or competitive technologies or services that might increase or lower the appeal of the product, even without consumer usage.
SMES Background Increasingly, innovation in new products/services and the implementation of key processes are becoming vital sources for firm competitive advantage (Rumelt 1984;
and services are positioned to compete more successfully through the development of new products and processes, before competitors in first-mover advantage, increasing market share, return on investment (ROI),
For this study, innovation is defined as the ability to create new value propositions through offering new products and services;
the framework for our hypothesis development is based on new products/services, opportunity recognition, process/practice development,
2. 4 5 3. 6 Accommodation and food 13 26 8. 9 5 3. 6 Other services 14 4 1. 4
SMES should manage their business with regard to the development of new and existing products and services
In addition, existing unique products/services in the company's portfolio are investigated. In order for innovation to occur,
How many new products/services have introduced you in the past 5 years or since you started up your company?;
For how many of these new products/services have collaborated you with external partners?;With what type (s) of partner (s) did you collaborate?;
Which are, in your opinion, the main advantages and drawbacks of jointly developing new products/services?
and we zoom in on two showcase examples of innovative products/services introduced by the small firms in our sample, the role of OI in these innovations,
and individual inventors, generate a higher number of new products/services than their peers that do not actively practise openness (Brunswicker and Van de Vrande, 2014;
while the youngest a private art/creative services practice inaugurated in late 2014. Figure 1 The breakdown(%)of the sample into four distinct age categories:
industry breakdown, indicating the percentage of SMES active in different sectors of industry. 43%of our sample consists of service firms e g. health services (clinics), computer-programming services, design, advertising, consulting practice
Highly specialized, on-demand professional services LEAN manufacturing consultancy:''Rent a manager'or‘rent specialist'.(
having introduced between 1 and 5 new products/services in the previous five years or since their establishment (the innovativeness of the SMES in our sample is representative of the larger SME population,
The remainder of the sample is distributed approximately equally between the two extremes. 9 Figure 4 The innovativeness of the sample measured by number of new products/services introduced in the past 5 years
Figure 5 The importance of Open Innovation practice in the sample measured by the number of new products/services resulting from collaboration Fewer than five companies in our sample responded that they typically conduct all of their innovation activities internally without any influence of external
For SMES, working with clients and involving them in innovation could be important in terms of gaining access to information regarding clients'needs as well as creating market acceptance of new products/services more easily (Lasagni,
As such, they see a clear link with their competitive position where they are equipped better to compete in their respective industries, such as health services and consulting,
to the extent that their new services are developed in collaboration with partners. 13 By contrast, the SMES in our sample have reported also a number of drawbacks to OI (see Table 2). Some of these drawbacks are typical for the employment of OI practices in an SME context:
and have introduced fewer than five new products/services on the market since their establishment. In undertaking this exploration,
Indeed, the owners/managers of the SMES in our sample who have engaged in OI for at least part of their portfolio of new products/services on the market point out that accessing innovative knowledge
the speed with which they are able to introduce new products/services on the market,
The positive relation between OI and innovativeness in terms of number of new products/services brought to market in our sample of SMES is portrayed also in Table 3. The table shows that more innovative Eastern European SMES are more likely to report that all of
their new products/services were realized with the help of collaborators than less innovative SMES. Table 3 The relation between Open Innovation and innovativeness Number of new products or services/Role of OI in innovation 1 2-5>5 None 7%6%0
%Some 12%24%21%All 3%15%12%Although researchers in OI and entrepreneurship have begun only just to study the role of the individual owner/manager in the success of OI within an SME context (Lambrechts et al
and does not fall under‘Services'.'vi Although the Oslo Manual differentiates between four major categories of innovations,
The Oslo Manual considers both goods and services as‘products, 'whereas the survey employs the classic‘product/service'dichotomy. vii More specifically,
As one health-services company owner/manager remarked:(in our organization) new needs are identified on a permanent basis
For regions, the benefits should not be simply new infrastructure in physical terms but also importantly in investment in human capital development and services to the region.
and expansion of required human capacity skills to maximise the impact of the infrastructure in the region in enhancing employment, goods and services.
