and services motivated to meet a social need, predominantly disseminated through an organization with social goals."
since they are clearly innovative services characteristic of nonprofit Non-governmental organizations. Regarding André and Abreu (2006, p. 125),
The European Journal of Social science Research 437 its use of new social processes to deliver products and services.
Thus, social innovation may refer to new products and services that address social needs, that is,
products and services which help to build more sustainable, cohesive and inclusive societies. We call this type of innovation goal-oriented social innovation.
Mulgan (2006), for instance, terms social innovation as innovative activities and services that are motivated by the goal of meeting a social need.
However, social innovation may also imply new processes that make use of social relations to deliver products and services in more efficient ways.
where users shape services, make decisions and may indeed actually be the same people as providers (Needham 2007).
The rising interest in co-production comes from a number of areas including the enhancement of the citizen orientation in public services, the promotion of the role of the underprivileged and the encouragement of the actions of a civil society (Pestoff and Brandsen 2010.
rather than mere incremental improvements in products and/or services (Transform Consortium 2008). These aspects of social innovation presuppose much more proactivity from people who use services and new dynamic relationships between user and provider.
Let us now move on to the creative and cultural industries. Some influential observers (Florida 2002) argue that the joint expansion of technological innovation
requirement that a proportion of services commissioned by government are provided by small and medium-sized enterprises
greater community control and the development of innovative new services and ways of funding libraries (BBC 2012).
Negotiating Improvements In public Services. Social policy and Society 7 (2): 221 231. OECD. 2012. http://www. oecd-ilibrary. org/employment/youth unemployment-rate.
The Innovation Deficit In public Services: The Curious Problem of Too much Efficiency and not Enough Waste and Failure.
which knowledge is transformed into products and services which in turn fuels economic development to create wealth
including access to social environments, community services, and e-commerce to its infohabitants. This study investigates how social network theories can be used to design
Innovation is defined as the transformation of science and technological knowledge into products, processes, systems and services (Luxembourg,
or services from innovation could serve as an objective means to evaluate impact of innovation on economic development (Komninos,
2004), exchanging social capital including financial resources, goods or services (Garton et al.,1997), and exploring
including access to social environments, community services, municipal information, and e-commerce to its infohabitants (Ferguson et al.,
A digital city often provides three basic types of services including content services and information dissemination, communication and social services,
and business transaction services (Lea et al.,2005). ) The construction of a digital city is built often upon social network concepts including common interests or shared goals (Akahani et al.
and services for collaboration and communication and how all these aspects of technology are needed to produce stable digital cities for everyone's benefit.
and intangible/intellectual resources and are offered as part of the content services to registered users to improve innovations success (Lea et al.,
, financial resources, goods or services)( Garton et al. 1997). ) However, access to sources of resources through person-to-person social networking is laborious, time consuming,
The communication and collaboration services in I3 enable users to develop their direct or indirect connectedness to improve his or her social network.
Business and transaction services are yet to be provided. Also as part of future enhancements, software agents can be developed
products and services that make sense for corporations and benefit each global citizen? B. TOP 12 GLOBAL MEGA TRENDS The best way to plot the course for this future innovation need is to star t at the top:
and services will be enhanced increasingly or even replaced by smart products and services, with intelligent sensing technology and internet connectivity driving better optimisation.
Enabled by the internet of things (Iot), machine to machine (M2m) communication and over 80 billion connected devices globally,
With smarter energy services, smart buildings and homes will become a mainstream reality in 2 to 3 years, driven by the convergence of green and smart technology and the deployment of service-based business models
In mobility, new and upcoming services such as multi-modal mobility are already available in an effort to tackle the urbanisation challenges of congestion and pollution.
The role of technology will increase in delivering smart mobility services, as we see more intelligent transport networks,
For example, built-in mobile hotspots will enable services such as internet radio, video streaming, web browsing and access to content to be downloaded in all connected devices under the same network.
and services to provide innovations that will help provide breakthrough changes for society. In our definition of Social Innovation, Frost & Sullivan believes it is this key element of convergence that is absolutely central.
