8832/12 MM/ag/mj 1 DGE-1c ECOUCIL OF THE EUROPEAUIOBRUSSELS, 20 april 2012 8832/12 AUDIO 39 CULT 61 TELECOM 73 PI 43
8508/12 AUDIO 35 CULT 53 TELECOM 70 PI 38 No. Cion prop.:16291/11 AUDIO 63 CULT 91 TELECOM 165 PI 144 Subject:
Draft Council conclusions on the digitisation and online accessibility of cultural material and digital preservation-Adoption of Council conclusions At its meeting on 17 april 2012, the Audiovisual Working Party reached an agreement
on the draft Council conclusions, as set out in the Annex. The text now meets with the agreement of all delegations.
EAEX Draft Council conclusions on the digitisation and online accessibility of cultural material and digital preservation THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
-The digitisation and online accessibility of the Member States'cultural material and its longterm digital preservation are essential to enable access for all to culture
Digitisation and online accessibility of Member States'cultural heritage, considered both in a national and cross-border context,
-The context for digitisation efforts and for collaboration at European level has changed since the Council adopted in 2006 conclusions on digitisation and online accessibility of cultural material and digital preservation2.
Europeana was launched in 2008 as a common multilingual access point to Europe's digital cultural heritage
WELCOMES-the Commission Recommendation of 27 october 2011 on the digitisation and online accessibility of cultural material and digital preservation4 (2011/711/EU) as part of the Digital Agenda for Europe5;
as well as the efforts to provide funding for digitisation in a time of economic crisis; -the valuable work done by Europeana,
-the need to continue work on technical standards for digitisation and metadata, including through the framework of Europeana, for the benefit of both accessibility and long-term preservation of digital material;
and the need to make more incopyright material available through the site; -the need to actively promote voluntary agreements6 on the large scale digitisation
and online availability of out-of-commerce works and to take the necessary measures to provide for the required legal certainty in a national and cross-border context;
-that the digitisation and online accessibility of Europe's cultural heritage should be carried out in full respect of intellectual property rights;
6 On 20 september 2011 a Memorandum of Understanding on the Key Principles on the Digitisation and Making Available of Out-of-Commerce Works was signed in Brussels by stakeholders'representatives,
consolidate their strategies and targets for the digitisation of cultural material; consolidate the organisation of digitisation
and the provision of funding for digitisation, including through promoting the use of public-private partnerships;
improve the framework conditions for the online accessibility and use of cultural material; contribute to the further development of Europeana,
including by encouraging cultural institutions to bring all relevant digitised cultural material into the site;
and approaches to, digitisation as well as the overall budgetary consolidation efforts being made in Member States; 7 http://ec. europa. eu/information society/activities/digital libraries/comite des sages/index en. htm. 8 COM (2011) 665 final/3. 9 COM (2011
present on this basis every two years a report on progress on digitisation, online accessibility and digital preservation;
and good practices including on public-private partnerships and standards for digitisation; 7. INVITES THE MEMBER STATES, THE COMMISSION AND EUROPEANA, within their respective competences,
To consolidate their strategies and targets for the digitisation of cultural material by: Consolidating, by the end of 2012,
targets for digitisation and maintaining or, where appropriate, increasing the priority given to digitisation Developing, by 2013,
standards for the selection of material to be digitised and the way the material is presented online,
or other visual protection measures that reduce usability Reinforcing monitoring of progress in digitisation to create overviews at national level and contributing to an overview at European level Contributing,
by the end of 2013, to the Commission's assessment of progress of digitisation and digital preservation at European level 8832/12 MM/ag/mj 8 ANNEX TO ANNEX DGE-1c E2.
To consolidate the organisation of digitisation and the provision of funding for digitisation, including through promoting the use of public-private partnerships by:
Encouraging public-private partnerships for digitisation between cultural institutions and private partners, taking as a point of departure the criteria outlined in the Commission Recommendation 2011/711/EU Making use of the EU Structural Funds,
if appropriate, to co-finance digitisation activities11 Promoting measures to optimise the use of digitisation capacity to achieve economies of scale,
keeping in mind the potential for cross-border collaboration 3. To improve the framework conditions for the online accessibility and use of cultural material by:
Ensuring that, in principle, material in the public domain remains in the public domain after digitisation, in full respect of intellectual property rights Promoting voluntary stakeholders'agreements
and other mechanisms facilitating digitisation and online accessibility of out-of-commerce works 11 These conclusions do not prejudge the negotiations on the next Multiannual Financial Framework. 8832/12 MM/ag/mj 9 ANNEX TO ANNEX DGE-1c
and contributing to cross-border aggregators for Europeana Encouraging the use of common digitisation standards
+34 954488318 Fax:++34 954488300 https://ec. europa. eu/jrc https://ec. europa. eu/jrc/en/institutes/ipts Legal Notice This publication is a Science and Policy
and is available on the ERAWATCH website. Comments on this report are welcome and should be addressed to jrc-ipts-erawatch-helpdesk@ec. europa. eu. Copyright of this document belongs to the European commission.
the IUS and other data presented in this report, the following five major structural challenges of the Hungarian NIS are highlighted:
as no change (0. 0%)could be observed according to the IUS2013 data compared to the previous period. 2. Low occurrence of co-operation in innovation activities among key actors.
In the new programming period 2014-2020, five ministries will be responsible for the implementation of the Operational Programmes of the EU Structural Funds.
According to the most recent data published by the Hungarian Central Statistical Office1 the Hungarian GDP grew by 1. 8%according to raw data
and by 1. 6%according to seasonally and calendar adjusted data in the 3rd quarter of 2013 compared to the corresponding period of the previous year.
Most recent data of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office. 4th december 2013, Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Budapest. 2 OECD (2013:
OECD Economic Outlook, Preliminary version, May 2013.10 the Eurostat, the Hungarian GDP in nominal terms will reach its 2008 value only in 2014.
as%of total turnover 7. 0***10.5***16.4**n. a. 13.3***Data from 2011**Data from 2008***Data from 2006***
Data from 2004 Source: Eurostat The Hungarian GERD reached 1. 3%of the GDP in 2012, the highest ratio in the past decade.
Concerning the new programming period 2014-2020, the Hungarian government will allocate three times more funding for RDI purposes that in the past 2007-2013 period,
%)Although, the latest figures beyond 2008 are not available in the EUROSTAT database, the same development could be identified concerning the turnover from innovation.
Nevertheless, institutional or core funding is vital for the operation of research units at higher education organisations and PROS.
This significant increase means that more than half of the GBAORD was allocated via core funding in the past two years.
According to the data of the National Development Agency, the total number of recipients of these instruments was more than 16.000 in December 2013.
telecommunications and other infrastructures (slightly above 10%),health (9. 5%in 2009 and 8. 0%in 2012) as well as industrial 8 Government direct R&d funding includes grants, loans and procurement.
0 Transport, telecommunication and other infrastructures 47.4 11.1 20.4 5. 8 14.1 4. 8 42.9 10.7 Energy 5. 9 1. 4
the Hungarian National Reform Programme 2013 foresees special measures to support the change for the low carbon emission economy as well as to support the development of telecommunication technologies
in the new programming period 2014-2020 the Hungarian government will increase the funding for RDI purposes compared to the past 2007-2013 period.
Apart from these activities, the board reviews the government proposals related to STI fields and monitors the implementation of the government's science policy strategy.
the RDI strategy will be the guiding document for planning of the budget allocations for research, development and innovation for the next programming period 2014-2020.
In the new programming period 2014-2020, five ministries incorporate both the managing authorities and intermediary bodies that responsible for the implementation and technical administration of the Operational Programmes of the EU Structural Funds.
This institutional setup is basically a return to the system that was in place until 2006 before the programming period 2007-2013.
potential interventions in order to provide information and input for longer planning, especially for programming of the next community financial framework 2014-2020.
including the development of special data analysis centres, the Hungarian Central Statistical Office and social science. Design of the S3 strategy.
There is a clear link being established between the RIS3 and the Economic Development and Innovation Operational Programme (GINOP) that is of the most important programming documents for the 2014-2020 EU financial cycle.
2010, Havas, 2012 and Dory-Havas, 2013), the situation analysis of the National Research-development and Innovation Strategy 2013-2020, the IUS and other data presented above,
as no change (0. 0%)could be observed according to the IUS2013 data, compared to the previous period. 2) Low occurrence of co-operation in innovation activities among key actors Innovation processes draw on different types of knowledge and skills,
According to the data of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, the number of foreign students decreased slightly compared to 2011,
According to the information available at the Euraxess website 13 Hungarian universities and research organisations declared the implementing the European Charter for Researchers and the Code of conduct for the Recruitment of Researchers.
The National Research Infrastructure Register is a searchable database providing information on major research infrastructures (RIS) in Hungary in all fields of science.
RIS include research facilities, resources, related services and their networks like instruments, gene banks, data bases,
From 2015 on, XFEL will generate extremely intense X-ray flashes to be used by researchers from all over the world.
Further 83.7 million (HUF 24.3 billion) was allocated for the second phase of ELI in the next programming period 2014-2020.
Central europe's top research-oriented data centre was inaugurated at MTA's Wigner Research Centre for Physics in June 2013.
A total value of about €29. 3 million (HUF8. 5 billion) has gone into the establishment of a data centre that can give a push to Hungarian scientific research
KPMG, 2013) According to data provided by the National Development Agency, this figure was above 16,000 in December 2013.
and Hungary has the highest growth rate in the EU in terms of VC invested according to 2012 Eurostat data.
According to the information available on different EIP websites Hungarian participants are involved in the following EIP actions:
results on action groups will be presented at the EIP Water Conference on 21 november 2013 Raw materials 4 Operational group membership In addition to the above data on the Hungarian participation in different EIPS,
According to statistical data it is about 2. 5-3%of the total FTE researchers. Research positions at public research institutes are open to non-nationals.
Hungarian research institutes advertise very few (a mere 10 in March 2013 and 7 in December 2013) vacancies (for researcher positions) on the Euraxess website.
and effective European scientific information system via ESFRI initiatives (developing e-infrastructures in all various fields of science).
and update regularly their publications in the scientific bibliography database (i e. List of Hungarian Scientific Works, MTMT in Hungarian) of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences'Library.
This database has the main purpose"to keep an inventory on Hungarian academic achievements and to make these valuable contributions known to the world in a high quality format.
The database became a central part of the Hungarian research-development information system. The knowledge transfer organisations are weak
and implementation of research and innovation policies(+)In the new programming period 2014-2020,60%of the Structural Funds will be used for economic development purposes, out
if looking at (post) graduate data(-)Education and training curricula doesn't focus on critical thinking, problem-solving and teamwork,
in order to support public sector innovation(-)No significant use of public procurement as a tool to support the elaboration of innovative solutions in public services(-)Public tenders are evaluated mainly on the lowest price(-)Government-owned data is not widely accessible
& Code(-)Few vacancies are published on EURAXESS website 4 ERA Framework 5 Priority European Research Infrastructures(+)National Research Infrastructure Register provides information of major Hungarian
the largest PRO in Hungary has several initiatives to attract best researchers(-)The size of initiatives is relatively low(-)Low number of vacancies are published 50 on EURAXESS website 31 Scientific Cooperation with Third Countries
Ensure that all public bodies responsible for allocating research funds apply the core principles of international peer review No new measures were introduced(+)The Hungarian Academy of Sciences applies international peer reviewers in its Momentum programme(-)No change in the evaluation
and institutional assessment is carried out by panels consisting of domestic experts and doesn't follow international peer review criteria 2. Optimal transnational co-operation and competition Action 1:
joint calls or joint programming with other countries(+)The horizontal priority of the RDI strategy addresses the global social challenges
Remove legal and other barriers to cross-border access to RIS(+)Opening of Central europe's top research-oriented data centre at MTA's Wigner Research Centre for Physics(+)Visiting scholar programme
and data protection is clarified and can't be seen as a barrier for researchers(-)Only a small fraction of Hungarian RIS could be considered as large RI ERA priority 3:
and publish their results on it website(-)Regulation of doctoral schools doesn't mention the principles of innovative doctoral training Action 5:
+MTA and most Hungarian universities requires their researchers to register their publications in the scientific bibliography database run by MTA(-)Lack of national Open Access strategy Action 2:
OECD Economic Outlook, Preliminary version, May 2013. S3 White book (2013: S3 Fehér Könyv. Magyarország intelligens specializálódásának irányai.
A great deal of additional information on the European union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa. eu. How to obtain EU publications Our publications are available from EU Bookshop (http://bookshop. europa. eu),
where you can place an order with the sales agent of your choice. The Publications Office has a worldwide network of sales agents.
You can obtain their contact details by sending a fax to (352) 29 29-42758.
Bank for reconstruction and development/The World bank 1818 H Street NW, WASHINGTON DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www. worldbank. org Some rights reserved 1 2 3 4 17 16 15 14 This work is a product of the staff of The World bank with external contributions.
The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World bank, its Board of Executive directors,
The World bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations,
fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank. org. ISBN (paper: 978-1-4648-0351-2 ISBN (electronic:
Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency Resources on the Doing Business website Current features News on the Doing Business project http://www. doingbusiness. org Rankings How economies rank from 1 to 189
http://www. doingbusiness. org/rankings Data All the data for 189 economies topic rankings, indicator values,
lists of regulatory procedures and details underlying indicators http://www. doingbusiness. org/data Reports Access to Doing Business reports as well as subnational and regional reports,
lists of reforms since DB2008 and a ranking simulation tool http://www. doingbusiness. org/reforms Historical data Customized data sets
700 specialists in 189 economies who participate in Doing Business http://www. doingbusiness. org/contributors/doing-business Entrepreneurship data Data on business density (number of newly registered companies per 1,
000 working-age people) for 139 economies http://www. doingbusiness. org/data/exploretopics/entrepreneurship Distance to frontier Data benchmarking 189 economies to the frontier in regulatory
practice http://www. doingbusiness. org/data/distance-to-frontier Information on good practices Showing where the many good practices identified by Doing Business have been adopted http://www. doingbusiness. org
/data/good-practice Doing Business iphone app Doing Business at a Glance presenting the full report,
rankings and highlights for each topic for the iphone, ipad and ipod touch http://www. doingbusiness. org/special-features/iphone Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency v
References 1 14 Data notes 146 Distance to frontier and ease of doing business ranking 152 Summaries of Doing Business reforms in 2013/14 167 Country tables 231 Labor market regulation data 252 Acknowledgments Contents Doing Business 2015
is the 12th in a series of annual reports investigating the regulations that enhance business activity
Data in Doing Business 2015 are current as of June 1, 2014. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes
A lot of the Doing Business data are based on careful collection of de jure information on what an economy's laws and regulations require.
and in other international data sets capturing various dimensions of competitiveness. The top-performing economies in the ease of doing business ranking are therefore not those with no regulation but those in
Our attention has been drawn to many critiques by the Independent Panel on Doing Business, chaired by Trevor Manuel,
and Burgess (2004). 7. The report by the Independent Panel on Doing Business is available on its website at http://www. dbrpanel. org/.
FOREWORD ix CARDINALITY, ORDINALITY, RANKINGS AND RATINGS One feature of the report that has received a lot of attention is its use of rankings.
which, by and large, had been slow to see their own Doing Business data in an international perspective.
the disaggregated data are also a clear strength of the project. Policy makers frequently become aware of the measurements through the ranking but then use the disaggregated data to shape reform programs.
The data identify best practices globally and identify where each economy's practices hold inefficiencies or inadequate legal protections.
For example, governments find it useful to compare their own procedures lists for firm start-up with those of other economies that pursue the same goals with less procedural complexity and at lower cost.
This puts on display how each economy performs not only vis-à-vis other economies but also in absolute terms.
Recent Doing Business reports have given increasing attention to long-term trends in the data with an emphasis on economies'performance with respect to their past performance to balance the short-term perspective that the ranking provides Further,
for reasons of transparency Doing Business makes the disaggregated data available on its website. This allows users to construct alternative rankings with any set of weights they may wish to attach to individual indicators.
