%followed by the primary sector and services which recorded lower falls, at around 14%and 11.5%.
8 1. 888,3 2. 453,4 Services 13.021,2 13.396,2 13.402,2 13.438,6 13.786,4 Source: INE. Encuesta de la Población Activa With respect to the turnover generated by the industrial sector in Asturias,
as well as the industry support services, usually participate in the initiatives and innovation programs promoted by the regional Government during the last years.
Something similar can be said regarding the inclusion of a sufficiently balanced mix of soft innovation support services
Economic data GDP distribution Services 61%Industry and energy 17%Construction: 12%Agriculture: 3%A high percentage of GDP in services, is a symptom of developed region.
%Car parts. 12,51%10,37%8, 01%7, 61%6, 5%Economic data Services GDP distribution 26,87%Business services. 13,76%Tourism
16%Financial services. 7, 8%Public services. 7, 73%Education. 7, 57%Transport and comunications. 6, 44%Health services. 6, 38%Others. 14
Cantabria's economy is based mainly in industry, services and tourism. Research and Innovation RI funds in 2009 Cantabria dedicated 149 M€ to RI. 1. 1%of GDI dedicated to RI in Cantabria.
Innovative Society and Security IT Services The next steps We are moving forward in the process with the help of a consultant.
16.0 15.5 Construction 9. 2 10.1 10.4 9. 7 8. 3 Services 40 5 49.5 65.4 67.9 69.6 Table 1
of Castilla y León, the Directorate General of Universities and Research, the Directorate General of Planning and Innovation (Management of Health Services),
Usage data from companies using the Castilla y León Online Government is better than the usage of these services by citizens:
the integration of the clinical history in primary services has been carried out with specialized attention in six out of the eleven health-care areas in Castilla y León,
Reposition financial instruments and redefine the Government's role in providing innovative services to companies.
social networks, mobility, and geolocation services; telecommuting; cloud computing, and new pay-peruse models, Open Data; new models for collaboration with other companies.
Great potential for the Spanish e-ID in providing public and private digital services. Public Government Use of ICT in the public sector and new public-public and public-private partnership models that permit costs savings
New educational models via ICT and ICT as tools for efficient provision of public health services at a distance with the use of ehealth and telecare.
Public Government e-Government services are difficult to use and digital certification systems are complex.
Lack of interoperability and standardization of digital contents and services. SA 017 4 CASTILLA Y LEÓN SPECIALISATION PATTERNS Specialisation pattern analysis has been carried out on three dimensions.
6. 1 The deployment of telecommunications networks and services to ensure digital connectivity. 6. 2 Develop the digital economy for companies growth
Low usability of services and complexity in use of digital certiaication systems. Fast changes in technologies and ICT standards.
Lack of interoperability and standardization of digital contents and services. Building the evidence base for RIS3 (II) SWOT Analysis Knowledge Digital Society The external context, national/international Identiaication of regions for potential collaborations in each macro activity
& technology transfer Higher education--Innovation Competitive economic model New innovative companies Training for innovation Access to Ainance Business innovation services Innovation & creativity social
and services to ensure digital connectivity. 2. To develop the digital economy for the growth and competitiveness of enterprises. 3. To improve the effectiveness,
services and models) that simultaneously meet social needs (more effectively than alternatives) and create new social relationships or collaborations.
Third, the systemic type that relates to fundamental changes in attitudes and values, strategies and policies, organisational structures and processes, delivery systems and services.
and delivering more cost effective services to open cheap possibilities for growth (Van dyck and Van den broeck, 2013: 132).
brokering services and trading sites aimed at SMES (Gann and Dodgson (2007: 12). Notions such as user innovation (Von Hippel, 2005) and‘user-led innovation'highlight the source from
2008) in coconstruction and beta-testing products and services.‘‘Continuous testing, 'whereby firms continue to tweak products through large scale field trials,
or evidence as to what services are delivered best by whom, or furnish significant evidence of efficiency savings or service improvements,
In the UK, for example, it is clear that many public sector organisations are still wrestling with areas such as transactional services and informational services
As with previous rounds of‘e-government'cost savings and improved services are key imperatives behind recent and proposed investment (GOSS Interactive, 2013.