New Business models in Traditional Industries Hitachi brings the service based Train concept to drive business model innovation in the rail industry Hitachi has won a landmark project in the UK to deliver rolling stock and maintenance services
and mobile services (m-services) to play a role in collaboration by enabling stakeholders to work competently, effectively and efficiently, with par tners, anytime and anywhere.
Another is‘Nemid'a unique digital identity developed for Danish citizens to access government services and private services such as internet banking and postal services. 4. Live Example:
which uses collective bargaining over the internet to bring down the prices of services, thereby offering unmatched discount deals in the market for everyone.
& employees about health Extra investments generated outside the UK to improve services at local hospitals in the UK New forms of care delivery:
Patients will receive NHS standard healthcare services outside the UK Government NHS reputation can help generate extra income abroad Profit making hospital branches Revenues can help close the NHS funding gap Solution
Provider Opportunity for the NHS brand to use its expertise to sell services outside the UK Corporations Expansion of the private health sector to provide universal and affordable access creates opportunities for companies in India, China and other
products and services that make sense for corporations and benefit each global citizen? In this paper, we have explored how Social Innovation answers this question across the massive industries such as Healthcare, Energy, Transportation,
and ICT, through new business models, superior products and novel services aligned with the key mega trends driving the future.
Successful innovators in the next few years will deploy a spectrum of new business models, integrating superior products and creative services into total solutions as a service.
-Acknowledge that some areas of Ireland have demand deficiencies with respect to certain services and that these services cannot be provided in a way that does not require indefinite, ongoing support;
-Provide an increased level of subsidiarity in decision-making so that areas can respond properly and effectively to their specific needs in the context of the overall parameters set by Government;
to providing lowerend support services such as systems and network administration and user support, Schaart told Euractiv.
via outsourcing services and service-level agreement (SLA), create collaboration with Southern Europe, in order to ensure a competitive Europe with innovative services and products,
the SEPE head said, adding that the e-skills conference tries to address this development.
and more recently to the design of business models for services provided through digital platforms (Fig. 2. 2)
and services offered through digital platforms, the managerial stakes in understanding those models is becoming much higher,
especially when these products and services have to be offered to and priced for consumers. A review of Table 2. 1 also illustrates that most of the espoused business models do not consider explicitly the effects of digital platforms specifically.
, organizational characteristics and technology 5 No Some Viscio and Pasternak (1996) Global core, governance, business units, services and linkages 5 No No Timmers (1998) Product/service/information
, customers, value chain, financial flow, goods and services, societal environment 7 No No Osterwalder and Pignuer (2009) Customer segments, value propositions, channels, customer relationships
and taking advantages of the affordances of digital technology, firms and groups of firms have been prolific in establishing digital platforms for the combination of technologies and the delivery of services (Gawer and Cusumano 2008).
we can‘‘mash up''digital services like Google's maps and Facebook's social newsfeed in no time and on a shoestring budget.
and services'prices in accord with the changing composition of the aggregate. 4 These chain-weighted output measures lead to productivity growth estimates that reveal two notable points about the slowdown. 2 Testimony of Alan Greenspan
and in the estimated flow of capital input services. 3 The first point is that the productivity growth rate's deviation below the trend that had prevailed during the 1950-1972 golden age of post-WORLD WAR II growth became even more pronounced during the late 1980's and early 1990's,
and the substitution of increasing volumes of the services of reproducible tangible capital for those of other inputs,
and services is able to cope with the shift towards integrating such commodities with the services of information.
in measuring the heterogeneous bundles of labor and capital services, but attention is being directed mainly to the problems that are suspected to persist in the measures of real product growth.