Over the years meticulous research, collection of increasingly sophisticated data and the advance of economic theory and innovative modeling have given us a better understanding of this machine.
administrators and researchers with valuable data and analysis to promote a better regulatory framework for development, job creation and growth.
New data show that efficiency and quality go hand in hand. Insolvency cases are resolved more quickly, and with better outcomes, where insolvency laws are designed well.
Doing Business collected data for 2 cities in large economies. The data show few differences between cities within economies in indicators measuring the strength of legal institutions,
which typically apply nationwide. Differences are more common in indicators measuring the complexity and cost of regulatory processes,
and informed by the report of the Independent Panel on Doing Business as well as by input from policy makers
and data users. 1 They also benefited from discussions at the Doing Business research conference held in Washington,
Doing Business has extended its coverage to include the second largest business city in economies with a population of more than 100 million.
there is a strong correlation at the aggregate level between this year's data under the old methodology
and the same data under the new one (figure 1. 2). This is not surprising, since changes are being introduced for only 3 of the 10 topics this year.
The Doing Business website presents comparable data for this year and last, making it possible to assess the extent to which there has been an improvement in business regulation in any economy as tracked by the distance to frontier measure.
data for more than 90%of the previously existing indicators remain comparable over time. The full series are available on the website.
FIGURE 1. 1 What Doing Business continues to cover and what it is adding What Doing Business continues to cover
The system provides comprehensive coverage, allowing users to conduct searches and file registrations from anywhere in the country.
but also in other international data sets capturing dimensions of competitiveness. The economies performing best in the Doing Business rankings
The figure compares distance to frontier scores based on this year's data computed using the old (Doing Business 2014) methodology with scores based on the same data computed using the new methodology.
Doing Business database. FIGURE 1. 3 Big gaps between the highest and lowest distance to frontier scores in some regions 0 20 40 60 80 100 Sub-saharan africa South Asia Middle east
Doing Business database. 4 DOING BUSINESS 2015 TABLE 1. 1 Ease of doing business ranking Rank Economy DTF score Rank Economy DTF score Rank
For the economies for which the data cover 2 cities, scores are weighted a population average for the 2 cities.
Doing Business database. OVERVIEW 5 found in almost all regions. In 6 of the 7 regions the highest distance to frontier score is above 70.
For example, starting a business in Tajikistan is now easier as a result of the implementation of new software at the one-stop shop and the elimination of one of the business registration procedures.
Doing Business database. 6 DOING BUSINESS 2015 TABLE 1. 2 The 10 economies improving the most across 3
The improvement in their score is calculated not by using the data published in 2013 but by using comparable data that capture data revisions and methodology changes.
The choice of the most improved economies is determined by the largest improvements in the distance to frontier score among those with at least 3 reforms.
Doing Business database. FIGURE 1. 5 How far have moved economies toward the frontier in regulatory practice since 2013?
which data for the indicator were collected. The measure is normalized to range between 0 and 100,
Doing Business database. Distance to frontier score 0 25 50 75 100 Singapore New zealand Hong kong SAR, China Denmark Korea, Rep. Norway United states United kingdom Finland
Ireland improved its credit information system by passing a new act that provides for the establishment and operation of a credit registry.
WHAT DO THE NEW DATA SHOW ABOUT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CITIES? Subnational Doing Business reports have covered more than 300 cities in 55 economies in the nearly 10 years that they have been published.
For the first time this year, the global Doing Business report also extends its coverage beyond the largest business city in each economy.
The data provide new insights into the variability of business regulation within economies. The sets of indicators showing limited variability across cities in the same economy tend to be those measuring the strength of legal institutions getting credit
In all 11 economies the data for getting credit both on the strength of legal rights
This is easy to explain Credit information systems tend to operate at the national level, not at the city or state level.
however, there are differences in some of the data embedded in the indicators for Los angeles and New york city because company law is under state jurisdiction
At first glance the data suggest that it does not. In 6 of the 11 economies the largest business city performs better on the Doing Business indicators overall than the second largest one,
One of the big innovations in this year's report is the expansion of the data on the quality of regulation.
The figure shows data for the 11 large economies for which Doing Business covers both the largest and the second largest business city.
Doing Business database. Distance to frontier score differs between largest and second largest business cities Distance to frontier score is the same for largest and second largest business cities Average difference in distance
For resolving insolvency the data show that there is a positive correlation between the recovery rate for creditors
Preliminary data for a new indicator being developed to measure regulatory quality in registering property reinforce the idea that efficiency
under development measures the reliability, transparency and geographic coverage of land administration systems as well as elements of land dispute resolution.
Preliminary data show that virtually all economies that score well on the overall quality of land administration (with a distance to frontier score above 50 for the indicator) also score well on efficiency in transferring property (with an average distance to frontier
Preliminary data for a new measure of judicial quality and court infrastructure show a clear positive link between efficiency
Doing Business database. OVERVIEW 11 Economies that make resolving a commercial dispute simpler, faster and less expensive also tend to have a judicial system that follows well-established good practices such as having a specialized commercial court
The data for the new indicator are obtained through a set of questions on reliability, transparency, coverage and dispute resolution.
Doing Business database. FIGURE 1. 9 Better courts, faster courts 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
Doing Business database. 12 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Cumbersome, poorly functioning business regulation undermines entrepreneurship and economic performance. 7 Introducing collateral registries
with the time series of Doing Business data now available, it is possible to study how changes in regulations within an economy over time lead to changes in development outcomes in that economy.
Firm-level data can provide some insights into these mechanisms. The analysis combined data from World bank Enterprise Surveys for more than 40,000 observations (across firms and years) with Doing Business data to test how business regulations affect the performance of firms of different size classes.
The analysis used distance to frontier scores to measure business regulations in the areas covered by Doing Business and growth in sales and employment to measure firm performance.
Among the more encouraging trends shown by Doing Business data over the past decade is the gradual improvement in economies'performance in the areas tracked by the indicators.
The analysis uses data from 2003 13 for all economies covered by Doing Business. Source:
The data refer to the 174 economies included in Doing Business 2006 (2005. Fifteen economies were added in subsequent years.
Doing Business database. 14 DOING BUSINESS 2015 This process is leading to a convergence toward best practices.
These case studies provide new insights from the newly collected data. The case study on resolving insolvency shows
Another case study analyzes the time series of data on paying taxes with an emphasis on patterns before, during and after the global financial crisis.
The report also presents a case study on enforcing contracts that analyzes new data on freedom of contract.
These new data will not be included in the enforcing contracts indicators; they were collected solely for research,
This research used Doing Business data or studied areas relevant to the Doing Business indicators.
NOTES 1. For information on the Independent Panel on Doing Business see its website at http://www. dbrpanel. org/.
/2. The distance to frontier score shows how far on average an economy is at a point in time from the best performance achieved by any economy on each Doing Business indicator since 2005 or the third year in
which data for the indicator were collected. The measure is normalized to range between 0 and 100,
and provide contractual partners with core protections against abuse. The Doing Business data highlight the important role of the government and government policies in the day-to-day life of domestic small and medium-size firms.
The objective is to encourage regulations that are designed to be efficient, accessible to all who use them and simple in their implementation.
Nevertheless, the Doing Business data are limited in scope and should be complemented with other sources of information.
It provides a unique data set that enables analysis aimed at better understanding the role of business regulation in economic development.
Governments use Doing Business as a source of objective data providing unique insights into good practices worldwide.
It does present the data for these indicators. Doing Business provides 2 main types of indicators:
such as well-functioning courts and credit information systems. Accordingly, some of these indicators give a higher score for better and more developed regulation,
How the indicators are selected The choice of the 11 sets of Doing Business indicators has been guided by economic research and firm-level data,
particularly data from the World bank Enterprise Surveys. 2 These surveys provide data highlighting the main obstacles to business activity as reported by entrepreneurs in more than 120 economies.
market capitalization in stock exchanges and private credit as a percentage of GDP. 3 Two aggregate measures Doing Business presents data both for individual indicators
and the ease of doing business ranking to provide different perspectives on the data. The distance to frontier score aids in assessing the absolute level of regulatory performance
which data for the indicator were collected. This allows users both to see the gap between a particular economy's performance
and credit information systems Protecting minority investors Minority shareholders'rights in related-party transactions and in corporate governance Enforcing contracts Procedures,
Doing Business database. TABLE 2. 2 What Doing Business does not cover Examples of areas not covered Security Prevalence of bribery
and should be used in conjunction with other data sources. WHAT ARE THE STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE METHODOLOGY?
when using the data (table 2. 3). A key consideration for the Doing Business indicators is that they should ensure comparability of the data across a global set of economies.
But gathering data for every relevant jurisdiction in each of the 189 economies covered by Doing Business would be infeasible.
Nevertheless, where policy makers are interested in generating data at the local level, beyond the largest business city, Doing Business has complemented its global indicators with subnational studies (box 2. 1). And this year,
for the first time, Doing Business has extended its coverage to the second largest business city in economies with a population of more than 100 million.
they also help ensure the comparability of data. For this reason it is common to see limiting assumptions of this kind in economic indicators.
since collecting nationally representative price data at high frequencies would be prohibitively costly in many countries.
The considerations TABLE 2. 3 Advantages and limitations of the Doing Business methodology Feature Advantages Limitations Use of standardized case scenarios Makes the data comparable across economies
and the methodology transparent Reduces the scope of the data and means that only regulatory reforms in the areas measured can be tracked systematically Focus on largest business citya Makes the data collection manageable (cost-effective)
and the data comparable Reduces the representativeness of the data for an economy if there are significant differences across locations Focus on domestic and formal sector Keeps the attention on where regulations are relevant
and firms are most productive the formal sector Fails to reflect reality for the informal sector important where that is large
of constraints Reliance on expert respondents Ensures that the data reflect the knowledge of those with the most experience in conducting the types of transactions measured Results in indicators that do not measure the variation in experiences among entrepreneurs Focus on the law Makes the indicators actionable
Data collected by subnational reports over the past 2 years show that there can be substantial variation within an economy.
Different locations, different regulatory processes, same economy The subnational Doing Business studies create disaggregated data on business regulations.
But they go beyond a data collection exercise. They have proved to be strong motivators for regulatory reform at the city level:
The data produced are comparable across locations within the economy and internationally, enabling locations to benchmark their results both locally and globally.
Subnational reports are available on the Doing Business website at http://www. doingbusiness. org/subnational.
The average score shown for each economy is based on all locations covered by the data:
Subnational Doing Business database. 20 DOING BUSINESS 2015 in defining this assumption are twofold. First, private limited liability companies are, empirically, the most prevalent business form for firms with more than one owner in many economies around the world.
and other informal arrangements intended to bypass the rules an aspect that helps explain differences between the de jure data provided by Doing Business
HOW ARE COLLECTED THE DATA? The Doing Business data are based on domestic laws and regulations as well as administrative requirements.
The data cover 189 economies including small economies and some of the poorest economies, for
which little or no data are available in other data sets. The data are collected through several rounds of interaction with expert respondents (both private sector practitioners and government officials) through responses to questionnaires, conference calls, written correspondence and visits by the team.
Doing Business relies on 4 main sources of information: the relevant laws and regulations, Doing Business respondents,
the governments of the economies covered and the World bank Group regional staff (figure 2. 2). For a detailed explanation of the Doing Business methodology,
see the data notes. Relevant laws and regulations Most of the Doing Business indicators are based on laws and regulations.
Indeed, more than two-thirds of the data embedded in the Doing Business indicators are based on a reading of the law.
The Doing Business team collects the texts of the relevant laws and regulations and checks questionnaire responses for accuracy.
whether borrowers have the right to access their data at the credit bureau and read the tax code to find applicable tax rates.
and other types of laws available on the Doing Business law library website.)8 Because of the data checking
and quality assurance, having large samples of respondents is not necessary. In principle, the role of the contributors is largely advisory helping the Doing Business team in finding
and verifies the data Data sources: The relevant laws and regulations Responses to questionnaires by private sector practitioners and government officials Governments World bank Group regional staff Steps included in the data verification process:
Conference calls and videoconferences with private sector practitioners and government officials Travel to selected economies The Doing Business team develops questionnaires for each topic
and sends them to private sector practitioners and government officials. The Doing Business team analyzes the relevant laws and regulations along with the information in the questionnaires.
The Doing Business team analyzes the data and writes the report. Comments on the report and the data are received from across the World bank Group through an internal review process.
The report is published and disseminated. ABOUT DOING BUSINESS 21 laws and regulations and there are quickly diminishing returns to an expanded number of contributors.
For the rest of the data the team conducts extensive consultations with multiple contributors to minimize measurement error.
Doing Business respondents Over the past 12 years more than 30,000 professionals in 189 economies have assisted in providing the data that inform the Doing Business indicators. 9 This year's report draws on the inputs of more than 10,700 professionals. 10 Table
14.2 in the data notes lists the number of respondents for each indicator set. The Doing Business website shows the number of respondents for each economy and each indicator set.
Respondents are professionals who routinely administer or advise on the legal and regulatory requirements in the specific areas covered by Doing Business,
or additional achievements of regulatory reforms already captured in the database. In response to such feedback, the Doing Business team turns to the local private sector experts for further consultation and, as needed, corroboration.
Data adjustments Information on data corrections is provided in the data notes and on the Doing Business website.
A transparent complaint procedure allows anyone to challenge the data. From November 2013 to October 2014 the team received
and responded to more than 160 queries on the data. If changes in data are confirmed they are reflected immediately on the website.
HOW DO GOVERNMENTS USE THE DATA? Over the past decade governments have focused increasingly on reforming business regulation as one way of maintaining competitiveness in an increasingly globalized economy.
Doing Business provides one source of actionable, objective data that give useful insights into good practices worldwide.
Indeed, since 2003 governments have implemented more 22 DOING BUSINESS 2015 than 600 regulatory reforms that have been informed by Doing Business. 11 One venue for sharing success stories in business regulation reform is peerto-peer learning events
workshops where officials from different governments across a region or even across the globe meet to discuss the challenges of regulatory reform
and to share their experiences (figure 2. 3). In addition, reform committees within governments frequently use the Doing Business indicators as one input to inform their programs for improving the business environment.
though investors may in practice find the data useful as a proxy for the quality of the national investment climate.
see the website at http://www. enterprisesurveys. org. 3. These papers are available on the Doing Business website at http://www. doingbusiness. org/methodology. 4. For getting credit,
and weighting methods is available on the Doing Business website at http://www. doingbusiness. org/methodology. 6. For more details,
La Porta and Shleifer 2008.8. http://www. doingbusiness. org/law-library. 9. The annual data collection exercise is an update of the database.
The data collection process should therefore be seen as adding each year to an existing stock of knowledge reflected in the previous year's report,
not as creating an entirely new data set. 10. While about 10,700 contributors provided data for this year's report
many of them completed a questionnaire for more than one Doing Business indicator set. Indeed, the total number of contributions received for this year's report is more than 13,500,
Most were inspired by recommendations of the Independent Panel on Doing Business and by broader consultations that have taken place over the years with World bank Group staff,
and a broadening of the scope of indicator sets (table 3. 1). Some of the changes imply a break in the data series
and will compromise the comparability of data over time. For getting credit, for example, the changes in the strength of legal rights index are substantial enough to prevent comparability over time.
the data have been backcalculated 1 year to allow for at least 2 comparable years of data. 2 Moreover,
data for more than 90%of the previously existing indicators remain comparable over time. The full data series are available on the Doing Business website.
Revising the ranking calculation Doing Business continues to publish the ease of doing business ranking.
as explained in the data notes. WHAT IS CHANGING IN DOING BUSINESS? 25 percentile rank.
based on the same data, would have been 153 (figure 3. 1). This higher ranking would have been due mainly to the low variation in Côte d ivoire's performance across topics.