or rhetorical) trend towards engaging with service users (a) to improve services by mobilising the user as customer
and to consider processes and services, particularly in relation to pubic good services would seek to enrol NGOS as a stakeholder in the construction of strategies,
in addition to private service firms and public sector actors. Even where the main focus remains STI, NGOS could usefully be enrolled in the co-design and diffusion processes:
A recent study of health services in the UK points to the key role played by larger charities such as Age UK and Mind in working with the NHS (Young Foundation, 2013.
and/or sales of goods or services Initiatives of citizens with shared aims Voluntarily created
An era of linear, top-down, expert driven development, production and services is giving way to different forms and levels of coproduction with consumers, customers and citizens.
which have a‘social mission'and support diversified innovative activities, such as firm or organization development, knowledge transfer, social technology progress, educational and training programs and entrepreneurship services (Lundström
and social care services are paid for and delivered, but it will also have a major impact on other public and private services.
It will also impact on productive resources. So, for example, in the field of employment, the European Statistical Office projects that by 2060 there will be only two people of working age (15-64) in the EU for every person aged over 65,
and if the decline of social and health services continues, but the fundamental point of societal ageing remains.
and the range of goods and services which could be required to service this market. A number of these issues is being discussed in age friendly initiatives and smart cities frameworks31.
The City is also applying social return on innovation (SROI) methods34 to some of its services including Home Care Services aimed at keeping people at home longer. 35 This application of SROI is becoming more widespread. 36 A key
More ambitiously, procurement could actively seek out tenders from cross-sectoral partnerships committed to exploring the co-design of products and services through the innovation cycle.
which involves its capacity to promote innovation and development through an array of business support services and (ii) the welfare role of the state,
to deliver the welfare services that are being outsourced by a fiscally constrained public sector. This outsourcing trend is being driven by two distinct forces:
. and Webber, M. n d)‘ The Contribution of Public and Private Services to European Growth and Welfare,
http://www. socialenterprise. org. uk/news/new-guide-the-public-services-socialvalue-act Last accessed 28.11.13 Social Innovation Europe (nd) Social Innovation
watchesandclocks38295. 2673.14 Rubber andmiscellaneousplasticsproducts 30 244.3677.50 Miscellaneous manufacturingindustries 39 213.8181.31 Business services 73122.1883.48 Primary metalindustries 33 101.8185.30 Furniture and fixtures 25
1710.1899.09 Petroleum refining andrelatedindustries 29 10.1899.27 Transportationbyair 45 10.1899.46 Transportationservices 4710.1899.64 Apparel andaccessorystores 56 10.1899.82 Personal services 7210.18100.0 Total 55120
New zealand Michael Eilan, Israel Business Information Services Consulting, Israel Sirin Elci, Technopolis, Turkey Ilario Favaretto, University of Urbino, Italy ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SMES
, E 8 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Yacov Fisher, Israel Business Information Services Consulting, Israel Claudia Gonzalez Brambila, Mexican Autonomous Institute of technology
it is also the creation of a multitude of new products and services in all sectors of the economy,
and delivering new services that improve the quality of life of individuals and communities and identifying and implementing new labour market integration processes, new competencies, new jobs,
collaborative research opportunities, services for knowledge transfer (e g. innovation brokers, labour mobility schemes, programmes for the commercialisation of university research),
Introduce social clauses in public procurement procedures to encourage involvement of social enterprises in provision of social goods and services.
introducing new products and services and more efficient ways of working. They underpin the adaptation of our economies and societies to new challenges and drive economic development.
and services and increasing efficiency but also for meeting the job creation challenge of high unemployment. In the short to medium term there is a real opportunity for governments to use policies for entrepreneurship
while the massive shift from manufacturing to services is bringing with it new types of non-technological innovation that render economies of scale in R&d far less significant.
technologies) from abroad and in exploiting its outputs (products and services, patents, licenses, etc.)in foreign markets.
