environment of Panlab...
and Carsten Schmoll Table of contents XV Testing End-to-end Self management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment 259 Apostolos Kousaridas George Katsikas, Nancy Alonistioti, Esa Piri, Marko Palola,
which have the aim to create a flexible environment for autonomic deployment and management of virtual networks and services as experimented with
On one hand, it aims at achieving a full interoperation among the different entities constituting the ICT environment, by means of the introduction of Semantic Virtualization Enablers.
Preliminary test studies, realized in a home environment, confirm the potentialities of the proposed solution. 6 Part I:
communication channel among scientists to the most important medium for information exchange and the dominant communication environment for business relations and social interactions.
, 3d videos, interactive environments, network gaming, virtual worlds, etc. compared to the quantity and type of data currently exchanged over the Internet.
applications like collaborative 3d immersive environments, new commercial and transactional applications, new location-based services and so on.
trustworthy processing and handling of network and systems infrastructure and essential services in many critical environments, such as healthcare, transportation, compliance with legal regulations, etc.
Devices in environments such as sensor networks or even nano-networks/smart dust as well as in machine to machine-machine (M2m) environments operate with such limited processing,
The latter results in such a complexity that leaves no possibility for individual systems to adapt their control decisions and tune their execution at running time by taking into account their internal state, its activity/behavior as well as the environment
which have the aim to create a flexible environment for autonomic deployment and management of virtual networks and services as experimented with
which have the aim to create a flexible environment for autonomic deployment and management of virtual networks and services as experimented with
It enables secure but controlled execution environments; It allows an infrastructure that is aware of the impact on the existing services of a new deployment;
As such the Management Plane components will run on execution environments supported by the virtual networks and systems,
which aims to create a highly open and flexible environment for In-Network Clouds in Future Internet.
and service resources provided by an virtualisation environment. We have described also the management architectural and system model for our Future Internet,
Telecommunications networks have undergone a radical shift from a traditional circuit-switched environment with heavy/complex signalling focused on applications-oriented perspective,
collectively, constitute a reference model that can guide the realisation of future communications environments in the future Internet 4 11 12 13.
and the state of the net 54 M. Serrano et al. work environment, which enable services to self-adapt according the changes in the network context and environment.
It also means that services are executed both and managed within network execution environments and that both the services and the network resources can be managed uniformly in an integrated way.
Uniform management allows services and networks to harmonize their decisions and actions 14. The design of both networks and services is moving forward to include higher levels of automation
Future Internet environments consist of heterogeneous administrative domains, each providing a set of different services. In such complex environment, there is no single central authority;
rather, each provider has at least one (and usually multiple) separate resources and/or services that must be shared
Autonomic reflects the ability of such systems to be aware of both themselves and their environment
toolkit (s) and components that can guide the realisation of federated communications environments to effectively provide complex services (interoperable boundaries) and,
This scenario discloses on aspects about federation and integrated management of outer edge network environments;
and a digital world as depicted in Fig. 1. The real world consists of the physical environment that is instrumented with machine readable identification tags, sensors,
in order to enable a proactive reaction on some emergent situations in the living environment of elderly people.
and abstracting data about the environment, workflow based specifications of system behaviour and semanticallyenabled service discovery.
the service-centric perspective is influenced currently in enterprise IT environment and in the Web2. 0 mashup culture, showing the importance of flexibly reusing service components to build efficient applications.
it aims at achieving a full interoperation among the different entities constituting the ICT environment, by means of the introduction of Semantic Virtualization Enablers,
realized in a home environment, confirm the potentialities of the proposed solution. Keywords: Future Internet architecture, Cognitive networks, Virtualization, Interoperation. 1 Introduction Already in 2005, there was the feeling that the architecture
GENI 6 (Global Environment for Network Innovations) is a virtual laboratory for at scale experimentation of network science, based on a 40 Gbps real infrastructure.
and elaborate all the information coming from the whole environment (i e.,, users, contents, services, network resources, computing resources, device characteristics) via virtualization and data mining functionalities;
Furthermore, in each specific environment, the Cognitive Framework functionalities have to be distributed properly in the various network entities (e g.
the most appropriate network entities for hosting the Cognitive Managers have to be selected environment by environment.
as well as the relevant Elaboration functionalities have to be selected carefully environment-byenvironment, trading-off the advantages achieved in terms of efficiency with the entailed additional SW/HW/computation complexity.