The changes in ranking are due to other changes in methodology, changes in the data for these 2 countries and changes in the data for other economies.
Doing Business database. 26 DOING BUSINESS 2015 cities in large economies, defined as those with a population of more than 100 million.
but these were used not in the end because of the lack of comparable data across the economies. What do the data for the new cities in the sample show about the differences within economies?
Overall, the differences are small. In 7 of the 11 economies the difference in the distance to frontier score between the 2 cities is less than 1 point (figure 3. 2). Broadening the scope of indicator sets Eight of the 10 sets of Doing Business
And a heavier regulatory burden reduces economic growth and increases macroeconomic volatility. 7 While this research uses data far from the areas into
Doing Business database. WHAT IS CHANGING IN DOING BUSINESS? 27 resolving insolvency. The new indicators being introduced emphasize the importance of having the right type of regulations.
see the data notes. For a complete discussion of the new indicator and an analysis of the data, see the case study on resolving insolvency.
Changes in Doing Business 2016 Registering property The registering property indicator set has measured the procedures
the indicator set will be expanded to cover the reliability, transparency and geographic coverage of land administration systems as well as dispute resolution for land issues.
Both scores are based on this year's data. The 45-degree line shows where the scores under the old and new methodologies are equal.
Doing Business database. 28 DOING BUSINESS 2015 assess how well these systems are performing this function,
Specific attention will be given to practices that support data reliability, such as unifying, standardizing and synchronizing records across different sources
New data will record what land-related information is made publicly available whether procedures and property transactions are transparent
In addition, the indicator will measure the coverage levels attained by land registration and mapping systems.
For a complete discussion of the new indicator and a preliminary data analysis, see the case study on registering property.
Getting electricity The existing data set on getting electricity measures the efficiency of the process for obtaining an electricity connection for a standard warehouse as reflected in the procedures, time and cost required.
Doing Business will broaden the scope of the getting electricity indicators to include the reliability of the power supply (figure 3. 5). The expanded data set will be published in Doing Business 2016.
Collecting these data can be challenging. The SAIDI and SAIFI measures are recorded often by utility companies,
and the availability and quality of the data depend on the utilities'ability to collect the information.
Once these new data are collected and presented in Doing Business 2016, the indicator on the number of procedures to enforce a contract will be dropped.
Those combined in the depth of credit information index focus on the coverage, scope and accessibility of credit information available through credit bureaus and registries.
Information in the database should be updated immediately or no more than 24 hours after registration documents are submitted.
And the registry should have a digital database for storing the information. These types of online solutions enhance the efficiency of a registry and the reliability of the information it records.
however, and these systems need to be backed by adequate legislation, such as privacy laws and regulations on electronic signatures.
because of the importance of coverage in assessing the effectiveness of a credit information system, only credit bureaus or registries that cover at least 5%of the adult population are being scored.
One of the new points is awarded to economies where credit information can be accessed through an online platform or through a system-to-system connection between financial institutions and the credit information system.
Online access can improve data quality and security increase efficiency and transparency and ensure a high standard of service for users
Their availability enables lenders that would otherwise not be capable of analyzing the raw credit data to extend credit to underserved markets at lower cost.
see the data notes. For a complete discussion of the indicators and an analysis of the data, see the case study on getting credit.
Protecting minority investors The name of the protecting investors indicator set has been changed this year to protecting minority investors to better reflect its scope
the extent of shareholder governance index, encompasses a range of issues and data: Shareholders'rights and role in major corporate decisions the extent to which shareholders can influence important corporate decisions,
The data provide information on whether FIGURE 3. 7 What has been added to getting credit 32 DOING BUSINESS 2015 filing a shareholder action is prohibitively expensive
For more details on the methodology for the protecting minority investors indicators, see the data notes.
For a complete discussion of the new indicator and an analysis of the data, see the case study on protecting minority investors.
NOTES 1. For more information on the Independent Panel on Doing Business and its work, see its website at http://www. dbrpanel. org. 2. See the data notes for more details. 3. Where the second
and third largest cities were very close in population size, the GDP of the city or relevant state was used to determine which city was the second largest business city. 4. For more details,
Both scores are based on this year's data. The 45-degree line shows where the scores under the old and new methodologies are equal.
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency Reforming the business environment in 2013/14 As many studies have shown,
According to analysis of data for the Doing Business indicators on trading across borders, increasing port efficiency from the 25th to the 75th percentile can reduce shipping costs by 12%.5 These spillover effects on shipping costs decrease with an economy's income level:
Doing Business database. REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2013/14 35 Croatia made the biggest improvement in the ease of dealing with construction permits (figure 4. 1). New regulations in the Building Act
The Doing Business data do not suggest that this is so. Eight of the 11 economies with a population of more than 100 million reformed in at least one of the areas measured by Doing Business in 2013/14,
The table shows data for the 11 large economies for which Doing Business covers both the largest and the second largest business city.
Doing Business database. 36 DOING BUSINESS 2015 2013/14. Revision of the costs for new connections was the most common feature of the reforms.
Doing Business database. FIGURE 4. 1 Croatia cut more than 6 months from the time required to deal with construction permits 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Doing Business database. REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2013/14 37 Greece made the largest improvement in the ease of registering property (figure 4. 3). In December 2013 it established a new property transfer tax of 3%of the property value,
Doing Business database. FIGURE 4. 4 Romania has been making compliance with tax obligations easier in recent years 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Payments
Doing Business database. 38 DOING BUSINESS 2015 system now automatically updates all relevant tax rates, alerts users of potential errors and automatically collects
and checks data required for filling out tax returns. Belarus also simplified its rules for deducting expenses for the calculation of corporate income tax.
and import by implementing computerized systems that allow web-based submission of documents. Croatia switched to an electronic customs system as part of reforms in preparation for accession to the European union.
Poland improved port procedures by launching a new terminal operating system at the port of Gdansk.
Doing Business database. REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2013/14 39 rights of borrowers and lenders either by reforming secured transactions legislation
Improving credit information systems Jamaica made the biggest improvement in credit reporting in 2013/14. Two new credit bureaus, Creditinfo Jamaica and CRIF-NM Credit Assure Limited,
Creditinfo Tanzania began responding to inquiries from data users 2 months after receiving its license.
Vietnam's first credit bureau, Vietnam Credit Information, started serving data users in January 2014 along with the existing credit registry managed by the country's central bank.
Cameroon's government passed legislation establishing an integrated database that records negative payment information on bank accounts
and establishing guidelines for data retention. TABLE 4. 2 A comparison of Colombia's previous and new legal frameworks for secured transactions Previous legal framework New legal framework is there secured a functional transactions system?
Doing Business database. 40 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Among OECD high-income economies, Ireland and the Slovak Republic improved their regulatory frameworks for credit reporting.
The Slovak Republic adopted a new regulation to protect the rights of individuals in the processing of their personal data.
financial institutions and telephone companies. Strengthening minority investor protections The United arab emirates strengthened minority investor protections the most in 2013/14, through a new ministerial resolution on corporate governance rules and corporate discipline standards.
Doing Business database. REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2013/14 41 created private bailiff services, expedient execution procedures and penalties for noncompliant debtors.
and even to hold certain hearings through videoconference. The Bahamas, Portugal and Uruguay adopted a new code of civil procedure or amended procedural rules applicable to commercial cases,
Doing Business database. 42 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Tobago created a public office responsible for the general administration of insolvency proceedings and clarified rules on the appointment and duties of trustees.
Uzbekistan Ecuador upgraded to a new electronic data interchange system, reducing customs clearance time. Improved customs administration Benin;
Poland Poland launched a new terminal operating system at the port of Gdansk. Introduced or improved risk-based inspections Uruguay Uruguay implemented a risk-based inspection system that reduced customs clearance time.
Tajikistan In Nicaragua in June 2013 the credit bureau Transunion Nicaragua started offering the service of credit scoring based on its data.
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency Starting a business The growing efficiency of company registries Entrepreneurs should have the opportunity to turn their ideas into a business.
and data transparency. 48 DOING BUSINESS 2015 entities are eligible to participate in public tenders and bids (generally only formally registered companies).
Doing Business data show that among the 189 economies covered, 144 have introduced online platforms for business incorporation.
The most common online features offered include online company name search, electronic submission of documents and applications, online filing of annual accounts and the exchange of data between different agencies.
Some economies, especially low-and middle-income ones, start the digitization process by putting just some features online such as conducting a company name search
income Lower middle income Low income Share of economies with electronic service available(%)2013 Online application Remote registration Electronic access to data Source:
World bank Group, Entrepreneurship Database. STARTING A BUSINESS 49 To implement an effective online registration system,
all paper-based registration records need to be digitized in a single database and online name search,
Streamlining data exchange with other government agencies to automate such actions as enrollment in tax and social security systems can further reduce processing times.
And reliable internet and electricity connections are critical to ensure that online platforms function properly.
Online platforms are designed usually by large international information technology consulting firms and can take months to implement.
In Colombia the operating costs of the online national business registration database RUE, which is hosted on 9 different servers, amount to $1 million a year. 8
WHAT ARE THE GAINS FROM GOING ELECTRONIC? Using online services for business registration has several advantages.
Analysis of data from 71 economies shows that business registration for limited liability companies is significantly faster in those using online platforms (figure 5. 2)
The choice of these countries is based on geographic diversity, adoption of good practices, consistent pace of business registration reform and availability of data.
Data are for 2013. The relationship is significant at the 5%level after controlling for income per capita.
Doing Business database; World bank Group, Entrepreneurship Database. 50 DOING BUSINESS 2015 development a top priority on its reform agenda.
The reforms are driven by the conviction that an efficient business climate can reduce poverty by fostering economic growth and job creation. 10 As part of a series of reforms of the start-up process,
the Office of the Registrar General makes official fee schedules for business services easily available to the general public at its premises as well as on its website. 14 Rwanda has made important strides in improving its business environment over the past 10
World bank Group, Entrepreneurship Database. STARTING A BUSINESS 51 not only a new process of incorporation but also a new company registry that runs alongside the existing paperbased one.
And through a web service the system performs automatic identity checks with the tax and civil registry authorities.
increasing the transparency of its data and providing model articles of association for FIGURE 5. 4 Chile's online system was soon registering almost half of new limited liability companies 0 10 20 30 40 50 Week
Data cover the period May 2 June 16, 2013. Source: Chile, Ministry of Economy, Register of Companies (Registro de Empresas y Sociedades.
Data for 2014 are projected. Source: U k. Companies House 2013a.52 DOING BUSINESS 2015 companies. 17 These changes have made incorporation faster, more convenient and less expensive.
All the incorporation forms are available at no cost on the Companies House website and come with detailed instructions.
where computers are available to enable entrepreneurs to register electronically. Entrepreneurs are making good use of the electronic filing option.
One important step was to increase the transparency of registry data, making initial business start-up research easier.
There were almost 15,000 unique downloads of this company information data set in 2013.19 Over the past decade,
as Companies House has increased its data transparency, electronic procedures and free resources for business founders,
Two important (and related) observations emerge from this comprehensive overview of the Doing Business data on business start-up.
as a result of more burdensome regulations. 4. See, for example, the website of the Companies Office of Jamaica at http://www. orcjamaica. com/profile/and that of the Companies Registry of Hong kong at http://www. cr. gov. hk
Information from the website of the Rwandan Office of the Registrar General at http://org. rdb. rw/.
World bank Group, Entrepreneurship Database. 14. Information from the website of the Rwandan Office of the Registrar General at http://org. rdb. rw/.
/15. World bank Group, Investment Climate Advisory Services 2013.16. Simplifica el régimen de constitución, modificación y disolución de las sociedades comerciales, Chilean Law 20.659, January 22, 2013.17.
Doing Business database. ZONING AND URBAN PLANNING 55 barriers to new construction are one of the 2 main factors (the other being rent control policies) that have led to a housing shortage in Sweden over the past decade. 11
In Canada the building code requires a builder to obtain a zoning permit before even applying for a site plan approval and the technical review of a development application.
In the Philippines it takes 5 days on average to obtain the site clearance from the City planning
Doing Business database. 56 DOING BUSINESS 2015 average, while obtaining one from the Chittagong Development Authority takes 40 days on average.
Doing Business database. ZONING AND URBAN PLANNING 57 one procedure to obtain the zoning certificate or clearance.
Very few require a site inspection as part of this process, but in those that do, the overall permitting system tends to be less efficient.
According to Doing Business data, most complex cases are processed in 100 days. There are 3 main factors behind the efficient processing of construction permits in New zealand in cases where a change in zoning is necessary.
and open spaces have been converted into public parks 35 G5 núcleo (core) 3 Areas with a high density of high-rise buildings and towers,
Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial, Municipality of Guatemala city, http://pot. muniguate. com/docts soporte/07 procedimientos pot. php.
Zoning maps are available on the website of the Municipality of Guatemala city at http://vu. muniguate. com/index. php?
for the first time, Doing Business has collected preliminary data in 170 economies on the reliability, transparency and coverage of land registration systems and on land dispute resolution (figure 7. 1). Next year Doing Business will refine the newly collected data
and intends to add a new indicator on the quality of land administration to its current set of registering property indicators.
This year Doing Business has collected new data in 170 economies on the overall quality of land administration systems through a set of indicators on reliability, transparency, coverage and dispute resolution.
and half have a geographic information system for recording maps. In 72%of economies the land registry makes fee schedules publicly available,
Around the world, 27%of economies have a registry with full coverage of private land,
and 34%a mapping system with complete coverage. A reliable, transparent, complete and secure land registration system is associated with greater access to credit, lower income inequality and a lower incidence of bribery at the land registry.
FIGURE 7. 1 What do the data on the quality of land administration systems cover?
Reliability Data on reliability assess whether the land registry and mapping system (cadastre) have adequate infrastructure to guarantee high standards
Data on transparency record whether the land administration system makes land-related information publicly available.
Data on coverage assess the extent to which the land registry and mapping system (cadastre) provide complete geographic coverage of privately held land parcels.
To be accessible to third parties and thus enforceable to anyone, all transactions need to be verified publicly
Data on dispute resolution measure the accessibility of conflict resolution mechanisms and the extent of liability for entities or agents recording land transactions.
Transparency Coverage Dispute resolution REGISTERING PROPERTY 61 HOW TO PROVIDE RELIABLE INFORMATION? A reliable land administration system provides clear information on the ownership of property,
whether the databases for landownership and maps are linked and whether each parcel has a unique, searchable identification number.
leading to the loss of the only evidence that people had of their land tenure. 6 There was no backup.
Computerization can provide a backup system to protect information. It can also make cross-checking data easier for the public agencies that deal with land issues as well as for the general public.
Many economies are moving toward computerized land administration systems. Over the past 6 years 51 economies computerized their land registries.
and half have a geographic information system Share of economies with an electronic database for encumbrances(%)Share of economies with a geographic information system(%)High income Upper middle income Lower middle income Low
Doing Business database. 62 DOING BUSINESS 2015 coverage of property taxes. 7 A case in point was the Maputo Structure Plan in Mozambique an initiative to collect geographic data that was aimed at aiding the physical development of the capital
half of economies around the world have a geographic information system in place a computerized system that can capture,
store and analyze geographic data. While most are highincome economies, some are low-and middle-income economies.
and officials in a land administration system and increases the efficiency of the land market. 10 Doing Business has collected data about transparency through a set of questions focusing on who has access to land information,
Indeed, cross-country data show that the greater the quality and transparency of a land administration system,
coverage and dispute resolution. For example; an economy receives 1 point if it has a functional electronic database for encumbrances;
Doing Business database; Transparency International data. REGISTERING PROPERTY 63 Sweden has an online system allowing anyone to access
not only information on fees but also any information on plots going back 400 years. 12 Advanced systems like Sweden's are not easy to afford.
publishing monthly data on the number of transactions broken down by type mortgages, first registrations, transfers. 14 Overall,
where the land registry and the cadastre allow users to file anonymous complaints through their website,
where the website of the Registrar General Department enables users to fill out a form providing feedback
or filing a complaint. 16 WHERE IS COVERAGE COMPLETE? The utility of even the most reliable and transparent land administration system will be undermined
Where land registries do not provide complete geographic coverage, companies and individuals cannot be sure
only 27%of economies have a registry with full coverage of private land and only 34%a cadastre with complete coverage (figure 7. 7). South Asia,
Latin america and the Caribbean and Sub-saharan africa have the smallest shares of economies with full coverage of private land,
while the OECD high-income group and Europe and Central asia have the largest shares with full coverage.