For example, it may involve SMES in tracking competitors'actions through electronic monitoring of news and information services or the introduction of total quality management techniques on the work floor.
non-technological innovation is equally important to services and manufacturing (European commission, 2007). This is very significant
because the services sector has seen a dramatic rise in its share of economic value added in recent years (rising for example from 55%to 70%of Japanese
The new European union Services Directive is part of a move to redress the balance in Europe by removing legal and administrative barriers to the full tradability of services within the European Single Market.
logistics, product service and ancillary corporate services. Cohen (2010) calls this the Silicon valley business model, for where it first developed into a significant economic force.
which has opened up a gap for the entrepreneurial supply of social goods and services. This too can be seen as part of the above-mentioned shift from the managed to the entrepreneurial economy.
They generate new goods and services such as environmental protection and services to the individual. At the same time many address problems of unemployment and the social problems of poor neighbourhoods.
Furthermore, whilst many of the goods and services offered through social enterprise and social innovation seek to fill gaps in purely public provision by welfare states,
At the same time productivity may be enhanced as new firms bring better products and services and better technologies into the economy.
and by closer interaction with users of products and services outside the organisation. The result is localised innovation with usability in addressing problems faced by the firm.
COMET aims to increase the uptake of innovative products, processes and services by early-growth-stage companies, spin-offs and individual entrepreneurs.
The Small Business Advisory Service is an AUD 46 million programme that provides low-cost advisory services to small businesses;
additional support and advisory services have been provided during the global financial crisis. The Small Business Support Line, also created in response to the crisis,
and referral that assist with services that include but are limited not to finance and cash-flow management;
With funding of AUD 50 million per annum, Enterprise Connect provides a national network of services for SMES through two main channels
These Centres provide a number of services for SMES, including business reviews at no cost to them.
goods or services Marketing innovation Organisational innovation Micro0 20 40 60%A. Structural indicators on enterprise population,
2006 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
(factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total Micro 44 341 76.8 207
, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
Services Total Micro 93 693 88.7 298 290 93.6 92.4 194 309 21.4 555 404 34.1 29.5 12.2 24.9 19.5
for innovative goods or services 0 5 10 15 20 25%0 0. 5 1. 0 1. 5 2. 0 2. 5
Each year, qualified SMES from all industrial sectors access a range of NRC-IRAP services including technical and business-oriented advisory services, competitive intelligence, non-repayable financial support
demand for the programme's services and financial support has exceeded supply. NRC-IRAP has seen also an increase in demand for more complex multi-year projects requiring greater funding per project.
population, 2008 Number of business establishments Total employment Industry Services Total Industry Services Total No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Micro 136 788 72.1
creation of firms (2. 6%),development of firms (8%),efficient energy (4. 0%),innovations (22.4%),environment for business and innovations (35.4%)and business development services
SME financing and technology upgrade assistance, ICT and innovation systems, strategic services and R&d function development support,
and consulting and assistance services. In addition, a large component of the programme supports the development of a collaborative environment in
Technology centres and centres of strategic business support services One of the major challenges of the business sector in the Czech economy is to move up the value chain
This has been pursued mainly through the promotion of business support services especially in sectors of strategic relevance to the Czech economy such as automotive, machinery engineering, electronics, life sciences and information and communication technologies.
and business support services have been targeted at export-oriented companies through subsidies for operation costs and training and retraining schemes.
costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total Micro 286 335 93.2 552 982
and are a key piece in the new framework of business services. Their role is to support the creation
This setup also meets the government's intention to strengthen the private market for business advisory services.
While the previous part of the funding allows financing of existing products and services, the latter part is devoted to the development of new products and services.