So, provided that an appropriate tailoring to the considered environment is performed, the proposed architecture can actually scale from environments characterized by few network entities provided with high processing capabilities,
to ones with plenty of network entities provided with low processing (e g. Internet of things. 8) The above-mentioned flexibility issues favours a smooth migration towards the proposed approach.
Of course, careful, environment-byenvironment selection of the Cognitive Manager functionalities and of the network entities in which such functionalities have to be embedded,
which are expected to tailor the presented approach to different environments aiming at assessing, in a quantitative way, the actual achieved advantages in terms of flexibilty (scalability) and efficiency;
which are used to identify with no ambiguity the ASO in an OSI environment, consists of AP-title (Application Process title) which, by nature, addresses the applications horizontally 16.
Global Environment for Network Innovation Program. National Science Foundation, http://www. geni. net (2011) 15 Gruber, T.:
7) The investigation of the physical environment of e-services in terms of availability, worldwide vs. highly focused (cities),
subject to restrictions imposed by the environment and the actions of others 6. Similarly, game-theoretic models that aim at finding
Cloud computing, for instance, is built on shared resources and computing environments, offering virtualized environments to individual tenants
or groups of tenants, while executing them on shared physical storage and computation resources. The concept of Platform-as-a-service provides joint development and execution environments for software and services,
with common framework features and easy integration of functionality offered by third parties. The Internet of Services allows the forming of value networks through on-demand service coalitions
The authors propose security support in programming and execution environments for services, and suggest using rigorous models through all phases of the SDLC, from requirements engineering to model-based penetration testing.
and the automated technology is integrated in industrial-scale process modeling and execution environments. The two chapters demonstrate the way towards rigorous security
as if they were working within a single cloud environment. This advanced level of distribution offers increased economic benefits,
they must be able to operate in a hostile environment, where a large number of users are assumed to collude against the network and other users.
(3) supporting programming environments for secure and compose-able services,(4) enabling security assurance, integrating the former results in (5) a risk-aware and cost-aware software development life-cycle (SDLC),
so threats in the environment may change along the time and some reconfiguration may be required to adapt to that changes.
both from a general perspective and from a security perspective for security-critical software systems. 4 Security Support in Programming Environments Security Support in Programming Environments is not new;
that (2) new types of environments will be exploited, ranging from small embedded devices (things) to service infrastructures and platform in the cloud,
The search for security support in programming environments has to take this context in account.
will be required as well for many of the typical FI service environments. Next we further elaborate on the needs
Obviously the security support in programming environments that must be delivered will be essential to incept a transverse methodology that enables to manage assurance throughout the software and service development life cycle (SDLC.
or component substitution, evolving environments, evolving security requirements, etc.,both during system development and operation.
Multilateral security requirements analysis for preserving privacy in ubiquitous environments. In: Proc. of the Workshop on Ubiquitous Knowledge discovery for Users at ECML/PKDD, pp. 51 64 (2006) 15.
their components are built using different technology and run in different environments, yet interact and may interfere with each other. 8 Such as model checking with constraints, approaches based on SAT (i e.,
whether a given model representing the execution of the service under scrutiny in a hostile environment enjoys the security properties specified by a given formula.
and/or on its execution environment that prevent their applicability in some important cases. For instance, most techniques assume that communication between honest principals is controlled by a Dolev-Yao intruder 17,
and assess in such environments. To ease the analysis, it is necessary to factor out the access control policies and meta-policies from the possible workflow,
A concrete example is the industry migration of the AVANTSSAR Platform to the SAP environment.
