environment

Synopsis: Entrepreneurship: Environment:

WEF_AMNC14_Report_TheBoldOnes.pdf

They grew aggregate revenues of nearly $100bn by 30%annually for two years straight in an environment where the overall economy grew at less than 1/10th of that rate.

and competitors try to capture it in an environment with relatively lower barriers to entry.

Richard Branson's battle when trying to start a new airline (Virgin Atlantic) from scratch in an environment of nationally backed carriers has to be one of the more impressive examples,

High-impact entrepreneurs often take an interest in society's problems targeting areas such as the environment, poverty reduction, education or sanitation.

and Roa for the other industry groups keeps declining due to the increased competitive environment. EBITDA/sales is also starting to narrow into a range of just over 4 percentage points between industries.

he understands how to work within a business environment, especially one as large as Nike.

Driving innovation within a large corporation Nike's Tinker Hatfield is passionate about creating the right environment for creativity.

or the ZOO, where he gives his team a great deal of license to create a stimulating environment.

While strong at the start, Services companies seem to encounter a very hostile environment in their Adolescent stage.

So if the constraining factor in an economic environment is the number of companies, then Services offers the best impact.

WEF_EuropeCompetitiveness_FosteringInnovationDrivenEntrepreneurship_Report_2014.pdf

and growth by encouraging a robust environment of ambitious, serial entrepreneurs who envisage, create and scale innovation-driven ventures.

and to examine the factors that comprise a supporting environment for entrepreneurs to develop and scale ideas.

laying the ground for further discussion on how Europe can prepare itself in the long term for successful innovation environments attuned to the breakthroughs yet to materialize.

The Global Competitiveness Report 2013-2014 1 2 5 6 7 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Labor market efficiency

Defi ning Competitiveness The 12 Pillars of Competitiveness Institutions Higher education and training Technological readiness Infrastructure Goods market effi ciency Market size Macroeconomic environment

when it came to conditions in their environment 66%said they perceive favourable conditions for stand up,

and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Public Reducing costs for entrepreneurs49 We invest in the business environment to create a feeling of opportunities.

What activities by other actors will be crucial to support policy-makers in improving the environment for innovation-driven entrepreneurship?

Every European region needs an environment conducive to business start-up and successful in mobilizing talent.

and we must act decisively in nurturing the best investment environment possible. Against this background, the government recently launched its Industrial Development Strategy for Growth

and an enabling business regulatory environment. 40 Enhancing Europe's Competitiveness Mark Rutte Prime minister of The netherlands The role of innovation-driven entrepreneurship in your economy:

Individual attitudes and skills can be influenced effectively by direct experience in a start-up environment, for example through internship programmes or employment opportunities.

and protected in a digital environment. Efforts to share governmentowned data intelligently can also help in this respect:

and feel more comfortable about trusting their own government authorities in a digital environment. Back-burners:

a change of external relationships between traditional and nontraditional stakeholders and the environment, and a change of outlook among the top management.

both pull and push factors from the current environment are creating an impetus for future organizations to master the ability to innovate across disciplines and domains.

economic and technological changes that characterize the business environment for multinationals and SMES alike, organizations that are able to innovate cooperatively amid contextual changes will be most likely to minimize resistance

and reap the benefits of new sources of growth in an increasingly volatile and uncertain environment,

In turn, corporations will invest in co-learning/co-creation environments and competency development for project-focused networks and communities.

Stakeholders should tap into this motivation at scale to create the most supportive environment possible for each life cycle phase,

and other actors interested in improving entrepreneurial environments. 4. Supporting the innovations of today in isolated sectors is not enough Europe needs to create ecosystems that will support innovations emerging in unconventional ways across government and business.

A look towards the future reveals that optimizing Europe's supporting environment for entrepreneurship and innovation today is not enough.

Finally, the following reports give a deeper understanding of the entrepreneurial environment in Europe: Adecco, INSEAD, Human Capital Leadership Institute (2013), Global Talent Competitiveness Index Barclays report, written by The Economist Intelligence Unit (2014), Start me up:

WEF_GAC_CompetitivenessOfCities_Report_2014.pdf

they condition the greater operating environment for cities around the world. It is up to cities to take advantage of these megatrends,

as well as to mitigate negative forces such as rising inequality, pressure on natural resources and the environment, and a diminution of trust in public authorities.

including (1) institutions,(2) policies and regulation of the business environment,(3) hard connectivity, and (4) soft connectivity.

2. Policies and regulation of the business environment (what to reform) Getting the basics right Stable and prudent macroeconomic policies, efficient and simple taxation, a flexible labour market, openness to trade and foreign

and the environment. Hong kong SAR and Singapore are great examples of urban density, as is Chicago, USA in recent years.

Sustainability Sustainability can be defined as long-term economic development compatible with available natural resources and the preservation of the natural environment.

pressures grow on resources and the environment. Per-capita energy consumption worldwide has doubled more than since 1950.

and maintaining an efficient environment for doing business. The Competitiveness of Cities 11 The same applies to cities.

condition the environment facing cities around the world. Some megatrends, notably urbanization and its clustering effects, are centripetal,

How can they mitigate negative forces such as rising inequality, pressure on natural resources and the environment,

including taking advantage of crises and critical turning points 2. Policies and regulation of the business environment

Macroeconomic policies related to the city's fiscal policies (revenue and expenditure) Business-environment policies and regulations related to markets for goods, services, capital and labour, many of which are captured well in the World bank's Doing Business index.

including poor workforce retention, low levels of innovation, a challenging start-up environment and weak coordination among different levels of leadership.