In general also, innovation is seen too often in solely technology-driven terms with less focus on the importance of social innovation in the development of new skills and services.
and within the regional higher education landscape there will be different types of institutions to provide different services.
Consultancy services may also be developed for the execution of projects. In particular, multi-disciplinary research and management skills are needed to address many business innovation problems or societal challenges.
Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, France Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse (INP Toulouse) in its use of EU Structural Funds has focused on the development of advanced services
especially SMES, for example, intensive computing facilities, experimental platforms (e g. agro-materials platform, chemical and physical analysis services.
and design support services including product design, prototyping and usability testing to develop innovative healthcare products.
both as a component of economic strategies to build Europe's relative position in growing fields such as healthcare and environmental services,
and as a vital contribution to achieving greater value for money in public services. Just as the Lisbon Strategy for jobs and growth focused on innovation
an ageing population has increased dramatically demands on health and care services and; in some cases migration and hyper-diverse communities have put a strain on community cohesion.
New solutions need to provide better access to services (health care, housing and education) and opportunities for learning and employment. 8 Public sector Innovation growing social needs,
Growth, sustainable public finances, tackling climate change, social inclusion, a strengthened industrial base and a vibrant services sector are not alternatives.
and develop products and services for a more sustainable future. They argue: Research and innovation are essential
and services that reach the market. European Technology Platforms have untapped potential and could strengthen their contribution to Europe's efforts to address the grand challenges.
which aims to facilitate the creation and 12 marketing of new innovative products and services in sectors of strategic importance.
‘markets for innovative products and services with high growth potential, where EU industry can develop competitive advantage to lead in international markets and
Clearly, health, long term care and green products and services are significant growth sectors. For example, spending on healthcare, currently between 5%and 13%of GDP for EU countries is set to rise by approximately 4%by 2050. xviiixvii Most of the projected increase in public spending will be on pensions
Social innovation describes the processes of invention, diffusion and adoption of new services or organisational models,
or unresolved by services organised by the state. Social innovation can take place inside or outside of public services.
it focuses on labour market practices and the delivery of services. As such, it is at odds with other definitions
identifying and delivering new services that improve the quality of life of individuals and communities; identifying and implementing new labour market integration processes, new competencies, new jobs,
services and models) that simultaneously meet social needs (more effectively than alternatives) and create new social relationships or collaborations.
and services far beyond any other public services (see chapter 3). Growing numbers of movements are taking shape globally
and better tailor their services accordingly. There are also many organisations which organise the prompts to themselves through mapping and research,
which attempt to test out interconnected elements rather than the discrete services or actions usually associated with pilots.
At other times existing services need to be transformed or replaced. But to move from pilots and prototypes to a securely established public innovation, it is often advisable to set it up as a separate venture,
and spreading new services, especially through the growth of contracting out services. Although often driven by the need to cut costs,
public procurement plays a role in relation to consolidation by purchasing services at scale. xlix 6. Systemic change.
Systemic change is very different from innovation in products or services, and usually very different from innovation in business.
services and models into practice sustainably and on a large scale. Seen through an economic lens the problem of social innovation is that:
causing some organisations to reject opportunities to deliver services; too often contracts set unrealistic prices
Co-design Participle and Southwark Circle, UK There are a series of design agencies across Europe helping public agencies and local communities co-design services together.
to encourage openly inclusive services, to move away from a financial focus and towards a focus on resources,
to be a driving force in the design of new services. Highly Iterative ideas are tested rapidly through prototyping.
Participle are able to design services that people want and will use. Once ideas have been tested
the focus is on implementation and rolling out services. The design process used by Participle is based on the Transformation Design process developed at RED at the Design Council.
to design new services to improve the quality of life and well-being of older people. Rather than start with the question
and the way services and systems are configured (away from a near exclusive focus on care and towards building relationships and participation).'
Southwark Circle is a model of how future services might look across Britain. lxiv There has yet to be any full evaluation of the benefits of the programme relative to costs.