Several economies have increased the coverage of their land registry and cadastre by registering properties and the associated rights through either systematic adjudication or a more sporadic approach.
Between 1984 and 2004 Thailand implemented one of the world's largest land titling programs,
Doing Business database. FIGURE 7. 6 Where do land registries have statistics on land transactions and a specific mechanism for filing a complaint?
Doing Business database. 64 DOING BUSINESS 2015 the land registry is now able to provide information on different categories of tenure, through a database searchable by parcel across the entire country.
and are accessible to all. 23 Data collected by Doing Business on the legal framework for land administration cover several aspects,
it is essential to ensure the accuracy of the information underlying land transactions and to identify cases of fraud by verifying
and cadastres provide the highest coverage of private land in OECD high-income economies and Europe and Central asia 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 South Asia Latin america & Caribbean Sub-saharan africa Middle east & North africa East asia & Pacific
Middle east & North africa Europe & Central asia OECD high income Share of economies where land registry has full coverage(%)Share of economies where mapping system has full coverage(%)Source:
Doing Business database. FIGURE 7. 8 How long does it take to resolve a land dispute in the first instance?
Data refer to a standardized case involving a dispute over a property transfer between 2 domestic companies.
Doing Business database. REGISTERING PROPERTY 65 for losses due to a technical error by a public officer.
Accuracy of information in land registries can help avoid potential disputes. But when disputes do arise,
The data are for the most recent year available. The correlation between the overall quality of land administration and domestic credit provided by the financial sector is 0. 56.
Doing Business database; World bank, World Development Indicators database. FIGURE 7. 10 Economies with a good land administration system are likely to have lower inequality 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 5
10 15 20 25 30 Score on overall quality of land administration Gini index Note:
The data are for the most recent year available. The correlation between the overall quality of land administration and the Gini index is-0. 37.
Doing Business database; World bank, World Development Indicators database. 66 DOING BUSINESS 2015 resolved in 2013,
accounting for 1. 92%of all disputes settled by the courts of first instance. And in Latvia 324 land dispute claims were filed in 2013,
New data on reliability, transparency, coverage and dispute resolution show much variation in the overall quality of land administration systems among the 170 economies covered.
The data also show that examples of good practice exist in all regions of the world
Provincial Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and UN-Habitat Inaugurates GIS Labs for Computerization and Digitization Process of Land Records, United nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), October 3
For more on the information available, see the website of Sweden's mapping, cadastral and land registration authority (Lantmäteriet) at http://www. lantmateriet. se/en/Maps-and-geographic-information. 13.
For more on the information available, see the website of the Lithuanian Real property Cadastre and Register at http://www. registrucentras. lt. 14.
For more on the information available, see the website of the Land Registry of Panama at https://www. registro-publico. gob. pa/index. php/es/icons. html. 15.
see the website of the Department of the Director General of Land and Mines of Malaysia at http://www. kptg. gov. my/?
For more information, see the website of the Registrar General Department of Mauritius at http://registrar. mof. gov. mu/English/Pages/About%20the%20department/Land. aspx. 17.
One that provides creditors with the most relevant, reliable, timely and sufficient credit data as well as value added services.
Doing Business collected new data this year to strengthen the understanding of secured transactions and credit reporting systems around the world.
and online platforms for exchanging credit data. WHY A FUNCTIONAL APPROACH TO SECURED TRANSACTIONS? For lenders considering a loan to a small or medium-size enterprise, one of the biggest deterrents is the possibility that the borrower has hidden liens that is,
Credit bureaus or registries offering online access can provide faster service and better data quality. Online access is available in 119 of 126 economies with a functioning credit bureau
Credit scores based on credit bureau or registry data provide highly predictive measures of a borrower's future repayment capacity
allowing online access to data and centralizing registries. While traditional registries usually require a copy of the loan agreement or other documents,
Doing Business database. 70 DOING BUSINESS 2015 avoids the need for a specialist to review lengthy documents,
whether an asset has been pledged as collateral by searching a single database, regardless of the location of the borrower.
Doing Business database. GETTING CREDIT 71 nonincorporated companies to create security interests over all categories of movable assets.
and availability of data that creditors need to make informed decisions, and credit registries, which seek mainly to support banking supervision
and availability of data for supervised financial intermediaries (figure 8. 4).(In practice, many credit bureaus also support financial supervision activities,
and some credit registries also aim to improve data for creditors.)While their primary objectives might differ,
and credit bureaus Consumers Nonregulated financial institutions Credit card issuers Retailers Telecoms and utilities Public records Court judgments Credit registry Data bank Data providers Service
Retailers Telecoms and utilities Central bank Credit card issuers Banks and regulated financial institutions Note: Some economies have only a credit registry,
because they generally include a larger variety of data providers and data users. Source: World bank 2011a, p. 51.72 DOING BUSINESS 2015 for small firms as for large ones after new credit reporting systems were introduced. 18 Good credit reporting systems combined with strong
Research based on World bank Enterprise Survey data from 123 countries found that in those with better credit reporting systems,
younger firms have better access to bank finance than older firms do. 19 Credit information systems also reduce firms'reliance on informal credit,
financial institutions face less uncertainty in their debt exposure and can lower interest rates. 22 Credit information systems also help maintain the health of financial systems,
with credit registries enabling policy makers and regulators to monitor large flows of money and credit bureaus allowing them to assess developments in credit markets and interest rates.
Brazil and Mexico. 23 Coverage by credit bureaus and registries is extensive, encompassing more than 2 billion individuals
Coverage continues to grow as economies establish or enhance credit reporting systems. Several did so in the past year.
Coverage is the number of individuals and firms covered as a percentage of the adult population.
The map reports operational credit reporting service providers as recorded by Doing Business that have a coverage of at least 0. 1%of the adult population.
Doing Business database. GETTING CREDIT 73 improvement in credit reporting in 2013/14. Three other economies also developed new credit reporting systems in the past year.
FEATURES OF MODERN CREDIT INFORMATION SYSTEMS The vast majority of credit reporting service providers offer online access to their databases,
which provides data users with faster, more efficient service and can ensure better data quality.
Many also provide credit scores based on credit bureau or credit registry data as a value added service.
These scores are different from those developed on the basis of individual lenders'data and provide a highly predictive measure of a borrower's repayment behavior.
Online access and credit scoring are 2 of many features that define a modern credit reporting system.
The efficiencies of online access More efficient credit reporting service providers share their data online.
One way to do so is through an online platform accessed with a traditional internet browser.
Both parties have installed software that allows host-to-host connectivity without human interaction. Data are updated automatically,
and users retrieve credit information by accessing their own system, with no need to log into the service provider's system. 25 Online access to data is fast
and can ensure transparency, data quality and security. A system-to-system connection further ensures system efficiency
and high service standards for users because it eliminates data duplication, reduces the risk of human error
and allows the streamlining of work flows with appropriate business and validation rules. These advantages may encourage more data providers to share information with the credit bureaus and registries.
Online access is widespread. In 119 of 126 economies with a functioning credit bureau or registry covering at least 5%of the adult population as recorded by Doing Business,
data users can access borrowers'credit information online. Globally, data providers and users can exchange credit information electronically in 94 of the economies with a credit bureau that covers at least 5%of the adult population
and in 50 of those with a credit registry that does so. In East asia and the Pacific, Europe and Central asia, Latin america and the Caribbean, the OECD high-income group and South Asia data providers and users can exchange data electronically in all economies that have a functioning credit bureau
or registry covering at FIGURE 8 6 How many economies have a credit bureau or registry providing online access to credit data?
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 South Asia Middle east & North africa East asia & Pacific Europe & Central asia OECD
but has less than 5%coverage Credit bureau or registry with at least 5%coverage exists but does not offer online access Credit bureau
or registry with at least 5%coverage exists and offers online access Number of economies 12 5 21 9 20 1 11 30 1 25 1 16 2 7 11 2
5 2 5 21 Note: Coverage is the number of individuals and firms covered as a percentage of the adult population.
Source: Doing Business database. 74 DOING BUSINESS 2015 least 5%of the adult population (figure 8. 6). In the middle East
and North africa this is the case in about 85%of economies that have such a credit bureau or registry,
Ethiopia's central bank established a credit information center to allow banks to submit data and inquiries electronically.
Today 17 Ethiopian banks are registered as data users and provide monthly updates. The objective for the online system is to preserve
and distribute 5 years of historical data on the repayment status of all loans. Bangladesh's central bank (Bangladesh Bank) launched an online system for its credit information bureau in July 2011 to allow banks
banks provided information on computer disks and had to pick up printed copies of credit reports from Bangladesh Bank's office.
This system is aimed at improving both the credit registry's efficiency by reducing the time it takes to verify credit information from one week to just a few minutes and the accuracy of data.
The system, called Red de Comunicación Financiera, allows financial institutions to transfer data to the credit registry
The predictive value of credit scores Many credit bureaus and registries provide value added services to data users.
Credit scores based on credit bureau or credit registry data pool information across many creditors as well as some public information sources.
Credit scoring models typically incorporate historical data such as defaults positive payment behavior and previous inquiries.
credit bureaus and registries also are increasingly collecting data from a wider range of sources (such as bankruptcies and court judgments).
The availability of credit scores allows lenders that would otherwise not be capable of analyzing the raw credit data to extend credit to underserved markets at lower cost.
or credit registry data is offered in 64 of 126 economies with a credit reporting service provider covering at least 5%of the adult population as measured by Doing Business.
but has less than 5%coverage Credit bureau or registry with at least 5%coverage exists but does not offer credit scores Credit bureau
or registry with at least 5%coverage exists and offers credit scores Number of economies 1 5 4 10 24 16 4 4 8 12 15 6 4 13 2 5
2 1 21 1 2 7 1 1 11 9 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Credit scores are those based on credit bureau or registry data. Coverage is the number of individuals
and firms covered as a percentage of the adult population. Source: Doing Business database. GETTING CREDIT 75 WHAT ARE THE LINKS WITH ACCESS TO CREDIT?
Where the legal framework provides stronger protection of secured creditors'rights and credit reporting systems provide more relevant, reliable, timely and sufficient data,
the private sector tends to have better access to credit. Analysis of data collected for the strength of legal rights and depth of credit information indices confirms that economies that score high on these indices also have higher levels of domestic credit provided to the private sector by financial institutions
(figure 8. 8). The results show that both transparency in the secured transactions system and access to credit information elements that create predictability for secured creditors
This is confirmed by the data for the expanded indicators on getting credit, which this year also cover the functional approach to secured transactions, more features of the collateral registry and the availability of credit scores and online access to credit information.
Analysis of these data shows a significant correlation between better performance on the getting credit indicators
Data provided by the Australian Financial security Authority. 14. Tajti 2013.15. Jappelli and Pagano 2002; Behr, Entzian and Guettler 2011;
Doing Business database; World bank, World Development Indicators database. Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency Protecting minority investors Going beyond related-party transactions Acorporation is a legal entity distinct from its founders.
This essential separation enables a business to flourish or fail separately from the personal assets and interests of its members (whether owners, directors or employees).
and to provide researchers with a broader set of data for analyzing the relationship between corporate governance
and is indeed reinforced by the provision of data on a more comprehensive array of issues.
To expand the coverage of the indicators the Doing Business team first used academic literature
that offer variation across economies and that lend themselves to data collection and verification through the annual Doing Business questionnaire on minority investor protections.
See the data notes for a detailed description of changes and additions to the methodology.
Doing Business database. 78 DOING BUSINESS 2015 index, the strength of governance structure index and the extent of corporate transparency index.
For more information on IOSCO, see its website at http://www. iosco. org/about/./d. Huang, Elkinawy and Jain 2013.
Doing Business database. FIGURE 9. 3 Corporate transparency could be enhanced in some areas 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Managerial compensation must be disclosed on an individual basis.
Doing Business database. 80 DOING BUSINESS 2015 shareholder plaintiffs can recover their legal expenses or the payment of their expenses can be made contingent on a successful outcome.
see the data notes. Source: Doing Business database. FIGURE 9. 4 Greater protection of minority shareholders is associated with greater market capitalization Distance to frontier score for protecting minority investors (0 100), 2014 Market capitalization
of listed companies(%of GDP), 2012 0 50 100 150 200 100 80 60 40 20 Note:
which data on market capitalization are available. Source: Doing Business database; World bank, World Development Indicators database.
PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS 81 minority investor protection and economic outcomes: economies that have stronger regulation of related-party transactions
and a greater minority shareholder role in corporate governance also tend to have, for example, higher market capitalization (figure 9. 4). Moreover,
Somewhat counterintuitively, data show that the larger the gap, the better the overall protection: minority investors are protected more in economies that distinguish between shareholders of listed companies and shareholders of nonlisted ones (figure 9. 6). Indeed,
Doing Business database. FIGURE 9. 5 OECD high-income economies systematically offer more protection for shareholders of listed companies than for shareholders of nonlisted ones 100 75 50 250 OECD high income
Doing Business database. 82 DOING BUSINESS 2015 CONCLUSION Results on the 3 new indices highlight great variation across the 189 economies covered in the rights,
The new data set brings attention to areas of corporate governance that are overlooked often by policy makers.
which data are collected seldom and yet that could prove to be a particularly important area of legislation and source of economic growth in economies with less developed stock exchanges and capital markets.
See the data notes for the full list of components added this year. 9. Cross-shareholding refers to 2 independent companies acquiring shares in each other. 10.
The data give interesting insights into the tax policies implemented during the financial crisis of 2008 09.
The data refer to the 174 economies included in DB2006 (2004. The Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei Darussalam, Cyprus, Kosovo, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro, Myanmar, Qatar, San marino and South Sudan were added in subsequent years.
Doing Business database. PAYING TAXES 85 decline. Its average total tax rate dropped by almost 17 percentage points between 2004 and 2012.
For example, in 2010 Hungary introduced a sectorspecific surtax on business activity in retail, telecommunications and energy supply.
The data refer to the 174 economies included in DB2006 (2004. The Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei Darussalam, Cyprus, Kosovo, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro, Myanmar, Qatar, San marino and South Sudan were added in subsequent years.
Doing Business database. BOX 10.1 Using technology to make tax compliance easier Rolling out new information
the use of accounting software and electronic filing and payment systems can offer great potential time savings (box 10.1).
The data refer to the 174 economies included in DB2006 (2004. The Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei Darussalam, Cyprus, Kosovo, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro, Myanmar, Qatar, San marino and South Sudan were added in subsequent years.
Doing Business database. PAYING TAXES 87 period. The next most common changes were those enhancing or introducing electronic systems for filing
The data refer to the 174 economies included in DB2006 (2004. The Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei Darussalam, Cyprus, Kosovo, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro, Myanmar, Qatar, San marino and South Sudan were added in subsequent years.
Doing Business database. FIGURE 10.5 During the crisis period many economies cut the corporate income tax rate
The data refer to the 174 economies included in DB2006 (2004. The Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei Darussalam, Cyprus, Kosovo, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro, Myanmar, Qatar, San marino and South Sudan were added in subsequent years.
Doing Business database. 88 DOING BUSINESS 2015 2010. Austria introduced accelerated depreciation (30%for the first year) for tangible fixed assets produced
Reflecting diminished confidence in the short-term outlook, the value of the Korean won fell sharply.