This plan addresses top-of-mind concerns like economic growth, government transparency, quality of life, mobility and the environment.

The city has reinvented also itself around the preservation of the environment, and received the European Green Capital Award in 2013 for combating climate change, preserving nature,

Some of the characteristics that contributed to Manisa's success were its industrial infrastructure (especially energy infrastructure), its relative close proximity to the port of Izmir and its rapid development of a world-class and high-quality business services environment.

The combination of a favourable business environment with a good quality of life makes the city a desirable place for both work and living.

with a relatively pollution-free environment, clean drinking water and regular power supply. The population explosion has started already putting pressure on Chandigarh's limited resources.

Is the deteriorating quality of life also affecting its industrial environment and competitiveness? What actions are being taken towards these challenges?

Chandigarh can build on its unique architecture and good environment, but needs to move beyond its limited economic sectors and create stronger public-private civil society mechanisms for the next phase of its development.

It is also a highly forested city that places a high degree of importance on the natural environment.

and has many universities that perhaps can provide a valuable foundation in building a new innovation environment.

improving the investment environment, attracting foreign investment and producing advanced technologies. In the next phase, Zhuhai focused on high-tech industries with intensive technologies and high added value.

and Technologies of Zhuhai Special Economic zone. 26 A Report of the Global Agenda Council on Competitiveness An internationalized business environment:

However, it was Dubai's ability to create an environment of free trade, a global meeting place for exhibitions and trade shows,

planned to be 10 times the size of Dubai International airport (itself one of the largest and fastest-growing airports in the world), all in a free zone environment.

and provided an environment in which nationals and residents can have a good lifestyle while living in Dubai.

environment; and respect for religion. While some element of the code may limit certain individual Western-style freedoms,

The pace of growth may also affect the environment and social fabric; however, measures such as the code of conduct are being taken to limit this effect.

it conspicuously lacks a venture-capital start-up culture. 2. Policies and regulation of the business environment

a complex system of county and local authorities has produced over time a business tax environment that fosters confusion,

would contribute substantially to a more efficient, business-friendly environment. Permitting: Historically, business permitting in Detroit has been characterized by uncertainty at best,

Nevertheless, in recent years other cities have performed better on business environment indicators. The Doing Business in Mexico 2014 subnational report ranks Monterrey 16th nationally (see the Table.

develop and enhance competitiveness. 2. Policies and regulation of the business environment (what to reform) Innovation policies To implement its innovation-driven strategy,

creating an environment of fear and panic. A large part of the population migrated out of the city from fear.

Earlier, all problems had to be sorted out in a city hall environment, whereas the new delegation of powers ensured that citizens could get easier and more local redress of their problems.

Policies and regulation of the business environment Get the basics right, i e. stable and prudent macroeconomic policies, efficient and simple taxation, a flexible labour market, openness to trade and foreign direct investment, simple and transparent domestic business regulation.

2. Policies and Regulation of the Business Environment (What to Reform) Getting the Basics Right:

Simplicity, Transparency, Predictability Getting the basics right is the primary lesson for good public policy for a regulatory environment that maximizes competitiveness.

Through Digital Infrastructure and Connectedness Soft connectivity also refers to an environment of connectedness for citizens and entrepreneurs.

populations live in an environment of mobile communications and cloud computing. Computing is turning ubiquitous, and digital experiences span devices.

For Liveable Cities Vancouver (Canada) is renowned for having created a wonderful urban environment in a naturally beautiful setting with its narrow, tall buildings and abundant green space.

in order to maximize green space in a dense urban environment with limited available land. Curitiba an example of planned liveability, is cited often as having the highest quality of life in Brazil,

regulating the business environment, delivering public services and municipal decision-making. The third observation is differentiated a one:

and should get the basics of policy right on public finances, globalization and regulation of the business environment.

WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2014-15.pdf

, President Seth Twum-Akwaboah, Executive director Greece SEV Hellenic Federation of Enterprises Michael Mitsopoulos, Senior Advisor, Infrastructures and Business Environment Thanasis Printsipas, Economist

and benefits for all segments of the population and by being respectful of the environment.

their performance may be affected by a changing environment characterized by greater difficulty accessing capital as well as lower prices for the commodities that fueled past growth a trend that is also likely to affect many developing economies.

Institutions The institutional environment is determined by the legal and administrative framework within which individuals, firms,

The importance of a sound and fair institutional environment has become all the more apparent during the recent economic

In addition, the proper management of public finances is critical for ensuring trust in the national business environment.

Macroeconomic environment The stability of the macroeconomic environment is important for business and, therefore, is significant for the overall competitiveness of a country. 10

unless the macro environment is stable. Macroeconomic stability captured the attention of the public most recently when some advanced economies, notably the United states and some European countries,

It is important to note that this pillar evaluates the stability of the macroeconomic environment,

and adapt rapidly to their changing environment and the evolving needs of the production system.

The best possible environment for the exchange of goods requires a minimum of government intervention that impedes business activity.

and they must provide equity in the business environment between women and men. Taken together these factors have a positive effect on worker performance and the attractiveness of the country for talent,

This progression requires an environment that is conducive to innovative activity and supported by both the public and the private 2014 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2014 2015 9 1. 1:

Innovation Pillar 1. Institutions Pillar 2. Infrastructure Pillar 3. Macroeconomic environment Pillar 4. Health and primary education Figure 1:

2. Infrastructure Pillar 3. Macroeconomic environment Pillar 4. Health and primary education Pillar 11. Business sophistication Pillar 12.