The portal brings together health information and online health services in one place, with personalised features for citizens over the age of 15.
Patient services include health related information and advice, online booking facilities, prescription renewal, ordering prescriptions online, online consultations with health professionals and access to personal medical files.
For healthcare professionals, services include online access to the patient appointment calendar laboratory data, patient records, waiting list information from hospitals and so on.
and the provision of services (i e. they do more than campaign, lobby or advocate). The term social enterprise covers a wide range of organisations from cooperatives to public service providers
in France and Sweden, childcare services make up the bulk of social enterprise activity; in the UK, social enterprises cover education, health and care but increasingly also areas such as housing, culture and sports and;
Safaricom has built on the vast network of existing mobile phone services and kiosks, transforming them into M-PESA agencies where money can be deposited
M-PESA can be used within different services, including money transfer, bill payment, and in the near future will be accepted as payment on some public transport services.
The system prompts more regular loan repayment as customers in hard-to-reach areas have easier access to a means of money transfer.
which provides wrap around services for social welfare in the community. Its three main activities are to get marginalised job seekers back into work;
Service Provision Mental health Cooperatives, Greece As part of the broader reform of mental health services in the late 1990s, the Greek government introduced a new legal form,
which means that it has access to national health services staff and premises. One of the other innovative aspects is that those who work for a Koispe may earn a wage without losing their benefit payments.
and services where social need arises. In its mission to effect maximum transparency, all savings and investment accounts are available to view on Triodos'website.
where users are also producers of services they consume this is especially the case in areas such as health and care, education, recycling and energy management of the home. xc Some of this remains at the level of the individual household,
mums all over the world can register to use a number of useful services. Global services include the coffeehouse chat room,
where advice can be sought from other parents on issues as varied as new recipes and how to get your child to sleep, to health issues and developmental concerns for their children.
These cooperatives provide a range of services including carpentry plumbing and decorating and manufacture a range of artisanal products such as cheese, wine, oil and honey.
and services, following a principle of autonomy. The rest comes from private donors or companies that believe in the social value of our centre and offer their support to our mission.
given by the public sector to specific target groups, allowing them to access specific goods or services.
APDC's initiative on Next Generation Services paved the way to a €70 million public fund,
and through the procurement and commissioning of innovative services. The public sector also has established some well tools for financing innovation beyond its borders, particularly through R&d funding for science and technology.
including personalisation to develop services to manage individualised budgets under the personalisation of care agenda, growth for existing organisations, innovation for early stage organisations,
and right to request for organisations proposing alternative provision of NHS services into a social enterprise.
As well as bringing together local residents and county council staff members to brainstorm solutions to new and emerging needs and design services, it also seeks to build capacity for user-centred innovation across the council.
tested and rolled out. 77 SILK has had a number of success stories including developing services for fathers with Kent Children's Trust.
The research also helped to inform further changes in the way services are delivered. The 27e Region, France The 27e Region is based an NGO in Paris, supported by the Association des Régions de France
Specific training for upgrading the quality of services for third sector institutions, organisations and enterprises will also be available, in the form of a‘Social Innovation Academy'.
and profitability of healthcare services if new procedures are developed simultaneously in an innovative way. The scope for this programme was estimated initially at €150 million but in practice rose to €177 million.
Current ongoing programmes include Innovations in Social and Healthcare Services which was initiated in 2008 to develop relations between government and public sector bodies in developing healthcare services,
and Built Environment initiated in 2009 to improve productivity through environments designed to promote well-being. cv VINNOVA,
VINNOVA's programmes include Information and Communications technology, Services and IT Implementation, Biotechnology, Working life, Materials, Transportation, Cross-Sectoral Issues, Knowledge of Innovation Systems,
and services between the three institutions involved in the hope to create a diverse and wide-reaching hybrid.
The SEIR helps social enterprises currently working outside the NHS to develop services that NHS commissioners want to contract to help deliver better health outcomes.
For NHS clinicians and departments the SEIR can assist in transforming their services, and secure investment from funds such as the Social Enterprise Investment Fund (SEIF) and the Regional Innovation Funds (RIF) managed by the Strategic Health Authorities (SHAS).