There are some industries, especially services, for which the concept of a unit of output itself is defined not well,
who have pointed out that the published CPI reflects corrections that already are made regularly to counteract some of the most prominent among the suspected procedural sources of overstatement--the methods of"splicing in"price series for new goods and services.
and miscellaneous other services has indeed been growing in relative importance, and this trend in recent decades has been pronounced especially. 13 There is certainly a gap in the manhours productivity growth rates favoring the better-measured,
and productivity growth are being systematically mismeasured has directed hitherto not sufficient attention to the possibility that there has been a growing bias due to underestimation of output quality improvements associated with new goods and services.
the hedonic deflation of investment expenditures on computer equipment contributes to raising the measured growth of the computer capital services,
The former are closer in spirit to the attempt to measure the productive efficiency of the economy by calculating TFP as the ratio of aggregate real output to the aggregate inputs of labor and capital services;
but the intangible assets formed in the process do not appear on the output side, among the final goods and services produced.
and variety of services offered internally within the company; and externally to customers who would,
Hermon and Land (1996). 17 improvements for the customer that do not appear in the measured real GDP originating in those sectors, nor in the real value expenditures on final goods and services.
The second facet of the argument is that in the earlier phases of the transition process resources tend to be directed to applying the innovation to provide new, qualitatively superior goods and services,
Recent estimates of the growth of computer stocks and the flow of services therefrom are consistent with the view that
and computing machinery (OCAM) were providing only 0. 56 percent and 1. 5 percent, respectively, of the total flow of real services from the (nonresidential) stock of producers'durable equipment. 34 But,
the growth rate for 1899-1914 is almost precisely the same as that for the ratio of computer equipment services to all producers'durable equipment services in the U s. Does the parallel carry over also,
The index of the computerization of capital services that has been derived here from the work of Jorgenson
the estimated average rate of growth of the ratio of computer equipment services to all producers'durable equipment services in the U s. turns out to be precisely the same,
Table 5-2) estimates the rate of change in real prices of computer services for 1987-1993 to have been-7. 9 percent per annum,
and quality adjusted computer services hardly warrants dismissing the relevance of seeking some insights into the dynamics of the transition to new general purpose technology by looking back at the dynamo revolution.
In arguing for the opposite view Triplett (1998) suggests that Sichel's (1997) estimates of the price of computer services--and, by implication,
Sichel's (1997) price indexes of quality adjusted computer services (from hardware and software) would seriously underestimate the relevant rate of decline.
Furthermore, in the same vein it may be noticed that the slower rate of fall in computer services prices as estimated by Sichel (1997) are more in accord with the observation that applications software packages also have ballooned in size,
which prices associated with electricity and computer services. Such attempts are themselves instances of the misuse of historical analogies.
and qualitatively enhanced goods and services. 40 See Gibbs (1997), and especially Norman (1998), Ch. 11.41 See David and Wright (April, 1999), for fuller discussion of the interrelatedness of mechanization of materials handling and factory electrification in the U s. during the 1920's and 1930's. 24 References
Roach, Stephen S.,1991, Services under Siege: The Restructuring Imperative, Harvard Business Review 68 (September-October:
23.7 21.0 35.8 50.6 Website availability and use The main services offered by companies with 10
%)Services available on the website Percentage over the total number of companies with 10 or more employees and an Internet connection First Quarter 2014 Company introduction 90.5 Privacy policy statement or certification
%and company database server (54.7%).53.4%of the companies that used Cloud computing did so by paying any service existing in servers of shared services suppliers.
%the risk of corporate security holes (31%)and the high price of Could Computing services (27.8%).
Accommodation services (80.7%),Food; beverages; tobacco; textile; clothing; leather and footwear; wood and cork; paper;
The total volume of orders of goods and services made via e-commerce reached 195,405. 4 million euros, 6. 8%more than in 2012.
Goods and services are procured via these networks, but the payment or dispatch of the good or service may be performed using this channel or others.