Security Risks 12) Trustworthy Clouds Underpinning the Future Internet 213 3. 1 Isolation Breach between Multiple Customers Cloud environments aim at efficiencies of scale by increased
In order to mitigate this risk in a cloud computing environment, multi-tenant isolation ensures customer isolation. A principle to structure isolation management is One way to implement such isolation is labeling
problemdetermination, and (self-)repair mechanisms will be needed commonly in the cloud environment or recover from software and hardware failures.
The third challenge is to allow customers to continue operating a secure environment. This means that security infrastructure and systems within the cloud such as intrusion detection
Toward risk assessment as a service in cloud environments. In: Proceedings of the 2nd USENIX conference on Hot topics in cloud computing. pp. 13 13.
Privacy, Usage control, Privacy Policy 1 Introduction The vision of the Future Internet heralds a new environment where users,
This environment enables both incremental and disruptive approaches, supports multi-disciplinary research that goes beyond network layers, scholastic dogmas and public-private discussions.
and Resource Allocation Algorithms on the Federated Environment of Panlab reports on experiments needing to directly interact with the environment during runtime,
and solutions for a significant upgrade of the federated testbed environment that was used. The chapter by Zseby et al. entitled Multipath Routing Experiments in Federated Testbeds demonstrates the practical usefulness of federation and virtualisation in heterogeneous testbeds.
and they would be not have been possible without the ability to create environments across multiple administrative domains using the concepts of federation, in particular their advanced measurement technologies.
Finally the chapter Kousaridas et al. entitled Testing End-to-end Self management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment reports on the network management protocol test that exploited the availability of different administrative domains in federated testbeds
The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. A Use-Case on Testing Adaptive Admission Control and Resource Allocation Algorithms on the Federated Environment of Panlab Christos
and architectural components that enable testing applications near production environments over a heterogeneous pool of resources.
and providers can access services, a visual Creation Environment which is called Virtual Customer Testbed (VCT) tool where a customer can define requested services,
i) to run the experiment by moving a designed algorithm from a simulating environment to near production besteffort environment
Furthermore it can be deployed in a virtualized environment using Xen server technology, which allows regulating system resources such as CPU usage and memory,
and stop the work load generators on demand. 3 Technical Environment, Testbed Implementation and Deployment From the requirements of the use case,
in order to manage and configure various environment parameters or to get status of the resources. Fig. 5. Designing the algorithm to operate resources during execution In our testing scenario there is a need to configure resources
()is able to give back the CPU usage of the database resource. 5 Conclusions The results of running an experiment in Panlab are encouraging in terms of moving the designed algorithms from simulating environments to near production environments.
What is really attractive is that such algorithms can be tested in a best-effort environment with real connectivity issues that cannot be performed easily in simulation environments.
although not comparable currently with similar approaches are really encouraging in terms of moving the designed algorithms from simulating environments to near production environments.
What is really attractive is that such algorithms can be tested in a best-effort environment with real connectivity issues that cannot be performed easily in simulation environments.
of resources that are capable of hosting the RUBIS environment. We expect to make more resources available as demand increases.
In such an environment federation and virtualization of resources are key features that should be supported in a future Internet.
Besides the establishment of routing slices and the instrumentation of federated environments with measurement functions,
in order to supplement theoretical analysis and validate theoretical results by experiments in large-scale highly distributed environments and under real network conditions.
and can generate a much better controllable environment. We can install and use arbitrary software on the G-Lab nodes.
GENI-Global Environment for Network Innovations (2006), Information available at http://www. geni. net/11.
The active process interaction with its environment. Computer networks 36 (1), 21 34 (2001) 12. Mome.
The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. Testing End-to-end Self management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment Apostolos Kousaridas1, George Katsikas1, Nancy Alonistioti1
in order to experiment on the improvement of Qos features by using the Self-NET software for self management over a Wimax network environment.
, packet loss, delay, jitter) by using a self management framework over a live network environment and exploiting monitoring
while section 5 concludes this paper. 2 Experimental Facilities Decription The testing facility connecting a fixed Wimax network to the service-aware network is shown in Fig. 1. The Wimax network environment
and SS operate in a laboratory environment with short distance direct line-of-sight condition, which keeps the signal strength relatively stable and strong throughout the measurement cases.
