Million euros in 2011.5%0%5%10%Software & Computer Services Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology Technology Hardware & Equipment Health care Equipment & Services Electronic & Electrical Equipment General
Technology Hardware & Equipment, Software & Computer Services, and Health care Equipment & Services 49 47%Medium R&d intensity Industrial Engineering, Electronic & Electrical Equipment, Automobiles & Parts, Chemicals, Aerospace & Defence, General Industrials
, Household Goods & Home Construction, Food Producers, Travel & Leisure, Financial services, Fixed Line Telecommunications, Alternative energy, Support Services, Equity Investment Instruments,
and Personal Goods 78 39%Low R&d intensity Construction & Materials, Electricity, Industrial Metals & Mining, Forestry & Paper, Banks, Oil & Gas Producers, Industrial
health care equipment & services (2. 2%p. a. over the next three years), chemicals (4. 3),
-5%0%5%10%15%Software & Computer Services Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology Technology Hardware & Equipment Health care Equipment & Services Electronic & Electrical Equipment General
%In the high R&d intensity sectors, pharmaceuticals & biotechnology and software & computer services are the drivers of expectations in the US and Canada, China and India.
services or processes. 26 See the 2013 European Research Area Progress report, pp. 29 http://ec. europa. eu/research/era/pdf/era progress report2013/era progress report2013. pdf 27 See the Knowledge Transfer Study 2010-2012,
services or processes. 0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%inside the EU in non-EU countries inside the EU in non
pharmaceuticals & biotechnology, technology hardware & equipment, software & computer services, health care equipment & services,
& home construction, oil equipment, services & distribution, other financials, personal goods, beverages, and tobacco.
sector group**Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology 24 108 22.2%above 40%High technology Hardware & Equipment 10 47 21.3%above 40%High Software & Computer Services 8
106 7. 5%below 20%High Health care Equipment & Services 7 34 20.6%between 20 and 40%High other high R&d-intensity sectors 0
5 (a) Demand for innovative goods & services:(a1) market size (a2) market growth (a3) through public procurement (a4) via product market regulation, norms & standards (b) Human resources:(
54 Innovation is the introduction of new or significantly improved products, services, or processes. 43 43 4343 The 2013 EU SURVEY on R&d Investment Business Trends E. R&d knowledge sharing activities 10.
and provisions established by the Directorate of Security for these kind of servers and services. The information you provide will be treated as confidential
and services beyond the capabilities offered by current technologies. Future Internet research is therefore a must.
services and cloud computing, networked media and Internet of things. In total they represent an investment in research of almost 870 million euro,
Online video and highdefinition TV services are expected to dominate this growth. Cisco state that the average monthly traffic in 2014 will be equivalent to 32 million people continuously streaming the 2009 Avatar film in 3d12.
Commercial services as mentioned above the Internet is now a conduit for a wide variety of commercial services.
These business services rely on platforms which can support a wide variety of business transactions and business processes.
The network of the future Cloud computing, Internet of services and advanced software engineering Internet-connected objects Trustworthy ICT Networked media
Foundations-Architectural Issues-Socioeconomic Issues-Security and Trust-Experiments and Experimental Design Future Internet Areas-Networks-Services-Content Applications FIA Budapest will be the seventh FIA
and Sasu Tarkoma Engineering Secure Future Internet Services...177 Wouter Joosen, Javier Lopez, Fabio Martinelli,
and Fabio Massacci Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services...
Services Introduction to Part VI...323 SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet...327 Joe Butler, Juan Lambea, Michael Nolan, Wolfgang Theilmann, Francesco Torelli, Ramin Yahyapour, Annamaria Chiasera,
and Marco Pistore Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet...339 Eduardo Santos, Fabiola Pereira, Jo ao Henrique Pereira, Luiz Cl'audio Theodoro, Pedro Rosa,
and Sergio Takeo Kofuji Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services...
351 John Domingue, Carlos Pedrinaci, Maria Maleshkova, Barry Norton, and Reto Krummenacher Part VII: Future Internet Areas:
and Francesco Taglino Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet...419 Kim Khoa Nguyen, Mohamed Cheriet, Mathieu Lemay, Bill St. Arnaud, Victor Reijs, Andrew Mackarel, Pau Minoves, Alin Pastrama,
enjoying multimedia communications, taking advantage of advanced software services, buying and selling, keeping in touch with family and friends,
The success of the Internet has created even higher hopes and expectations for new applications and services,
the increased reliability, availability and interoperability requirements of the new networked services, and on the other hand the extremely high volumes of multimedia content challenge the today's Internet.
The current Internet capability limit will be stressed further by the expected growth, in the next years, in order of magnitude of more Internet services
The very success of the Internet is now creating obstacles to the future innovation of both the networking technology that lies at the Internet's core and the services that use it.
applications, services, networks, storage, content, resources and smart objects. Fusion of diverse design requirements, which include openness, economic viability, fairness, scalability, manageability, evolvability and programmability, autonomicity, mobility, ubiquitous access, usage,
The Towards In-Network Clouds in Future Internet chapter explores the architectural co-existence of new and legacy services and networks, via virtualisation of connectivity and computation resources and self management capabilities,
and management of virtual networks and services as experimented with and validated on large-scale testbeds.
or deploy services they can be used in other tasks or services. As an implementation challenge for controlling and harmonising these entire resource management requirements, the federation paradigm emerges as a tentative approach and potentially optimal solution.
enjoying multimedia communications, taking advantage of advanced software services, buying and selling, keeping in touch with family and friends,
The success of the Internet has created even higher hopes and expectations for new applications and services
and interoperability required by new networked services, and this trend will escalate in the future. Therefore, the requirement of increased robustness, survivability,
4 that increasing the bandwidth on the backbone network will not suffice due to new qualitative requirements concerning, for example, highly critical services such as ehealth applications, clouds of services and clouds of sensors, new social network
applications like collaborative 3d immersive environments, new commercial and transactional applications, new location-based services and so on.
the networks and shared infrastructure perspective, the services and application perspective as well as the media and content perspective.
etc. and the term service to refer to any action performed on data or other services and the related Application programming interface (API).
http://ec. europa. eu/information society/activities/foi/research/fiarch/index en. htm 2 The definition of service does not include the services offered by humans using the Internet 10 T. Zahariadis et al.
The term control is used here to refer to control functionality but also management functionality, e g. systems, networks, services, etc.
trustworthy processing and handling of network and systems infrastructure and essential services in many critical environments, such as healthcare, transportation, compliance with legal regulations, etc.
iii) to support multiple types of services, iv) to accommodate a variety of physical networks,
and services, nomadicity, and mobility (while providing means to maintain continuity of application communication exchanges when needed).
This paper aims to explore the architectural co-existence of new and legacy services and networks, via virtualisation of connectivity and computation resources and self management capabilities,
and management of virtual networks and services as experimented with and validated on large-scale testbeds.
Internet use is expected to grow massively over the next few years with an order of magnitude more Internet services
. and design of all levels of interfaces for Services and for networks'and services'resources.
As such, the Future Internet covers the complete management and full lifecycle of applications, services, networks and infrastructures that are constructed primarily by recombining existing elements in new and creative ways.
This paper aims to explore the architectural co-existence of new and legacy services and networks, via virtualisation of resources and self management capabilities,
and management of virtual networks and services as experimented with and validated on large-scale testbeds 3. 2 Designs for In-Network Clouds Due to the existence of multiple stakeholders with conflicting goals and policies,
used to make the Future Internet of Services more intelligent, with embedded management functionality. At a logical level, the VMKSO planes gather observations, constraints and assertions,
management services, protocols, as well as resource-facing and end-user facing services. It includes the enablers that allow code to be executed on the network entities.
The safe and controlled deployment of new code enables new services to be activated on-demand.
This approach has the following advantages: Service deployment takes place automatically and allows a significant number of new services to be offered on demand;
It offers new, flexible ways to configure network entities that are not based on strict configuration sets;
Services that are used not can be disabled automatically. These services can be enabled again on-demand, in case they are needed;
It eases the deployment of network-wide protocol stacks and management services; It enables secure but controlled execution environments;
It allows an infrastructure that is aware of the impact on the existing services of a new deployment;
It allows optimal resource utilization for the new services and the system. 22 A. Galis et al. 2. 2 Orchestration Plane Overview The purpose of the Orchestration Plane is to coordinate the actions of multiple autonomic management systems
in order to ensure their convergence to fulfil applicable business goals and policies. It supervises and it integrates all other planes'behaviour ensuring integrity of the Future Internet management operations.
and services that it is managing, and makes appropriate decisions for the resources and services that it governs,
either by itself (if its governance mode is individual) or in collaboration with other AMS (if its governance mode is distributed or collaborative),
Virtual resources and services are used. Service Lifecycle management is introduced. The traditional management plane is augmented with a narrow knowledge plane,
and other key framework services are packaged in a distributed component that simplifies and directs the application of those framework services to the system.
The Distributed Orchestration Component (DOC) provides a set of framework network services. Framework services provide a common infrastructure that enables all components in the system under the scope of the Orchestration Plane to have plug and play and unplug and play behaviour.
Applications compliant with these framework services share common security metadata, administration, and management services. The DOC enables the following functions across the orchestration plane:
federation, negotiation, distribution and governance. The federation functionality of the OP is represented by the composition/decomposition of networks & services under different domains.
Since each domain may have different SLAS, security and Towards In-Network Clouds in Future Internet 23 administrative policies,
a federation function would trigger a negotiation between domains and the redeployment of service components in the case that the new policies and high level goals of the domain are not compatible with some of the deployed services.
The negotiation functionality of the OP enables separate domains to reach composition/decomposition agreements and to form SLAS for deployable services.
The distribution functionality of the OP provides communication and control services that enable management tasks to be split into parts that run on multiple AMSS within the same domain.
The distribution function controls the deployment of AMSS and their components. The governance functionality of the OP monitors the consistency of the AMSS'actions, it enforces the high level policies
and SLAS defined by the DOCS and it triggers for federation, negotiation and distribution tasks upon noncompliance.
This paper uses system virtualisation to provide virtual services and resources. System virtualisation separates an operating system from its underlying hardware resources;
and to construct virtual services and networks that meet stated business goals having specified service requirements.
Composite virtual services can thus be constructed using all or part of the virtual resources provided by each physical resource.
The KP provides information and context services as follows: information-life cycle management, which includes storage, aggregation, transformations, updates, distribution of information;
Furthermore, context-aware networking enables new types of applications and services in the future Internet. Context Information Services.
The Context Information Service Platform (CISP), within the KP, has the role of managing the context information
Context clients are context-aware services, either user-facing services or network management services, which make use of
or/and adapt themselves to context information. Network services are described as the services provided by a number of functional entities (FES),
and one of the objectives of 26 A. Galis et al. this description is to investigate how the different FES can be made context-aware,
It adds new functions without disturbing the rest of the system (Plug-and-play/Unplug and play/Dynamic programmability of management functions & services.
and services, to be combined. In order to support this, each AMS uses the models and ontologies to provide a standard set of capabilities that can be advertised
and management services that it governs, either by itself (if its governance mode is individual)
ANPI (Autonomic Network programming Interface) is the SP's main component that enables large-scale autonomic services deployment on virtual networks.
also part of the KP, provides functionality to add powerful and flexible monitoring facilities to system clouds (virtualisation of networks and services.
4 Conclusion This work has presented the design of an open software networked infrastructure (In-Network Cloud) that enables the composition of fast and guaranteed services in an efficient manner,
and the execution of these services in an adaptive way taking into 32 A. Galis et al. account better shared network
this interface can then form the basis for new types of applications and services in the future Internet.
Since today's mobile Internet architectures have been designed originally for voice services and later extended to support packet switched services only in a very centralized manner,
the management of this ever growing traffic demand is quite hard task to deal with.
or open to pay for the Wireless internet services meaning that voice communication will remain the dominant mobile application also in the future.
Despite this and the assumption of 5 implying that the increase in the number of people potentially using mobile Internet services will likely saturate after 2015 in industrialized countries
The most prominent effect of services and application evolution is the increase of video traffic:
it is foreseen that due to the development of data-hungry entertainment services like television/radio broadcasting and Vod,
Since video and related entertainment services seems to become dominant in terms of bandwidth usage special optimization mechanisms focusing on content delivery will also appear in the near future.
users will choose from a growing scale of services to communicate (e g.,, e-mail, Instant Messaging, blogging, micro-blogging, Voip and video transmissions, etc..
growth of the mobile subscriptions, evolution of mobile networks, devices, applications and services, and significant device increase potential resulted by the tremendous number of novel subscriptions for Machine to machine-Machine communications. 2. 2 Scalability Problems of the Mobile Internet Existing wireless telecommunication
, towards IP Multimedia Subsystem for delivering IP multimedia services), the interoperability between the service and the access layer can easily cause scalability
Release 5 (2003) introduced the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) core network functions for provision of IP services over the PS domain,
In Release 10 (2010) Selective IP Traffic Offload (SIPTO) and Local IP Access (LIPA) services have been published 15.