Programme for user-driven innovation The Programme for user-driven innovation has a yearly budget of DKK 100 million and runs for 2007-09.
The programme should also result in the development of new products, services and concepts, as well as in an increase of the qualifications of the employees taking part in the innovation processes of the beneficiary companies and public institutions.
Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total Micro 48 191 83.3 136 365 88.4 87.0
enterprise Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services Denmark 2. FINLAND SMES, E 60 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Finland In Finland,
personnel costs, travel costs, materials and equipment, external services. At each stage, the funding decision involves external panel evaluation,
which will target innovative start-ups in the clean tech, energy, services and welfare areas. 2. FINLAND SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 61 Finland A. Structural indicators on enterprise
population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged
%%Industry Services Total Micro 61 546 89.9 136 752 94.1 92.8 96 059 16.7 204 320 27.9 23.0 11.4 28.5
outside enterprise Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services Difficulty in finding co-operation partners for innovation 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
Services Total Micro 628 371 89.8 1 757 870 94.2 93.0 1 200 393 21.6 2 473 272 25.9 24.3
and to advance their ideas for products and services. The entrepreneurs receive a subsistence grant from EUR 800 to EUR 2 500 per month for a maximum period of 12 months;
2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
Services Total Micro 311 230 72.7 1 199 186 86.2 83.0 1 064 132 11.7 3 179 320 24.3 19.1
on the other hand, aim to support SMES in the manufacturing sector and software industry, in buying innovative consulting services and know-how from so-called innovation agents,
and exchanged for consulting services from the innovation agents. The applications are selected on the basis of their date of registration and availability of funds in the relevant operational programme.
Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total Micro 91 979
of qualified personnel Lack of information on technology Lack of information on markets Markets dominated by established enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services 2. HUNGARY SMES
and orientation services on industrial property protection and HPO has been able to bolster its existing regional partner network,
and to stimulate demand for innovation facilitating services. The grant scheme was announced in mid-2008 by the National Office for Research
indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms
%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total Micro 117 391 89.8 399 447 95.7 94.3 229 320 21.5 679 206 44.7 35.2
or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services 2. ICELAND SMES,
on enterprise population, 2005 Number of enterprises Industry Services Total No. firms%No. firms%%Micro 5 620 89.6 9 226 90.5 90.1 Small 525
of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services 2. IRELAND
services and food. iv) Innovation Vouchers The voucher initiative offers businesses with limited experience of R&d the chance to collaborate with any of the 22 higher education institutes,
and ultimately the development of new products and services. A total of EUR 10 million is available for the scheme.
2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
Services Total Micro1 2 556 46.8 74 758 84.0 81.8 13 020 5. 7 210 474 25.1 20.9 2. 1
dominated by established enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services 2. ITALY SMES, E 74 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Italy Promoting the design of large innovative industrial projects is one of the most important recent changes in Italian industrial and innovation policies.
Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services
for innovative goods or services Firms with new-tomarket product innovations 2. JAPAN SMES, E 76 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Japan Small Business
employment Value added Industry Services Total Industry Services Total Industry%%%No. engaged%%%Micro1 117 231 45.4 725 025 8. 4 4
The Kibo Technology Fund achieves these aims through the provision of services such as a technology guarantee scheme, technology appraisal, technologically innovative business certification,
Number of establishments Total employment Value added Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. engaged%%%Industry Services Total Micro1 59 223 49.4
It can offer its entire range of services to all sectors (including SMES) of the Luxembourg economy.
These services include information and assistance on all forms of innovation and business start-ups. It also manages a number of pilot projects such as cluster programmes,
of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total
for innovative goods or services Markets dominated by established enterprises 2. MEXICO SMES, E 82 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Mexico AVANCE In 2003 Mexico started operating AVANCE,
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Micro 315 727 91.2 2 158 750 96.9 96.1 827
Through a very simple procedure, SMES (in the manufacturing and services sectors) can apply for a voucher at the Innovation Agency any day of the year.
and can be used by SMES to buy services from public technology and innovation centres, for example for a feasibility study or for answering a specific technological problem.
Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total Micro 114 175
and people undertaking research and development in projects that result in new products, processes and services. It is administered by the Foundation for Research
and offers a range of programmes, services and events. Better By design operates out of New zealand Trade and Enterprise, New zealand's national economic development agency.
of employees Industry Services Total Industry Services Total%%%Micro 67 447 91.0 229 204 94.1 93.3 799 84 19.6 180 850
Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total Micro
Its main purposes are to strengthen the fight against IPR infringement by training staff in the main services charged with enforcing IPR,
Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total Micro 376 230 92.5 1 048 190 97.3
personnel Lack of funds within enterprise or enterprise group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services Markets dominated by established enterprises
These initiatives aim at supporting companies in their efforts to raise their technical, technological and innovation capacities, both in relation to the production of new products and services and at the organisational,
or technological services can receive financing of up to EUR 25 000 (nonrefundable incentive). COMPETE also includes the Collective Efficiency Strategies (EEC),
2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
Services Total Micro 194 120 88.5 625 593 96.6 94.5 395 591 29.7 993 417 49.9 41.8 16.2 29.6 24
The services provided by the Seed Capital Company include the provision of share capital, follow-up financing, guaranteed and non-guaranteed loans, subordinate and convertible loans, arrangement of syndicate financing and firm
indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms
%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total Micro 7 584 54.5 34 697 79.0 73.1 34 050 6. 3 111 907 24.6
97 Spain A. Structural indicators on enterprise population, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services
Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total Micro 587 972 85.8 1 923 591 94.9 92.6 1 636 784
group Lack of finance from sources outside enterprise Markets dominated by established enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services 2. SWEDEN SMES,
employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total Micro 123
Services for students include semester courses to orient the students for entrepreneurship and workshops where important tools for prospective entrepreneurs are taught.
Venturelab gives five-day intensive courses and advisory services. Finally, Venturelab offers entrepreneurs the possibility to participate in a networking workshop in Boston.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 101 Switzerland A. Structural indicators on enterprise population Number of enterprises, 2005 Total employment, 2001 Industry Services Total Industry
Services Total No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Micro 57 569 95.1 160 019 98.6 97.7 201 510 19.4 547 436 36.3
Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total Micro 383 577 93.8 1 889 647 99.1
%Lack of qualified personnel Difficulty in finding co-operation partners for innovation Markets dominated by established enterprises Uncertain demand for innovative goods or services Firms with new
Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry Services Total Micro 332 909 85.0 1 135 703 88.8
Industry Services Total Industry Services Total No. firms%No. firms%%%Micro 852 946 74.7 2 489 243 78.3 77.4 1 392 813
and addresses MSMES (micro small and medium sized enterprises) trying to implement any managerial, commercial or technical innovation in their products, services or processes.
The programme favours training in innovation in the context of regional development plans, provides consultancy services to micro and small enterprises, supports the attendance of small entrepreneurs at meetings and internships,
The Year of Innovation project ran throughout 2009 with a range of activities favouring the creation of new innovative products or services.
2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
Services Total Micro 9 059 71.5 31 433 88.7 84.2 31 415 15.8 77 504 32.4 24.8 10.3 28.7 20.5
and services overseeing basic research activities, education and legal aspects relating to genetics and genomics.
which would provide a one-stop-shop for biosafety clearance of genetically modified products and services.
These intermediary institutions provide integrated services in the areas of technology, human resource capacity building, business network development,
processes and services. In the context of international co-operation incentives ME measures aim to help innovative companies enter international markets.