Maintaining competitiveness at this stage of development hinges primarily on well-functioning public and private institutions (pillar 1), a well-developed infrastructure (pillar 2), a stable macroeconomic environment (pillar 3),

Finally, Switzerland's macroeconomic environment is among the most stable in the world (12th) at a time

Its economy can also rely on a sound macroeconomic environment and fiscal management (15th) its budget surplus amounted to 6. 9 percent of GDP in 2013.

The macroeconomic environment remains the country's greatest area of weakness (113th), although the fiscal deficit continues to narrow

and infrastructure and is balanced only partially out by improvements in the country's macroeconomic environment and financial development.

which has provided the Danish workforce with the skills needed to adapt rapidly to a changing environment

and an environment that facilitates new business creation. Notwithstanding these strengths, some concerns remain about the efficiency of Belgium's government (64th;

a solid macroeconomic environment (20th; and high levels of education and training (20th. Its labor market is also more efficient than in most countries in the 2014 World Economic Forum 1. 1:

The country's economic recovery is reflected also in a sounder macroeconomic environment the budget deficit fell below the 3 percent mark, leading to a closing of the European commission's excessive government procedure and an improvement in borrowing conditions in the financial

The Global Competitiveness Index 2014 2015 26 The Global Competitiveness Report 2014 2015 focus on strengthening its macroeconomic environment,

On a brighter note, Korea possesses a remarkably sound macroeconomic environment (7th, second only to Norway among OECD countries.

The country moves up 12 places in the macroeconomic environment pillar and now ranks 19th, its best showing among the 12 pillars.

However, the overall business environment and market efficiency (95th down 10 places) are undermined by protectionism, monopolies,

as evidenced by the country's 101st rank in the macroeconomic environment pillar of the GCI.

India in the 12 pillars of the GCI 2014 2015 Institutions (70) Infrastructure (87) Macroeconomic environment (101) Health and primary education (98) Higher education and training (93) Goods

its relatively stable macroeconomic environment (53rd), its large and deep internal market that allows for important economies of scale (10th), reasonably good transport infrastructure (41st),

Venezuela (131st) continues to be immersed in a deep macroeconomic (139th) and institutional (144th) crisis. A very unstable macroeconomic environment with high levels of inflation

Structural reforms and improvements to business environments will help restore the still-shaken investor confidence in countries in transition in the region.

A strong macroeconomic environment (5th) and some positive aspects of the country's institutions such as strong public trust in politicians (3rd) and high government efficiency (5th) round out the list of competitive advantages.

and a favorable financial environment for start-ups (availability of venture capital is assessed at 9th place). Yet for the country's innovation-driven competitiveness strategy to be successful and viable going into the future,

Room for improvement also remains with respect to the macroeconomic environment (50th), although improvements have taken place between 2012 and 2013 as the fiscal deficit

reflecting Morocco's relative social and political stability and efforts made over recent years to modernize its business environment, particularly its administrative aspects.

This rise is driven mainly by a sounder macroeconomic environment, which remains the country's most important competitiveness strength (11th).

First, the macroeconomic environment has deteriorated over recent years to reach 141st position mainly because of a widening fiscal deficit, rising public indebtedness

its performance in the macroeconomic environment having dropped sharply in the previous year remains at 89th.

as well as its sound macroeconomic environment (13th), based on balanced fiscal budgets. However, the country's heavy reliance on diamond mining

The country continues to benefit from a relatively well functioning institutional environment (50th with well-protected property rights, an independent judiciary,

or rank 118) to start a business could further improve the enabling environment for businesses.

weakening fiscal finances are affecting the macroeconomic environment (126th; and health remains an area of serious concern (117th.

29 In addition, the country's macroeconomic environment remains challenging and is characterized by a high government deficit of 5. 4 percent of GDP.

Despite efforts to improve its macroeconomic environment including the dollarization of its economy in early 2009,

its strengths are in its macroeconomic environment and market size, but much remains to be done across the board to build up the country's 2014 World Economic Forum 1. 1:

and enabling regulatory environments must be in place. However, and perhaps even more importantly, strong leadership in both the public and private sectors is essential.

and weaknesses of its national competitiveness environment and pinpoint those factors most constraining its economic development.

Macroeconomic environment...25%3. 01 Government budget balance*3. 02 Gross national savings*3. 03 Inflation*f 3. 04 Government debt*3. 05 Country

a broad-based movement concerned with protecting the environment, and in particular with the effects of environmental damage on the health and well-being of both humans and the environment.

Over the past decades, these ideas have become prominent in the global discourse and have helped to create a public expectation of growing prosperity that goes hand in hand with social justice and environmental protection.

Yet the possibility of achieving this vision within the boundaries of the prevalent growth model has been called into question as increasing pressures on the environment have become evident

Environment Programme, Switzerland 2014 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2014 2015 55 1. 2:

In another example, the Banking and Environment Initiative (BEI) comprises 10 of the world's largest banks,

see the website of the Australian Government's Department of the Environment at http://www. environment. gov. au/climate-change/repealing-carbon-tax. 3 Kuramochi 2014.4 See the GLOBE Climate Legislation Study

A high-quality natural environment improves the productivity of the workforce by reducing health damage caused by pollution or environmental degradation.