In the PS domain, IP multimedia services require a two-level session establishment procedure. First, the MN and the correspondent node (CN) negotiate the session parameters using SIP on the service level
command and event services form the key routines of the future mobile Internet designs. The importance of this research area is emphasized also by the creation of a new IETF nonworking group called Distributed Mobility Management (DMM) in August 2010,
Ultra Flat Architecture for high bitrate services in mobile networks. In: Proc. of PIMRC'08, Cannes, France, pp. 1 6 (2008) 17.
or deploy services they can be used in other tasks or services. As implementation challenge for controlling and harmonising these entire resource management requirements
computation's and storage's networks and services has been a clear trend in the Information and Communications technology (ICT) domain.
In the future Internet, services and networks follow a common goal: to provide solutions in a form of implemented interoperable mechanisms.
Reliable services and network performance act as technology requirements for more secure and reliable communication systems supporting end user and network requirements.
which networking issues are addressed in a manner that focuses on the supporting role various protocols play in delivering communications services that meet the rapidly changing needs of the communities of users for
or deploy services they can be used in other tasks or services. As implementation challenge for controlling
and efficiently allocate network services. This paper is organized as follows: Section II presents a brief review of the challenges about Future Internet architectures in terms of cross-domain interoperability.
Section IV presents a Federated Management Reference Model and its implications for networks and services.
we also investigate what information enterprise application management systems can provide to federated management systems allowing network and services allocation.
The Future Internet architecture must provide societal services and, in doing so, support and sustain interactions between various communities of users in straight relation with communication infrastructure mechanisms.
and the resourcefacing services are aware of the properties, the requirements, and the state of the net 54 M. Serrano et al. work environment,
which enable services to self-adapt according the changes in the network context and environment.
It also means that services are executed both and managed within network execution environments and that both the services and the network resources can be managed uniformly in an integrated way.
Uniform management allows services and networks to harmonize their decisions and actions 14. The design of both networks and services is moving forward to include higher levels of automation
and autonomicity, which includes self management. The optimization of resources 15 16 17 using federation in the future Internet relies on classify
and identify properly what resources need to be used, thus dynamically the service composition and service deployed can be executed by result of well known analysis on network
and services. 3 Rationale for Federation in the future Internet Federation is relatively a new paradigm in communications,
the rationale for federated, autonomic management of communications services is addressed from the perspective of end-to-end applications and services in the future Internet.
and services) made up of possibly heterogeneous components, each of which has some degree of local autonomy to realize business goals.
Such business goals provide services that transcend legal and organizational boundaries in dynamic networks of consumers and providers.
Future Internet environments consist of heterogeneous administrative domains, each providing a set of different services. In such complex environment, there is no single central authority;
(and usually multiple) separate resources and/or services that must be shared and/or negotiated. The term Federation in communications was discussed in a previous work 20
and services. These principles can be validated via direct industrial investment, and roll out real integrated test beds to trial new network and service infrastructures.
Next generation networks and services 3 4 24 can not be conceived without systems acting and reacting in a dynamic form to the changes in its surrounding (context-awareness, data link and information interoperability),
considering end-user requirements and acting in autonomous forms offering added value services (Autonomics) 6 7 25 where traditional definitions describing self management emerged.
and network domains must interact to exchange relevant information facilitating services and network operations. These cross-domain interactions demand certain level of abstraction to deal with mapping requirements from different information and data domains.
and emphasizes offering federated services in a portable manner that is independent of the utilized networks.
and manage end-to-end communications services over an interconnected, but heterogeneous infrastructure and establishes communication foundations.
In federation management end-to-end communication services involve configuring service and network resources in accordance to the policies of the actors involved in the management process.
in today's Internet it is observed the growing trend for services to be provided both and consumed by loosely coupled value networks of consumers, providers and combined consumer and providers.
and Designs of Federated Management in Future Internet Architectures 57 to offer common and agreed services even with many technological restrictions
In the current Internet typical large enterprise systems contain thousands of physically distributed software components that communicate across different networks 27 to satisfy end-to-end services client requests.
and the network services they require (6. Federated Regulations). We support the idea that monitoring data at the network
Foundations) thus allocate new federated network services (11. Enforcement. In a federated system the interaction between domains and the operations in between represent a form of high-level control to perform the negotiations
toolkit (s) and components that can guide the realisation of federated communications environments to effectively provide complex services (interoperable boundaries) and,
and configurations for managing services and networks are used to ensure transference of results to other systems as result of sensitivity analysis.
When using semantics the interaction between systems named interactive entities is to reduce the reliance on technological dependencies for services support
the vision of federated autonomic management for end-to-end communications services orchestrate federated service management where management systems should semantically interoperate to support evolving value chains and the end-to-end delivery of services.
and efficiently allocate network services. Brief scenario descriptions illustrate the possible challenges are necessaries to tackle around the term federation
challenges arise relating to how services can be delivered efficiently over these overlapping infrastructures. Challenges in wireless mesh networks relate to both resource management within the network infrastructure itself
and the way in which management systems of individual network domains can federate dynamically to support endtoend delivery of services to end-users.
Furthermore, there are challenges relating to securing the delivery of services across (possible multiple) wireless mesh infrastructure domains.
however, there is little visibility of the root responsible source of interaction breakdowns between the various communication services providers, application service hosts,
6. 4 Federation of Home Area Networks Services and Applications An emerging trend in communications networks is the growing complexity and heterogeneity of the outer edge domain the point of attachment of Home
The federated autonomic reference model approach introduced in this paper as a design practice for Future Internet architectures emerges as an alternative to address this complex problem in the future Internet of networks and services.
experiments composing services in some of the scenarios described in this paper. 64 M. Serrano et al. 7. 1 Research Outputs as Rationale for Federation Techniques
The work introduced in this paper is a contribution to SFI FAME-SRC (Federated, Autonomic Management of End-to-end Communications Services-Scientific research Cluster.
Activities are funded partially by Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) via grant 08/SRC/I1403 FAME-SRC (Federated, Autonomic Management of End-to-end Communications Services-Scientific research Cluster) and by the Univerself
A Perspective for Future Internet Services Based on Autonomic Principles. In: 2007 IEEE Management Week Manweek 2007 2nd IEEE MACE 2007 Workshop, San José, CA, USA, 29.oct 2 Nov (2007) 22.
To deal with this heterogeneity, services in the form of standard Web Services and DPWS1,
As services play a pivotal role in the future Internet Architecture, the use of services for integrating the RWI also fits well into the overall architectural picture.
One has to keep in mind though that RWI services have some different properties from common
enterprise-level services: They are of lower granularity, e g.,, just providing simple sensor readings and, more importantly,
they are inherently unreliable; such RWI services may suddenly fail and the data they deliver has to be associated with some quality of information parameters before further processing. 1 Device Profile for Web Services An Architectural Blueprint for a Real-world Internet 69 3 Reference Architecture In this section we present an initial model on
which several of the current RWI architecture approaches are based. While not as comprehensive as a reference architecture, it already identifies the major underlying system assumptions and architectural artifacts of the current RWI approaches.
The model has been developed through a careful analysis of the existing RWI architectures according to the following dimensions:
1. Underlying system assumptions, 2. functional coverage of the services provided by the architectures, 3. underlying information models in the architectures,
Providing the services and corresponding underlying information models to bridge the physical and the digital world by allowing users/applications to interact with the Resources
so that the services offered by the RWI architectures can find the required resources for the entity-level requests.
or architectural services. 3. 1 Functional Coverage of RWI Architectures This section explores the different functional features provided by the service functions of the existing architectures to support the interactions between resources and resource users and the corresponding
Resource discovery is one of the basic services RWI architectures provide for resource-level access. It allows resource users to lookup
, processing services) on resource hosts in order to satisfy context information requests and actuation requests. Session management functionality is provided to support longer lasting interactions between resources and resource users
or provided information and actuation services. Accountability and traceability can be achieved by recording transactions and interactions taking place at the respective system entities. 3. 2 Smart Object model At its core,
different types of communication services may be required from the underlying communication service layer. Table 1 shows a simple way to assess
represents a combination of the service-oriented provision of AAL services and event-driven communication between them,
It provides generic platform An Architectural Blueprint for a Real-world Internet 75 services like context management for collecting
Framework and platform services are coupled loosely by operating and communicating on shared vocabulary (most important ontologies:
, services are described through attributes, modeled as contextual information, and a range of services (resources). Any service (resource) matching that description may be returned by the registry.
Although no session context is required, a pre-requirement exists that interacting PECES applications, whether they are entities or resources,
These resources are made available through a number of data-focused services (acting as resource endpoints),
These services include those focused on data registration and discovery (where a spatiotemporal extension of SPARQL stsparql-,is used to discover data sources from the Semsorgrid4env registry),
services and resources. 4. 5 SENSEI The SENSEI architecture SENSEI aims at integrating geographically dispersed and internet interconnected heterogeneous WSAN (Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks) systems into a homogeneous
It includes various useful services for both providers and users of real world resources to form a global market space for real world information and interaction.
These uniform descriptions provide the basis for a variety of different supporting services that operate upon.
One of the key support services is a rendezvous mechanism that allows resource users to discover
actuator and processing services can be identified and dynamically combined in order to provide request context information or realize more complex actuation loops.
Furthermore AAA services perform accounting and auditing for authorized use of real world resources. 4. 6 Other Architectures A number of projects focus on aspects beyond the architectural blueprint presented in this chapter,
where Web representations of real-world entities offer services to access and modify their physical state
and to mash up these real-world services with traditional services and data available in the Web.
SPITFIRE extends the architectural model of this chapter by its focus on services supporting heterogeneous and resourceconstrained devices, its extensive use of existing Web standards such as RESTFUL interfaces and Linked Open Data,
and installation independent workflows which react to situations of interest Composer analyses services which are available in a certain installation
and selects and combines those services to achieve the (abstract) service goals Semsorgrid4env Using an RDF-based registry of data sources,
and corresponding stsparql queries In-network query processing capabilities (SNEE) with mote-based sensor networks Data services are generated dynamically according to WS-DAI (Web Services Data Access and Integration) indirect
It supports integration of sensors and AAL services Context Ontology: low-and top-level. It supports context reasoning from a low-level sensor-based model to a high-level service-oriented model Semsorgrid4env Limited management, through WS-DAI indirect access mode N/A n
Web of Data/Linked Data, Semantic web, REST architecture, Internet of Services, SOA and Web Services and Internet of things approaches.
The Content-Centric perspective leverages on the importance of creating, pub 82 M. C. Pettenati et al. lishing and interlinking content on the Web and providing content-specific infrastructural services for (rich media
Services and User perspectives, a rough schema in Table 1 can provide highlights the main, original, driving forces of such approaches.
/Linked Data REST Internet of Services WS-*SOA Web 2. 0, Web 3. 0, Semantic web Internet of things The three views can be interpreted as emphasizing different aspect rather than expressing opposing statements.
and Services are built as a result of a set of functions applied to the content, to pieces of information or services.
and handled by the network architecture so as to Managing a Global Distributed Interlinked Data-Content-Information Space 83 provide basic Services at an infrastructural level
to support enhanced content/information-centric services for Applications, as highlighted in Figure 1. Fig. 1. Interdatanet architecture situated with respect to the Future Internet architecture envisaged in 7. 84 M. C. Pettenati et al.
interface to distributed heterogeneous data management (REST approach) 4. IDN provides-at an infrastructural level-collaboration-oriented basic services, namely:
This will alleviate application-levels of sharing arbitrary pieces of information in ad hoc manner while providing compliancy with current network architectures and approaches such as Linked Data, RESTFUL Web Services, Internet of Service,
and relies on the services offered by IDN naming system. IDN-Nodes are the information that the layers exchange in their communications.
Storage Interface (SI) provides the services related to the physical storage of information and an interface towards legacy systems.
c) the adoption of a RESTFUL Web Services, also known as ROA Resource Oriented Architecture to leverage on REST simplicity (use of well-known standards i e.
RESTFUL Web Services; O'reilly Media, Inc.:Sebastopol, CA, USA (2007) 9. Carroll, J. J.,Bizer, C.,Hayes, P.,Stickler, P.:
when the exponential growth of small and/or mobile devices and sensors, of services and of security requirements began to show that current Internet is becoming itself a bottleneck.
but, probably, the growth in Internet-aware devices and the always more demanding requirements of new services and applications will require radical architecture enhancements very soon.
which support services and applications by utilizing the current Internet infrastructure. For instance, G-Lab 8 (Design and experiment the network of the future, Germany), is the German national platform for Future Internet studies,
but is also open to innovative technologies and services. The main idea is to collect and elaborate all the information coming from the whole environment (i e.,
, users, contents, services, network resources, computing resources, device characteristics) via virtualization and data mining functionalities; the metadata produced in this way are then input of intelligent cognitive modules
which provide the applications/services with the required functionalities in order to maximize the user Quality of Experience with the available resources.
example of Resources include services, contents, terminals, devices, middleware functionalities, storage, computational, connectivity and networking capabilities, etc.;
since the telecommunication network behaviours, due to the large variety of supported services and the rapid evolution of the service characteristics, are becoming more and more unpredictable.
compose atomic services to provide a specific application, maximize the energy efficiency, guarantee a reliable connection, satisfy the user perceived quality of experience and so on.