, 2007 Number of enterprises Total employment Value added (factor costs) Industry Services Total Industry Services Total(%)No. firms%No. firms%%No. engaged%No. engaged%%Industry
Services Total Micro 31 384 89.6 61 114 94.4 92.7 63 600 19.8 111 149 38.6 28.7 14.1 31.4 22.6
E and F) and Services (Sections G h i and K). Totals refer to Industry and Services,
and F. Services includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories G h i and K. 2. SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION:
E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added,
and F. Services includes categories G h i and K. Belgium: In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories D, E,
and F. Services includes NACE categories G h i and K. Canada: In Table A, for Number of business establishments, Industry includes NAICS 2002 categories 21,22,
23 and 31-33 while Services includes NAICS 2002 categories 42,44-45,48-49,53, 54,56 and 72.
23 and 31-33 while Services includes NAICS 2002 categories 42,44-45,48-49,53, 56 and 72.
E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. Denmark: In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D,
E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment Industry and Value added includes NACE categories D, E,
and F. Services includes categories G h i and K. Estonia: In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D,
E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added,
E and F while Services includes G h i and K. Finland: In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D,
E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added,
and F. Services includes categories G h i and K. France: In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories D,
E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and Value added,
and F. Services includes categories G h i and K. Germany: In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
and F. Services includes NACE categories G h i and K. For Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C,
D and F. Services includes categories G h i and K. Greece: In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories D
and E. Services includes NACE categories G h i and K. Hungary: In Table A, for Number of enterprises and Total employment, Industry includes NACE categories D,
E and F. Services includes NACE categories G h i and K. For Value added, Industry includes NACE categories D,
E and F. Services includes categories H, I and K. Iceland: In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D,
E and F. Services includes NACE categories G h i and K. Ireland: In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C
and D. Services includes NACE categories G h i and K. Italy: In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
and F. Services includes NACE categories G h i and K. Japan: In Table A, for all variables, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 category D. Services is not available.
Korea: In Table A, for Number of establishments, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C
and D. Services is not available. 2. SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION: AN OVERVIEW BY COUNTRY SMES, E 130 NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Luxembourg:
D and E and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total employment and for Value added,
and Services includes categories G and K. Mexico: In Table A, for Number of establishments and Total employment, Industry includes NACE categories D
and F. Services includes NACE categories G, H and K. Netherlands: In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D,
and F. Services includes NACE categories G h i and K. New zealand: In Table A, for Number of enterprises and Number of employees, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
and F. Services includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories G h i and K. Norway: In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
and F. Services includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories G h i and K. Poland: In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
and F. Services includes NACE categories G h i and K. Portugal: In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D,
and F. Services includes NACE categories G h i and K. Slovak Republic: In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
and F. Services includes NACE categories G, I and K. Slovenia: In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes NACE categories C, D,
E and F and Services includes categories G h i and K. For Total Employment and Value added,
and F while Services includes G h i and K. Spain: In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
and F. Services includes NACE categories G h i and K. Sweden: In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
and F. Services includes NACE categories G h i and K. Switzerland: In Table A, for Number of enterprises and Total employment, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
and F. Services includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories G h i and K. Turkey: In Table A, for Number of enterprises and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
and F and Services includes NACE categories G h i and K. For Total employment NACE categories C,
D and F and Services includes NACE categories G, H and I. United kingdom: In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Total employment and Value added, Industry includes NACE categories C, D, E,
and F. Services includes NACE categories G h i and K. United states: In Table A, for Number of enterprises, Industry includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories C, D, E,
and F. Services includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories G h i and K. For number of employees,
and F. Services includes ISIC Rev. 3 categories H and K. SMES, Entrepreneurship and Innovation OECD 2010 131 Chapter 3 Knowledge Flows Knowledge affects the market entry,
This concept is corroborated also by evidence on the concentration of firms in knowledge-and technology-intensive activities in both manufacturing and services.