Innovation in health services and social care will happen faster if the entrepreneurial energy skills and values of NHS staff and local enterprises are harnessed
As well as creating new services, a SEIR with roots in the local social enterprise culture, works to change the culture of an organisation
A number of governments have initiated open systems for citizens to propose improvements to services. The Seoul Metropolitan government, for example, launched its Imagination Bank in 2006.
This knowledge is crucial in improving services and making government more accountable. Open models provide one approach for tapping into this expertise for generating social innovation.
causing some organisations to reject opportunities to deliver services; too often contracts set unrealistic prices
or dementia services. Personal budgets Personal budgets involve users being allocated a budget to be used for ongoing care needs.
Personal budgets demonstrate real promise for improving the lives of citizens by giving them greater control over the services they receive.
and a scenario where smaller, voluntary and community organisations paying disproportionately high prices for their basic services
and services, demonstrating their value to the wider market. In this way, the government can provide revenue
and services so that they compete more effectively in the global marketplace. In the consolidation phase of innovation
set standards and create critical mass for the acceptance of new or alternative technologies and services.
causing some organisations to reject opportunities to deliver services; too often contracts set unrealistic prices
the fact that their services are often only emerging from prototype or niche production stages,
and services can be reduced substantially by allowing procurement officers to work closely with potential suppliers.
measuring and evaluating the efficacy and success of social ventures, initiatives and services, which incorporate social as well as financial impact,
measuring and evaluating the efficacy and success of social ventures, initiatives and services, which incorporate social as well as financial impact,
EU policies should encourage the creation and adoption of next generation societal services by both the public
Oxford, Blackwell. liii Cabinet Office (2006) Partnership In public Services: An action plan for third sector involvement, London.
http://www. socialenterprise. org. uk/data files/stateofsocialenterprise2009. pdf cxvii Cabinet Office (2006), Partnership In public Services:
) Partnership In public Services: An action plan for third sector involvement. London: Cabinet Office. Available at:
Harvard university Press, US. clxi For example, an opinion poll that suggests that citizens would like government to spend more money on services
OTHER RELATED PLANS 19 Warsaw (February 2012) Wave energy Solar thermoelectric (STE) Wind energy Management of energy services (MES) Electromobility (ELM
services and models) that simultaneously meet social needs and create new social relationships or collaborations.
or unresolved by services organised by the state. Social innovation can take place inside or outside of public services.
identifying and delivering new services that improve the quality of life of individuals and communities; identifying and implementing new labour market integration processes, new competencies, new jobs,
The need to cut public expenditure often requires services to be designed and delivered in new ways.
The right kinds of systems thinking can open up new possibilities. 2 3) Poor performance highlights the need for change within services.
or deliver services more effectively. Examples include computers in classrooms, the use of assistive devices for the elderly,
and visibility generates ideas. 7) Mapping needs to estimate the existence, nature and distribution of the actual and potential need for goods and services,
Userled research has developed especially amongst long term users of health and social care services. Service users are responsible for all stages of the research process from design, recruitment, ethics and data collection to data analysis, writing up, and dissemination.
and front line staff understand the needs of users and better tailor services accordingly. In industry and commerce the capacity to collect
and chart their own behaviour and actions. 20) Holistic services include phone based services such as New york's 311 service which provide a database that can be analysed for patterns of recurring problems and requests. 21) Tools
and are likely to be critical to future productivity gains in public services. 11 24) Changing roles.
'Increasingly, some of these approaches are being used within the public sector to redesign services. 37) User-led design.
'with designers and professionals still playing key roles as orchestrators and facilitators. 38) Redesigning services with users
and customers of goods and services); knowledge of variation (the range and causes of variation in quality,
Mali and Vietnam. 4 49) Reviewing extremes such as health services or energy production in remote communities.
Design for extreme conditions can provide insights and ideas for providing services to mainstream users.