Z Resources Services Networks Contents Devices Cloud storage Terminals Computational Fig. 1. Proposed Cognitive Future Internet Framework conceptual architecture A Cognitive Future
and of Resource related information (Sensing functionalities embedded in the Resource Interface this monitoring has to take place according to transparent techniques,(ii) the formal description of the above-mentioned heterogeneous parameters/data/services/contents in homogeneous
(ii) providing enriched data/services/contents to the Actors. In addition, these enablers control the sensing, metadata handling, actuation and API functionalities (these control actions,
(ii) provisioning to the appropriate Actors the enriched data/contents/services produced by the Cognitive Enablers (Provisioning functionalities embedded in the Actor Interface;
Souza Pereira et al. 1 Future Internet Works A Future Internet full of services requirements demands networks where the necessary resources to service delivery are orchestrated
and record instances of entities and their properties and needs, facilitating communication services among them.
Ontology for management and governance of services 5. However, these studies does not use the ontology to the formalization of concepts for replacement of the intermediate layers of the TCP IP (including its major protocols such as IP, UDP and TCP.
In the Entity Title Model, entities, regardless of their categories, are supported by a layer of services.
the layers also expose services to other layers. In its concept, the service layer is able to understand
The relationship between Entity, Services and Data link layers are made by the use of concepts directly represented in OWL.
one user may need the Content directly from Services or from other Users (thoughts). In this perspective, the Entity Title Model and its ontology can contribute to converge some Future Internet projects,
IEEE International Conference on Networking and Services p. 7 (2010) 27 Prud encio, A.,Willrich, R.,Diaz, M.,Tazi, S.:
1) The study of the relationship between any sort of economic activity (here networking in the areas of Internet-based and telecommunications-based communications for a variety of lower-level network/telecommunication as well as application-based services) and the social life of user (here,
mainly addressing private customers of such services and providers offering such services);(2) Markets of Internet service providers (ISP) and Telecommunication Providers;(
3) ISPS peering agreements and/or transit contracts;(4) Customer usage behavior and selections of content;(
6) The investigation of (European) regulation for e-services markets and security regulations;(7) The investigation of the physical environment of e-services in terms of availability, worldwide vs. highly focused (cities),
and dependability for commercial services; and (8) The determination (if possible) of the growth of the Gross domestic product (GDP), providers'revenue maximization,
and customers'benefits. While this collection cannot be considered complete, it clearly outlines that a combination of social and economic viewpoints on pure Internet-based networking is essential.
while being at the same time in contrast to simplicity and easeof-operations of a variety of Internet-based services.
for instance telepresence offerings now wrap together several services that separately had less market traction. 6 Conclusions The main message of this Chapter is that implementation,
services, and content. Accordingly, different stakeholders in the Internet space have developed a wide range of on-line business models to enable sustainable electronic business.
and trends like the Internet-of-Things or the success of Cloud services, all provide indicators of the high significance of the Internet today.
a) contention among HUS and IUS for bandwidth on congested links and (b) contention among ISPS and HUS since the aggressive behavior of the latter has a negative effect on IUS and provision of other services.
since high congestion can have an impact on ISP's plans to offer other real-time services.
or even a provider that receives services at the wholesale level (we refer to this case as the reverse contention tussle).
and throttling so that quality of other services is acceptable). 3. 2 Economic Tussles Economic tussles refer to conflicts between stakeholders,
and supply in the provisioning of services. A popular example is bandwidth of bottleneck links
in order to control how bandwidth is allocated across users and services. The remaining tussle patterns are seen mostly in bilateral
this lower price would lead some sellers of higher quality services to stop selling (since they do not cover their costs anymore) and thus, in the long term,
only low quality services will be available. Similarly, if a service provider were informed the less party, then setting-for example-a low price would increase his risk of being selected by the least profitable customers.
and performed traffic shaping then it may have negative impact on the services, and thus, on the viability of new ASPS, who however cannot safely attribute these effects to the ISP.
and what role ISPS and service providers such as Paypal have in supplying services to controversial online bodies come to the forefront.
The ETICS project (Economics and Technologies for Inter-Carrier Services) 8 studies a repurposing tussle arising
. Since it is based on a lean architecture to operate new services in the future Internet, the discovery of capabilities and the adaptation of many management operations to current working An Approach to Investigating Socioeconomic Tussles 157 conditions of a network are major elements in the new approach.
The MOBITHIN project 13 is related to a responsibility tussle between users of wireless services, mobile operators and regulators that has arisen from the social interest to reducing carbon footprint of the ICT sector
and the Future Internet research community by offering selected services to FP7 projects in Challenge 1. SESERV provides access to socioeconomic experts investigating the relationship between FI technology, society,
The concept of Platform-as-a-service provides joint development and execution environments for software and services, with common framework features and easy integration of functionality offered by third parties.
The Internet of Services allows the forming of value networks through on-demand service coalitions built upon service offerings of different provenance and ownership.
as well as providing assurance about security properties of exposed services and information. 164 Part III: Future Internet Foundations:
The second group of chapters investigates the provision of assurance of the security properties of services and infrastructures in the future Internet.
The chapter Engineering Secure Future Internet Services by W. Joosen et al. makes a point for establishing an engineering discipline for secure services,
Such a discipline is required to particularly emphasize multilateral security requirements, the composability of secure services,
The authors propose security support in programming and execution environments for services, and suggest using rigorous models through all phases of the SDLC, from requirements engineering to model-based penetration testing.
One of the major ingredients of this program, the provision of security assurance through formal validation of security properties of services, is investigated in detail in the chapter‘Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services by R
They introduce a language to specify the security aspects of services and a validation platform based on model-checking.
but also in most other Future Internet scenarios like the Internet of Services, the need for data exchange leads to sensitive data, e g.,
Doctoral dissertation, Department of computer science and Engineering, Aalto University, School of Science and Technology (2010) Engineering Secure Future Internet Services Wouter Joosen1, Javier Lopez2, Fabio Martinelli3,
and the opportunity for establishing a discipline for engineering secure Future Internet Services, typically based on research in the areas of software engineering,
Generic solutions that ignore the characteristics of Future Internet services will fail, yet it seems obvious to build on best practices
in order to jointly enable the security and trustworthiness of Future Internet services. 1 Introduction 1. 1 Future Internet Services The concept named Future Internet (FI) aggregates many facets
Besides such a network-level evolution, the Future Internet will manifest itself to the broad mass of end users through a new generation of services (e g. a hybrid aggregation of content and functionality
While the creative space of services composition is unlimited in principle, so is the fragmentation of ownership of both services and content,
as well as the complexity of implicit and explicit relations among participants in each business value chain that is generated.
In addition, the user community of such FI services evolves and widens rapidly, including masses of typical end users in the role of prosumers (producing and consuming services).
This phenomenon increases the scale, the heterogeneity and the performance challenges that come with FI service systems.
This evolution obviously puts the focus on the trustworthiness of services. Multiparty service systems are not entirely new,
yet the Future Internet stretches the present know how on building secure software services and systems:
and services are shared and composed. This adds an extra level of complexity, as both risks and assumptions are hard to anticipate.
and reassessed continuously. 1. 2 The Need for Engineering Secure Software Services The need to organize,
integrate and optimize the research on engineering secure software services to deal effectively with this increased challenge is pertinent and well recognized by the research community and by the industrial one.
This obviously harms the economic impact of Future Internet services and causes significant monetary losses in recovering from those attacks.
In addition, this induces users at several levels to lose confidence in the adoption of ICT-services.
New Internet services will have to be Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 179 provided in the near future,
and security breaches in these services may lead to large financial loss and damaged reputation. 1. 3 Research Focus on Developing Secure FI Services Our focus is on the creation and correct execution of a set of methodologies, processes and tools for secure software development.
This typically covers requirements engineering, architecture creation, design and implementation techniques. However this is not enough!
This would allow the uptake of new ICT-services according to the latest Future Internet paradigms,
where services are composed by simpler services (provided by separate administrative domains) integrated using third parties infrastructures and platforms.
Our research addresses the early phases of the development process of services, bearing in mind that the discovery and remediation of vulnerabilities during the early development stages saves resources.
1) security requirements for FI services,(2) creating secure service architectures and secure service design,
and compose-able services,(4) enabling security assurance, integrating the former results in (5) a risk-aware and cost-aware software development life-cycle (SDLC),
and techniques that we consider useful for engineering secure Future internet services. 2 Security Requirements Engineering The main focus of this research strand is to enable the modeling of high-level requirements that can be expressed in terms of
These can be mapped subsequently into more specific requirements that refer to devices and to specific services.
Service-orientation and the fragmentation of services (both key characteristics of FI applications) imply that a multitude of stakeholders will be involved in a service composition
Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 181 This picture is complicated further by the vast number and the geographical spread of smart devices stakeholders would deploy to meet their requirements.
The refinement of security goals into more detailed security requirements for specific services and devices;
and results will be applied to a versatile set of services, devices and stakeholder concerns. 3 Secure Service Architecture and Design FI applications entail scenarios in
The research topics one must focus on in this subarea relate to model-driven architecture and security, the compositionality of design models and the study of design patterns for FI services and applications.
The three share the common ambition to maximize reuse and automation while designing secure FI services and systems.
and GRID services and although some work has already been made in the area 23, further research is necessary to find out what kind of security architecture is required in the context
Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 183 in order to grasp a comprehensive understanding of the application as a whole,
Finally, adaptation of composite services is a key area of interest. FI scenarios are very dynamic,
still it remains a grand challenge, especially in the context of Future Internet (FI) Services.
The context of the future internet services sets the scene in the sense that (1) specific service architectures will be used,
and composing services from preexisting building blocks (services and more traditional components), as well as programming new services from scratch using a state-of-the-art programming language.
The service creation context will typically aim for techniques and technologies that support compile and build-time feedback.
Dependent on the needs and the state-of-the-art this may lead to interception and enforcement techniques that simply ensure that the application logic consistently interacts with underpinning security mechanisms such as authentication or audit services.
and services (e g. supporting mutual non repudiation, attribute based authorization in a cloud platform etc.)will be required as well for many of the typical FI service environments.
and the objectives of community wide research activities. 4. 1 Secure Service Composition Future Internet services
and applications will be composed of several services (created and hosted by various organizations and providers), each with its own security characteristics.
and span multiple trust domains, resulting in a fragmentation of ownership of both services and content,
and tools to generate code for service compositions that are able to fulfil these requirements based on the available services.
composition languages must support means to preserve at least the security policy of those services being composed. The research community needs to consider the cases where only partial
or inadequate information on the services is available, so that the composition will have to find compliant candidates
with a special emphasis on Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 185 enabling deployment, access, discovery and composition of pervasive services offered by resource-constrained nodes. 4. 2
The research community must further investigate advances over state-of-the-art in fine-grained concurrency to enable highly concurrent services of the Future Internet
In effect, the security enforcement techniques that are triggered by built-in security services and by realistic in the FI setting,
Supporting Security Assurance for FI Services. Assurance will play a central role in the development of software based services to provide confidence about the desired security level.
Assurance must be treated in a holistic manner as an integral constituent of the development process
The next section clarifies these issues. 5 Embedding Security Assurance and Risk management during SDLC Engineering secure Future Internet services demands for at least two traversal issues,
security assurance and risk and cost management during SDLC. 5. 1 Security Assurance The main objective is to enable assurance in the development of software based services to ensure confidence about their trustworthiness.
by developing refinement strategies, from policies down to mechanisms, for more complex Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 187 secure protocols, services, and systems.
and techniques to allow the formal analysis of secure services. The objective is to develop methodologies
In that case, it is possible to develop test data generation that specifically targets the integration of services
but have to be implemented in complex distributed and adaptable systems of FI services. We need comprehensive assurance techniques
and Cost Aware SDLC There is the need of the creation of a methodology that delivers a risk and cost aware SDLC for secure FI services.
In order to support the propagation of analysis results through the phases of the SDLC Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 189 one needs to develop methods and techniques for the refinement of risk analysis documentation.
as well as effectively handling the heterogeneous and compositional nature of Future Internet services, one needs to focus on a modular approach to the analysis of risks and costs.
and the opportunity for firmly establishing a discipline for engineering secure Future Internet Services, typically based on research in the areas of software engineering, security engineering and of service engineering.
We have clarified why generic solutions that ignore the characteristics of Future Internet services will fail:
the peculiarities of FI services must be reflected upon and be addressed in the proposed and validated solution.
Work partially supported by EU FP7-ICT project NESSOS (Network of Excellence on Engineering Secure Future Internet Software Services and Systems) under the grant agreement n. 256980.
Springer, Heidelberg (2008) Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 191 8. Dardenne, A.,van Lamsweerde, A.,Fickas, S.:
Security services architecture for secure mobile grid systems. Journal of Systems Architecture. In Press (2010) 24.
Progress in Informatics 5, 35 47 (2008) Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services Roberto Carbone1, Marius Minea2, Sebastian Alexander M odersheim3
The formal verification of trust and security of the Internet of Services will significantly boost its development
and public acceptance. 1 Introduction The vision of the Internet of Services (Ios) entails a major paradigm shift in the way ICT systems
but are built by composing services that are distributed over the network and aggregated and consumed at run-time in a demand-driven, flexible way.