There are also some contributory entities that assist in improving the traffic simulation by providing log information Testing End-to-end Self management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment 261 Fig. 1. Octopus testbed Wimax
and tunneling between Octopus and Self-NET environments. We implemented A BS control software (i e. NECM) to allow dynamically collect Wimax link information from the BS
For the test environment provisioning the IP tunneling (IPIP) and routing was setup at both ends,
The traffic sent from the Uoa BS Connector (10.1.1.1) is routed over the IPIP tunnel to the Wimax BS Testing End-to-end Self management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment 263 Fig. 3. Network topology
Testing End-to-end Self-Management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment 265 Fig. 4. Decision-making algorithm for configuration action selection Simple Fig. 4 presents
However, the Testing End-to-end Self management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment 267 increase rate is not linear
Testing End-to-end Self management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment 269 Table 6. Qos features improvement after partial (70%)Voip codec change from G. 711.1
The experiments that have been carried out by using the Octopus wireless network environment prove both the feasibility of the proposed architecture and the Qos improvement (e g.
An experimental path towards Self management for Future Internet Environments. In: Tselentis, G.,Galis, A.,Gavras, A.,Krco, S.,Lotz, V.,Simperl, E.,Stiller, B. eds.
be adapted dynamically to changing environments, and; learn the desired behaviour over time. As self-organizing
be adapted dynamically to changing environments, and; learn the desired behaviour over time, based on the original context of the Self-NET research project effort.
and managed within network execution environments and that both services and network resources can be managed uniformly in an integrated way.
adapts dynamically to changing environments, and; learns the desired behaviour over time. The effective design of monitoring protocols so as to support detection mechanisms critical for the elaboration of self-organizing networks has to be based on a clear understanding of engineering trade-offs with respect to local vs. non-local
In addition, security risks currently present in network environments request for immediate attention. This could be achieved by building trustworthy network environments to assure security levels
and manage threats in interoperable frameworks for autonomous monitoring. 1. 2 The Vision of a Modern Self-Managing Network The future vision is that of a self-managing network
In such an evolving environment, it is required the network itself to help detect, diagnose and repair failures,
Some of the challenges for operators/service providers include management (especially in self-organized wireless environments), resilience and robustness, automated re-allocation of resources, operations'abstractions in the underlying infrastructure,
and converged service capability across heterogeneous environments. Besides, the introduction of cognition in networks can contribute towards overcoming structural limitations of current infrastructures
the MDE cycle) are shown as in Fig. 2. Cognitive capabilities can enable the perception of the NES environment and the decision upon the necessary action (e g. configuration, healing, protection measures, etc..
having as a main goal the efficient handling of complexity towards FI environments. This, combined with the introduction of cognitive functionalities at all layers, can allow decisions/configurations at shorter time-scales 24
Thus, applying self-aware techniques in a modern network environment can ease network composition and network planning procedures
it involves continuous upgrading/modifications to provide a consistent and a transparent service environment, to sustain high Qos,
In the proposed test-bed, a heterogeneous wireless network environment has been deployed, consisting of several IEEE 802.11 Soekris access points (AP) 33 and an IEEE 802.16 Base Station (BS) 34,
The NECM periodically monitored its internal state and local environment by measuring specific parameters, thus building its local view.
and the allocation of network devices in a realistic office environment (at OTE's R&d premises), have both been considered as shown in Fig. 3. The topology has been selected
and to depict conditions that are common to corporate environments and especially to those that can occasionally host numerous nomadic end-users.
or per domain, targeting at a more distributed environment both in terms of management and operational activities.
wireless, fixed and IP networks), taking into consideration the next generation Internet environment and the convergence perspective.