OECD 2012. c. International monetary fund, World Economic Outlook Database. PAYING TAXES 89 The data collected for the paying taxes indicators show a clear trend of increasing changes to tax policies during the crisis. Among the most common changes as measured by the indicators were those cutting the corporate income tax rate
while increasing VAT rates and those enhancing or introducing electronic systems for filing and paying taxes.
NOTES This case study was written by Michelle-Christine Hanf, Joanna Nasr and Nadia Novik. 1. World bank, World Development Indicators database. 2. OECD 2010b.3.
In computing profit before tax, many of the taxes borne by a firm are deductible.
In computing commercial profit, these taxes are not deductible. Commercial profit therefore presents a clear picture of the actual profit of a business before any of the taxes it bears in the course of the fiscal year.
0%for the land, 5%for the building, 10%for the machinery, 33%for the computers, 20%for the office equipment, 20%for the truck and 10%for business development expenses.
The data refer to the 174 economies included in DB2006 (2004. The Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei Darussalam, Cyprus, Kosovo, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Montenegro, Myanmar, Qatar, San marino and South Sudan were added in subsequent years.
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency Enforcing contracts How judicial efficiency supports freedom of contract Freedom of contract is the ability of adults
and income groups, chosen mostly on the basis of the quality of the data collected by the Doing Business team in each economy. 1 It also looks at judicial efficiency in contract resolution in the same 34 economies,
using data for the enforcing contracts indicators as a proxy for judicial efficiency. Even substantial freedom of contract could become irrelevant without effective mechanisms for resolving commercial disputes
and has no implications for the data or rankings for enforcing contracts. Additionally, in carrying out this exercise the team does not intend to advocate in favor of more or less freedom of contract
the team collected data on whether local laws contain restrictions on terms that can be used in standard-form contracts
Doing Business database. ENFORCING CONTRACTS 95 a standardized commercial dispute through the courts from the filing of the case to the enforcement of the contract takes 150 days as measured by Doing Business (figure 11.3), a global best practice.
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency Resolving insolvency Measuring the strength of insolvency laws The word bankruptcy often evokes negative associations with failure and shame.
see the data notes.)WHERE ARE GOOD PRACTICES MOST COMMON? OECD high-income economies have the highest scores on average on the strength of insolvency framework index and on each of the 4 component indices (figure 12.1).
The data for the component indices point to 2 areas where many economies can improve:
The data for the component indices also point to economies with particular strengths in the areas measured.
Doing Business database. 100 DOING BUSINESS 2015 contracts on the sole ground that the debtor has become insolvent
Analysis of the data collected for the strength of insolvency framework index confirms the connection many researchers have made between insolvency laws
Doing Business database. RESOLVING INSOLVENCY 101 and perhaps a step toward a betterdeveloped financial system.
CONCLUSION Analysis of the data collected for the strength of insolvency framework index shows that economies with recent changes to their insolvency frameworks have better-quality laws.
Doing Business database; World bank, World Development Indicators database. Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency Highlights from the Doing Business research conference Data produced by Doing Business have inspired
and enabled abundant empirical research on critical questions puzzling economists, policy makers and international development professionals. Researchers have used these data to investigate the importance of business-friendly regulation for the creation of new firms, for the productivity and profitability of existing ones and for such key outcomes as growth, employment, investment and informality.
Since 2003, when the first Doing Business report was published, 2, 024 research articles have been published in peer-reviewed academic journals and 5,
098 working papers have been posted online. 1 As a stocktaking exercise, the World bank Group convened an international research conference,
and a better business Doing Business data have inspired and enabled abundant research: 2, 024 research articles published in peer-reviewed academic journals since 2003,
Using firm-level panel data from emerging economies, Yang (2014) examines the relationship between the business climate and profitability for innovative and noninnovative firms.
The data are inconsistent with all 3 predictions. In the authors'preferred specifications, all else being confronted equal,
Data are for the most recent year available. Source: Freund, Hallward-Driemeier and Rijkers 2014.106 DOING BUSINESS 2015
along with the data published by the subnational Doing Business reports, will enable further research to explore the effects of business regulations across different cities within a country
and Google Scholar (http://scholar. google. com). 2. The conference took place at Georgetown University's Mcdonough School of business in WASHINGTON DC.
and methodology of selected papers from the Doing Business research conference Theme Main findings Methodology overview Data sources Entrepreneurship Klapper, Love and Randall (2014) GDP growth,
World bank, Entrepreneurship Database; World bank, World Development Indicators database; Doing Business database Entrepreneurship Bripi (2013) Bureaucratic time delays and, to a lesser extent,
costs due to inefficient regulatory procedures can reduce the firm entry rate in industries that should have naturally high entry rates relative to low-entry sectors.
The analysis focuses on cross-industry and crossprovince interaction effects to investigate the impact of regulation on firm entry.
Bank of Italy data set measuring the time and costs of regulation across Italian regions Entrepreneurship Audretsch,
Panel data random effects regression is used to examine how the business environment affects new business creation and self employment in a panel of European cities.
Eurostat Urban Audit database, regional and city statistics; Doing Business database Investment Jovanovic and Jovanovic (2014) Greater regulatory efficiency as measured by Doing Business indicators has a positive association with foreign direct investment flows from OECD countries to Eastern European and Central Asian countries.
The analysis uses the generalized method of moments technique on data on bilateral foreign direct investment flows from 22 OECD countries to 28 Eastern European and Central Asian countries during 2004 11.
World bank, World Development Indicators database; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development data; International monetary fund (IMF), World Economic Outlook and International Financial Statistics databases;
International labour organization data; Doing Business database Investment Hoffman, Munemo and Watson (2014) Having some business entry regulation helps define the playing field for firms
and reduces the cost of information search for those entering new markets. But too much regulation increases the cost of doing business,
dissuading firms from entering markets at all. The analysis tests several hypotheses using a model with franchise expansion (the number of units planned for a country in the future divided by its urban population) as the dependent variable
and several independent variables, including the Doing Business distance to frontier measure, entry regulation (measured by the cost of business start-up procedures as a percentage of GNI per capita)
and the national corporate tax rate (measured as a percentage of profits). Additional explanatory variables include economic development (measured by real GDP per capita), measures of media infrastructure and of governance,
Doing Business database; World bank, World Development Indicators database; Worldwide Governance Indicators Innovationyang (2014) The profits of innovative firms are lower in business climates where regulatory
or governance-related factors (such as corruption or the time and cost to start a business) are poor.
The analysis exploits the panel structure of the data. A first-difference regression is estimated. A number of control variables are used,
Doing Business database; World bank data catalog Debt enforcementrathinam (2014) In India the introduction of debt recovery tribunals a procedural law innovation that bypasses the overburdened civil courts in adjudicating financial disputes involving banks
explains increased bank lending. The analysis uses a differences-indifferences model and data on lending by commercial banks in India (including advances to the commercial sector
and total secured loans extended) for the years before and after the introduction of debt recovery tribunals (1993 and 1995).
Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy, PROWESS database; Reserve bank of India, annual accounts data on scheduled commercial banks 108 DOING BUSINESS 2015 TABLE 13a.1 Summary of the main findings
and methodology of selected papers from the Doing Business research conference Theme Main findings Methodology overview Data sources Unemployment Freund
and Rijkers (forthcoming) Episodes of drastic reductions in the unemployment rate are much more prevalent in countries with higher levels of unemployment and,
World bank, World Development Indicators database; IMF data; Worldwide Governance Indicators; Heritage Foundation's Index of Economic Freedom;
Doing Business database Corruption and transparency Freund, Hallward-Driemeier and Rijkers (2014) Firms confronted with demands for bribes wait about 1. 5 times as long to get a construction permit,
operating license or electricity connection as firms that did not have to pay bribes and they wait 1. 2 times as long to clear customs when exporting and 1. 4 times as long when importing.
Doing Business database Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency Akerlof, George A, . and Robert J. Shiller. 2009.
From Hand to Mouse. Law-Econ Research Paper 08-07, UCLA School of law, Los angeles. Black, Bernard,
A Multiple Identification Strategy Approach Using Korean Data. Journal of Financial Economics 104: 203 26.
World Economic Outlook: Crisis and Recovery. WASHINGTON DC: IMF. Jappelli, Tullio, and Marco Pagano. 2002. Information Sharing, Lending and Defaults:
Credit Information systems in Less-Developed Countries: Recent History and a Test. Economic Development and Cultural Change 55 (2): 313 34.
Credit Reporting Customer Payment Data: Impact on Customer Payment Behavior and Furnisher Costs and Benefits.
Concepts, Data, and the Twin Goals. Policy Research Report. WASHINGTON DC: World bank..2014b. Sweden's Business Climate:
DATA NOTES 115 METHODOLOGY Thdoinbusinss dtrcollctd in stndrdid w. To strt, thdoinbusinss tm, with cdmic dvisrs, dsins qustionnir.
, such s thintrntionl Montrfund's World Economic Outlook dtbsnd theconomist Intllincunit, wrusd. Region and income group Doinbusinss uss thworld Bnk rionl nd incomroup clssific-tions, vilblt http://dt. worldbnk. or/bout/countr-clssifictions.
DATA NOTES 117 Doinbusinss rspondnts. In ddition, this indictor st no lonr includs thprocdurs for obtininlndlintlphonconnction.
DATA CHALLENGES AND REVISIONS Most lws nd rultions undrlinthdoinbusinss dtrvilblon thdoinbusinss wbsitt http://www. doinbusinss. or.
For 11 economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city (see table 14a.1 at the end of the data notes.
If 2 procedures can be completed through the same website but require separate filings, they are counted as 2 separate procedures.
or with a notary before registration (or within 3 months) a. For 11 economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city.
DATA NOTES 119 Althouh procdurs mtkplcsimultnousl, thcnnot strt on thsmd (tht is, simultnous proc-durs strt on conscutivds), in with thxcption of procdurs tht cn bfullcompltd onlin.
For 11 economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city (see table 14a.1).
For 11 economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city. Will not be located in a special economic or industrial zone.
construction permits, inspections and utility connections included 33.3%Procedures 33.3%Time 33.3%Cost Rankings are based on distance to frontier scores for 3 indicators DATA
) Data are collected from the electricity distribution utility, then completed and verified by electricity regulatory agencies and independent professionals such as electrical engineers, electrical contractors and construction companies.
To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the warehouse and the electricity connection are used.
For 11 economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city (see table 14a.1).
and including the customer's service panel or switchboard and installation of the meter base.
no bribes Value added tax excluded DATA NOTES 123 is llowd to submit n ppliction.
To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the parties to the transaction,
For 11 economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city (see table 14a.1).
sold or used as collateral 33.3%Procedures 33.3%Time 33.3%Cost Rankings are based on distance to frontier scores for 3 indicators Data Notes 125 necessary
The data details on registering property can be found for each economy at http://www. doingbusiness. org.
The second set measures the coverage scope and accessibility of credit information available through credit reporting service providers such as credit bureaus or credit registries (figure 14.9).
Legal rights The data on the legal rights of borrowers and lenders are gathered through a questionnaire administered to financial lawyers
The questionnaire data are confirmed through teleconference calls or on-site visits in all economies. Figure 14.9 Do lenders have credit information on entrepreneurs seeking credit?
or capital gains taxes included a. For 11 economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city. 126 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Strength of legal rights index Thstrnth of ll rihts indx m-surs thdrto
) Numbr of individuls nd firms listd in crdit ristrs prcntof dult popultion DATA NOTES 127 ntitis is in oprtion, unifid o-rphicllnd with n lctronic
Credit bureau coverage Crdit buru covrrports thnumbr of individuls nd firms listd in crdit buru's dtbss of Jnur1
If no crdit buru oprts, thcovr-vluis 0. 0%.Credit registry coverage Crdit ristrcovrrports thnumbr of individuls nd firms listd in crdit ristr's dtbss
of shrholdr ovrnncindics Data Notes 129 shareholder litigation (ease of shareholder suits index. To make the data comparable across economies,
several assumptions about the business and the transaction are used (figure 14.12). Assumptions about the business The business (Buyer:
1 if s. Whthr shrholdr plintiffs cn rcovr thir ll xpnss DATA NOTES 131 from thcompn.
The data details on protecting minority investors can be found for each economy at http://www. doingbusiness. org.
DATA NOTES 133 mndtd (t nlvl fdrl, sttor locl) nd tht pplto thstndrdid businss nd hvn impct in its finncil sttmnts.
In doinso, Doinbusinss os bond thtrditionl dfinition of tx. As dfind for thpurposs of ovrnmnt ntionl ccounts, txs includonlcompulsor, unrquitd pmnts to nrl ov-rnmnt.
cpitl ins nd finncil trnsctions txs Wstcollction, vhicl, rod nd othr txs DATA NOTES 135 most css vrsmll, nd msurinthsmounts
For 11 economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city (see table 14a.1).
and import Data Notes 137 for documents, administrative fees for customs clearance and inspections, customs broker fees, port-related charges and inland transport costs.
The data details on trading across borders can be found for each economy at http://www. doingbusiness. org.
The data are built by following the step-by-step evolution of a commercial sale dispute before local courts (figure 14.17.
The data are collected through study of the codes of civil procedure and other court regulations as well as questionnaires completed by local litigation lawyers and judges.
The name of the relevant court in each economy the court in the largest business city with jurisdiction over the standardized commercial dispute described below is published at http://www. doingbusiness. org/data/exploretopics/enforcing-contracts.
For 11 economies for which the data are collected also for the second largest business city,
For 11 economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city (see table 14a.1).
As noted, for 11 economies the data are also Figure 14.17 What are the time,
Enforcmnt costs DATA NOTES 139 Debt recovery in insolvency To mkthdton thtim, cost nd outcomof insolvncprocdins comprblcross conomis, svrl ssumptions bout thbusinss
crditors nd thcourt Management of debtor's assets index Commencement of proceedings index Reorganization proceedings index Creditor participation index Court Creditors Debtor DATA
Work scheduling 2. 1. Hiring 3. Redundancy DATA NOTES 143 p, niht work, protction inst unmplomnt nd mdicl crnd sicknss bnfits.
DATA NOTES 145 TABLE 14a.1 Citis covrd in ch conombthdoinbusinss rport Economcitor citis Economcitor citis Economcitor citis Afhnistn Kbul Grcathns Pkistn Krchi
which data for the indicator were collected. For legal indicators such as those on getting credit or protecting minority investors, the frontier is set at the highest possible value.
AND EASE OF DOING BUSINESS RANKING 147 distributions of the rescaled data for most component indicators (very few economies need 700 days to complete the procedures to start a business,
Doing Business database. TABLE 15.2 Weights used in calculating the distance to frontier scores for economies with 2 cities covered Economy City Weight(%)Bangladesh Dhaka 78 Chittagong 22 Brazil São paulo
Doing Business database. 150 DOING BUSINESS 2015 that in 2013/14 implemented regulatory reforms making it easier to do business in 3
and the United arab emirates. Second, Doing Business sorts these economies on the increase in their distance to frontier score from the previous year using comparable data.
Doing Business database. TABLE 15.3 Correlations between economy distance to frontier scores for Doing Business topics Dealing with construction permits Getting electricity Registering property Getting credit Protecting minority investors
Doing Business database. DISTANCE TO FRONTIER AND EASE OF DOING BUSINESS RANKING 151 NOTES 1. See Djankov, Manraj and others (2005.
Azerbaijan Starting a business Azerbaijan made starting a business easier by reducing the time to obtain an electronic signature for online tax registration.
Getting credit Bahrain improved access to credit information by approving the credit bureau's collection of data on firms.
Bangladesh Trading across borders Bangladesh made trading across borders easier by introducing a fully automated, computerized customs data management system
ASYCUDA (Automated System for Customs Data) World. This reform applies to both Chittagong and Dhaka.
and to appoint auditors to conduct an inspection of such transactions. 154 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Cabo Verde Getting credit Cabo Verde improved its credit information system by adopting a new law providing for the establishment of credit bureaus.