In the Ios, services are business functionalities that are designed and implemented by producers, deployed by providers,
Deploying services in future network infrastructures entails a wide range of trust and security issues
composing services leads to new, subtle and dangerous, vulnerabilities due to interference between component services and policies, the shared communication layer,
so as to prevent the production and consumption of already flawed services. Fortunately, a new generation of analyzers for automated security validation at design time has been recently put forth;
some of the main features of specification languages and automated validation techniques that have been developed for the verification of trust and security of services.
Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services 195 Second, SOAS are also distributed systems,
services may be composed at runtime, agents may join or leave, and client credentials are affected by dynamic changes in security policies (e g.,
and processed by services. The security properties of SOAS are, moreover, very diverse. The classical data security requirements include confidentiality
One needs a language fully dedicated to specifying trust and security aspects of services, their composition,
changing with the workflow context) with services that can be added and composed dynamically themselves. As a concrete solution, in the AVANTSSAR project, we have defined a language, the AVANTSSAR Specification Language ASLAN, that is both expressive enough that many high-level languages,
with immediate consequences for their access rights. 9 The AVANTSSAR Platform allows users also to input their services by specifying them using the high-level formal specification language ASLAN,
++which we have defined to be close to specification languages for security protocols/services and to procedural and object-oriented programming languages.
we may require a separation of duty property, namely that for privacy Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services 197 purposes,
the inherent complexity (heterogeneity, distribution and dynamicity) of the Internet of Services, the challenge of validating services and service-oriented applications cannot be addressed simply by scaling up the current generation of formal analysis approaches and tools.
Rather, novel and different validation techniques are required to automatically reason about services, their composition, their required security properties and associated policies.
In particular, one has to consider the various ways in which component services can be coordinated
one of the basic principles and design-objectives of SOAS, expresses the need for providing simple scenarios where already available services can be reused to derive new added-value services.
This motivates the introduction of automated solutions to scalable services composition. Two key approaches for composing web services have been considered,
which differ by their architecture: orchestration is centralized and all traffic is routed through a mediator, whereas choreography is distributed
and all web services can communicate directly. 198 R. Carbone et al. Several orchestration notions have been advocated (see, e g.,
In fact, services often rely on transport protocols enjoying some given security properties (e g. TLS is used often as a unilateral or a bilateral communication authentic and/or confidential channel
In particular, the AVANTSSAR Platform integrates a bounded model-checking technique for SOAS 1 that allows one to express complex security goals that services are expected to meet as well as assumptions on the security offered by the communication channels. 3. 3 Channels
It is, Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services 199 of course,
For instance, Tulafale 6, a tool by Microsoft Research based on Proverif 7, exploits abstract interpretation for verification of web services that use SOAP messaging, using logical predicates to relate the concrete
and security requirements of a goal service and a description of the available services (including a specification of their security-relevant behavior,
in order to build an orchestration of the available services that meets the security requirements stated in the policy.
, a composition, of the available services in a way that is expected (but not yet guaranteed) to satisfy the input policy.
It takes as input an ASLAN file with a specification of the available services and either a specification of the client or a partial specification of the goal,
and it produces as output an ASLAN file with the specification of the available services, a full specification of the goal,
Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services 201 Vulnerability: Policy:
Service insecure P Policy Composed service/policy CP CS Secured service/policy TS Wrapper CS CP secure Services feedback BPMN
+Annotations CONN BPEL+Annotations CONN CONNANB CONNECTOR ASLAN++orchestration/composition validation problem TS ORCHESTRATOR TS VALIDATOR Specification of the available services (new) Service specified
In this way, we have been able to detect a considerable number of attacks in the considered services
and Industry Migration The landscape of services that require validation of their security is very broad.
services from a wide variety of application areas have been modeled: banking (loan origination), electronic commerce (anonymous shopping), e-Government (citizen and service portals, public bidding, digital contract signing),
it is hard to establish which message fields are mandatory in a given Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services 203 profile and
granting unauthorized access to private data and services (email, docs, etc.).The vulnerability was detected by the SATMC backend of the AVANTSSAR Platform
Formal validation of trust and security will become a reality in the Internet of Services
and identity provider services fulfill the expected security desiderata in the considered SAP relevant scenarios.
The results have been collected in tables that can be used by SAP in setting-up the NW-NGSSO services on customer production systems.
and Security in the Internet of Services 205 there and helped SAP Research to better understand the vulnerability itself
It also proposes to control the access over automated tasks through the restriction on the invocation and consumption of remote services.
and security of the Ios. The research innovation put forth by AVANTSSAR aims at ensuring global security of dynamically composed services
A security tool for web services. In: de Boer, F. S.,Bonsangue, M m.,, Graf, S.,de Roever, W.-P. eds.
Automatic Composition of Services with Security policies. In: Proceedings ofweb Service Composition and Adaptation Workshop (held in conjunction with SCC/SERVICES-2008), pp. 529 537.
IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (2008) 12. Ciob aca, S.,Cortier, V.:Protocol composition for arbitrary primitives.
Proceedings of the 19th MFPS, ENTCS 83, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2004) Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services 207 17.
Synthesis and Composition ofweb Services. In: Bernardo, M.,Padovani, L.,Zavattaro, G. eds. SFM 2009.
Abstraction by Set-Membership Verifying Security Protocols and Web Services with Databases. In: Proceedings of 17th ACM conference on Computer and Communications security (CCS 2010), pp. 351 360.
Web Services Business Process Execution Language vers. 2. 0 (2007), http://docs. oasis-open. org/wsbpel/2. 0/OS/wsbpel
Cloud computing is a new service delivery paradigm that aims to provide standardized services with self-service,
This article introduces upcoming security challenges for cloud services such as multi-tenancy, transparency and establishing trust into correct operation,
and service-oriented access to virtualized computing, data storage and network resources as well as higher level services.
resources and services provided by multiple similar providers are accessed seamlessly. Cloud computing goes beyond technological infrastructure that derives from the convergence of computer server power, storage and network bandwidth.
1. securing commercial clouds to meet the requirements of specific market segments 2. bespoke highly secure private clouds 3. a new range of providers offering cloud security services to add external security to public clouds
Following its software-plus-services strategy announced in 2007 Microsoft has developed in the past years several Saas cloud services such as the Business Productivity Online Suite (BPOS.
While all of them may be delivered from a multi-tenant public cloud for the entry level user, Microsoft offers dedicated private cloud hosting
In the same way, the base security of Microsoft public cloud services is adapted to the targeted market.
cloud services for more sensitive markets (such as Microsoft Health Vault) use SSL encryption by Default on the other hand commodity public cloud services such as the Amazon EC2 are still growing
Examples for supplementary services are threat surveillance (e g. Alertlogic), access-and identity management (e g.,, Novell, IBM), virtual private networking (e g.,
, Amazon managed encryption services) and web traffic filtering services (e g.,, Zscaler, Scansafe. 2. 2 Today's Datacenters as the Benchmark for the Cloud Using technology always constitutes a certain risk.
If the IT of any given business failed, the consequences for most of today's enterprises would be severe.
inter alia with regard to upgrades and patches, quick procurement services, avoidance of vendor lock ins, and legacy modernization 18.
Many cloudsourcers offer bundles of consulting services, application development, migration, and management 14. A problem that remains with this new stage of IT-outsourcing strategies is that the client still has to find trustworthy service providers.
and provide services to multiple individual departments (Application isolation). In order to mitigate this risk in a cloud computing environment,
Clouds gain efficiency by industrializing the production of IT services through complete end-to-end automation. This means that once errors occur in such complex and automated systems,
This is common for free services today. An improvement to this approach is third-party audits. This approach is common to today's outsourcing:(
Cloud services commonly rely on each other, since their structures may be based consecutively upon each other. Hence, a computing cloud may use the services of a storage cloud.
Unlike local data centers residing in a single country such cloud infrastructures often extend over multiple legislation and countries.
Therefore, the question of applicable law and safeguarding the user's responsibilities regarding data privacy in cross-border cloud scenarios is a matter of consequences for the use of these cloud services.
services will be obtained from and load balanced over multiple clouds. If this is done properly, services will no longer depend on the availability of any individual cloud.
From a security perspective, this will raise new challenges. Customers need to provide a consistent security state over multiple clouds
Similarly, services will be composed from underlying services from other clouds. Without an accepted way to compose services securely,
such compositions would require validation of each individual service based on fixed sub-services. Trustworthy Clouds Underpinning the Future Internet 219 5 Outlook The Path Ahead Cloud computing is not new it constitutes a new outsourcing delivery model that aims to be closer to the vision of true utility computing.
As such, it can rely on security and privacy mechanisms that were developed for service-oriented architectures and outsourcing.
services and devices transparently and seamlessly exchange and combine information, giving rise to new capabilities.
, servers, services, applications) provided by the cloud that are provisioned rapidly with a minimal management effort
ignoring borders, across multiple services, all in total transparency for the user. However, this ideal cloud world raises concerns about privacy for individuals, organizations,
balancing the value of his personal data with the services obtained. As a matter of fact, users have difficulties to monetize the value of their personal information,
or more services/applications provided by external parties that deal with personal data (e g.,, a human resource management application, a remote storage service.
Say, these services handle personal data using a PPL framework (as described in Sect. 2) . In order to guarantee enforcement of the privacy policies and corresponding obligations by the service,
enabling the seamless combination of services across platforms, geographies, businesses and transparently from the user point of view.
In particular, when personal data are consumed by multiple services, possibly owned by different entities in different locations, the conditions of the data usage,
Experiments and Experimental Design 235 Introduction Research into new paradigms and the comprehensive test facilities upon which the ideas are experimented upon together build a key resource for driving European research into future networks and services.
and services for broad testing and experimentation purposes. In this context, Panlab defines a provisioning framework
The Panlab infrastructure manages interconnections of different geographically distributed testbeds to provide services to customers for various kinds of testing scenarios which in Panlab terminology are called Virtual Customer Testbeds or simply VCTS.
These VCTS represent customer needs such as i) evaluation and testing specifications of new technologies, products, services, ii) execution of network 238 C. Tranoris, P. Giacomin,
and providers can access services, a visual Creation Environment which is called Virtual Customer Testbed (VCT) tool where a customer can define requested services,
a repository which keeps all persistent information like resources, partners, defined VCTS, etc. Experimenters can browse through the resource registry content
Finally, an Orchestration Engine is responsible for orchestrating the provisioning of the requested services. The above components interact with each other
It is an SDK for developing applications that access VCT requested resources through the Panlab office services during operation of testing.
and services is growing. More demanding applications (like egovernment ehealth, critical and emergency infrastructures) are on the rise.
and outlook to the enhancements of federated facilities. 2 Experiment Objectives and Requirements for a Concurrent Multipath Transport Alternative multipath transport services in future federated networks might employ concurrent or consecutive
Free T-Rex offers such valuable resources like access to the Mome 12 trace and tool database and measurement services, the employed packet tracking service 18, Tophat 9,
The very success of the Internet is creating obstacles to the future innovation of both the networking technology that lies at the Internet's core and the services that use it.
In addition, the ossification of the Internet makes the introduction and deployment of new network technologies and services very difficult and very costly.
Mobility of networks, services, and devices. Guaranteeing availability of services according to Service Level Agreements (SLAS) and high-level objectives.
Facilities to support Quality of Service (Qos) and Service Level Agreements (SLAS. Trust Management and Security, privacy and data protection mechanisms of distributed data.
Facilities for the large scale provisioning and deployment of both services and management, with support for higher integration between services and networks.
Support of security, reliability, robustness, mobility, context, service support, orchestration and management for both the communication resources and the services'resources.
and combined provisioning of different infrastructure resources and services that include both network and IT resources.
Premium advanced networks and IT managed services integrated with the vanilla Internet will ensure a sustainable Future Internet,
Future related facilities will attract more users to innovative services requiring greater mobility and bandwidth
and Internet services 8. The European union (EU) is actually a potential leader in the FI sector 9. Leveraging FI technologies through their use in smart infrastructures offer the opportunity to boost European competitiveness
security and data protection with transparent and democratic governance and control of offered services as guiding principles (10,11). 1. 1 Autonomicity
as new services appear and become globally noteworthy, while market actors are adapting to these challenges through suitable business models 12.
Enhanced communication services will open many possibilities for innovative applications that are envisioned not even today.
services (i e.:cost, service-driven configuration, simplified services composition over heterogeneous networks, large scale and dynamic multi-service coexistence, exposable service offerings/catalogues;
monitoring; Service Level Agreements (SLAS) and protocol support for bandwidth (dynamic resource allocation), latency and Qos;
providing a natural complement to the virtualization of resources-by setting up and tearing down composed services, based on negotiated SLAS.
reduced cost and time-to-market for services; scalability of composed services, and; flexibility and independence from the underlying network details.
In addition, a current trend for networks is that they are becoming service-aware. Service awareness itself has many aspects,
Thus, the design of networks and services is moving forward to include higher levels of automation,
Conversely, services themselves are becoming network-aware. Networking-awareness means that services are executed and managed within network execution environments
and that both services and network resources can be managed uniformly in an integrated way. It is acknowledged commonly that the FI should have enhanced a considerably network manageability capability,
and be an inseparable part of the network itself. Manageability of the current network typically resides in client stations and servers,
Furthermore, the diversity of services as well as the underlying hardware and software resources comprise management issues highly challenging, meaning that currently,
i) Cross-domain management functions, for networks, services, content, together with the design of cooperative systems providing integrated management functionality of system lifecycle, self-functionality, SLA and Qos;(
and monitoring probes for services'/network's behaviour, including traffic;(v) Mechanisms for conflict and integrity-issues detection/resolution across multiple self management functions;(
and reduce the reliance on centrally planned services, especially if they are joined effectively with new network management techniques.