Michael Young established a national suggestion box in 1968 as part of a programme to promote citizen-led innovation in public services.
but is used increasingly to refer to services as well. 82) Fast prototyping emerged first in the software field,
Images courtesy of Dialogue Café. 3 PROTOTYPING AND PILOTS 53 89) Whole System Demonstration Pilots attempt to test out interconnected elements rather than the discrete services
At other times existing services need to be transformed or replaced. But to move from pilots and prototypes to a securely established public innovation, it is often advisable to set it up as a separate venture,
Systems and services 1. Communities 11. Business plan of benefit 12. Cash These are useful tools
which they operate, providing work, services, and support. Examples include Japanese food consumer co-ops, and the Mondragon family of co-ops in Spain. 115) Mutuals.
For some ventures providing intermediate goods or services the challenge is how to develop a demand chain that processes
'CNA, the umbrella body for artisan producers, provides collective services such as booking, accounting, legal advice, and even political representation to its federated artisans. 134) Collaborative technologies.
Advocacy is the key to creating demand for services, particularly from public authorities for example, making the case for public funding for drugs treatment or sex education.
However, we argue that the design of services should start from the user, and that its diffusion should be approached from the perspective of users,
We also argue that a distinction should be made between services where demand can be expressed in the market (for fair trade or green goods, for example),
User groups create a demand for services, particularly from public authorities by spreading information and lobbying,.
and the public sector to improve their products, services, and processes. As social movements, they constitute an important generator
and diffuser of social innovation. 5 86 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION 160) Promotion and marketing of innovative services and programmes to encourage behavioural change.
Examples are the‘5 a day'campaign, the promotion of free smoking cessation services, and the new NHS campaign‘Change4life'which promotes healthy activities such as playing football,
or alternative, technologies and services. This removes an element of risk and encourages organisations to invest in specific technologies.
GSM 5 88 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION and catalytic converters. 166) Creating intermediate demand via the professions for innovative goods and services.
Commissioning and procurement Governments are big customers of goods and services for example, the UK Government purchases £125 billion worth of goods and services per year.
public procurement plays a role in relation to consolidation by purchasing services at scale. 5 170) Commissioning innovative services.
Commissioning has become increasingly important in the public sector, with the increase in contracting out services.
and to create better services which 5 90 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION are tailored to the needs of service users.
Government is positioned well to serve as an‘early user'of new goods and services demonstrating their value to the wider market.
and services so that they can compete more effectively in the global marketplace. Often this may involve purchasing more costly options
the aim is to design market structures in public services which create incentives for innovation. It has been one of the driving ideas behind the introduction of choice in the NHS,
which to buy'health services for their population, with Primary Care Trusts (PCTS) continuing to hold the‘real'budget.
services for patients to enable better use of resources. 175) Payment by results in the NHS involves paying providers a fixed price (a tariff) for each particular case treated.
Joint commissioning is particularly important where there are complex needs and multiple services involved. Examples include:
child and adolescent mental health services; or youth offending teams. 182)‘ Share in savings'contracts, as pioneered by the US Information technology Management Reform Act of 1996.
and provided live audio description services at sporting events. 6 This is an instance where the goals of the organisation to generally improve the quality of life for the blind necessitated a collaborative approach to growth that has changed the organisational field,
but it is undertaken also by an industry body like the Soil Association or the UK's energy efficiency body National Energy Services (NES).
and promote their services ranging from microcredit to housing and sanitation. 193) Trade fairs are an important means of spreading information about new products, services, and organisations.
They also fulfil an important networking function. They can be used as an explicit tool to spread social innovation for example in fields such as eco-building. 194) Diffusion through media.
In Italy, small and medium firms have developed consortia to provide collective services where scale is important.
disclosing private information (in return for more personalised services; giving time (for example, as a school governor);
and user-generated metrics such as the‘sousveys'surveys undertaken by citizens on services provided by the state used to gather chronic disease data in Sheffield
Systemic innovation is very different from innovation in products or services. It involves changes to concepts and mindsets as well as to economic flows:
The idea of a radical decentralisation of formerly centralised production is recasting many services. In energy services, for example, localised energy systems are reappearing,
linked both to domestic energy generation through renewables, or micro combined heat and power, and through the development of community trigeneration systems such as those in Woking and London.
and social care. 231) Changing the‘scripts'around services. The script of a service or practice provides its meaning and rationale.