Proceedings of the 1st IEEE International Workshop on Modelling Autonomic Communications Environments (2006) 25. Strassner, J.:
and several objects in a certain environment will be able to create a communication network. Challenges such as the infrastructure coverage extension or the infrastructure capacity extension, arise.
because based on the observed radio environment, the node capabilities, the network operator policies and the user profiles,
it will have to adapt dynamically during all its operational lifetime to changing environment conditions (e g. context, operator's policies, user profiles).
Suitability determination-Monitoring of radio environment parameters prior the creation of the ON Creation Maintenance-ON monitoring and management-ON reconfiguration Evaluation through operator's policies and fitness function Common pool of candidate
and analyzed using the Opportunistic Network Environment (ONE) 14,15. An indicative network topology of 60 total participant nonmoving nodes is illustrated in Fig. 6. Each node features 2 interfaces
etc. the Internet is currently providing a rich environment for social networking and collaboration and for emerging Cloud-based applications such as Amazon's EC2,
One approach of the project is to validate some concepts in a simulation environment. To make this proposal a viable solution for future production networks
Chapter 3 discusses the adoption of the framework, within the Future Internet but also in general System Management environments.
a management environment consisting of SLA and Service Managers can be set up in different flavours.
In the following use-case chapters we also provide additional configuration examples of the framework. 3. 2 Adoption Considerations for Cloud computing The SLA@SOI framework should become an intrinsic part of each cloud environment,
the actual scalability in a target environment depends on the number of interrelations between different artefacts.
The first scenario, titled Provisioning, responds to the issue of efficient allocation of new services ON IT infrastructure, SLA negotiation and provisioning of new services in the environment.
The second scenario, Run Time, deals with day-to-day, point in time operational efficiency decisions within the environment.
One application example is the services integration in heterogeneous environment to the devices mobility in 4g networks handovers,
The Media Internet is evolving to support novel user experiences such as immersive environments including sensorial experiences beyond video
Towards this goal, the proposed concept provides content-awareness to the network environment, network-and user contextawareness to the service environment,
and new functionalities for efficient cooperation between entities of various environments so as to finally provide the end user with the best and most complete service experience via a Media Ecosystem,
aiming to provide content-awareness to the network environment, network-and user context-awareness to the service environment,
and adapted services/content to the end user's Environment. 2 Background Numerous events and studies are dedicated currently to (re) define the directions which the Future Internet development should follow.
These environments are: User Environment (UE), to which the end users belong; Service Environment (SE), to which the service and content providers belong;
Network Environment (NE), to which the network providers belong. By Environment, it is understood a generic and comprehensive name to emphasize a grouping of functions defined around the same functional goal
and possibly spanning, vertically, one or more several architectural (sub-)layers. It characterizes a broader scope with respect to the term layer.
By Service, if not specified differently, we understand here high level services, as seen at application/service layer. 372 H. Koumaras et al. 3. 1 Layered Architectural Model The ALICANTE architecture contains vertically several environments/layers
and can be spanned horizontally over multiple network domains. The User Environment (UE) includes all functions related to the discovery
subscription, consumption of the services by the EUS. At the Service Environment (SE) the Service Provider (SP) entity is the main coordinator.
The architecture can support both synchronous communications or publish/subscribed ones. A novel type of service registry with enhanced functionalities allows new services supporting a variety of use case scenarios.
Rich service composition in various ways is offered to EUS, opening them the role of SP/CP and manager.
The Network Environment (NE) comprises the virtual CAN layer (on top) and the traditional network infrastructure layer (at the bottom.
These parameters are gathered from every environment using dedicated user profile management and/or monitoring entities/subsystems.
In this environment the main business actors/entities envisaged (as shown in Figure 3) are the following:
Each of the previously described environments is present in today actual deployments, but there is a profound limitation of collaboration among them.
The real challenge and ultimate objective is to find the appropriate means for efficient cooperation between entities of the various environments to provide the end-user with the best service experience
Media Ecosystem Deployment Through Ubiquitous Content-Aware Network Environments. ALICANTE, No248652 (last accessed: March 2011)( 2011), http://www. ict-alicante. eu/2. Borcoci, E.,Negru, D.,Timmerer, C.:
High quality multimedia contents can distribute in a flexible, efficient and personalized way through dynamic and heterogeneous environments in Future Internet.
and dispense high quality multimedia contents in an efficient, supple and personalized way through dynamic and heterogeneous environments.