Areas affected by the change The areas highly affected by the change are represented by new products/services (55,31%)human resources (51,52%
Eurostat 0510152025303540czdkhrseiebedeukltesmteu28fisiptnlateefrskcyhuplelrolulvbgiteco merce by SMES share of companies with online sales>1%of turnover, in%(2014) Digital Agenda Scoreboard 2015 8 The use of egovernment services by citizens
The rise of the use of egovernment services has been driven mostly by the increase of regular Internet users,
while the share of Internet users who use egovernment services has edged up by only 3 percentage points,
%This contrasts with other services such as online shopping, where the rise of the share of Internet users from 54%to 63%has been a major driver for the overall increase.
Migration and highly diverse communities have put pressure on community cohesion and, in some cases, placed additional demands on already pressed local services;
a rapidly ageing population has increased dramatically demands on health and care services as well as public and personal budgets;
The economic and financial crisis of 2007-2008, the subsequent cut backs in public services and the accompanying‘austerity agenda'across Europe and elsewhere have exacerbated many of these trends
the development of new products, services and programmes; social entrepreneurship and the activity of social enterprises;
services and models) that simultaneously meet social needs and create new social relationships or collaborations.'
(which focus on products and services), institutional (which focus on markets), and disruptive (which focus on the political,
All available at tepsie. eu Type of social innovation Description Example New services and products New interventions or new programmes to meet social needs Car-sharing;
, Bedzed) New practices New services which require new professional roles or relationships Dispute resolution between citizens and the state in The netherlands (the professional civil servant role has changed dramatically
and citizens'social needs are met much better) New processes Co-production of new services Participatory budgeting (started in Brazil and since widely scaled;
s (e g. labs for social innovat ion) Mentoring and coaching Bu siness deve lo p m ent support (e g. accelerator progdrammes) Peer to peer support Professional services of various
ENHANCING DEMAND Transferring knowledge about social innovation P r e-comm e r cial proc urement Public procurement and commissioning of innovative goods and services Supp
AND SERVICES ENHANCING SUPPLY Campaigning and advocacy New flows of information (open data) Developing the knowledge base INTERMEDIARIES Social innovation networks Centres for information and evidence Hubs for diffusion and adoption Platforms for open
opportunities/events Information and brokerage support Knowledge transfer programmes Learning forums and insight legal advice, marketing services, fis cal and accounting services, HR advice
and inexpensively available, is being used in the TEM initiative in Greece55 to support a local currency for the exchange of goods and services within groups with high unemployment and low income.
for example by social entrepreneurs or intermediaries in the Viedome Total Community Platform initiative in the Netherlands56 to provide services directly to older people
and tailor interventions or services. In both situations this can result in more effective social innovation outcomes,
for example, with local currency initiatives using ICT to exchange goods and services, and with civic engagement cases using both crowdmapping
The economic dimension of social enterprise includes three criteria (a continuous activity producing goods and/or selling services;
and services on an ongoing basis. There are however, three main areas of contention across these schools of thought,
This may be because they do not have a sustainable revenue model perhaps the beneficiaries they serve cannot afford the services they require,
The provision of business support services, legal advice, accounting advice, office space, access to networks, as well as access to potential partners and funders is just as important.
through campaigns, advocacy and the provision of services. However, the majority of organisations in this sector are small,
Types of social innovation Examples Growth could be conceptualised as New services e g. new interventions or new programmes to meet social needs Replication, scaling up, mainstreaming, adoption New practices
e g. new services which require new professional roles or relationships Adoption, replication, mainstreaming, change management New processes e g. co-production of new services Adoption, mainstreaming, implementation,
change management New rules and regulations e g. the creation of new laws or new entitlements Policy diffusion New organisational forms e g. hybrid organisational forms such as social enterprises Diffusion,
and ends and they include new social practices, new ideas, models, rules, relations, services and/or products.
or unresolved by services organised by the state. Social innovation can take place inside or outside of public services.