20 Finally, environment-driven health problems lead to resource misallocation, forcing governments to fund additional, and otherwise unnecessary, health programs and diverting resources that would

An initial framework includes areas such as creating an enabling environment for human capital formation, reinforcing the wage

The quality of the environment and the structure of a society are correlated clearly. On the one hand, well-managed natural resources increase the quality of life,

a degraded environment negatively affects the health, and thus the productivity, of the workforce. It also reduces the overall quality of life of members of the society.

of which 90 percent are children's. An unhealthy environment dampens economic opportunities, prevents people from participating in the life of the community,

and the environment. The relationship between demography and environmental/social sustainability is extremely intricate. Rapidly growing populations can be a source of environmental stress, leading to greenhouse gas emissions, high rates of soil erosion,

Persistent poverty may also affect the environment and may lead to massive unplanned urbanization, such as slums, where large segments of the population are without access to basic services.

Such settlements can have significant repercussions for the environment, including deforestation and the pollution of water resources,

environment, and social sustainability is the use of particular alternative energy sources such as ethanol and biodiesel.

institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, health and primary education, higher education and training, goods market efficiency, labor market efficiency, financial market development, technological readiness, market size, business

The third area takes into consideration the degradation of the environment, which can cause serious damage to human health

and the Quality of the natural environment. Particulate matter concentration is a proxy for air pollution,

The quality of the natural environment is based a perception assessment of the local status of the environment that measures the observation of local business leaders on the ground.

additional variables are needed to obtain a more Environmental policy Use of renewable resources Degradation of the environment Environmental regulations (stringency

matter concentration CO2 intensity Quality of the natural environment Figure 3: Summary of indicators for environmental sustainability 2014 World Economic Forum The Global Competitiveness Report 2014 2015 67 1. 2:

On the environment side similar to other economies in the region, Norway is making efforts to reduce its footprint on its natural capital

especially as it pertains to the environment. In terms of social sustainability, China is slowly expanding access to drinking water and sanitation for the entire population,

Vietnam's recent industrialization combined with its limited environmental norms is having a strong negative impact on the environment,

and limited protected areas are wearing down the assessment of the quality of the natural environment.

and the government has adopted measures to protect the environment with a relatively strict regulatory framework,

and the adoption of a national environment policy. Yet protection of forests and habitats remains an issue,

The creation of several protected land areas and commitments to most of the international environment treaties are important steps that the country has taken recently toward protecting the environment.

and Avent 2014.8 This definition is from the World Commission on Environment and Development's (the Brundtland Commission's) report Our Common Future.

The Environment and Directed Technical Change. American Economic Review 102 (1): 131 66. Acemoglu, D.,S. Naidu, P. Restrepo,

Environment and Development Economics 2: 369 81. Bäthge, S. 2010. Climate Change and Gender: Economic Empowerment of Women Through Climate Mitigation and Adaptation?

Effects of a Carbon Tax on the Economy and the Environment. May, Pub. No. 4532.

International Institute for Environment and Development. Nachmany, M.,Fankhauser, S.,Townshend, T.,Collins, M. Landesman, T.,Matthews, A.,Pavese, C.,Rietig, K.,Schleifer, P. and Setzer, J. 2014.

Locational Competition and the Environment: Should Countries Harmonize Their Environmental Policies? Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper No. 1079, Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics, Yale university..

Health and the Environment. In OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050: The Consequences of Inaction. OECD Publishing. 275 332.

UNEP (United nations Environment Programme. 2010a. How Close Are We to the Two Degree Limit? Information Note.

Paper prepared for the UNEP Governing Council Meeting & Global Ministerial Environment Forum, February 24 26, Bali, Indonesia.

Report prepared by the United nations Environment Programme as part of its Green Economy Initiative, April. Available at http://www. unep. org/PDF/Pressreleases/201004 unep national strategy. pdf..2011.

United Nation Environment Programme. UNEP (United nations Environment Programme), World meteorological organization. 1997. Common Questions about Climate Change.

Available at http://www. gcrio. org/ipcc/qa/index. htm. UN-HABITAT (United nations Human Settlements Programme.

matter (2. 5 concentration*(log) S20 Quality of the natural environment NOTES a Formally we have 0. 4 x country score sample minimum+0. 8 (sample maximum sample

CIESIN uses time series of the World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) developed by the United nations Environment Programme (UNEP) World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) in 2011

. yale. edu/epi/issue-rankings S20 Quality of the natural environment In your country, how would you assess the quality of the natural environment?

Innovation and Technology Infrastructure V. Financial Environment VI. Foreign Trade and Investment VII. Domestic Competition VIII.

Environment XIV. Health Most questions in the Survey ask respondents to evaluate, on a scale of 1 to 7, one particular aspect of their operating environment.

At one end of the scale, 1 represents the worst possible situation; at the other end of the scale, 7 represents the best (see Box2 for an example.

despite the efforts of our Partner Institutes, especially in challenging environments where the administration of the Survey is difficult.

15,000 20,000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

90.3.5 Macroeconomic environment...122.3.8 Health and primary education...62.5.8 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).95.3.7 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*6. 2...123 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

90.3.5 Macroeconomic environment...122.3.8 Health and primary education...62.5.8 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).95.3.7 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*6. 2...123 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

5, 000 6, 000 7, 000 8, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education

106.3.1 Macroeconomic environment...11.6.4 Health and primary education...81.5.6 Efficiency enhancers (35.7%).125.3.3 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*0. 1...20 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency Financial market development Technological readiness Market size Business sophistication Innovation

139.2.0 Macroeconomic environment...71.4.7 Health and primary education...136.3.5 Efficiency enhancers (35.6%).140.2.8 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*1. 5...42 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

20,000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency Financial

89.3.5 Macroeconomic environment...102.4.2 Health and primary education...67.5.8 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).93.3.8 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*3. 5...83 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 000 9, 000 12,000 15,000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market