So is the slow re-orientation of healthcare services from illness to the creation of conditions for positive living.
but to make future services more effective and fulfilling. An example, which could be applied in other fields,
These reorient services around support for the user rather than the simple delivery of a standardised package.
and transport to housing design and finance. 236) Holistic support models for services such as The Key, Ten UK's support service for head teachers
which provides support for every aspect of school management. 237) Personalized support services such as personal health and fitness coaches, increasingly backed up by shared data services and networks.
and 1990s often focused on disaggregating services, creating back offices separate from the front line, and breaking services into modular elements.
In practice this often led to lower These are envac points at the Hammarby Sjöstad low-carbon housing development in Stockholm, Sweden.
This was seen as crucial to creating a holistic set of services to deal with children's needs,
Changing funding flows can also encourage preventative services. One example is Oregon's Justice Reinvestment programme a local approach to justice decision making
They help to establish markets for new services and projects, and to spread innovations by developing networks which highlight,
and then report back through the region's Centres for Real Services. The Young Foundation has employed an experienced investigative journalist to play a similar role in healthcare, scanning for promising new projects,
It has focused on supporting innovation in schools and children's services, the third sector, and local government. 282) Local innovation teams such as SILK at Kent County Council,
including helping fathers to access statutory services, and teaching young women about healthy living and how to cook healthy food on a low budget. 283) Specialist innovation units,
Examples range from Wordpress to projects like the School of Everything that blurs the boundary between formally accredited professionals and others that provide similar services. 311) Co-production platforms.
With platforms, the distinction between customers and producers dissolves as‘customers'produce services themselves. This is the case, for example, with Lego.
This includes file sharing services such as Napster, and open-source software such as the Linux operating system, the Mozilla Firefox browser,
Brokering Innovation In public Services.''London: Innovation Unit. Other interesting articles on the role of intermediaries in supporting innovation include:
However, while it already plays the key role in developing new models and services to meet social needs,
Their production ranges from the micro scale of domestic care in the household to the universal services of a national welfare state.
and many contract services to the state. Yet organisations like Oxfam and Age Concern are shaped still primarily by the grant economy in how they raise their money,
how they distribute their services, and in their forms of accountability. The shaded area in the diagram opposite represents those parts of the four sub-economies that together constitute the social economy.
The Young Foundation 144 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION healthcare, combining commercial provision of goods and services with mutual support and roles for NGOS.
selling products and services to households, and engaging individuals as workers. In some cases, firms have used the particular relations that characterise households as a channel for selling.
and volunteering from one direction, to a multitude of services from the other. One of the most sensitive areas of this interface is
and parcel various activities and services out to contractors from the market and third sector such as prisons, healthcare, adult education, and so on.
sometimes playing direct roles in redesigning services. Examples include expert patients, groups and mobilising ex-offenders in service design (see method 38). 321) Learning cultures.
These are easier to design for technologies than services, and bring all the problems associated with performance incentives,
and run their own services in place of existing state, regional, or national bureaucracies. These can be a powerful driver for innovation
and other services. 340) Tracking public finances may be aided by public balance sheet accounting and greater transparency of public finance (as happens in Estonia).
and hypothecated fees for services by the state. 1 156 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION 350) Public subscriptions, lotteries,
which will reduce demand for services. Public mediums of exchange and means of payment Most public finance is undertaken in national currencies.