Innovative activities and services that are motivated by the goal of meeting a social need and that are developed predominantly
services and models) that simultaneously meet social needs (more effectively than alternatives) and create new social relationships or collaborations.
Despite lagging behind the US in the volume of R&d investments and in the number of companies, EU-based Scoreboard companies in the Software and Computer Services sector show very strong performance:
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 R&d investment (Euro billion) Health ICT producers ICT services other high R&d intensity Automobiles & parts
Software & Computer Services 37; Automobiles & Parts 36; Technology Hardware & Equipment 29; Chemicals 24;
Health care Equipment & Services 20; Aerospace & Defence 18. The top 5 sectors account for 43.8%of the 527.1473 companies based in non-EU countries Companies by country US 658;
Software & Computer Services 151; Electronic & Electrical Equipment 139; Industrial Engineering 116; Chemicals 94;
Health care Equipment & Services 63; General Industrials 54; Construction & Materials 39. The top 5 sectors account for 56.1%of the 1473.
Health care equipment & services; Technology hardware & equipment; Software & computer services and Aerospace & defence.
Medium-high R&d intensity sectors (between 2%and 5%)include e g. Electronics & electrical equipment;
Support services. Medium-low R&d intensity sectors (between 1%and 2%)include e g. Food producers;
%namely Software & Computer Services (11.7%),Automobiles & Parts (8. 9%)and Technology Hardware & Equipment (8. 8%).The top R&d investing sector, Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology achieved a more modest
Other sectors that showed high R&d growth were the Industrial Engineering (9. 8%)and Health care Equipment & Services (8. 3%)sectors.
Companies based in the EU had the highest R&d growth in Automobile & Parts (14.4%),Software & Computer Services (14.2%)and the Industrial Engineering (12.3%)sectors.
%)The main R&d shares of those based in the US specialise in high R&d-intensive sectors, namely Technology Hardware & Equipment (25.2%),Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology (22.1%)and Software & Computer Services (18.2%).
the US contributes 74.4%to Software and Computer Services, 63.8%to Health care Equipment & Services and 54.0%to Technology Hardware & Equipment and;
Worldwide, the Software & Computer Services sector shows the highest one-year growth rate (11.8), %followed by Industrial Engineering (9. 8%),Automobiles & Parts (8. 9%)and Technology Hardware & Equipment (8. 8%)sectors.
%followed by the Software & Computer Services (14.2%)and Industrial Engineering (12.3%)sectors. Sectors showing the lowest one-year R&d growth are Banks (for which only the EU companies report R&d,-6. 8%),Fixed Line Telecom(-4. 6%
& Computer Services (12.6%)and Industrial Engineering (9. 4%).Sectors showing the lowest one-year R&d growth are Food Producers(-12.4%)and Leisure Goods(-4. 6%).For Japanese companies,
& Parts (6. 4%)and Health care Equipment & Services (4. 9%).The poorest performance was shown by General Industrials(-9. 7%)and Electronic & Electrical Equipment(-6. 9%).Apart
& Biotechnology Technology Hardware & Automobiles & Parts Software & Computer Services Electronic & Electrical Equipment Industrial Engineering Chemicals Aerospace & Defence General Industrials Leisure Goods
Health care Equipment & Services Oil & Gas Producers Fixed Line Telecommunications Banks Food Producers R&d investment 2012 (€ bn) EU USA Japan
& Computer Services Electronic & Electrical Equipment Industrial Engineering Chemicals Aerospace & Defense General Industrials Leisure Goods Other Source:
Japan-353 R&d change(%)1 year 3 years 1 Software & Computer Services 11.8 14.2 10.0 12.6 10.4-4. 7-8. 4
9. 7-4. 1-0. 5 5 Health care Equipment & Services 8. 3 8. 7 7. 6 8. 5 6. 2
%Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology, IT sectors (Software & Computer Services and Technology Hardware & Equipment) and Leisure Goods. The sector with the lowest R&d intensity is Oil & Gas Producers (0. 3
the R&d intensity of EU companies is larger than that of the US and Japan in 6 sectors (Software & Computer Services, Technology Hardware & Equipment, Industrial Engineering,
intensity,%1 Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology 14.4 13.9 15.8 13.2 2 Software & Computer Services 9. 9 12.6 11.5 4. 8 3 Technology
. 2 7 Automobiles & Parts 4. 2 5. 1 3. 7 4. 3 8 Health care Equipment & Services 4. 1 3. 6
%followed by Software & Computer Services (7. 4%),Food Producers (7. 3%)and Aerospace & Defence (6. 4%).Regarding the automotive sales,
the highest profitability is shown in Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology (19.0%)and Software & Computer Services (18.2%).