7. Incubation activities that provide facilities, business services and administrative support to new innovative efforts. 8. Finance, both debt-and equity-based,
9. Provision of technology-oriented consultancy services (e g. technology transfer, university-based technology centres assessing commercialisation opportunities, etc..
territorial grid and methodology adopted for Figure 3. 3. This map provides empirical evidence on the uneven distribution of US firms in knowledge-intensive services.
Consolidated clusters of knowledgeintensive services firms (dark grey areas) are found in a large area of California including San francisco, Los angeles and San diego,
Production and sale of goods and services jointly developed with PRO; employment of high-skilled workforce;
thus increasing technological development and entrepreneurship in terms of potentially exploitable new products, services and organisational methods.
and exploit new products and services, and higher education institutions can play an important supporting function through the transfer of knowledge.
The two together provide a number of services for SMES, including no-cost business reviews for the identification of market opportunities and access to world-class technologies, job placement of researchers within SMES,
and risks and costs associated with international networking by setting up legal services or guarantee schemes,
except for the broad distinction between high-tech manufacturing and knowledge-intensive services introduced in the section on the spatial concentration of innovative industries. 2. These categories use NACE classifications. HTM comprises:
and there will be a marked shift towards business services jobs in advanced economies (CEDEFOP, 2008a). The level of skills is expected also to increase.
For example technical engineering services can be crucial for radical innovation in manufacturing and services sectors (Martinez-Fernandez and Miles, 2006.
Multi-language and cultural Ability to communicate in more than one language, appreciation of the cultural characteristics of different ethnic groups (e g. communications by a customer representative selling products/services in different countries,
Green Specific skills to modify products, services or operations due to climate change adjustments, requirements or regulations (e g. water purification and site remediation planning/engineering in mining, solar panels
More than two-thirds have established dedicated start-up support services, in the form of entrepreneurship centres and technology transfer units,
Business counselling activities are found in professional services such as financial, marketing, legal, personnel development, training, recruitment and business management services.
Examples from this group include the provision of management skills for integrating e-commerce into the core business.
They may also include legal advice to a firm/organisation on the design of new business structures to support innovation in products or services or the protection and commercialisation of new intellectual property.
Another example could be the training of key personnel in knowledge management for commercialisation of new products and services through public support;
and on the way the services are offered (Hall and Lansbury, 2006). The concept of skill ecosystems directs attention to the interdependency of multiple actors
The overall objective is to support sustainable economic and social development through the provision of high-quality training and consulting services.
Typical assignments include delivering tailored training and support services for the following fields of expertise:
NTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 Martinez-Fernandez, C. 2005), Knowledge Intensive Service Activities (KISA) in Innovation of Mining Technology Services in Australia, University of Western
2006), Knowledge Intensive Service Activities (KISA) in Software Innovation, International Journal of Services Technology and Management, IJSTM Special Issue, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp
Muller, E. and A. Zenker (2001), Business Services as Actors of Knowledge Transformation: The Role of KIBS in Regional and National Innovation Systems, Research Policy, Vol. 30, pp. 1501-1516.
in creating jobs and in providing goods and services, obviously also has a social impact
A scheme for advancing payments from the Campania Region to a consortium of nonprofits that won a regional auction for provision of healthcare services to old and disadvantaged people;
7 in this particular case the core mission is to provide health services, but in conjunction with preventing illness through a wider approach to the different factors influencing illness (poor housing and diet).
The cooperative focuses not only on providing healthcare services, but also on addressing wider health issues, such as poor housing and diet.
but where services are needed most by a local population that is not always in a position to pay for the services that traditional for-profit business would provide at a higher price.
they can provide services at a lower, more affordable, price. SIEL Beu (Box 5. 6) is a French social enterprise promoted by Ashoka, an organisation
training for healthcare professionals and training to help companies prevent accidents through regular physical activities in the workplace demonstrates the importance of the services it delivers.