78.3.8 Macroeconomic environment...77.4.6 Health and primary education...99.5.3 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).87.3.8 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*2. 5...64 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

50,000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency Financial

20.5.6 Macroeconomic environment...30.5.6 Health and primary education...17.6.5 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).15.5.2 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*3. 7...86 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

13.5.8 Macroeconomic environment...33.5.5 Health and primary education...19.6.4 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).23.5.0 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*1. 8...48 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

70.4.1 Macroeconomic environment...9...6. 4 Health and primary education...104.5.2 Efficiency enhancers (37.8%).71.4.1 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*0. 8...15 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

40,000 50,000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

31.5.2 Macroeconomic environment...47.5.2 Health and primary education...40.6.2 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).40.4.5 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*4. 4...98 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

127.2.4 Macroeconomic environment...72.4.7 Health and primary education...102.5.3 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).103.3.6 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*4. 0...90 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

20,000 25,000 30,000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market efficiency Labor market

28.5.3 Macroeconomic environment...132.3.4 Health and primary education...16.6.5 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).54.4.3 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*10.3.140 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

18.5.6 Macroeconomic environment...70.4.7 Health and primary education...2...6. 7 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).18.5.1 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*2. 8...69 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency Financial market development Technological readiness Market size Business sophistication

92.3.5 Macroeconomic environment...119.3.9 Health and primary education...89.5.5 Efficiency enhancers (45.0%).123.3.3 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*4. 0...92 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

109.3.0 Macroeconomic environment...35.5.5 Health and primary education...109.4.9 Efficiency enhancers (45.5%).116.3.4 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*0. 1...19 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

101.3.2 Macroeconomic environment...13.6.3 Health and primary education...127.4.1 Efficiency enhancers (42.4%).84.3.9 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*0. 2...18 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

9, 000 12,000 15,000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market efficiency

76.4.0 Macroeconomic environment...85.4.5 Health and primary education...77.5.7 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).42.4.5 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*3. 3...81 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

74.4.1 Macroeconomic environment...36.5.4 Health and primary education...51.6.0 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).52.4.3 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*1. 9...49 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

2, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods

141.2.0 Macroeconomic environment...83.4.5 Health and primary education...141.3.2 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).132.3.2 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*3. 0...76 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 500 2, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training

140.2.0 Macroeconomic environment...112.4.0 Health and primary education...114.4.6 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).144.2.6 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*1. 9...52 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

107.3.1 Macroeconomic environment...80.4.6 Health and primary education...91.5.4 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).100.3.6 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*3. 0...72 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market

126.2.5 Macroeconomic environment...90.4.4 Health and primary education...112.4.7 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).113.3.5 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*4. 2...95 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

15.5.7 Macroeconomic environment...51.5.1 Health and primary education...7...6. 6 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).6...5. 4 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*3. 0...74 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

3, 000 4, 000 5, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods

104.3.1 Macroeconomic environment...106.4.1 Health and primary education...57.6.0 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).127.3.3 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*7. 7...133 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

2, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods

144.1.7 Macroeconomic environment...73.4.7 Health and primary education...144.2.7 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).142.2.7 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*2. 4...61 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

49.4.6 Macroeconomic environment...22.5.9 Health and primary education...70.5.7 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).29.4.7 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*0. 7...32 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 000 6, 000 8, 000 10,000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods

46.4.7 Macroeconomic environment...10.6.4 Health and primary education...46.6.1 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).30.4.7 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*1. 9...50 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

84.3.7 Macroeconomic environment...29.5.6 Health and primary education...105.5.2 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).63.4.2 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*1. 0...37 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

73.4.1 Macroeconomic environment...93.4.4 Health and primary education...48.6.1 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).56.4.3 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*5. 6...116 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market

93.3.4 Macroeconomic environment...68.4.7 Health and primary education...140.3.2 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).108.3.6 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*2. 5...63 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

44.4.7 Macroeconomic environment...91.4.4 Health and primary education...60.5.9 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).68.4.1 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*5. 5...114 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

45.4.7 Macroeconomic environment...134.3.3 Health and primary education...9...6. 5 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).57.4.3 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*4. 7...105 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

41.4.7 Macroeconomic environment...40.5.4 Health and primary education...37.6.2 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).34.4.6 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*2. 9...70 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

21.5.6 Macroeconomic environment...16.6.1 Health and primary education...25.6.4 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).17.5.1 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*0. 4...29 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

98.3.3 Macroeconomic environment...94.4.4 Health and primary education...107.5.0 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).90.3.8 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*3. 6...85 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 000 5, 000 6, 000 7, 000 8, 000 1990 19921994199619982,00020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education

100.3.2 Macroeconomic environment...141.3.0 Health and primary education...97.5.4 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).106.3.6 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*14.1.142 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

57.4.3 Macroeconomic environment...100.4.2 Health and primary education...80.5.6 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).96.3.7 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*4. 0...93 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

38.4.8 Macroeconomic environment...20.6.0 Health and primary education...26.6.3 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).27.4.7 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*0. 4...28 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 500 2, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training

125.2.5 Macroeconomic environment...95.4.4 Health and primary education...110.4.8 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).120.3.4 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*3. 4...82 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

19.5.6 Macroeconomic environment...43.5.3 Health and primary education...1...6. 9 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).10.5.3 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*2. 6...67 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

8...6. 0 Macroeconomic environment...82.4.6 Health and primary education...18.6.4 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).19.5.1 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*4. 2...96 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