Cameroon Getting credit Cameroon improved its credit information system by passing regulations that provide for the establishment and operation of a credit registry database.
Getting credit Côte d'ivoire improved its credit information system by introducing regulations that govern the licensing and operation of credit bureaus.
Cyprus Getting credit Cyprus improved its credit information system by adopting a central bank directive eliminating the minimum threshold for loans to be included in credit bureaus'databases.
Getting credit The Dominican republic improved its credit information system by enacting a new law regulating the protection of personal data and the operation of credit reporting institutions.
Trading across borders Ecuador made trading across borders easier by upgrading to a new electronic data interchange system called ECUAPASS.
Getting credit Ireland improved its credit information system by passing a new act that provides for the establishment and operation of a credit registry.
Getting credit Kenya improved its credit information system by passing legislation that allows the sharing of both positive
and establishes guidelines for the treatment of historical data. Paying taxes Kenya made paying taxes more costly for companies by increasing employers'social security contribution rate.
Getting credit Mauritania improved its credit information system by lowering the minimum threshold for loans to be included in the registry's database.
computerized system (the Web-Based One Customs system) for the submission and processing of export
Trading across borders Poland made trading across borders easier by implementing a new terminal operating system at the port of Gdansk. 162 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Portugal Paying taxes Portugal made paying taxes less costly for companies by reducing the corporate income tax rate
Getting credit Senegal improved its credit information system by introducing regulations developed by the West african Economic and Monetary Union that govern the licensing and operation of credit bureaus.
Getting credit Sierra leone improved its credit information system by beginning to distribute both positive and negative data and by increasing the system's coverage rate.
Paying taxes Sierra leone made paying taxes more complicated for companies by introducing a capital gains tax. Singapore Enforcing contracts Singapore made enforcing contracts easier by introducing a new electronic litigation system that streamlines litigation proceedings.
Getting credit The Slovak Republic improved its credit information system by implementing a new law on the protection of personal data.
South africa Getting credit South africa made access to credit information more difficult by introducing regulations requiring credit bureaus to remove negative credit information from their databases,
Taiwan, China Getting electricity Taiwan, China, made getting electricity easier by eliminating site inspections. Getting credit Taiwan, China, improved access to credit information by beginning to include data from utility companies in credit reports.
Paying taxes Taiwan, China, made paying taxes easier for companies by introducing an electronic system for paying the vehicle license tax.
Vietnam Getting credit Vietnam improved its credit information system by establishing a new credit bureau. Paying taxes Vietnam made paying taxes less costly for companies by reducing the corporate income tax rate.
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 183 Time (days) 323 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 31.29
Cost(%of warehouse value) 57 4 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 46 Time (days) 1, 642 Getting electricity (rank
(rank) 102 Time (days) 228 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 57.14 Cost(%of warehouse value) 3. 3
Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 16.7 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 525 Getting electricity (rank) 152 Protecting minority investors (rank) 7 Cost
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. Country tables 168 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business ALGERIA Middle east & North africa GNI per capita (US$) 5,
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 120 Time (days) 204 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 52.89
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 7 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 2. 0 Procedures (number) 45 Time (days) 630 Getting electricity (rank) 147
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 187 Time (days) 203 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 25.22
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 5 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 1. 8 Procedures (number) 46 Time (days) 1,
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 76 Time (days) 106 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 61.26
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 5 Credit registry coverage(%of adults 0. 0 Procedures (number) 44 Time (days) 351 Getting electricity (rank) 17
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 169 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business ARGENTINA Latin america
index (0 8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 63 Time (days) 341 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 63.88 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 3. 5 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 41.2 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 590 Getting electricity (rank) 104 Protecting minority
index (0 8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 119 Time (days) 83 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 65.8 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 53.33 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 1. 2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 23.5 Procedures (number) 49 Time (days) 570 Getting electricity (rank) 131 Protecting minority
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 12 Time (days) 112 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 77.06 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 0. 5 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 28 Time (days) 395 Getting electricity rank) 55 Protecting
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 170 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business AUSTRIA OECD high income GNI per capita
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 5 Time (days) 192 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 53.2 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 81.55 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 1. 1 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 2. 0 Procedures (number) 25 Time (days) 397 Getting electricity (rank) 24 Protecting
index (0 8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 31 Time (days) 151 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 69.02
Cost(%of warehouse value) 4. 1 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 28.7 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 277 Getting electricity (rank) 159 Protecting
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 125 Time (days) 178 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 51.65
Cost(%of warehouse value) 1. 0 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 49 Time (days) 427 Getting electricity (rank) 50
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 171 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business BAHRAIN Middle east
Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 48.3 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 52.33 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 188 Time (days) 269.2 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 20.82
Cost(%of warehouse value) 2. 1 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 9 Procedures (number) 41 Time (days) 1,
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 160 Time (days) 442 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 41.61
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 1,
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 172 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business BELARUS Europe & Central asia GNI per capita (US$) 6,
index (0 8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 7 Time (days) 114 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 78.70
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 8 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 64.5 Procedures (number) 29 Time (days) 275 Getting electricity (rank) 148 Protecting
index (0 8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 10 Time (days) 212 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 77.67
Cost(%of warehouse value) 1. 1 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 96.4 Procedures (number) 26 Time (days) 505 Getting electricity (rank) 99 Protecting
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 170 Time (days) 110 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 37.38
Cost(%of warehouse value) 1. 9 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 51 Time (days) 892 Getting electricity rank) 54
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 173 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business BENIN Sub-saharan africa GNI per capita (US$) 790 Ease of doing business rank (1
index (0 8) 1 Enforcing contracts (rank) 167 Time (days) 111 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 37.73
Cost(%of warehouse value) 3. 2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 10.0 Procedures (number) 41 Time (days) 750 Getting electricity (rank) 173 Protecting
index (0 8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 74 Time (days) 150 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 18.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 61.42 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 1. 3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 47 Time (days) 225 Getting electricity (rank) 72 Protecting
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 111 Time (days) 275 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 39.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 54.93 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 1. 1 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 15.1 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 591 Getting electricity rank) 127 Protecting minority
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 174 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Europe & Central asia GNI per capita (US$) 4,
index (0 8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 95 Time (days) 179 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 8. 1 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 57.64
Cost(%of warehouse value) 19.7 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 39.7 Procedures (number) 37 Time (days) 595 Getting electricity (rank) 163 Protecting minority
index (0 8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 61 Time (days) 110 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 51.7 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 64.02 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 0. 3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 28 Time (days) 625 Getting electricity (rank) 103 Protecting
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 118 Time (days) 426.1 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 63.6 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 53.60 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 0. 4 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 52.5 Procedures number) 43.6 Time (days) 731 Getting electricity (rank) 19 Protecting minority
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 175 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business BRUNEI DARUSSALAM East asia
(days) 88 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 47.76 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 1 Credit registry coverage
index (0 8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 75 Time (days) 110 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 61.27
Cost(%of warehouse value) 4. 5 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 62.9 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 564 Getting electricity (rank) 125 Protecting
) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 153 Time (days) 112 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 43.83 Cost(%of warehouse value
) 5. 5 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 2. 0 Procedures (number) 37 Time (days) 446 Getting electricity (rank) 177 Protecting minority investors
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 176 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business BURUNDI Sub-saharan africa GNI per capita (US$) 280
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 158 Time (days) 99 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 42.15
Cost(%of warehouse value) 10.1 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 3. 9 Procedures (number) 44 Time (days) 832 Getting electricity (rank) 182 Protecting
) 140 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 67.61 Cost(%of warehouse value) 4. 1 Credit registry coverage(%of adults
Time (days) 652 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 29.3 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 32.79 Cost(%of warehouse value) 6. 7 Credit registry coverage
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 177 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business CAMEROON Sub-saharan africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,
index (0 8) 1 Enforcing contracts (rank) 159 Time (days) 136 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 42.11
Cost(%of warehouse value) 13.9 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 5. 4 Procedures (number) 42 Time (days) 800 Getting electricity (rank) 52 Protecting
index (0 8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 65 Time (days) 249 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 63.76 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 1. 3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 570 Getting electricity (rank) 150 Protecting
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 182 Time (days) 200 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 31.62
Cost(%of warehouse value) 4. 9 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 2. 6 Procedures (number) 43 Time (days) 660 Getting electricity rank) 186
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 178 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business CHAD Sub-saharan africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 149 Time (days) 207 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 45.05
Cost(%of warehouse value) 5. 9 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 2. 1 Procedures (number) 41 Time (days) 743 Getting electricity (rank) 174
(rank) 64 Time (days) 152 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 8. 8 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 63.85 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 7
Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 44.7 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 480 Getting electricity (rank) 49 Protecting minority investors (rank) 56 Cost
) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 35 Time (days) 244.3 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 68.21 Cost(%of warehouse value
) 7. 6 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 33.2 Procedures (number) 37 Time (days) 452.8 Getting electricity (rank) 124 Protecting minority investors (rank
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 179 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business COLOMBIA Latin america & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 7,
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 168 Time (days) 73 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 87.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 37.66 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 7. 4 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 33 Time (days) 1,
(0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 177 Time (days) 113 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 33.20 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 1. 0 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 43 Time (days) 506 Getting electricity (rank) 81 Protecting
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 176 Time (days) 119 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 33.51
Cost(%of warehouse value) 11.6 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 2 Procedures (number) 43 Time (days) 610 Getting electricity (rank) 175 Protecting
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 180 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business CONGO, REP. Sub-saharan africa GNI per capita (US$) 2,
index (0 8) 2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 151 Time (days) 168 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 44.11
Cost(%of warehouse value) 5. 2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 9. 4 Procedures (number) 44 Time (days) 560 Getting electricity (rank) 170
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 129 Time (days) 113 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 51.13 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 1. 7 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 27.4 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 852 Getting electricity (rank) 46 Protecting minority
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 72 Time (days) 347 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 61.88
Cost(%of warehouse value) 1. 0 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 3. 2 Procedures (number) 32 Time (days) 525 Getting electricity (rank) 161
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 181 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business CROATIA Europe
index (0 8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 54 Time (days) 188 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 64.81 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 10.9 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 572 Getting electricity (rank) 59 Protecting minority
index (0 8) 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 113 Time (days) 677 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 6. 8 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 54.17
Cost(%of warehouse value) 1. 2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 43 Time (days) 735 Getting electricity (rank) 160
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 37 Time (days) 143 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 76.6 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 68.00 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 0. 3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 6. 4 Procedures (number) 27 Time (days) 611 Getting electricity (rank) 123 Protecting
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 182 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business DENMARK OECD high income GNI per capita
) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 34 Time (days) 64 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 7. 8 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 68.79 Cost(%of warehouse value
) 2. 3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 35 Time (days) 410 Getting electricity (rank)
information index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 171 Time (days) 117 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100
) 37.31 Cost(%of warehouse value) 7. 4 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 3 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 1, 225 Getting electricity
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 148 Time (days) 175 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 45.17
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 1 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 46 Time (days) 681 Getting electricity (rank) 53
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 183 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Latin america & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 5,
index (0 8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 73 Time (days) 184 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 63.1 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 61.87 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 2. 0 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 38.1 Procedures (number) 34 Time (days) 460 Getting electricity (rank) 119 Protecting minority
index (0 8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 88 Time (days) 114 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 73.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 58.30 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 0. 8 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 588 Getting electricity (rank) 120 Protecting
Enforcing contracts (rank) 152 Time (days) 179 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 21.8 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 44.02 Cost(%of warehouse value) 1. 9
Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 5. 8 Procedures (number) 42 Time (days) 1 010 Getting electricity (rank) 106 Protecting minority investors (rank) 135 Cost(%of claim) 26.2 DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 71.31
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 184 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business EL SALVADOR Latin america & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 3,
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 82 Time (days) 115 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 32.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 60.06 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 4. 6 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 28.2 Procedures (number) 35 Time (days) 786 Getting electricity (rank) 144 Protecting minority
index (0 8) 2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 67 Time (days) 144 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 63.23
Cost(%of warehouse value) 4. 1 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 5. 1 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 475 Getting electricity (rank) 95
information index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 68 Time (days) NO PRACTICE Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100
) 62.70 Cost(%of warehouse value) NO PRACTICE Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 490 Getting electricity rank) 113 Protecting
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 185 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business ESTONIA OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 17,370 Ease
) 103 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 34.2 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 68.91 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 50 Time (days) 125 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 65.43
Cost(%of warehouse value) 3. 2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 2 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 530 Getting electricity (rank) 82
) 59 Time (days) 141 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 78.9 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 64.34 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 4 Credit registry
coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 34 Time (days) 397 Getting electricity (rank) 75 Protecting minority investors (rank) 110 Cost(%of claim
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 186 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business FINLAND OECD high income GNI per capita
) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 17 Time (days) 64 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 19.6 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 75.58 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0
. 8 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 33 Time (days) 375 Getting electricity (rank) 33
index (0 8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 10 Time (days) 183 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 77.67
Cost(%of warehouse value) 4. 7 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 44.5 Procedures (number) 29 Time (days) 395 Getting electricity (rank) 60 Protecting
index (0 8) 2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 156 Time (days) 194 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 43.51
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 9 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 50.8 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 1,
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 187 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business GAMBIA,
Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 65.49 Cost(%of warehouse value) 2. 5 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0
index (0 8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 23 Time (days) 68.5 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 56.8 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 71.82 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 0. 3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 33 Time (days) 285 Getting electricity (rank) 37 Protecting
index (0 8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 13 Time (days) 96 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 76.74 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 1. 1 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 1. 3 Procedures (number) 31 Time (days) 394 Getting electricity (rank) 3 Protecting
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 188 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business GHANA Sub-saharan africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,
index (0 8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 96 Time (days) 201 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 14.1 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 57.59 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 2. 0 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 710 Getting electricity (rank) 71 Protecting
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 155 Time (days) 124 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 82.5 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 43.60 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 0. 6 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 1,
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 144 Time (days) 128 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 46.25
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures number) 46 Time (days) 688 Getting electricity (rank) 77
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 189 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business GUATEMALA Latin america & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 3,
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 143 Time (days) 158 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 8. 7 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 46.35
Cost(%of warehouse value) 7. 9 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 19.2 Procedures (number) 31 Time (days) 1,
8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 133 Time (days) 166 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 49.74 Cost(%of warehouse
value) 1. 6 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 49 Time (days) 276 Getting electricity (rank) 154 Protecting minority