the Software & Computer Services sector shows the highest one-year growth rate for sales (6. 9%)followed by Technology Hardware
%and Oil & Gas Producers(-3. 0%).The US-based companies have the highest profitability in Software & Computer Services (23.9%)and Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology (21.7%).
& Services sector(-1. 7%).The profitability of companies based in Japan is generally lower than their counterparts in the EU and the US, for example 8. 9%in Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology vs. 19.0%for the EU companies.
*1 Automobiles & Parts 8. 8 11.3 5. 2 0. 0-3. 2 11.9 5. 6 2 Software & Computer Services 7
. 7 2. 8 9. 4-3. 0 16.7 2. 3 1. 8 7 Health care Equipment & Services 3. 5 8. 7
Technology Hardware & Equipment and Software & Computer Services, account for almost 90%of the total R&d investment of the US's high R&d intensity group.
Software & Computer Services 113: UK 47, France 21, Germany 19 Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology 112: UK 30, France 18 Industrial Engineering 112:
of EU 1000 (number of firms) Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology 59 (23%)52 (21%)Software & Computer Services 37 (14%)74 (30%)Technology Hardware & Equipment
More than 55%of these companies in the sectors of Electronic and Electrical Equipment, Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnologies and Software & Computer services have a higher R&d intensity than the average of the 527 EU companies.
Swedish and UK companies in the Software and Computer Services sector show high performances as more than 80%display a higher R&d intensity than the upper reach average.
7%environment & industrial processing and 19.2%services (including technology services) The segmentation by region was The americas 45.4%,Europe 26.1%,Asia Pacific 26.1,
FISHER SCIENTIFIC INC.-Health care Equipment & Services) 64 The 2013 EU Industrial R&d Scoreboard Despite this acquisition activity, there was only a modest increase in R&d from 2005 to 2012 for many
2035 42 Logistics, Distribution & Transport. 1270 83 Business Services 1229 31 Headquarters 1086 29 Maintenance & Services 559 8 ICT & Internet
Shared Services 228 4 Construction 123 24 Recycling 50 2 Total 27208 2030 Source Region Outflows(%€ 2030 bn) Projects
sales & marketing, retail, logistics, distribution & transportation, business services, headquarters activities, maintenance & services, ICT & internet infrastructures, education & training, extraction, customer contact
, electricity, technical support, shared services, construction, recycling. 74 The 2013 EU Industrial R&d Scoreboard Figure 6. 8 reports on the industries and regions that originate the highest volumes
As the graph shows, most of the investments in R&d (60%of the total capital investment of €97. 0bn) are concentrated in ICT (production and services), Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology,
Development is the application of research findings or other knowledge to a plan or design for the production of new or substantially improved materials, devices, products, processes, systems or services before the start of commercial production
1 1 10 1 2 5 33 General Retailers 4 1 6 11 Health care Equipment & Services 2 13 2 2
Services & Distrib. 2 1 3 6 Personal Goods 1 6 4 3 2 16 Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology 1 4 13 13
4 2 18 29 1 1 4 5 3 1 11 1 111 Real estate Investment & Services 1 1 2 Software
& Computer Services 2 19 2 2 5 21 45 1 4 2 1 7 111 Support Services 10 2 19
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