114.2.9 Macroeconomic environment...18.6.0 Health and primary education...130.4.0 Efficiency enhancers (41.4%).119.3.4 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*1. 7...45 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market

95.3.3 Macroeconomic environment...142.3.0 Health and primary education...133.3.9 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).117.3.4 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*8. 2...135 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

59.4.3 Macroeconomic environment...48.5.1 Health and primary education...63.5.8 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).79.3.9 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*1. 3...40 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

7...6. 1 Macroeconomic environment...24.5.8 Health and primary education...14.6.5 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).9...5. 3 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*0. 0...23 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

2, 000 2, 500 3, 000 3, 500 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education

108.3.0 Macroeconomic environment...133.3.4 Health and primary education...121.4.5 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).89.3.8 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*10.8.141 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

36.4.9 Macroeconomic environment...135.3.3 Health and primary education...41.6.1 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).65.4.1 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*2. 6...66 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

67.4.2 Macroeconomic environment...64.4.7 Health and primary education...100.5.3 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).76.4.0 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*2. 1...53 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

2, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods

143.1.8 Macroeconomic environment...138.3.2 Health and primary education...139.3.3 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).138.2.9 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*5. 3...111 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

110.2.9 Macroeconomic environment...118.3.9 Health and primary education...113.4.7 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).109.3.6 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*4. 1...94 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

138.2.0 Macroeconomic environment...120.3.9 Health and primary education...126.4.2 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).135.3.1 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*6. 7...126 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

102.3.2 Macroeconomic environment...123.3.8 Health and primary education...85.5.5 Efficiency enhancers (39.8%).99.3.6 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*7. 4...131 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

50,000 60,000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

1...6. 7 Macroeconomic environment...14.6.2 Health and primary education...32.6.3 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).3...5. 6 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*0. 8...16 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

20,000 25,000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

50.4.6 Macroeconomic environment...61.4.8 Health and primary education...64.5.8 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).53.4.3 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*2. 4...59 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

23.5.5 Macroeconomic environment...92.4.4 Health and primary education...10.6.5 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).35.4.6 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*1. 9...51 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

87.3.6 Macroeconomic environment...101.4.2 Health and primary education...98.5.4 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).61.4.2 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*7. 3...129 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

56.4.4 Macroeconomic environment...34.5.5 Health and primary education...74.5.7 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).46.4.4 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*2. 1...55 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

69.4.1 Macroeconomic environment...62.4.8 Health and primary education...52.6.0 Efficiency enhancers (48.6%).98.3.7 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*0. 9...35 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

27.5.3 Macroeconomic environment...130.3.5 Health and primary education...8...6. 5 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).21.5.0 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*7. 4...132 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

34.5.0 Macroeconomic environment...50.5.1 Health and primary education...44.6.1 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).26.4.8 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*3. 2...79 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

50,000 1990 19921994199619982,00020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency Financial

26.5.4 Macroeconomic environment...108.4.1 Health and primary education...22.6.4 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).47.4.4 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*3. 0...77 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

80.3.8 Macroeconomic environment...136.3.3 Health and primary education...72.5.7 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).77.3.9 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*0. 1...21 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

6...6. 1 Macroeconomic environment...127.3.6 Health and primary education...6...6. 6 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).7...5. 4 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*8. 4...136 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

4, 000 5, 000 6, 000 7, 000 8, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health

71.4.1 Macroeconomic environment...131.3.4 Health and primary education...47.6.1 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).70.4.1 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*5. 3...110 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

62.4.2 Macroeconomic environment...27.5.7 Health and primary education...96.5.4 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).48.4.3 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*5. 0...9 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market

96.3.3 Macroeconomic environment...126.3.7 Health and primary education...120.4.6 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).66.4.1 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*6. 2...124 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

14.5.7 Macroeconomic environment...7...6. 4 Health and primary education...27.6.3 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).25.4.8 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*1. 0...14 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

61.4.3 Macroeconomic environment...3...6. 7 Health and primary education...82.5.6 Efficiency enhancers (41.3%).83.3.9 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*28.9.2 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

115.2.8 Macroeconomic environment...104.4.2 Health and primary education...101.5.3 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).104.3.6 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*3. 8...88 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

94.3.4 Macroeconomic environment...124.3.8 Health and primary education...90.5.4 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).107.3.6 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*4. 7...104 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

47.4.6 Macroeconomic environment...32.5.5 Health and primary education...31.6.3 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).36.4.6 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*1. 3...41 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

122.2.6 Macroeconomic environment...143.2.6 Health and primary education...30.6.3 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).85.3.9 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*9. 5...138 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

2, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods

116.2.8 Macroeconomic environment...28.5.7 Health and primary education...128.4.0 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).130.3.2 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*3. 0...10 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

113.2.9 Macroeconomic environment...41.5.4 Health and primary education...119.4.6 Efficiency enhancers (36.1%).137.3.0 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*1. 6...12 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

15,000 20,000 25,000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market efficiency Labor market

43.4.7 Macroeconomic environment...42.5.3 Health and primary education...35.6.2 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).38.4.5 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*2. 1...54 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

80,000 100,000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market efficiency Labor market efficiency

16.5.7 Macroeconomic environment...8...6. 4 Health and primary education...36.6.2 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).22.5.0 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*0. 0...22 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

82.3.7 Macroeconomic environment...55.4.9 Health and primary education...78.5.6 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).69.4.1 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*4. 0...91 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

2, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods

135.2.1 Macroeconomic environment...81.4.6 Health and primary education...125.4.3 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).128.3.3 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*1. 5...44 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 500 2, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training