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 169 Time (days) 116 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 37.54
value) 18.2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 1. 0 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 1,
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 190 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business GUYANA Latin america & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 3,
Enforcing contracts (rank) 71 Time (days) 195 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 62.37 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0
. 6 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 581 Getting electricity (rank) 155
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 89 Time (days) 71 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 58.28
Cost(%of warehouse value) 16.4 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 1. 1 Procedures (number) 35 Time (days) 530 Getting electricity (rank) 94 Protecting
index (0 8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 166 Time (days) 82 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 36.1 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 37.90 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 7. 2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 21.8 Procedures (number) 47 Time (days) 920 Getting electricity (rank) 110 Protecting minority
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 191 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business HONG KONG SAR,
Time (days) 66 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 96.1 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 80.32 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 4 Credit registry coverage
8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 20 Time (days) 91 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 74.6 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 73.36 Cost(%of warehouse value
) 0. 2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 34 Time (days) 395 Getting electricity (rank) 162 Protecting minority investors
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 3 Time (days) 84 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 82.30 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 0. 5 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 27 Time (days) 417 Getting electricity (rank) 9 Protecting
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 192 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business INDIA South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 1,
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 186 Time (days) 185.9 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 22.4 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 25.81 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 28.2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 46 Time (days) 1,
(days) 211 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 37.28 Cost(%of warehouse value) 4. 3 Credit registry coverage
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 66 Time (days) 318.5 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 33.8 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 63.35 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 5. 3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 45.0 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 505 Getting electricity (rank) 107 Protecting minority
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 193 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business IRAQ Middle east & North africa GNI per capita (US$) 6,
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 141 Time (days) 119 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 47.32
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 51 Time (days) 520 Getting electricity (rank) 36
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 18 Time (days) 150 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 75.47 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 9. 5 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 21 Time (days) 650 Getting electricity (rank) 67 Protecting
(rank) 111 Time (days) 209 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 54.93 Cost(%of warehouse value) 1. 6 Credit
registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 35 Time (days) 890 Getting electricity (rank) 109 Protecting minority investors (rank) 11 Cost
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 194 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business ITALY OECD high income GNI per capita
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 147 Time (days) 233 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 45.61 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 3. 7 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 24.6 Procedures (number) 37 Time (days) 1,
index (0 8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 117 Time (days) 135 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 10.1 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 53.74 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 2. 2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 35 Time (days) 655 Getting electricity (rank) 111 Protecting
index (0 8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 26 Time (days) 197 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 69.95 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 0. 6 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 32 Time (days) 360 Getting electricity (rank) 28 Protecting
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 195 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business JORDAN Middle east & North africa GNI per capita (US$) 4,
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 114 Time (days) 63 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 54.04
Cost(%of warehouse value) 9. 5 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 2. 2 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 689 Getting electricity (rank) 44
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 30 Time (days) 156 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 51.7 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 69.33 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 1. 5 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 370 Getting electricity (rank) 97 Protecting
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 137 Time (days) 125 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 4. 9 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 48.96
Cost(%of warehouse value) 9. 3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 44 Time (days) 465 Getting electricity (rank) 151
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 196 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business KIRIBATI East asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,
(rank) 60 Time (days) 149 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 64.15 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 3
Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 32 Time (days) 660 Getting electricity (rank) 167 Protecting
coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 81.71 Cost(%of warehouse value) 4. 3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures
index (0 8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 138 Time (days) 152 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 48.59
Cost(%of warehouse value) 6. 7 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 22.8 Procedures (number) 53 Time (days) 330 Getting electricity (rank) 112 Protecting
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 197 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business KUWAIT Middle east
index (0 8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 131 Time (days) 96 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 32.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 50.59 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 1. 6 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 50 Time (days) 566 Getting electricity (rank) 93 Protecting
index (0 8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 56 Time (days) 141 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 38.2 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 64.63 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 2. 1 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 260 Getting electricity (rank) 168 Protecting
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 99 Time (days) 107 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 57.49
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 6 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 3. 5 Procedures (number) 42 Time (days) 443 Getting electricity (rank) 128
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 198 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business LATVIA Europe
Enforcing contracts (rank) 16 Time (days) 149 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 75.59 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0
. 3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 76.8 Procedures (number) 27 Time (days) 469 Getting electricity (rank) 89 Protecting
index (0 8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 110 Time (days) 244 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 55.40
Cost(%of warehouse value) 4. 4 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 20.3 Procedures (number) 37 Time (days) 721 Getting electricity (rank) 57 Protecting
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 115 Time (days) 179 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 53.94
Cost(%of warehouse value) 13.7 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 41 Time (days) 615 Getting electricity (rank) 117 Protecting
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 199 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business LIBERIA Sub-saharan africa GNI per capita (US$) 410 Ease of doing business rank (1
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 174 Time (days) 74 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 35.43
Cost(%of warehouse value) 6. 4 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 1. 7 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 1,
information index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 126 Time (days) NO PRACTICE Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100
) 51.42 Cost(%of warehouse value) NO PRACTICE Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 5 Procedures (number) 43 Time (days) 690 Getting electricity (rank) 65 Protecting
information index (0 8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 14 Time (days) 91 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 97.7 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 75.85
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 28.8 Procedures (number) 31 Time (days) 300 Getting electricity (rank) 105 Protecting
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 200 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business LUXEMBOURG OECD high income GNI per capita
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 2 Time (days) 157 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 85.70
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 7 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 26 Time (days) 321 Getting electricity (rank) 42
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 87 Time (days) 89 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 83.7 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 58.31 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 8. 2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 36.4 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 604 Getting electricity (rank) 88 Protecting minority
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 146 Time (days) 123 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 45.91
Cost(%of warehouse value) 20.8 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 2 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 871 Getting electricity (rank) 189 Protecting
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 201 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business MALAWI Sub-saharan africa GNI per capita (US$) 270 Ease of doing business rank (1
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 154 Time (days) 153 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 43.73
Cost(%of warehouse value) 1. 2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 42 Time (days) 432 Getting electricity (rank) 181
(rank) 29 Time (days) 74 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 78.6 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 69.39 Cost(%of warehouse value) 1. 3 Credit
registry coverage(%of adults) 56.2 Procedures (number) 29 Time (days) 425 Getting electricity (rank) 27 Protecting minority investors (rank) 5 Cost(%of claim
index (0 8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 91 Time (days) 140 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 58.13
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 17.3 Procedures (number) 41 Time (days) 665 Getting electricity (rank) 108 Protecting
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 202 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business MALI Sub-saharan africa GNI per capita (US$) 670
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 128 Time (days) 119 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 51.25
Cost(%of warehouse value) 8. 1 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 3. 6 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 620 Getting electricity (rank) 132
) 107 Time (days) 167 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 56.27 Cost(%of warehouse value) 2. 8 Credit
registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 505 Getting electricity (rank) 114 Protecting minority investors (rank) 51 Cost
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 58 Time (days) 42 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 64.41
Cost(%of warehouse value) 2. 5 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 476 Getting electricity (rank) 68
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 203 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business MAURITANIA Sub-saharan africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 86 Time (days) 104 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 58.47
Cost(%of warehouse value) 4. 5 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 4. 6 Procedures (number) 46 Time (days) 370 Getting electricity (rank) 169
Time (days) 245 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 66.22 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 7 Credit registry
coverage(%of adults) 71.9 Procedures (number) 34 Time (days) 519 Getting electricity (rank) 41 Protecting minority investors (rank) 28 Cost(%of claim) 25.0
index (0 8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 57 Time (days) 87.6 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 64.61 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 10.3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 36.8 Time (days) 389 Getting electricity (rank 116 Protecting minority
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 204 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business MICRONESIA, FED.
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 162 Time (days) 99 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 40.85
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 5 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 34 Time (days) 885 Getting electricity (rank) 30
index (0 8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 42 Time (days) 247 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 8. 8 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 66.68
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 8 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 31 Time (days) 567 Getting electricity (rank) 149
index (0 8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 24 Time (days) 137 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 70.17
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 0 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 32.7 Procedures (number) 32 Time (days) 374 Getting electricity rank) 142 Protecting
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 205 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business MONTENEGRO Europe & Central asia GNI per capita (US$) 7,
Time (days) 158 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 49.62 Cost(%of warehouse value) 12.2 Credit registry coverage
(rank) 81 Time (days) 94 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 21.1 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 60.14 Cost(%of warehouse value) 3. 7 Credit
registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 510 Getting electricity (rank) 91 Protecting minority investors (rank) 122 Cost
index (0 8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 164 Time (days) 144 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 39.81
Cost(%of warehouse value) 4. 4 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 5. 7 Procedures (number) 30 Time (days) 760 Getting electricity (rank) 164
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 206 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business MYANMAR East asia
Procedures (number) 13 Depth of credit information index 0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 185 Time (days) 128 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0
DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 27.31 Cost(%of warehouse value) 8. 8 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 45 Time (days
index (0 8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 53 Time (days) 122 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 64.3 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 64.82 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 0. 5 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 33 Time (days) 460 Getting electricity (rank) 66 Protecting
information index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 134 Time (days) 86 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 1. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 49.65
Cost(%of warehouse value) 9. 4 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 910 Getting electricity (rank) 85
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 207 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business NETHERLANDS OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 47,440 Ease
(days) 161 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 79.4 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 75.10 Cost(%of warehouse value) 3. 8 Credit registry coverage(%of adults
) 9 Time (days) 93 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 77.84 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 7 Credit registry
coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 30 Time (days) 216 Getting electricity (rank) 48 Protecting minority investors (rank) 1 Cost(%of claim
index (0 8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 70 Time (days) 207 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 40.7 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 62.42 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 2. 7 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 16.2 Procedures (number) 37 Time (days) 519 Getting electricity (rank) 95 Protecting minority
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 208 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business NIGER Sub-saharan africa GNI per capita (US$) 410
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 132 Time (days) 130 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 49.95
Cost(%of warehouse value) 8. 3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 1. 0 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 545 Getting electricity (rank) 165
index (0 8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 140 Time (days) 105.9 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 5. 8 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 47.71
Cost(%of warehouse value) 26.4 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 1 Procedures (number) 40.2 Time (days) 509.8 Getting electricity (rank 187 Protecting
index (0 8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 8 Time (days) 122.5 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 78.41 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 0. 6 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 34 Time (days) 280 Getting electricity (rank) 25 Protecting
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 209 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business OMAN Middle east
) 157 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 50.67 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 7 Credit registry coverage(%of adults
index (0 8) 3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 161 Time (days) 249.4 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 4. 5 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 41.53
Cost(%of warehouse value) 3. 5 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 7. 3 Procedures (number) 46 Time (days) 993.2 Getting electricity (rank) 146
(rank) 127 Time (days) 72 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 51.28 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 8
Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 37 Time (days) 810 Getting electricity (rank) 98 Protecting minority investors (rank) 183
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 210 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business PANAMA Latin america
index (0 8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 84 Time (days) 101 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 63.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 58.87 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 2. 1 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 32 Time (days) 686 Getting electricity (rank) 29 Protecting
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 181 Time (days) 217 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 3. 6 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 31.92
Cost(%of warehouse value) 2. 1 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 42 Time (days) 591 Getting electricity (rank) 26
index (0 8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 90 Time (days) 136 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 45.5 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 58.21 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 0. 8 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 22.8 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 591 Getting electricity (rank 51 Protecting minority
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 211 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business PERU Latin america & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 6,
index (0 8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 100 Time (days) 174 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 57.46 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 0. 5 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 33.5 Procedures (number) 41 Time (days) 426 Getting electricity (rank) 86 Protecting minority
Time (days) 94 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 11.3 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 52.02 Cost(%of warehouse value) 1. 2 Credit registry coverage
index (0 8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 52 Time (days) 212 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 84.3 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 64.83 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 0. 3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 33 Time (days) 685 Getting electricity (rank) 64 Protecting
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 212 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business PORTUGAL OECD high income GNI per capita
Enforcing contracts (rank) 27 Time (days) 113 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 23.4 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 69.65 Cost(%of warehouse value) 1. 4
Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 100.0 Procedures (number) 34 Time (days) 547 Getting electricity (rank) 47 Protecting minority
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 92 Time (days) 165 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 58.03 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 6. 2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 620 Getting electricity (rank) 32 Protecting
index (0 8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 104 Time (days) 57.5 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 56.73
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 0 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 23.3 Procedures (number) 43 Time (days) 570 Getting electricity (rank) 40 Protecting
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 213 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business ROMANIA Europe & Central asia GNI per capita (US$) 9,
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 51 Time (days) 255 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 46.6 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 64.95 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 2. 3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 12.3 Procedures (number) 34 Time (days) 512 Getting electricity (rank) 171 Protecting minority
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 14 Time (days) 238.4 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 64.6 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 75.85 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 1. 9 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 35 Time (days) 267 Getting electricity (rank) 143 Protecting
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 62 Time (days) 77 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 15.7 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 63.94 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 4. 1 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 2. 4 Procedures (number) 23 Time days) 230 Getting electricity (rank) 62 Protecting
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 214 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business SAMOA East asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 3,
) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 83 Time (days) 61 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 59.54 Cost(%of warehouse value
) 1. 0 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 44 Time (days) 455 Getting electricity (rank)
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 33 Time (days) 145.5 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 68.85
Cost(%of warehouse value) 5. 3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 34 Time (days) 575 Getting electricity (rank) 6
(rank) 179 Time (days) 104 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 32.37 Cost(%of warehouse value) 2. 8
Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 43 Time (days) 1 065 Getting electricity (rank) 57 Protecting minority investors (rank) 183 Cost(%of claim) 50.5 DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 80.24
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 215 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business SAUDI ARABIA Middle east