and guidance services free of charge to all (students and non-students alike). A wide range of courses in practical, specialised fields in fashion and art design (garment making),
so that all students can have access to the services regardless of their financial situation. A new development for Silai for Skills is an enterprise unit in
www. silai. org. uk/index. htm. 5. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIAL INNOVATION SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 195 and because of the quality of the services offered by SIEL Bleu,
The french government has lent its support to the services offered by the association. Social innovation The financial and economic crisis makes creativity
build funding mechanisms (it self-finances 70%of its 6 million EUR annual budget by selling its services to institutional care providers;
and healthcare insurance companies that help to pay for SIEL Bleu's services. Moreover, SIEL Bleu makes sure to keep its costs low
If someone is need in of its services but is unable to pay for them, the association works with the person to reach a compromise.
identifying and delivering new services that improve the quality of life of individuals and communities; identifying and implementing new labour market integration processes, new competencies, new jobs,
provision of services of general interest and so on. The local authorities play a direct role here in the local development dynamics by supporting projects explicitly seeking to make a positive impact in the territories in
Indeed, meeting the economic and social challenges of the coming decades will increasingly require fundamental improvements in public services,
and services promoting home ownership, educating renters and landlords, improving existing housing stock, and developing and managing affordable housing.
Currently, they provide direct services to more than 10 000 low-income households annually. Asset building for low-income people programmes have also been developed in countries such as Chinese Taipei and Singapore,
including a lack of basic services such as water, electricity, transport and health services, the Association of Residents of Conjunto Palmeiras proposed a community bank as way of helping themselves.
which allows productive entrepreneurial activities within the community, e g. commerce, industry and services, to exchange currency each time it is necessary to replenish stocks of products that are produced not in the neighbourhood.
to raise awareness of the community benefits of consuming local goods and services, and the wider benefits of the solidarity economy;
Challenge Lab looks at the contribution innovation can make to services, with an initial 5. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIAL INNOVATION SMES,
while in the European context this usually indicates nonprofit entities pursuing the benefit of the community through the provision of goods and services,
and services that cater directly to basic human needs that remain unsatisfied by current economic or social institutions.
social entrepreneurship involves the offering of services and products but can also refer to the creation of new organisations.
identifying and delivering new services that improve the quality of life of individuals and communities; identifying and implementing new labour market integration processes, new competencies, new jobs,
and from new lifestyles to new products and services. We have suggested also a somewhat narrower definition:
Innovative activities and services that are motivated by the goal of meeting a social need and that are developed predominantly
services and models) developed to fulfil unmet social needs; many of those supported by the public sector, others by community groups and voluntary organisations;
or a new approach to the organisation and delivery of services; social innovation can either spread throughout a profession or sector like education or healthcare or geographically from one place to another. 5. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIAL INNOVATION SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 215 Table
or unresolved by services organised by the state. Social innovation can take place inside or outside of public services and can be developed by the public, private or third sector, users and communities;
including provision of infrastructure for collaboration such as science parks, collaborative research programmes, services for knowledge transfer and joint technology foresight activities and responses.
and knowledge bases in order to facilitate the emergence of new cross-sectoral combinations of products, services and technologies with growth potential. 5. SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SOCIAL INNOVATION SMES, ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD
and consultants providing knowledge-intensive services activities, such as through innovation voucher programmes for SMES. Strengthen the contribution of local skills ecosystems to entrepreneurship and SME development through greater engagement of employers,
Introduce social clauses in public procurement procedures to encourage involvement of social enterprises in provision of social goods and services.
This is sometimes considered to be the realm of large firms that are constrained by the need to maximise profits on existing products and services.
Knowledge-intensive service activities (KISA) These are sources and carriers of knowledge in sectors such as research and development, legal services, computing and information technology and marketing.
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATION OECD 2010 223 bring innovative solutions to problems such as social exclusion and unemployment through the production of goods and services.
They often provide personal and welfare services and training and integration into employment of persons excluded from the labour market.
and delivering new services that improve the quality of life and welfare of individuals and communities, both as consumers and producers.
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