131.2.2 Macroeconomic environment...144.2.4 Health and primary education...123.4.4 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).122.3.4 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*6. 7...125 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

25.5.5 Macroeconomic environment...44.5.3 Health and primary education...33.6.3 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).24.4.9 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*4. 6...102 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

2, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods

103.3.2 Macroeconomic environment...86.4.5 Health and primary education...138.3.3 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).129.3.2 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*2. 7...68 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

37.4.9 Macroeconomic environment...65.4.7 Health and primary education...20.6.4 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).44.4.4 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*2. 9...71 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 000 4, 000 5, 000 6, 000 7, 000 8, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment

123.2.6 Macroeconomic environment...115.4.0 Health and primary education...137.3.5 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).143.2.7 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*1. 1...38 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

42.4.7 Macroeconomic environment...74.4.7 Health and primary education...42.6.1 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).59.4.2 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*3. 5...84 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

65.4.2 Macroeconomic environment...53.5.0 Health and primary education...71.5.7 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).60.4.2 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*3. 9...89 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

83.3.7 Macroeconomic environment...56.4.9 Health and primary education...93.5.4 Efficiency enhancers (38.4%).88.3.8 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*1. 8...46 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

112.2.9 Macroeconomic environment...125.3.8 Health and primary education...65.5.8 Efficiency enhancers (43.0%).92.3.8 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*10.1.139 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

72.4.1 Macroeconomic environment...88.4.5 Health and primary education...29.6.3 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).73.4.0 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*2. 4...60 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

4, 000 5, 000 6, 000 7, 000 8, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health

55.4.4 Macroeconomic environment...66.4.7 Health and primary education...76.5.7 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).78.3.9 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*5. 4...113 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 500 2, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training

128.2.4 Macroeconomic environment...110.4.1 Health and primary education...135.3.6 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).131.3.2 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*4. 6...101 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

137.2.0 Macroeconomic environment...116.4.0 Health and primary education...117.4.6 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).134.3.1 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*4. 9...108 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 000 6, 000 8, 000 10,000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods

66.4.2 Macroeconomic environment...78.4.6 Health and primary education...115.4.6 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).97.3.7 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*4. 7...103 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

132.2.1 Macroeconomic environment...37.5.4 Health and primary education...75.5.7 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).115.3.4 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*2. 0...11 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

4...6. 3 Macroeconomic environment...39.5.4 Health and primary education...5...6. 6 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).8...5. 3 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*3. 1...78 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

29.5.3 Macroeconomic environment...25.5.8 Health and primary education...4...6. 7 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).11.5.3 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*0. 6...31 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

99.3.2 Macroeconomic environment...67.4.7 Health and primary education...95.5.4 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).118.3.4 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*0. 5...30 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market

134.2.1 Macroeconomic environment...76.4.6 Health and primary education...143.3.0 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).82.3.9 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*4. 9...106 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

32.5.2 Macroeconomic environment...1...6. 8 Health and primary education...15.6.5 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).13.5.2 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*11.1.4 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market

33.5.0 Macroeconomic environment...6...6. 6 Health and primary education...54.6.0 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).49.4.3 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*5. 8...8 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 000 4, 000 5, 000 6, 000 7, 000 8, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment

119.2.7 Macroeconomic environment...137.3.2 Health and primary education...129.4.0 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).101.3.6 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*7. 8...134 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

40.4.8 Macroeconomic environment...52.5.1 Health and primary education...79.5.6 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).55.4.3 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*3. 0...75 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

117.2.7 Macroeconomic environment...54.5.0 Health and primary education...111.4.8 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).112.3.5 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*1. 8...47 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

88.3.5 Macroeconomic environment...21.5.9 Health and primary education...94.5.4 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).62.4.2 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*0. 5...17 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

91.3.5 Macroeconomic environment...26.5.8 Health and primary education...92.5.4 Efficiency enhancers (46.9%).58.4.3 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*0. 1...25 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

63.4.2 Macroeconomic environment...63.4.8 Health and primary education...39.6.2 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).32.4.6 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*4. 5...100 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

17.5.7 Macroeconomic environment...128.3.5 Health and primary education...24.6.4 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).37.4.6 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*4. 9...107 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

Country/Economy Profiles 314 The Global Competitiveness Report 2014 2015 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment

58.4.3 Macroeconomic environment...99.4.2 Health and primary education...103.5.3 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).28.4.7 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*5. 2...109 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

80,000 100,000 120,000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market efficiency Labor market

24.5.5 Macroeconomic environment...2...6. 7 Health and primary education...28.6.3 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).20.5.0 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*11.1.3 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

85.3.7 Macroeconomic environment...46.5.2 Health and primary education...88.5.5 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).50.4.3 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*2. 5...65 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

39.4.8 Macroeconomic environment...31.5.5 Health and primary education...56.6.0 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).41.4.5 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*1. 3...39 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 500 2, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training

105.3.1 Macroeconomic environment...79.4.6 Health and primary education...86.5.5 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).91.3.8 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*2. 5...62 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

30.5.2 Macroeconomic environment...4...6. 7 Health and primary education...50.6.0 Efficiency enhancers (47.8%).33.4.6 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*8. 3...6 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market

111.2.9 Macroeconomic environment...97.4.3 Health and primary education...131.4.0 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).102.3.6 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*5. 4...112 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

77.3.9 Macroeconomic environment...129.3.5 Health and primary education...68.5.8 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).80.3.9 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*5. 7...117 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market efficiency