Qos guarantees for bundled services and optimization of operational expenditures (OPEX). Ubiquitous and self-organizing systems are not only disruptive technologies that impact the way how market actors organize core processes as well as existing structures in value chains and industry,
Among the core drivers for the FI are increased reliability, enhanced services, more flexibility, and simplified operation.
and ensure seamless service provisioning even in case of services with high bandwidth requirements. The completion of the aforementioned objective can make certain better Qos
Both present and future anticipated high proliferation of different services that a communications network should offer and support;
to make certain that the network delivers the desired services to its users. In many cases, the network operator is obliged to search through vast amounts of monitoring data to find any inconveniences to his network behaviour
and to ensure a proper services'delivery. Embedding selfmanagement functionalities in future NES and establishing cognition at the diverse network levels (e g.,
and can ensure the automatic adaptation of networks/services to capabilities of the network components.
In competitive markets, end-users wish to have access to a network offering adequate coverage and services of high quality,
such as network (or service) reconfiguration capabilities, broadband management and support of an increased set of services/facilities offered.
i) High availability & seamless services'continuity;(ii) Connectivity anywhere and anytime;(iii) Robustness and stability/steadiness of the underlying network;(
and/or overload, affecting the network functionality. 5 Conclusion Evolution towards FI requests a more flexible architecture that will act as the basis for the disposal of a multiplicity of services-facilities with optimized quality levels,
The New European Telecom Framework for the Development of Modern Electronic Networks and Services. The Journal of the Communications network (TCN) 2 (4), 53 62 (2003) 12.
, for the time frame necessary to support particular network services and accommodate new FI-enabled applications (requested in a specific location and time).
and combined provisioning of different infrastructure resources and services that include both network and IT resources.
Premium advanced network and IT managed services integrated with the vanilla Internet will ensure a sustainable future Internet/Cloud enabling demanding and ubiquitous applications to coexist.
The current Internet has become an ubiquitous commodity to provide communication services to the ultimate consumers:
and new emerging services and application that require better control over the networking infrastructure and its Qos properties.
telecom operators have considered methods for dynamic provisioning of high-capacity network-connectivity services tightly bundled with IT resources.
dynamically invoked, consistent services. IT and network should be provisioned in a coordinated way in the future Internet. 3. Deal with the unpredictability and burstiness of traffic:
The traffic's bursty nature requires mechanisms to support the dynamic behavior of the services and applications.
and IT resources in an integrated globally optimized manner. 5. Enable secured and reliable services:
Currently, the business models deployed by telecom operators are focused on selling services on top of their infrastructures. In addition, operators cannot offer dynamic and smooth integration of diversified resources and services (both IT and network) at the provisioning phase.
Network-infrastructure resources are understood not as a service within the value chain of IT service providers.
The Virtual Infrastructure concept and its operational model as a fundamental approach to enable the on-demand infrastructure services provisioning with guaranteed performance
and Qos, including manageable security services. A new layered architecture for the Control and Management Plane that allows dynamic services composition
and orchestration in the virtual infrastructures that can consistently address the manageability, energy-efficiency and traffic-unpredictability issues.
and enable advanced services including the concepts of Infrastructure-as-a-service (Iaas) and service-oriented networking 4. We aim to enable a flexible infrastructure provisioning paradigm in terms of configuration, accessibility and availability for the end users,
and provisioning dynamic security services, to address challenge#5. Fig. 1 shows the reference model of our architecture as it has been modeled in the context of the GEYSERS project.
Network Control Plane NIPS Network+IT Provisioning Services PIP Physical Infrastructure Provider SML Service Middleware Layer VI Virtual Infrastructure VIO Virtual
capable of provisioning on-demand network services bundled with IT resources to meet challenge#2. New business relationships can be developed between Virtual IT Infrastructure Operators (VIO-IT) and Virtual Network Infrastructure Operators (VIO-N),
infrastructure providers, infrastructure operators and application providers cooperate in a business model where on-demand services are offered efficiently through the seamless provisioning of network and IT virtual resources.
Furthermore, it supports scaling (up and down) of services and load. It provides means to continuously monitor what the effect of scaling will be on response time
service providers and infrastructure providers to contribute in a business model where complex services (e g.,, Cloud computing) with complex attributes (e g.,
for the definition of the VI-provisioning workflow and all involved actors and services integration.
The enhanced Network Control Plane (NCP+)proposed in our architecture (Fig. 1) offers integrated mechanisms for Network+IT Provisioning Services (NIPS) through the on-demand and seamless provisioning of optical and IT resources.
The NIPS UNI offers functionalities for setup, modification and tear down of enhanced transport network services (optionally combined with advance reservations), monitoring and cross-layer recovery.
the network connectivity services are tailored automatically to the cloud dynamics, allowing for an efficient utilization of the underlying infrastructure.
+In anycast services the SML provides just a description of the required IT resources (e g. in terms of amount of CPU),
A Novel Architecture for Virtualization and Co-Provisioning of Dynamic Optical Networks and IT Services.
Services Part VI: Future Internet Areas: Services 323 Introduction The global economy can be characterised under three main sectors.
The primary sector involves transforming natural resources into primary products which then form the raw materials for other industries1.
or services sector where intangible goods or services are produced, bought and consumed3. Service provision is seen as an economic activity where generally no transfer of ownership is associated with the service itself
The economic importance of the service sector is a major motivation for services research both in the software industry and academia.
The Internet of Services is concerned with the creation of a layer within the Future Internet
and technical solutions created under the Internet of Services umbrella. Firstly there is a need to support the needs of businesses in the area.
Service oriented solutions can enable new delivery channels and new business models for the services industrial sector.
a second driving requirement for the Internet of Services is to provide a uniform conduit between the Future Internet architectural elements through service-based interfaces.
and also how services would operate over connected objects which may form adhoc networks. Management very quickly heterogeneity, dynamic contexts and scale lead to highly complex service scenarios where new approaches to managing the complexity are required.
Here research focuses on describing services enabling automated 1 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Primary sector of the economy 2 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Secondary sector of the economy 3 http://en
Services and semi-automated approaches to service discovery, composition, mediation and invocation. Cloud computing definitions vary
Cloud services can be divided into three target audiences: service providers, software developers and users as follows6:
-Infrastructure as a service offering resources such as a virtual machine or storage services. -Platform as a service providing services for software vendors such as a software development platform
or a hosting service. -Software as a service offering applications, such as document processing or email to end-users. Within this section we have three chapters
The ability to trade IT-services as an economic good is seen as a core feature of the Internet of Services.
SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet the authors discuss this in relation to Service Level Agreements (SLAS. In particular they claim a requirement for a holistic view of SLAS enabling their management through the whole service lifecycle:
Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet an ontology based approach is taken combined with a simplification of the network layer structure
so that other resources can be discovered. 6 See http://www. internet-of-services. com/index. php?
Services 325 Given the growing take-up of Linked Data for sharing information on the Web at large scale there has begun a discussion on the relationship between this technology and the Future Internet.
and the Internet of Services discusses the relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services.
The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet1 Joe Butler1, Juan Lambea2, Michael Nolan1, Wolfgang Theilmann3, Francesco Torelli4
However, the goal of reaching a truly serviceoriented economy would require that IT-based services can be traded flexibly as economic good,
which addresses the management of services and their related SLAS through the complete service lifecycle,
Especially IT supported services have become of major relevance in all industries and domains. The service paradigm is a core principle for the Future Internet
Besides being the constituting building block of the so-called Internet of Services, the paradigm equally applies to the Internet of things and the underlying technology cloud platform below.
With more companies incorporating cloud based IT services as part of 1 The research leading to these results is supported partially by the European community's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2001-2013) under grant agreement n°216556.328 J. Butler et al. their own value chain,
We provide an approach that allows services to be described by service providers through formal template SLAS.
Typically, a service is dependent on many other services, e g. the offering of a software service requires infrastructure resources, software licenses or other software services.
We propose an SLA management framework that offers a core element for managing SLAS in the future Internet.
This allows end to end management of resources and services for the business value chain. The scientific challenges include the understanding and modelling of the relationships between SLA properties.
The framework's architecture mainly focuses on separation of concerns, related to SLAS and services on the one hand,
Service Aggregation demonstrates the aggregation of SLA-aware telecommunication and third party web services: how multi-party, multi-domain SLAS for aggregated services can best be offered to customers. egovernment validates the integration of human-based services with those that are based technology,
showcasing the automated, dynamic SLA-driven selection, monitoring and adjustment of third-party provisioned services. SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet 329 The remainder of this paper is organized as follows.
Chapter 2 introduces our reference architecture for an SLA management framework. Chapter 3 discusses the adoption of the framework, within the Future Internet but also in general System Management environments.
Chapters 4-7 cover the respective use cases and evaluation results and Chapter 8 concludes the overall discussion. 2 Reference Architecture for SLA Management The primary functional
namely customers who (want to) consume services and 3rd party providers which the actual service provider might rely upon.
SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet 331 3. 1 Adoption Considerations for the Future Internet The SLA management framework architecture can easily be applied to different Future Internet scenarios.
and networking resources, to sensor-like resources in the Internet of things, to services in the Internet of Services,
The overhead introduced depends significantly on the granularity of the SLA management (how fine-grained the decomposition of an IT stack into services
in support of Enterprise services. We assume a virtualisation-enabled data centre style configuration of server capacity,
and a broad range of services in terms of relative priority, resource requirement and longevity. As a support service in most enterprises
and data service support to other enterprise services and lines of business. This brings varied expectations of availability, mean-time-torecover, Quality of Service, transaction throughput capacity, etc.
run time adjustment decisions on workload migration SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet 333 for efficiency,
The first scenario, titled Provisioning, responds to the issue of efficient allocation of new services ON IT infrastructure, SLA negotiation and provisioning of new services in the environment.
a reference is included differentiates each of the supported Enterprise services in terms of their priority and criticality.
which are loaded by the Business SLA manager to provide the inputs to provisioning requests in the form of Paas services.
Software services could potentially be selected by choosing a virtual machine template which contains pre-loaded applications,
The actual use case realizes a scenario with 4 layers of services. The top-level service considered is the so-called business solution.
and provisioning of requested services can be reduced significantly. The dependability of provided services is increased proportional to the number of formally managed service level terms.
The efficiency of service provisioning can be improved in the dimensions of environmental efficiency, resource efficiency,
and a demo video are available at 7. SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet 335 6 Use Case Service Aggregation The main aim of the Service Aggregation use case is the service
-enabling of core Telco services and their addition with services from third parties (as Internet, infrastructure, media or content services).
From the provider's point of view, they will be able to publish their services in the Service Aggregator
and will be benefited in terms of reach new markets in which their services can be consumed and to be sold to the customers joined with reliable communication services offered by Telco providers.
Customers can find the services and negotiate flexibly the terms of the consumption of the services included in the product.
It is necessary to point out that negotiation takes place in three faces: Bank Customer service Aggregator and Infrastructure provider.
This implies the negotiation of the SLAS with quality of service aspects and the final price.
Both providers utilize SLAT registries in their SLA Managers to publish the SLA templates of his services hierarchy.
Infrastructure provider can also define the business negotiation of his services in the same way.
The compo 336 J. Butler et al. nents that can be connected also in the use case are the monitors of the services (SMS and Infrastructure services.
In the new ecosystems of Future internet of services the key will be the exporting and interconnection of services between different parties.
and the quality of the services guaranteed on those SLAS. SLA-aware aggregation of telecommunications services introduces a business opportunity for the agile and efficient co-creation of new service offerings and significant competitive advantages to all.
Further details on this use case including a demo video are available at 8. 7 Use Case egovernment Public administrations often outsource human based services to 3rd party organizations.
Such relationships are regulated currently with legal documents and human readable SLAS. The egovernment use case aims at showing that the adoption of machine readable SLAS improves the agility
if the services are performed by humans. In our proof of concept we considered a composed service allowing citizens to book medical treatments
In this context, the SLA between the Government and the CSC regulates the provision of the health, mobile and contact services,
SLAS Empowering Services in the future Internet 337 From the technical point of view, one of the main challenges of this use case has been the modelling of human-provided services,
and the formalization of the strategies for handling human resources during negotiation and adjustment. This is still an ongoing task that has required several interviews with the operators working at the service providers.