In contrast, Peer-to-peer (P2p) media streaming protocols, motivated by the great success of file sharing applications, have attracted a lot of interest in academic and industrial environments.
and services, functioning under assorted and vibrant environments while maximizing not only Quality of Service (Qos) but also Quality of Experience (Qoe) of the users.
In such urban environments, people, companies and public authorities experience specific needs and demands regarding domains such as healthcare, media, energy and the environment, safety, and public services.
Therefore, cities and urban environments are facing challenges to maintain and upgrade the required infrastructures
towards Cooperation Frameworks for Open Innovation elaborates the concept of smart cities as environments of open
These common resources can be made accessible and shared in open innovation environments to achieve ambitious city development goals.
Internet of things and Enterprise Environments (DG Infso. The report claims that we are close to a significant transformation in the enterprise systems, where
Fig. 3. FINES design environment 5. 2 A Cloud-Based Architecture for FINERS Runtime Once a FINES has been assembled
a runtime environment will recognise, connect, and support the execution and collaboration of the FINER components.
FINERS Cloud Space Real world Low Level FINERS EVENT RESPONSE High Level FINERS Fig. 4. FINES Runtime Environment Future Internet Enterprise
The main objective of the GSN/Mantychore liaison is to create a pilot and a testbed environment from
Rising energy costs, working in an austerity based environment which has dynamically changing business requirements has raised the focus of the community to control some characteristics of these connectivity services,
implementing the platform level services that provide running environment enabling cloud computing and networking capabilities to GSN services.
i) Setting up a new environment (i e.,, a new data center) for hosting the application with required configurations,
This results in a reconfiguration of a large number of servers and network devices in a multi-domain environment.
This paper explores smart cities as environments of open and user-driven innovation for experimenting
common resources regarding research and innovation can be identified that can be shared in open innovation environments.
environment and business 1. Therefore the issue arises of how cities, surrounding regions and rural areas can evolve towards sustainable open
inno 432 H. Schaffers et al. vation and adoption in real-life environments. This paper pays particular attention to collaboration frameworks which integrate elements such as Future Internet testbeds
and Living Lab environments that establish and foster such innovation ecosystems. The point of departure is the definition
Secondly, this characterisation implicitly builds upon the role of the Internet and Web 2. 0 as potential enablers of urban welfare creation through social participation, for addressing hot societal challenges, such as energy efficiency, environment
the potential role of cities as innovation environments is gaining recognition 4. The current European commission programmes FP7-ICT
and CIP ICT-PSP stimulate experimentation into the smart cities concept as piloting user-driven open innovation environments.
The implicit aim of such initiatives is to mobilise cities and urban areas as well as rural and regional environments as agents for change,
and as environments of democratic innovation 5. Increasingly, cities and urban areas are considered not only as the object of innovation
scaling, mobility) Urban development Essential infrastructures Business creation User-driven open innovation Engagement of citizens Resources Experimental facilities Pilot environments Technologies Urban
Common, shared research and innovation resources as well as cooperation models providing access to such resources will constitute the future backbone of urban innovation environments for exploiting the opportunities provided by Future Internet technologies.
Cities and urban areas provide a potentially attractive testing and validating environment. However, a wide gap exists between the technology orientation of Future Internet research and the needs and ambitions of cities.
Smart cities, from smart phones, mobile devices, sensors, embedded systems, smart environments, smart meters, and instrumentation sustaining the intelligence of cities.
The most urgent challenge of smart city environments is to address the problems and development priorities of cities within a global and innovation-led world.
and strategies that create the physical-digital environment of smart cities, actualising useful applications and e-services,
The first task that cities must address in becoming smart is to create a rich environment of broadband networks that support digital applications.