53.4.5 Macroeconomic environment...57.4.9 Health and primary education...55.6.0 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).105.3.6 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*1. 2...13 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

2, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods

136.2.1 Macroeconomic environment...117.3.9 Health and primary education...142.3.2 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).136.3.1 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*2. 2...56 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market efficiency

2...6. 5 Macroeconomic environment...15.6.1 Health and primary education...3...6. 7 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).2...5. 7 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*6. 9...7 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

64.4.2 Macroeconomic environment...45.5.2 Health and primary education...84.5.5 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).51.4.3 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*3. 0...73 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

35.4.9 Macroeconomic environment...98.4.3 Health and primary education...12.6.5 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).64.4.2 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*14.2.143 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 000 6, 000 8, 000 10,000 12,000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training

60.4.3 Macroeconomic environment...89.4.5 Health and primary education...132.4.0 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).43.4.4 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*4. 3...97 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

9...6. 0 Macroeconomic environment...121.3.8 Health and primary education...34.6.3 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).31.4.7 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*7. 2...128 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

75.4.0 Macroeconomic environment...114.4.0 Health and primary education...45.6.1 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).75.4.0 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*5. 8...120 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

86.3.6 Macroeconomic environment...59.4.8 Health and primary education...73.5.7 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).121.3.4 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*6. 0...122 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

97.3.3 Macroeconomic environment...60.4.8 Health and primary education...134.3.7 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).126.3.3 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*0. 7...33 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

22.5.5 Macroeconomic environment...17.6.1 Health and primary education...23.6.4 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).12.5.2 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*1. 0...36 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

5...6. 2 Macroeconomic environment...12.6.4 Health and primary education...11.6.5 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).5...5. 5 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*0. 0...24 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

11.5.8 Macroeconomic environment...23.5.8 Health and primary education...13.6.5 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).16.5.1 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*3. 2...80 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

120.2.7 Macroeconomic environment...69.4.7 Health and primary education...83.5.6 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).111.3.5 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*0. 8...34 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

2, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods

130.2.3 Macroeconomic environment...109.4.1 Health and primary education...108.4.9 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).114.3.4 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*5. 6...115 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 000 6, 000 8, 000 10,000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods

48.4.6 Macroeconomic environment...19.6.0 Health and primary education...66.5.8 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).39.4.5 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*0. 2...27 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

133.2.1 Macroeconomic environment...49.5.1 Health and primary education...124.4.4 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).141.2.8 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*36.1.1 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

52.4.5 Macroeconomic environment...38.5.4 Health and primary education...59.5.9 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).81.3.9 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*2. 3...58 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

6, 000 8, 000 10,000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods market

79.3.8 Macroeconomic environment...111.4.0 Health and primary education...53.6.0 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).94.3.7 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*5. 9...121 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

51.4.6 Macroeconomic environment...58.4.8 Health and primary education...69.5.8 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).45.4.4 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*1. 5...43 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 500 2, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training

129.2.3 Macroeconomic environment...96.4.4 Health and primary education...122.4.4 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).110.3.5 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*3. 7...87 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

68.4.2 Macroeconomic environment...105.4.1 Health and primary education...43.6.1 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).67.4.1 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*4. 5...99 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

3...6. 3 Macroeconomic environment...5...6. 6 Health and primary education...38.6.2 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).14.5.2 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*10.1.5 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

10.6.0 Macroeconomic environment...107.4.1 Health and primary education...21.6.4 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).4...5. 5 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*5. 8...119 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

12.5.8 Macroeconomic environment...113.4.0 Health and primary education...49.6.1 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).1...5. 7 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*7. 3...130 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

54.4.5 Macroeconomic environment...84.4.5 Health and primary education...58.5.9 Efficiency enhancers (50.0%).72.4.0 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*2. 3...57 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

121.2.6 Macroeconomic environment...139.3.1 Health and primary education...87.5.5 Efficiency enhancers (38.0%).124.3.3 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*15.1.144 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

81.3.7 Macroeconomic environment...75.4.7 Health and primary education...61.5.9 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).74.4.0 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*5. 7...118 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 000 4, 000 5, 000 6, 000 7, 000 8, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment

142.1.9 Macroeconomic environment...140.3.0 Health and primary education...116.4.6 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).139.2.9 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*7. 1...127 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

2, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training Goods

118.2.7 Macroeconomic environment...103.4.2 Health and primary education...118.4.6 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).86.3.9 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*8. 6...137 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

, 500 2, 000 2, 500 3, 000 1990 1992199419961998200020022004 20062010 2008 2012 Institutions Infrastructure Macroeconomic environment Health and primary education Higher education and training

124.2.5 Macroeconomic environment...87.4.5 Health and primary education...106.5.0 Efficiency enhancers (35.0%).133.3.1 Higher education and training...

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance,%GDP*..*0. 1...26 3. 02 Gross national savings,%GDP*..

Macroeconomic environment Pillar 4: Health and primary education Pillar 5: Higher education and training Pillar 6: Goods market efficiency Pillar 7:

Macroeconomic environment...437 3. 01 Government budget balance...438 3. 02 Gross national savings...439 3. 03 Inflation...

Data Tables 436 The Global Competitiveness Report 2014 2015 2014 World Economic Forum Pillar 3 Macroeconomic environment Data Tables 2014 World

Macroeconomic environment 3. 01 Government budget balance General government budget balance as a percentage of GDP 2013 General government budget balance is calculated as general government revenue minus total expenditure.

she worked at the United nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI), where she was responsible for organizing the biannual Global Roundtable on Sustainable Finance.

< Back - Next >