, the difference between summer and winter in the delivery of the services considered in this use case.
and human provided services. Further details on this use case are available at 9. 8 Conclusions Service level agreements are a crucial element to support the emerging Future Internet
so that eventual services become a tradable, dependable good. The interdependencies of service level characteristics across layers and artefacts require a holistic view for their management along the complete service lifecycle.
egovernment Use Case, http://sla-at-soi. eu/research/focus-areas/use-case-e-government/Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet Eduardo Santos1
This paper presents the researches for better integration between services and networks by simplifying the network layers structure
Future Internet, Network Ontology, Post TCP IP, Services Introduction In recent years it has been remarkable the Internet advancement in throughput and the development of different services and application features.
when the Internet was used just for a limited number of hosts and with a few services support.
resulting in a communication gap between layers 7, 8. Integration of services and networks is an emerging key feature in the future Internet
This research also shows one proposal to improve the communication between services and networks with semantics
and Transport layers, meeting services directly to the network lower layers. Thereby, the networks are prepared to meet the requirements of services in a flexible
and optimized way. For example, the work in 6 shows how FINLAN can deal with the requirement of delivery guarantee,
It is responsible to support the services needs of the superior layer. The DL-Ontology layer has semantic communication,
It is responsible to support the Data link communication to guarantee the correct delivery Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet 341 of data transfer between links.
One application example is the services integration in heterogeneous environment to the devices mobility in 4g networks handovers,
="Thing"/>Subclassof><Subclassof><Class IRI="#Service"/>Class IRI="#Entity"/>Subclassof>Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet 343 This work shows how FINLAN can contribute with Future Internet researches (using Autoi
which can cover heterogeneous networks and services like mobility, reliability, security and Qos. The FINLAN project can contribute in its challenges,
FINLAN allows to create the Net-Ontology interface with Autoi to support the contextaware control functions for the self management and adaptation in the CISP (Context Information Services Platform) needs.
The context information in the FINLAN layers can act as an intermediate unity with its own semantic to reduce Meeting Services
The network context, for example, can interact with network elements and services according to the ontology concepts in the following code
the FINLAN ontology supports, for example, services that communicates with the Servicecloud Entity, which has need the of the information stored in the manifest requirement.
to handle requests for services related to bandwidth, storage, encryption, location, indexing and others. Related to the content-centric it is presented in 19 the difficulties of the current networks to support the objects concept.
Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet 347 In this proposal, the objects Media, Rules, Behaviour, Relations and Characteristics,
Individual>3 Integration between Services and Networks This section describes how to integrate this project in collaboration with others Future Internet works,
and DL-Ontology layers relate with the developed ontology, Services and Physical layers of the network.
the communication Fig. 4. Overview of FINLAN Library Implementation Meeting Services and Networks in the future Internet 349 is ready to be established,
We have proposed to better meeting of services and networks by approaching services semantically to the network structure.
We strongly believe that meeting services and networks through the reduction of network layers and
services and content complexity is a possible way to achieve flexibility in future networks. Moreover, we expect that ontological approaches can help to build a Future Internet with its real challenges, requirements and new paradigms.
IEEE International Conference on Networking and Services, p. 32 (2010) 7 Pereira, J. H. S.,Kofuji, S. T.,Rosa, P. F.:
IEEE International Conference on Networking and Services, p. 7 (2010) 10 Pereira, J. H. S.,Pereira, F. S f.,Santos, E s.,Rosa, P. F
International Journal On Advances in Networks and Services, in Press (2011) 12 Rochwerger, B.,Galis, A.,Breitgand, D.,Levy, E.,C'aceres, J.,Llorente,
IEEE International Conference on Networking and Services, p. 18 (2010) 17 Vanni, R. M. P.:
The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services John Domingue1, Carlos Pedrinaci1, Maria Maleshkova1, Barry Norton2,
and the Internet of Services which we have been exploring recently. The Internet of Services provides a mechanism for combining elements of a Future Internet through standardized service interfaces at multiple levels of granularity.
Linked Data is a lightweight mechanism for sharing data at web-scale which we believe can facilitate the management and use of service-based components within global networks.
Linked Data, Internet of Services, Linked Services 1 Introduction The Future Internet is a fairly recent EU initiative
The Internet of Services is seen as a core component of the Future Internet: The Future Internet is polymorphic infrastructure,
From an Internet of Services perspective, Linked Data with its relatively simple formal representations and inbuilt support for easy access and connectivity provides a set of mechanisms supporting interoperability between services.
the integration between services and Linked Data is increasingly gaining interest within industry and academia.
for instance, research on linking data from RESTFUL services by Alarcon et al. 3, work on exposing datasets behind Web APIS as Linked Data by Speiser et al. 4,
We see that there are possibilities for Linked Data to provide a common‘glue'as services descriptions are shared amongst the different roles involved in the provision,
aggregation, hosting and brokering of services. In some sense service descriptions as and interlinked with, Linked Data is complementary to SAP's Unified Service Description Language2 5, within their proposed Internet of Services framework3,
as it provides appropriate means for exposing services and their relationships with providers, products and customers in a rich, yet simple manner
which is tailored to its use at Web scale. In this paper we discuss the relationship between Linked Data and services based on our experiences in a number of projects.
Using what we have learnt thus far, at the end of the paper we propose a generalization of Linked Data
so that they can discover more things. 1 http://developer. zemanta. com/2 http://www. internet-of-services. com/index. php?
id=288&l=0 3 http://www. internet-of-services. com/index. php? id=260&l=0 Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services 353 RDF (Resource Description Framework) is a simple data model for semantically describing resources on the Web.
Binary properties interlink terms forming a directed graph. These terms as well as the properties are described by using URIS.
Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook's CEO claimed recently that Open Graph was the the most transformative thing we've ever done for the Web 13.3 Services on the Web Currently the world of services on the Web is marked by the formation of two main groups
of services. On the one hand, classical Web services, based on WSDL and SOAP, play a major role in the interoperability within and among enterprises.
Web services provide means for the development of open distributed systems based on decoupled components, by overcoming heterogeneity
and enabling the publishing and consuming of functionalities of existing pieces of software. In particular, WSDL is used to provide structured descriptions for services, operations and endpoints,
while SOAP is used to wrap the XML messages exchanged between the service consumer and provider.
publicly available Web APIS, also referred to as RESTFUL services (properly when conforming to the REST architectural principles 7). RESTFUL services are centred around resources,
which are interconnected by hyperlinks and grouped into collections, whose retrieval and manipulation is enabled through a fixed set of operations commonly implemented by using HTTP.
In contrast to WSDL-based services, Web APIS build upon a light technology stack relying almost entirely on the use of URIS, for both resource identification and interaction,
The take up of both kinds of services is hampered, however by the amount of manual effort required
Research on Semantic web services 8 has focused on providing semantic descriptions of services so that tasks such as the discovery, negotiation,
composition and invocation of Web services can have a higher level of automation. These techniques, originally targeted at WSDL services,
have highlighted a number of advantages and are currently being adapted towards lighter and more scalable solutions covering Web APIS as well. 8 http://backstage. bbc. co. uk/9 http://news. bbc. co. uk/sport1/hi/football
and the Internet of Services 355 4 Linked Services The advent of the Web of Data together with the rise of Web 2 0 technologies and social principles constitute, in our opinion,
lead to a widespread adoption of services on the Web. The vision toward the next wave of services, first introduced in 9 and depicted in Figure 1,
is based on two simple notions: 1. Publishing service annotations within the Web of Data, and 2. Creating services for the Web of Data, i e.,
, services that process Linked Data and/or generate Linked Data. We have devoted since then significant effort to refining the vision 10
and implementing diverse aspects of it such as the annotation of services and the publication of services annotations as Linked Data 11,12,
as well as on wrapping, and openly exposing, existing RESTFUL services as native Linked Data producers dubbed Linked Open Services 13,14.
It is worth noting in this respect that these approaches and techniques are different means contributing to the same vision
What is essential though is exploiting the complementarity of services and the Web of Data through their integration based on the two notions highlighted above.
At the bottom are Legacy Services which are services which may be based WSDL or Web APIS, for
which we provide in essence a Linked Data-oriented view over existing functionality exposed as services.
Legacy services could in this way be invoked, either Fig. 2. Services and the Web of Data 356 J. Domingue et al. by interpreting their semantic annotations (see Section 4. 1)
or by invoking dedicated wrappers (see Section 4. 2) and RDF information could be obtained on demand.
In this way data from legacy systems, state of the art Web 2. 0 sites, or sensors, which do not directly conform to Linked Data principles can easily be made available as Linked Data.
Note that we have made already our descriptions available in the Linked Data Cloud through iserve these are described in more detail in Section 4. 1. The final layer in Figure 2 concerns services which are able to consume RDF data
and RDF mash-ups 16 with the important difference that services are, in this case, RDF-aware and their functionality may range from RDF-specific manipulation functionality up to highly complex processing beyond data fusion that might even have real-life side-effects.
The use of services as the core abstraction for constructing Linked Data applications is therefore more generally applicable than that of current data integration oriented mashup solutions.
We expand on the second and third layers in Figure 2 in more detail below. 4. 1 Implementing Linked Services with Linked Data-based Annotations One thread of our work on Linked Services is based on the use of Linked
Data-based descriptions of Linked Services allowing them to be published on the Web of Data and using these annotations for better supporting the discovery, composition and invocation of Linked Services.
Our research there is based on the Minimal Service Model (MSM) 17 originally introduced together with hrests 18 and WSMO-Lite 19,
which captures the maximum common denominator between existing conceptual models for services. The best-known approaches to annotating services semantically are OWL-S 20, WSMO 21, SAWSDL 22,
and WSMO-Lite for WSDL services, and Microwsmo 23, and SA-REST for Web APIS.
To cater for interoperability, MSM represents essentially the intersection of the structural parts of these formalisms.
Additionally, as opposed to most Semantic web services research to date MSM supports both classical WSDL Web services,
as well as a procedural view on the increasing number of Web APIS and RESTFUL services, which appear to be preferred on the Web.
Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services 357 Fig. 3. Conceptual model for services used by iserve As it can be seen in Figure 3,
MSM defines Services, which have a number of Operations. Operations in turn have input, output and fault Messagecontent descriptions.
Messagecontent may be composed of mandatory or optional Messageparts. The addition of message parts extends the earlier definition of the MSM as described in 18.
Similarly, the second tool, SOWER, assists users in the annotation of WSDL services and is based in this case on SAWSDL for adding links to semantic descriptions as well as lifting and lowering mechanisms.
and WSDL services described using heterogeneous formalisms. iserve is, to the best of our knowledge,
as well as the first to provide advanced discovery over Web APIS comparable to that available for WSDL-based services.
Thanks to its simplicity, the MSM captures the essence of services in a way that can support service matchmaking
and invocation and still remains largely compatible with the RDF mapping of WSDL, with WSMOBASED descriptions of Web services, with OWL-S services,
and with services annotated according to WSMO-Lite and Microwsmo. The essence of the approach followed by iserve is the use of import mechanisms for a wide range of existing service description formalisms to automatically transform them into the MSM.
Once the services are transformed service descriptions are exposed following the Linked Data principles and a range of advanced service analysis and discovery techniques are provided on top.
application developers can easily discover services able to process or provide certain types of data,
which links service descriptions with users ratings, tags and comments about services in a separate server.
kmi. open. ac. uk/soa4all-studio/consumption-platform/rs4all/Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services 359 In summary,
SPICES18 24 (Semantic Platform for the Interaction and Consumption of Enriched Services) is a platform for the easy consumption of services based on their semantic descriptions.
In particular, SPICES supports both the end-user interaction with services and the invocation process itself, via the generation of appropriate user interfaces.
Further tooling covering the composition of services as well as analysis of the execution are also being developed as part of an integrated tool suite called SOA4ALL Studio19.
The SOA4ALL studio is a fully fledged system that provides extensive support for completing different tasks along the lifecycle of services,
enabling the creation of semantic service description, their discovery, composition, invocation and monitoring. 4. 2 Services
but about how services should be implemented on top of Linked Data in order to become first class citizens of the quickly growing Linking Open Data Cloud.
Note that we take a purist view of the type of services which we consider.
These services should take RDF as input and the results should be available as RDF;
Within existing work on Semantic web Services, considerable effort is expended often in lifting from a syntactic description to a semantic representation and lowering from a semantic entity to a syntactic form.
REST principles allows for re-exposing the wrappers as RESTFUL services so that the only required platform to interact with them is the Web (HTTP) itself.
As a general motivation for our case, we consider the status quo of the services offered over the geonames data set,
as seen in our version of these services, 21 uses the same languages and technologies in the implementation and description of services, communicated as the Linked Open Service (LOS) principles 14 encouraging the following:
allowing RDF-encoded messages for input/output; reusing URIS from Linked Data source for representing features in input and output messages;
the approach of Linked Data Services (LIDS) 25 is to URL-encode the input. For instance, the latitude and longitude and used as query parameters
and http://dbpedia. org/resource/Innsbruck airport, respectively. 21 http://www. linkedopenservices. org/services/geo/geonames/weather/Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services
In aligning LOS and LIDS principles, pursued via a Linked Services Wiki22 and a Linked Data and Services mailing list23,
and Linked Data Services so far concentrate on resource retrieval and therefore primarily the HTTP GET verb), in the standard REST style,
and query services offered at http://www. linkedopenservices. org/services. LOS and LIDS also coincide on the idea of refining the general principles of Linked Services communicated in Section 4
of describing accepted/expected messages using SPARQL graph patterns. While this is a design decision, it aims at the greatest familiarity and ease for Linked Data developers.
under certain restrictions24, query processing techniques can be used to assemble a set of services whose results can be combined to satisfy the initial user request.
and the graph patterns are used for both the discovery of services, and then also reused in defining the dataflow between services within a process,
defined again as SPARQL CONSTRUCT queries. Work is ongoing on graph pattern-based discovery and process definition and execution. 22 http://linkedservices. org 23 http://groups google. com/group/linkeddataandservices/24 Currently that the graph patterns contained in this request,
etc. and free of FILTERS. etc. 4 362 J. Domingue et al. 5 Conclusions In this paper we have outlined how Linked Data provides a mechanism for describing services in a machine readable fashion
We have described also a set of principles for how services should consume and produce Linked Data
From our work thus far, we see that integrating services with the Web of Data, as depicted before, will give birth to a services ecosystem on top of Linked Data,
whereby developers will be able to collaboratively and incrementally construct complex systems exploiting the Web of Data by reusing the results of others.
and our extensions can be generalized to the Internet of Services That is, to scenarios where services sit within a generic Internet platform rather than on the Web.