Technologies, such as content and context fusion, immersive multi-sensory environments, location-based content dependent on user location and context, augmented reality applications, open and federated
the environment for applications and their business models has been very complex, with limited solutions available‘off the shelf',a lot of experimentation,
logistics and environment Iot-based services. A comparison of the role of users in FIRE facilities projects compared to Living Labs is presented in Table 3. Importantly,
Private and People Partnership) ecosystem that provides opportunities to users/citizens to co-create innovative scenarios based on technology platforms such as Future Internet technology environments involving large enterprises
Their aim is to develop smart cities infrastructures and services in real-life urban environments in Europe.
The Cloud is considered to be a resource environment that is dynamically configured (run-time) to bring together testbeds
and prioritisation of the cultural heritage in their city and also to an exploration of the privacy and security issues that are central to the acceptance and success of Future Internet services for the safety of urban environments.
dynamic co-creation environments that make up a Smart City. These projects examples provide initial examples of collaboration models in smart city innovation ecosystems, governing the sharing and common use of resources such as testing facilities, user groups
and developers. 444 H. Schaffers et al. 5 Conclusions and Outlook In this paper we explored the concept of smart cities as environments of open
Such common resources potentially can be shared in open innovation environments. Two layers of collaboration were distinguished that govern the sharing of these resources.
A key requirement emphasised in this paper is how, within an environment of open innovation in smart cities and governed by cooperation frameworks,
six dimensions 448 J. M. Hernández-Muñoz et al. of‘smartness'were identified (economy, people, governance, mobility, environment, and living).
it can be approached as a socio-technical system comprising Internet-accessible information and services, coupled to the physical environment and human behavior,
The most relevant basic FI pillars 11 for a Smart City environment are the following:
interact and exchange information about themselves and their social context and environment. At this point, it is important to highlight a bidirectional relationship between the FI and Smart Cities:
on the other direction, Smart Cities can provide an excellent experimental environment for the development,
as most aspects are related closely (e g. environment and traffic, both of them to health, etc.).
and devices connected in Smart City environments. Through a set of basic functionalities it will support different types of Smart City services in multiple application areas:
thus allowing federation with different service creation environments and different business processes. 3. 2 USN Architecture for Urban Iot Platforms
Besides the SWE influence, the USN-Enabler relays on existing specifications from the OMA Service Environment (OSE) 27 enablers (such as presence, call conferencing, transcoding, billing, etc..
The Catalogue and Location Entity (CLE) provides mechanisms in a distributed environment to discover which of the different instances of the entities is the one performing the request a user might be interested In for example
complexity and environmental conditions to create a realistic simulation environment. The consequence is clear: simulation results can only give very limited information about the feasibility of an algorithm or a protocol in the field.
The resulting scale and heterogeneity of the environment makes it an ideal environment for enabling the above mentioned broad range of experi Smart Cities at the Forefront of the Future Internet 457 mentation needs.
Cities can act as invaluable source of challenging functional and nonfunctional requirements from a variety of problem and application domains (such as vertical solutions for the environment control and safety
There are very few initiatives addressing the creation of such smart city environments. Some examples are Oulu in Finland 28, Cambridge, Massachusetts 29,
"This will enable city environments to become"smarter, "as more adaptive and supportive environment, for people as well as organizations.
Interconnecting Infrastructure WISEBED SENSEI New Colour scheme: Telco2. 0 (TID) Common Testbed/Gateway Testbed management Testbed Access Interface Testbed Portal Overlay Enabler Security, Privacy and Trust Smart Santander
The facility will allow large-scale experimentation and testing in a real-world environment. The infrastructure will be deployed mainly in Santander in the North of Spain, with nodes in Guildford, UK;
and testing limited to small domain-specific environments or application specific deployments. While those may suffice as proof-of-concepts,
Currently, the deployment of the first 2, 000 sensors in the urban environment is been carried.
OMA Service Environment Archive, http://www. openmobilealliance. org/technical/release program/ose archive. aspx 28. Oulu Smart City, http://www. ubiprogram. fi/29.
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