arrange, and pay for their own care and services (see also method 183). 353) Quasi-currencies and environmental permits,
and allow services to be reconfigured, often prompting innovative ways of thinking about services. Cards like the Hong kong Octopus transit card or the London Oyster card have considerable potential for expansion. 356) Loyalty
and incentive schemes can support and promote healthy and sustainable living. Examples include the joint Young Foundation/1 SUPPORT IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR 157 Birmingham East and North Primary Care Trust (BEN PCT)‘ Healthy Incentives'programme
whether the investment leads to lower pressure on hospitals and acute services. 374) Bonus payments on spending aligned to social outcomes such as the UK Government's Performance Reward Grant for local area partnerships
IDEA (2005)‘ Innovation in public services: literature review.''London: IDEA; Mulgan, G. and Albury, D. 2003)‘ Innovation in the public sector.'
ii) service or product innovations (new features and design of services;(iii) delivery innovations (new ways of delivering services
and interacting with service users);(iv) process innovations (new internal procedures and organisational forms; and (v) system innovations (including governance structures.
human resources and IT consulting services. 417) Philanthropic‘ebays'.'Philanthropic platforms such as Volunteermatch which help people find volunteering opportunities in their local area. 418) Donor platforms, such as Globalgiving, Altruistiq Exchange, Network For good, Firstgiving and Guidestar.
which allow recipients to rate philanthropic foundations. 427) Providing extensive information on NGO performance, such as Guidestar's services and databases in many countries worldwide,
Packages of support A network of support services for grant-based organisations has developed, some are specialist private firms,
They provide legal and business advice, offer free mentoring services, and help to raise funds. 428) Support services for innovators including mentoring,
information and advice, connections and networks, and public visibility, such as Cleveland's Civic Innovation Lab in Michigan and the Social Innovation Generator in Toronto, Canada. 429) Capacity-building support.
In some cases, clusters of social enterprises have developed a network for collaboration and joint services
which has enabled them to access services normally available only to large firms while remaining small themselves.
For example, Turning point in the UK provides among other things rehabilitation services for those affected by drugs or alcohol.
Others sell goods and services to customers while working towards their objectives behind the scenes
Image courtesy of Michael Valli. 3 SUPPORT IN THE MARKET ECONOMY 183 which is sold a magazine by homeless people. 443) Social enterprise mutuals as providers of joint services for their members,
for example welfareto-work services, prisoner rehabilitation or disability services. 447) Extending the cooperative economy in production,
including MONDRAGON and Peruvian coffee co-ops. 448) Foundations as owners of corporations, such as the Bertelsmann Foundation and the Robert Bosch Foundation.
Some are more‘hands on'such as the provision of services for social good and others are more‘hands off'such as providing resources such as proprietary technology. 449) Corporate social responsibility (CSR) that involves a mix of grant giving,
For example, a GP's practice in Tiverton, Devon, awards a kite mark to local shops and restaurants that provide healthy food and services. 480) Consumer guides and reviews.
both in assessing products and services on the basis of social criteria, and in providing publicity to social enterprises.
They create their own protected economies with discounts for particular products and services from specified places.
There remains scope for a considerable expansion of these methods to promote social and environmental goods and services. 482) Local trading currencies.
and tools that underpin the new systems are developing innovative business models to cover the costs involved this is especially the case where services are provided for free.
donations, charging for some services to cover the costs of 100 400 350 300 200 150 50 250 0 Germany Italy UK France Finland USA Paid work
Issues such as the distribution of working time, the valorisation of voluntary labour, the content and channels of life skills learning, the role of many of the social and educational services, the arrangements for retirement and unemployment, the size
Prosumption There has been marked a development of users becoming more engaged in the production of services.
In the words of Alvin Toffler, they have become‘prosumers'producers as well as users of services.
that has been replicated in several countries. 520) Group services for networks of households, generalising the principle of sheltered accommodation.
These are having profound implications on services and models of collective action. 522) Developing new models of care and support.
Image courtesy of San Patrignano. 4 SUPPORT IN THE INFORMAL OR HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY 207 This could include educational coaching services, relief and backup for home carers, health coaches, birthing
the Clissold Park User Group) that become champions for new ways of organizing services. Social movements Social movements have been the source of major waves of social innovations over the past 40 years notably in food, the environment, healthcare,
149 311 Services 21 Aalto University 134 Abecedarian Project 111 Academies 116; 192; 185 Accelerators 135 Accountability 3;
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