These principles are: Global unique naming and addressing scheme-services and resources consumed and produced by services should be subject to a global unique naming and addressing scheme.
This addressing scheme should be easily resolvable such that software clients are able to access easily underlying descriptions.
Linking linking between descriptions should be supported to facilitate the reuse of descriptions and to be able to specify relationships.
Service abstraction building from SOA principles functionality should be encapsulated within services which should have a distinct endpoint available on the Internet, through
Machine processability the descriptions of the services and resources should be machine-processable. RDF (S) achieves this by having an underlying semantics and also with the ability to point to an ontology based description of the schema used.
Ideally, the inputs and outputs for services should be machine-processable as well. Following from the above we believe that the Future Internet will benefit greatly from a coherent approach
The authors would like to thank the members of the SOA4ALL project and the members of the STI Conceptual Models for Services Working group for their interesting feedback on this work. 25 http://socialmedia. net/node/175 26
http://www. soa4all. eu/Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services 363 Open Access.
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taste and haptics) that are adaptable to the user, the networks and the provisioned services.
and end-users, finally enabling every user first to access the offered multimedia services in various con 368 Part VII:
and end-users, finally enabling every user first to access the offered multimedia services in various contexts,
and adapted services/content to the end user for his best service experience possible, taking the role of a consumer and/or producer.
Future Internet, Multimedia Distribution, Content Awareness, Network Awareness, Content/Service Adaptation, Quality of Experience, Quality of Services, Service Composition, Content-Aware Network
The system capabilities to assure different levels of endtoend Quality of Services, (i e. including content production,
and composition of services while being able to take into account information regarding the transport/terminal contexts
and adapt the services accordingly. Bringing together in a synergic way all the above factors, a new Media Ecosystem is hence foreseen to arise,
and Network-Aware services/Applications (NAA) can be a way to overcome the traditional architectures limitations.
A Novel Approach for Content-Awareness in Future Networks 371 needs of individual users) or service-centric approach (i e. satisfying the different needs of various service types), that is required for the future services
Based on virtualization, the network can offer enhanced transport and adaptation-capable services. This chapter will introduce
and adapted services/content to the end user's Environment. 2 Background Numerous events and studies are dedicated currently to (re) define the directions which the Future Internet development should follow.
and telecommunication services as described in 3. The strong orientation of user-centric awareness to services
we understand here high level services, as seen at application/service layer. 372 H. Koumaras et al. 3. 1 Layered Architectural Model The ALICANTE architecture contains vertically several environments/layers
subscription, consumption of the services by the EUS. At the Service Environment (SE) the Service Provider (SP) entity is the main coordinator.
A novel type of service registry with enhanced functionalities allows new services supporting a variety of use case scenarios.
The HB layer aims at allowing SPS to supply users with advanced context-aware multimedia services in a consistent and interoperable way.
The goal of the Virtual CAN layer is to offer to higher layers enhanced connectivity services,
ALICANTE's advanced concept provides adapted services/content to the end-user for her/his best service experience possible.
it is supposed that the specialisation of these VCANS is performed by their Meta Qos class (MQC) of services 12-13.
The NPS may interact with each other to expand content-aware services across a larger geographical span.
but agreed by The CANP offers content-aware network services to the upper layer entities.
which is responsible for the services offered to the end-user and may interact with NPS, and/or CANPS in order to use/expand their service base.
in order to distribute multimedia services (e g.,IPTV) in different modes (e g. P2p. Content is offered to the CCS
and deliver services to CCS with higher quality. SPS may not own a transport infrastructure, but rely on the connectivity services offered by Network Providers (NPS),
or CAN Providers (CANP). The SPS are ultimately responsible for the service offered to the CC
and use the services of NPS, or CANPS, via appropriate SLAS. In ALICANTE a single merged entity SP/CP is considered playing the both roles.
and services by selecting, deploying, controlling and managing easy-to-use, affordable services and applications on service-enabled networks.
Eventually the end user will have a choice of service access methods: anywhere, anytime and in any context with the appropriate awareness degree 1. It also allows competitive content producers to enter
The appropriate implementation would allow management of special services and best-effort services separately. Last and not least
User-Centric Future Internet and Telecommunication Services. In: Tselentis, G.,et al. eds.)) Towards the Future Internet, pp. 217 226.
Future Internet=Content+Services+Management. IEEE Communications Magazine 47 (7), 27 33 (2009) 5. Zahariadis, T.,et al.:
a Step Towards Global Qos Interdomain Services. Proc. IEEE, Softcom, Oct. 2004 (2004) 13. Paris Flegkas, et al.
and services, functioning under assorted and vibrant environments while maximizing not only Quality of Service (Qos) but also Quality of Experience (Qoe) of the users.
At last, we persuade Future Internet initiatives to take into contemplation these techniques when defining new protocols for ground-breaking services and applications.
Advanced video coding for generic audiovisual services, ITUT Recommendation H. 264 and ISO/IEC 14496-10 (MPEG-4 AVC) 3. ITU-T
services and processes but also the organizational model and full set of relations that comprise the enterprise's value network.
and services are expected to emerge, fine-tuned to the needs of enterprise users by leveraging a basic infrastructure of utility-like software services.
High-value Future Internet applications are also foreseen in the domain of living, healthcare, and energy.
and encompasses the combination of technologies in areas such as smart content, personal networks and ubiquitous services,
including the provision of assisted living services for the elderly and handicapped, and also to increase the efficiency
when it comes to shaping the demand for advanced Internet-based services. The living labs approach which comprises open
The chapter Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet discusses the Greenstar Network (GSN
of the first worldwide initiatives for provisioning ICT services that are entirely based on renewable energy such as solar wind and hydroelectricity across Canada and around the world.
GSN is developed to dynamically transport user services to be processed in data centers built in proximity to green energy sources,
and focuses on heavy computing services dedicated to data centers powered completely by green energy, from a large abundant reserve of natural resources in Canada, Europe and the US.
and user driven innovation for experimenting and validating Future Internetenabled services. The chapter describes how the living labs concept has started to fulfill a role in the development of cities towards becoming smart.
In order to exploit the opportunities of services enabled by the Future Internet for smart cities, there is a need to clarify the way how living lab innovation methods,
and at the service level, where the platform can be used to interconnect with different Internet of Services testbeds,
In essence, while enterprise management and planning services will be increasingly available from the‘cloud',in a commoditised form,
and a new vision, based on a new family of reusable components, in the implementation of enterprise operations (and related services) automation, for the last two points.
the Internet of Services (Ios), Internet of things (Iot) and smart objects, Internet of Knowledge (Iok), Internet of People (Iop.
Together, they need to cooperate in developing a new breed of services, tools, software packages, interfaces and user interaction solutions that are not available at the present time.
whose goal is to achieve loose coupling among interacting software services, i e.,, units of work performed by software applications,
In general, a SOA will be implemented starting from a collection of components (e-services) of two different sorts.
Some services will have a‘technical'nature, conceived to the specific needs of ICT people; some other will have a‘business'nature,
Conversely, for business people, services are generated not‘in the air':'there is an active entity (a person, an organization, a computer, a robot, etc.
that provides the services, with a given cost and time (not to mention SLA, etc. associated to it.
Future Internet Enterprise Systems 411 In summary, Web services were introduced essentially as a computation resource,
when we consider business services, where states, memories, and even the preexisting history of the entity providing the business service,
and operating those resources (i e. applications, services and the infrastructure on which they operate) locally.
It refers to both the applications delivered as services over the Internet and the hardware and system software in the datacenters that provide those services 12.
Cloud computing may be considered the basic support for a brand new business reality where FINERS can easily be searched,
and the FINES Interoperability Infrastructure (I6-FII), supporting the smooth communication among the great variety of components, services, tools, platforms, resources,(produced by different providers) that compose a FINES. 4 The New
, for different classes of applications and services) and vertically (using sub-parts at different levels of granularity.
-Internet of Services. Business & Information systems Engineering 1 (5), 341 342 (2009) 3. Chesbrough, H.:
Bringing Semantics to Web Services with OWL-S. In: Proc. Of WWW Conference (2007) 14.
Web Services: Principles and Technology. Prentice-hall, Englewood Cliffs (2007) 17. Mellor, S. J.,Scott, K.,Uhl, A.,Weise, D.:
The Author (s). This article is published with open access at Springerlink. com. Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet Kim Khoa Nguyen1, Mohamed Cheriet1, Mathieu
As one of the first worldwide initiatives provisioning ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) services entirely based on renewable energy such as solar wind and hydroelectricity across Canada and around the world, the Greenstar Network
(GSN) is developed to dynamically transport user services to be processed in data centers built in proximity to green energy sources, reducing GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emissions of ICT equipments.
the overall energy consumption will eventually increase due to the growing demand from new services and users, resulting in an increase in GHG emissions.
the heaviest computing services are dedicated to virtual data centers powered completely by green energy from a large abundant reserve of natural resources,
The Greenstar Network (GSN) project 3 is one of the first worldwide initiatives aimed at providing ICT services based entirely on renewable energy sources such as solar wind and hydroelectricity across Canada and around the world.
, such as hand-held devices, home PCS), the heaviest computing services will be dedicated to data centers powered completely by green energy.
which collaborates with the GSN project to enhance the carbon footprint exchange standard for ICT services.
Services in a Future Internet 421 one is powered by a different renewable energy source) could be integrated into an everyday network.
Energy considerations are taken before moving virtual services without suffering connectivity interruptions. The influence of physical location in that relocation is addressed also
This allows complex underlying services to remain hidden inside the infrastructure provider. Resources are allocated according to user requirements;
allowing the user to run their application in a virtual infrastructure powered by green energy sources. 2 Provisioning of ICT Services over Mantychore FP7
and GSN with Renewable Energy In the European NREN community connectivity services are provisioned on a manual basis with some effort now focusing towards automating the service setup and operation.
which has dynamically changing business requirements has raised the focus of the community to control some characteristics of these connectivity services,
and MPLS (Layer 2. 5) switches to configure different services. In this aspect, Mantychore will integrate the Ether project 6 and its capabilities for the management of Ethernet and MPLS resources. c) Layer 3
and firewall services, v) Creation, modification and deletion of resources (interfaces, routers) both physical and logical,
Building competency Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet 423 using renewable energy resources is vital for any NREN with such an abundance of natural power generation
which provides zero-carbon ICT services. The only difference between the GSN and a regular network is that the former one is able to transport ICT services to data centers powered Switch (Allied Telesis) Raritan UPS (APC) Gbe Tranceiver
PDU Servers (Dell Poweredge R710) To core network Wind power node architecture (Spoke) Switch (Allied Telesis) Raritan UPS (APC) PDU Servers (Dell
and Layer 2 using dynamic services, then pushes Virtual machines (VMS) or software virtual routers from the hub to a sun or wind node (spoke node) when power is available.
In such a case, the spoke node may switch over to grid energy for running other services
However, GSN services are powered entirely by green energy. The VMS are used to run user applications, particularly heavy-computing services.
Based on this testbed network, experiments and research are performed targeting cloud management algorithms and optimization of the intermittently-available renewable energy sources.
the proposed solution aims at distributing user-oriented services Fig. 3. Layered GSN and Cloud computing Architectures Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet 425 regardless of the underlying
implementing the platform level services that provide running environment enabling cloud computing and networking capabilities to GSN services.
The Cloud Middleware plane corresponds to the User-level Middleware, providing Platform as a service capabilities based on Iaas Framework components 5. The top Management plane or User level focuses on application services by making use of services provided by the lower layer
services. 4 Virtual Data center Migration In the GSN project, we are interested in moving a virtual data center from one node to another.
Such a migration is required for large-scale applications running on multiple servers with a high density connection local network.
ii) Iaas Resource used to build web services interfaces for manageable resources, iii) Iaas Service serves as a broker
It uses services provided by protocols and transport layers in order to achieve communications. Each engine has a state machine
The Tool component provides additional services, such as persistence, which are shared by other components. Based on the J2ee/OSGI platform
OSGI (Open Services Gateway initiative) is a Java framework for remotely deployed service applications, which provides high reliability, collaboration, large scale distribution and wide-range of device usage.
Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet 427 5 Federated Network GSN takes advantage of the virtualization to link virtual resources together to span multiple cloud and substrate types.
or VPLS services at the network edge. Fig. 5. Energy-aware routing In the proposed new energy-ware routing scheme based on Mantychore support,
It links user requests to appropriate services provided by data centers distributed across the network. Each data center is represented by a virtual instance,
Fig. 6. Overview of GSN network management solution Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet 429 6 Conclusion In this chapter, we have presented a prototype of a Future
in order to provision renewable energy for ICT services worldwide. Virtualization techniques are shown to be the most appropriate solution to manage such a network
Our future work includes research on the quality of services hosted by the GSN and a scalable resource management.
and Grid Services Using Iaas to Reduce GHG Emissions. J. of Lightwave Technology 27 (12)( 2009) 5. Lemay, M.:
Infrastructure Services for Optical Networks. J. of Optical Communications and Networking 1 (2)( 2009) 7. Kiddle, C.:
and validating Future Internet-enabled services. Based on an analysis of the current landscape of smart city pilot programmes, Future Internet experimentally-driven research
The Internet and broadband network technologies as enablers of e-services become more and more important for urban development
and user-driven innovation ecosystems to boost Future Internet research and experimentation for user-driven services and how they can accelerate the cycle of research,
and strategies that create the physical-digital environment of smart cities, actualising useful applications and e-services,
and organisations participate in the development, Fig. 1. Smart city key application areas 436 H. Schaffers et al. supply and consumption of goods and services.
provide the ground for new e-services within the innovation ecosystems of cities (see Table 2). Table 2. Media Internet technologies
large scale ontologies and semantic content Cloud services and software components City-based clouds Open and federated content platforms Cloud-based fully connected city Smart systems based on Internet of things Smart power management Portable systems Smart systems enabling integrated solutions e g. health
telepresence Demand for e-services in the domains outlined in Fig. 1 is increasing, but not at a disruptive pace.
There is a critical gap between software applications and the provision of e-services in terms of sustainability and financial viability.
Not all applications are turned into e-services. Those that succeed in bridging the gap rely on successful business models that turn technological capabilities into innovations,
and offer useful services. It is here that the third task for city authorities comes into play,
Cities currently face a problem of standardisation of the main building blocks of smart/intelligent cities in terms of applications, business models, and services.
Standardisation would dramatically reduce the development and maintenance costs of e-services due to cooperation, exchange Smart Cities and the Future Internet 437 and sharing of resources among localities.
and CIP programmes also aims at stimulating a wider uptake of innovative ICT-based services for smart cities,
and experimental facilities for exploring new applications and innovative services. Technology push is still dominant in the actual research agenda.
Innovation ecosystems for smart cities have to be defined, in terms of applications, services, financial engineering and partnerships.
although some interesting initiatives in that respect have started such as the Smart Santander project (services and applications for Internet of things in the city),
logistics and environment Iot-based services. A comparison of the role of users in FIRE facilities projects compared to Living Labs is presented in Table 3. Importantly,
services, architectures, platforms, system requirements; impacts Validation of user ideas, prototype applications and solutions. Testing as joint validation activity Scale of testing Large-scale mainly From small to large scale Stakeholders FI Researchers (ICT industry & academia) IT multidisciplinary researchers, End-users, enterprises (large
Such infrastructure also creates many opportunities for innovative services such as green services mobility services, wellbeing services,
and playable city ser Smart Cities and the Future Internet 439 vices based on real-time digital data representing digital traces of human activity and their context in the urban space.
Promising applications and services seem to be emerging from user co-creation processes. Recent paradigms,
Internet services and sensor network in the city. www. smartsantander. eu ELLIOT (FP7-ICT, 2010.
Public sector services. EPIC (CIP ICT-PSP, 2010. Platforms for intelligent cities. Apollon (CIP ICT-PSP, 2010.
and Future Internet interaction, elaborating three Iot use cases in three different Living Labs. The first use case is dedicated to co-creation by users of green services in the areas of air
The second one addresses wellbeing services in connection with a hospital and the third focuses on logistic services in product development facilities with professional users.
The green services use case takes place in the context of the ICT Usage Lab and within the Urban Community of Nice-Cote d'azur (NCA.
The objectives of the Iot-based green services use case are twofold: to investigate experiential learning of the Iot in an open and environmental data context,
and the Future Internet 441 green services based on environmental data obtained via sensors. Various environmental sensors will be used,
The backbone of the green services use case is based an Iot service portal which addresses three main Iotrelated portal services by allowing the user:
1) to participate in the collection of environmental data; 2) to participate in the co-creation of services based on environmental data;
and 3) to access services based on environmental data, such as accessing and/or visualising environmental data in real time.
Three complementary approaches have already been identified as relevant for the green services use case: participatory/usercentred design methods;
diary studies for Iot experience analysis, and coupling quantitative and qualitative approaches for portal usage analysis. In this context of an open innovation and Living Lab innovation ecosystem,
Their aim is to develop smart cities infrastructures and services in real-life urban environments in Europe.
and the situation including the relational situations between people and between people and spaces, infrastructures, services, etc. in
which the integration of Future Internet infrastructures and services occurs as part of a discovery-driven process.
applets, services, and whatever is relevant, available and configured for integration at the moment that the social interaction of People In places calls for those services.
Participation is at the heart of this bottom-up approach to Future Internet technology integration, whereby Future Internet research adopts a competitive offer stance to prove its added value to users.
and (5) the Smart City hall where mobile e-government services are delivered. As an example (see Fig. 2),
This approach draws on and integrates Future Internet technologies (such as augmented reality services for the appreciation of cultural heritage) with networks of video-cameras used to monitor public spaces.
In addition, the integration of these services occurs in the Living Lab context where citizens contribute both to the definition
and prioritisation of the cultural heritage in their city and also to an exploration of the privacy and security issues that are central to the acceptance and success of Future Internet services for the safety of urban environments.
and citizens in defining the services that make up a Smart City as well as the new sustainable lifestyles
other Future Internet paradigms such as cloud services and camera and sensor networks can be considered as already operational.
1) physical and immaterial infrastructure, 2) networks and collaboration, 3) entrepreneurial climate and business networks, 4) demand for services and availability of advanced end-users (see Fig. 3). Additionally,
and validating Future Internet-enabled services. Smart cities are enabled by advanced ICT infrastructure contributed to by current Future Internet research and experimentation.
the infrastructure for education and innovation, the networks between businesses and governments, the existence of demanding citizens and businesses to push for innovation and the quality of services.
and its particular components, Internet of things (Iot) and Internet of Services (Ios), can become building blocks to progress towards a unified urban-scale ICT platform transforming a Smart City into an open innovation platform.
and at the service level (Ios as a suit of open and standardized enablers to facilitate the composition of interoperable smart city services).
Smart Cities, Sensor and Actuator Networks, Internet of things, Internet of Services, Ubiquitous Sensor Networks, Open, Federated and Trusted innovation platforms, Future Internet. 1 Introduction At a holistic level,
The extensive use of ICT is also empowering the development of essential services for health, security, police and fire departments, governance and delivery of public services.
scalable and suitable for supporting new generations of services that are envisaged not even nowadays. Consequently, the successful development of the Smart Cities paradigm will require a unified ICT infrastructure to allow a sustainable economic growth 2,
and will enable data transfer services agnostic to the underlying connection protocol. Furthermore, a major challenge in future urban spaces will be how to manage the increasing number of heterogeneous and geographically dispersed machines
so that data and information could be shared among different applications and services at global urban levels.
enabling the development of information processing services involving different urban resources and entities of interest.
Open Urban Services Development. Together with unified communications and information a key functionality of urban ICT Platforms should be to guarantee interoperability at both the application and service levels.
This will provide the necessary innovation-enabling capabilities for attracting public and private investments to create products and services
it can be approached as a socio-technical system comprising Internet-accessible information and services, coupled to the physical environment and human behavior,
and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual things are integrated seamlessly into the information network 5. The Internet of Services (Ios):
flexible, open and standardized enablers that facilitate the harmonization of various applications into interoperable services as well as the use of semantics for the understanding,
The availability of such infrastructures is expected to stimulate the development of new services and applications by various types of users,
and communications technologies to make the critical infrastructure components and services of a city administration, education, healthcare, public safety, real estate, transportation and utilities more aware, interactive and efficient.
Remote working and e-commerce services for businesses, entertainment and communications for individuals. Advanced location based services, social networking and collaborative crowdsourcing collecting citizens'generated data.
By analyzing these different Smart Cities application scenarios, together with the need of a broadband communication infrastructure that is becoming,
and services to meet the needs of cities and their inhabitants. In this context Ios evolution must be correlated undoubtedly with Iot advances.
Otherwise, a number of future Smart City services will never have an opportunity to be conceived due to the lack of the required links to the real world.
they can provide the necessary support for new innovative applications and services (the city as an Open Innovation Platform).
Cross-domain NG Iot platforms may foster the creation of new services taking advantage of the increasing levels of efficiency attained by the reuse of deployed infrastructures.
There can be a long list of potential benefits for Smart Cities'services relaying on the same basic sensed information and a suite of application enablers (i e. from sensor data processing applications,
In that way, an increasing number of Smart Cities'services could be searched, 452 J. M. Hernández-Muñoz et al. discovered
the Smart Cities can represent an extraordinary rich ecosystem to promote the generation of massive deployments of city-scale applications and services for a large number of activity sectors.
Furthermore this will enable future urban models of convergent IT/Telecom/Content services, Machine to machine-Machine (M2m) services,
and geographically disperse sensor networks into a common technological ground where services can be developed in a cost efficient manner.
Through a set of basic functionalities it will support different types of Smart City services in multiple application areas:
this functionality will provide services and applications information about all the registered sensors in the city.
many Smart City services will rely on continuously generated sensor data (for example for energy monitoring, video surveillance or traffic control.
in other cases, services rely on some specific events happening in the city (such as traffic jams or extreme pollution situations.
The platform will allow services to subscribe not just to the observations provided by the sensors,
so city services could either change sensor configuration parameters (i e. the sensibility of a critical sensor) or to call actuator commands (as,
The information should be provided to the Smart City services using a unified information model, regardless of the particular information model used by the sensor technologies deployed through the city infrastructure.
Services should be agnostic to the communication protocol used. The platform should provide access to the information regardless the particular underlying communication protocol used. 454 J. M. Hernández-Muñoz et al.
so services and networks are decoupled in order to evolve independently 22. This capability will allow a seamless link between Iot and Ios,
so that USN platforms could provide support for third-party's agents interested in the deployment of different Smart City services,
USN-Management USN-Enabler Sensor Networks IMS User Equipment USN-Gateway SIP Services Web Services Configuration AAA Devicemanagement Application/Service
the USNENABLER (that interfaces services) and the USN-Gateways (that interacts with Sensor networks). This approach is inspired by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) activity 26.
where services will be capable to access any type of sensors through the web. This has been reflected by a set of standards used in the platform (Sensorml, Observation & Measurements, Sensor Observation Service, Sensor Planning Service, Sensor Alert Service and Web Notification Service 26.
Functionalities required to support services are offered both in synchronous and asynchronous mode by the USN-Enabler through the following entities:
The Sensor Tasking Entity (STE) allows services to perform requests operations to the sensor network,
The Service Protocol Adapter (SPA) provides protocol adaptation between the Web Services and SIP requests and responses.
compromising the viability of new services and applications. Most of these problems are related to scalability aspects and performance degradation.
so new services and information management activities can be performed over heterogeneous networking technologies. This increasing demand to move from network experimentation towards service provisioning requirements does not just apply to the Smart Cities field,
This new smart city model can serve as an excellent incubator for the development of a diverse set of highly innovative services and applications 18.
and aims at creating a unique-in-the-world European experimental test facility for the research and experimentation of architectures, key enabling technologies, services and applications for the Iot.
Furthermore, it will be used also to provide real services to citizens. Smartsantander experimental facility is envisaged not as a closed
and assessing new services and applications, and Internet researchers to validate their cutting-edge technologies (protocols, algorithms, radio interfaces, etc.).
as well as traffic management services: creation of corridors for emergency vehicles, ecoways enablement proposing alternative routes for vehicles based on pollution monitoring in different city zones.
Alert services that, orchestrating several services such as such ehealth, environmental monitoring, traffic control and communication services, will inform and/or alert citizens of different critical situations (i e. urgent medical attention, city services recommendations, etc.)
Tourism information in different parts of the city through mobile devices using visual and interactive experiences and in different languages.
and is expected to accommodate additional requirements coming up from the different smart city services (use cases).
to introduce requirements allowing the support of real life services simultaneously. This will be very useful to open new business opportunities and,
and services is huge in the smart city context. First time success of large Iot deployments is jeopardized seriously by the lack of testbeds of the required scale,
At present, some practical implementations of advanced USN platforms 22 have been demonstrated successfully in real deployments for smart metering services, smart places scenarios,
The described implementation has shown a big potential to create a fan of new services, providing the key components required to intertwining Iot and Ios worlds.
Besides, and although market claims its readiness for supporting a vast range of sensing capabilities as well as the corresponding end-user services,
smart & proactive energy management, Open Innovation by FI-enabled services, Brussels, 15 january (2010) Smart Cities at the Forefront of the Future Internet 461 4. Position Paper:
http://services. future-internet. eu/images/d/d4/Report GSDPPANEL-FISO-FIA-Madrid-draft%2breqs. pdf 20.
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