index (0 8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 108 Time (days) 102 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 47.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 55.86 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 0. 4 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 635 Getting electricity (rank) 22 Protecting
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 142 Time (days) 200 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 46.53
Cost(%of warehouse value) 7. 7 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 1. 0 Procedures (number) 43 Time (days) 740 Getting electricity (rank) 183
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 96 Time (days) 264 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 57.59 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 25.7 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 635 Getting electricity rank) 84 Protecting minority
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 216 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business SEYCHELLES Sub-saharan africa GNI per capita (US$) 12,530
(rank) 103 Time (days) 119 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 56.92 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 4
Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 915 Getting electricity (rank) 130 Protecting minority
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 109 Time (days) 166 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 55.68
Cost(%of warehouse value) 3. 1 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 1. 0 Procedures (number) 39 Time (days) 515 Getting electricity (rank) 172
) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 1 Time (days) 26 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 50.8 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 89.54 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0
. 3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 21 Time (days) 150 Getting electricity (rank) 11 Protecting minority investors (rank
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 217 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business SLOVAK REPUBLIC OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 17,390
index (0 8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 55 Time (days) 286 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 65.7 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 64.68 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 0. 1 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 2. 8 Procedures (number) 33 Time (days) 545 Getting electricity (rank) 100 Protecting
) 122 Time (days) 212.5 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 52.40 Cost(%of warehouse value) 1. 3 Credit registry
coverage(%of adults) 3. 2 Procedures (number) 32 Time (days) 1 270 Getting electricity (rank) 31 Protecting minority investors (rank) 14 Cost(%of claim) 12.7 DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 85.50
Depth of credit information index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 150 Time (days) 98 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts
(0 100) 44.63 Cost(%of warehouse value) 1. 0 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 37 Time (days) 455 Getting
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 218 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business SOUTH AFRICA Sub-saharan africa GNI per capita (US$) 7,
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 46 Time (days) 48 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 55.4 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 66.14 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 0. 9 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 29 Time (days) 600 Getting electricity (rank) 158 Protecting
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 94 Time (days) 124 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 57.71
Cost(%of warehouse value) 8. 5 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 48 Time (days) 228 Getting electricity (rank) 179
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 69 Time (days) 229 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 15.3 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 62.65 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 5. 2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 50.0 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 510 Getting electricity rank) 74 Protecting minority
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 219 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business SRI LANKA South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 3,
Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 44.5 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 38.96 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 116 Time (days) 104 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 53.80
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 4 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 46 Time (days) 578 Getting electricity (rank) 10
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 145 Time (days) 115 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 45.94
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 7 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 46 Time (days) 635 Getting electricity (rank) 23
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 220 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business ST VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES Latin america & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 6,
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 101 Time (days) 92 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 57.23
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 1 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 44 Time (days) 394 Getting electricity (rank) 8
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 163 Time (days) 270 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 1. 3 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 40.43
Cost(%of warehouse value) 4. 5 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 53 Time (days) 810 Getting electricity (rank) 136
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 184 Time (days) 223 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 28.84
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 44 Time (days) 1,
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 221 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business SWAZILAND Sub-saharan africa GNI per capita (US$) 3,
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 173 Time (days) 96 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 42.1 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 36.37 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 2. 9 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 956 Getting electricity (rank) 140 Protecting
Time (days) 116 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 72.43 Cost(%of warehouse value) 2. 4 Credit registry coverage
index (0 8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 22 Time (days) 154 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 26.3 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 72.20 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 0. 7 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 32 Time (days) 390 Getting electricity (rank) 5 Protecting
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 222 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC Middle east & North africa GNI
information index (0 8) 2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 175 Time (days) NO PRACTICE Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100
) 35.17 Cost(%of warehouse value) NO PRACTICE Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 7. 7 Procedures (number) 55 Time (days) 872 Getting electricity (rank) 76 Protecting
) 93 Time (days) 93 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 87.9 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 57.75 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 4 Credit registry
coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 45 Time (days) 510 Getting electricity (rank) 2 Protecting minority investors (rank) 30 Cost(%of claim
) 228 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 7. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 67.42 Cost(%of warehouse value) 1. 9 Credit registry coverage(%of adults
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 223 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business TANZANIA Sub-saharan africa GNI per capita (US$) 630 Ease of doing business rank (1
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 45 Time (days) 205 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 6 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 66.17
Cost(%of warehouse value) 8. 1 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 515 Getting electricity (rank) 87
) 25 Time (days) 113 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 52.7 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 70.05 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 1 Credit registry
coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 440 Getting electricity (rank) 12 Protecting minority investors (rank) 25 Cost(%of claim
8) 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 189 Time (days) 207 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 3. 59 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 0. 3 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 5. 7 Procedures (number) 51 Time (days) 1
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 224 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business TOGO Sub-saharan africa GNI per capita (US$) 530
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 134 Time (days) 165 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 49.65
Cost(%of warehouse value) 16.0 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 3. 0 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 588 Getting electricity (rank) 134 Protecting
) 48 Time (days) 62 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 12.3 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 65.65 Cost(%of warehouse value) 1. 9 Credit registry
coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 37 Time (days) 350 Getting electricity (rank) 35 Protecting minority investors (rank) 161 Cost(%of claim
Enforcing contracts (rank) 180 Time (days) 250 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 67.4 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 32.27 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 1
Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 42 Time (days) 1 340 Getting electricity (rank) 21 Protecting minority investors (rank) 62 Cost(%of claim) 33.5 DTF score for getting electricity (0 100) 88.18
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 225 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business TUNISIA Middle east & North africa GNI per capita (US$) 4,
(days) 93 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 60.96 Cost(%of warehouse value) 2. 6 Credit registry coverage
index (0 8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 38 Time (days) 169 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 67.92
Cost(%of warehouse value) 3. 5 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 63.6 Procedures (number) 35 Time (days) 420 Getting electricity (rank) 34 Protecting
(0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 80 Time (days) 154 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 4. 9 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 60.48 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 11.7 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 490 Getting electricity (rank) 184 Protecting minority
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 226 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business UKRAINE Europe & Central asia GNI per capita (US$) 3,
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 43 Time (days) 64 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 48.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 66.25 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 10.2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 30 Time (days) 378 Getting electricity (rank) 185 Protecting minority
(rank) 121 Time (days) 44 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 28.3 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 52.52 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 2 Credit
registry coverage(%of adults) 6. 8 Procedures (number) 49 Time (days) 524 Getting electricity (rank) 4 Protecting minority investors (rank) 43 Cost
index (0 8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 36 Time (days) 105 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 68.08 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 1. 2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 29 Time (days) 437 Getting electricity (rank) 70 Protecting
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 227 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business UNITED STATES OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 53,670 Ease
index (0 8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 41 Time (days) 78.6 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 67.26 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 1. 0 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 33.6 Time (days) 420 Getting electricity (rank) 61 Protecting
index (0 8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 106 Time (days) 251 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 100.0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 56.59 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 0. 8 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 84.6 Procedures (number) 40 Time (days) 725 Getting electricity (rank) 39 Protecting minority
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 28 Time (days) 160 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 17.8 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 69.47 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 1. 7 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 41 Time (days) 195 Getting electricity (rank) 145 Protecting
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 228 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business VANUATU East asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 3,
index (0 8) 3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 77 Time (days) 55 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 6. 8 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 61.20
Cost(%of warehouse value) 8. 4 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 30 Time (days) 430 Getting electricity (rank) 115
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 79 Time (days) 380 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 28.7 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 60.89 Cost
(%of warehouse value) 1. 2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 30 Time (days) 610 Getting electricity (rank) 155 Protecting
(rank) 47 Time (days) 114 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 1. 4 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 65.89 Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 7
Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 41.8 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 400 Getting electricity (rank) 135 Protecting minority investors (rank) 117 Cost
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 229 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business WEST BANK AND GAZA Middle east & North africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 105 Time (days) 82 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 56.65
Cost(%of warehouse value) 19.6 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 9. 0 Procedures (number) 44 Time (days) 540 Getting electricity (rank) 83 Protecting
index (0 8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 85 Time (days) 184 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 58.82
Cost(%of warehouse value) 0. 9 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 1. 2 Procedures (number) 36 Time (days) 645 Getting electricity (rank) 122
index (0 8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 98 Time (days) 208 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 7. 3 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 57.53
Cost(%of warehouse value) 3. 2 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 35 Time (days) 611 Getting electricity rank) 126
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. 230 DOING BUSINESS 2015 Reform making it easier to do business Change making it more difficult to do business ZIMBABWE Sub-saharan africa GNI per capita (US$) 820
index (0 8) 3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 157 Time (days) 448 Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 5. 8 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0 100) 43.25
Cost(%of warehouse value) 7. 7 Credit registry coverage(%of adults) 0. 0 Procedures (number) 38 Time (days) 410 Getting electricity (rank) 153
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. Note: For resolving insolvency, an economy for which no practice is recorded for time
except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average for the 2 largest business cities.
See the data notes for more details. Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency Labor market regulation data Employment regulations are unquestionably necessary.
They are needed to protect workers from arbitrary or unfair treatment and to ensure efficient contracting between employers and workers.
World bank 2012.232 DOING BUSINESS 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua and barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Difficulty of hiring Fixed
No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 233 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Bahamas, The Bahrain Bangladesh (Dhaka) Bangladesh (Chittagong) Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Difficulty
Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No 234 DOING BUSINESS 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Boliviah Bosnia and herzegovina Botswana Brazil (São paulo) Brazil (Rio de janeiro) Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina faso Burundi Cabo Verde
Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 235 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Cambodia Cameroon Canada Central african republic Chad Chile China (Shanghai) China (Beijing) Colombia Comoros Difficulty
Yes Yes Yes Yes No 236 DOING BUSINESS 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep. Costa rica Côte d'ivoire Croatia Cyprus Czech republic Denmark Djibouti Dominica Difficulty of hiring Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks?
No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 237 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Dominican republic Ecuador Egypt, Arab Rep. El salvador Equatorial guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland Difficulty
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No 238 DOING BUSINESS 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA France Gabon Gambia,
Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 239 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Guinea-bissau Guyana Haiti Honduras Hong kong SAR, China Hungary Iceland India (Mumbai) India (Delhi
Yes No Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 240 DOING BUSINESS 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Indonesia (Surabaya) Iran,
Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 241 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, Rep. Kosovo Kuwait Kyrgyz Republic Lao PDR Latvia Lebanon
No No No Yes 242 DOING BUSINESS 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Lesotho Liberia Libya Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia,
Yes Yes LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 243 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Mali Malta Marshall islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico (Mexico city) Mexico (Monterrey) Micronesia, Fed.
Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 244 DOING BUSINESS 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New zealand Nicaragua Niger Difficulty of hiring Fixed-term
Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 245 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Nigeria (Lagos) Nigeria (Kano) Norway Oman Pakistan (Karachi) Pakistan (Lahore) Palau Panama Papua new guinea
Yes 246 DOING BUSINESS 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto rico (U s.)Qatar Romania Russian Federation (Moscow) Russian Federation (St petersburg
Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 247 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Samoa San marino São tomé and Príncipe Saudi arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra leone Singapore Slovak Republic Difficulty
No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 248 DOING BUSINESS 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Slovenia Solomon islands South africa South Sudan Spain Sri lanka St kitts and nevis St lucia St vincent
Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 249 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taiwan, China Tajikistan Tanzania Thailand Timor
No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 250 DOING BUSINESS 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Togo Tonga Trinidad and tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United arab emirates United kingdom United states (New york city) Difficulty of hiring Fixed
Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 251 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA United states (Los angeles) Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela, RBH Vietnam West bank and Gaza Yemen, Rep. Zambia
. Whether compulsory before redundancy. g. No Doing Business data are available(..for some economies. h. Some answers are not applicable (n. a.)for economies where dismissal due to redundancy is disallowed.
Doing Business database. Doing Business 2015 Going Beyond Efficiency Acknowledgments Data collection and analysis for Doing Business 2015 were conducted by a team led by Rita Ramalho (Manager,
Doing Business) under the general direction of Augusto Lopez-Claros (Director, Global Indicators Group, Development Economics).
and support of Indermit Gill and Melissa Johns. The online service of the Doing Business database is managed by Andres Baquero Franco, Varun Doiphode, Arun Chakravarthi Nageswaran, Kunal Patel, Mohan Pathapati,
Contact details for local partners are available on the Doing Business website at http://www. doingbusiness. org.
Janota Nzogi EDEL-EP Eduardo Paiva PWC ANGOLA Joaquim Piedade UNICARGAS Luis Filipe Pizarro Gervasio Simao INTEL Beatriz Calcida Soares
Marie Barambona UNIVERSITÉ DU BURUNDI Adolphe Birehanisenge AGENCE DE PROMOTION DES INVESTISSEMENTS Jean Marie Bukware API-BURUNDI Ange Gakundwakazi
Sim Hongseang VDB LOI Rutherford Hubbard VDB LOI Phalla Im CBD PARTNER & CONSULTANCY Chhorpornpisey Keo ACLEDA BANK PLC.
OFFICE, MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI Bing Zhai JUN HE LAW OFFICE, MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI Sarah Zhang HOGAN LOVELLS Yi Zhang KING & WOOD
BUSINESS INFORMATION CENTER Sandra Svaljek CENTRAL CITY ADMINISTRATION OF ZAGREB Marin Svic PRALJAK & SVIC Zoran Tasic CMS LEGAL Zrinka Terlep ZAGREB COMMERCIAL COURT
INFORMATION SYSTEMS LTD. Irene Anastassiou DR. K. CHRYSOSTOMIDES & CO. LLC Anaxagoras Anaxagora DEMOS ANAXAGORAS LTD.
-MEMBER OF RUSSELL BEDFORD INTERNATIONAL Lefteris S. Eleftheriou CYPRUS INVESTMENT PROMOTION AGENCY Elena Frixou ARTEMIS BANK INFORMATION SYSTEMS LTD.
BANK INFORMATION SYSTEMS LTD. Stelios Stylianou ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY OF CYPRUS Criton Tornaritis TORNARITIS LAW FIRM Stelios Triantafyllides ANTIS TRIANTAFYLLIDES & SONS LLC Irene Tziakouri PWC CYPRUS Amalia
Saarits BNT ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW ADVOKAADIBÜROO OÜ Piret Saartee CENTRE OF REGISTERS & INFORMATION SYSTEMS Katrin Sarap MAQS LAW FIRM ESTONIA TALLINN Martin-Kaspar Sild
LAWYERS Delores Elliott DATA BUREAU (FIJI) LIMITED Lawrence Fung MUNRO LEYS Dilip Jamnadas JAMNADAS AND ASSOCIATES Jerome Kado PWC FIJI Viren
SHIPPING Abhi Ram COMPANIES REGISTRAR Kamal Reddy GIBSON FREIGHT INTERNATIONAL Muni Reddy GIBSON FREIGHT INTERNATIONAL Ronlyn Sahib SIWATIBAU & SLOAN Jagindar
Jean-Marc Dufour FRANCE ECOMMERCE INTERNATIONAL Odile Dupeyré LUSIS AVOCATS Philippe Durand LANDWELL & ASSOCIÉS Benoit Fauvelet BANQUE DE FRANCE Jean-Pierre Ferret
CRAFTSMEN AND MERCHANTS Eleni Dikonimaki TEIRESIAS SA-BANK INFORMATION SYSTEMS Panagiotis Drakopoulos DRAKOPOULOS LAW FIRM Anastasia Dritsa KYRIAKIDES GEORGOPOULOS LAW FIRM Alkiviadis Feresidis MINISTRY
RAM & MCRAE CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS Edward Luckhoo LUCKHOO & LUCKHOO Alexis Monize GUYANA OFFICE FOR INVESTMENT Harry Noel Narine PKF INTERNATIONAL Charlie Ogle MINISTRY OF LABOUR
, HUMAN SERVICES AND SOCIAL SECURITY Alvin Parag PAS CARGO GUYANA INC (PAS CARGO GROUP) Carolyn Paul AMICE LEGAL CONSULTANTS INC. Christopher Ram
RAM & MCRAE CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS Vishwamint Ramnarine PFK BARCELLOS, NARINE & CO. Albert Rodrigues RODRIGUES ARCHITECTS LTD.
Eddy M. Leks LEKS & CO. Fintje Lumembang PT PLN (PERSERO), EAST JAVA DISTRIBUTION Noorfina Luthfiany BANK INDONESIA Sontang C. Mamurung
EAST JAVA DISTRIBUTION Budi Pangestu PT PLN (PERSERO), EAST JAVA DISTRIBUTION Ivor Pasaribu LEKS & CO. Pelopor NATIONAL LAND AGENCY Ay
Daniel Singerman BUSINESS DATA ISRAEL+PERSONAL CHECK Eran Taussig BALTER, GUTH, ALONI LLP Eylam Weiss WEISS-PORAT & CO. Zeev Weiss WEISS
NISHIMURA & ASAHI Tamotsu Inami TEIKOKU DATABANK Ruriko Iwase ATSUMI & SAKAI Nicholas R. Jesson OHARA LAW OFFICE Tomomi Kagawa CREDIT INFORMATION CENTER
Junichiro Matsuo CREDIT INFORMATION CENTER CORP. Nobuaki Matsuoka OSAKA INTERNATIONAL LAW OFFICES Nomuaki Matsuoka OSAKA INTERNATIONAL LAW OFFICES Katsuhito Matsuura MAERSK LINE Nakano
CUSTOMS SERVICE Kyoung Soo Chang SHIN & KIM Yoonyoung Chang HWANG MOK PARK PC Hyeong-Tae Cho SAMIL PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS Jeong-Hun Cho
KOREA CUSTOMS SERVICE Ji Won Choi HWANG MOK PARK PC Sung-Soo Choi KIM & CHANG Han-Jun Chon SAMIL PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS Eui
YOON & YANG LLC Yong-Seong Kim SOJONG PARTNERS Yoon Young Kim HWANG MOK PARK PC Youn
HWANG MOK PARK PC Seyung Park SOJONG PARTNERS Soo-Hwan Park SAMIL PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS Yong Seok Park SHIN & KIM Seung Min
Roh HWANG MOK PARK PC Minah Seo HWANG MOK PARK PC Mi-Jin Shin KIM & CHANG Philippe Shin SHIN & KIM
LAW FIRM Bakytbek Djusupbekov DEPARTMENT OF CADASTRE AND REGISTRATION OF RIGHTS ON IMMOVABLE PROPERTY Samara Dumanaeva LORENZ INTERNATIONAL LAW FIRM Asel Dzhamankulova AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION RULE OF LAW
MUKHTAR, KELBASH & ELGHARABLI Ali Naser LIBYAN CREDIT INFORMATION CENTER Abuejila Saif Annaser SAIF ANNASER LAW OFFICE Muftah Saif Annaser SAIF ANNASER
. BM Dhungana B&b ASSOCIATES-CORRESPONDENT FIRM OF RUSSELL BEDFORD INTERNATIONAL Shirshak Ghimire PRADHAN & ASSOCIATES Tika Ram Ghimire MINISTRY OF LAND REFORM AND MANAGEMENT Sunil
Nab Raj Subedi MINISTRY OF LAND REFORM AND MANAGEMENT Ram Chandra Subedi APEX LAW CHAMBER Krishna Suwal PRADHAN & ASSOCIATES Mahesh Kumar Thapa SINHA VERMA
& DATA BUREAU LIMITED Nigel Merrick WARNER SHAND LAWYERS LAE Vaughan Mills ALLENS ARTHUR ROBINSON Antonia Nohou PWC PAPUA NEW GUINEA Lou Pipi
SA BUSINESS & LAW BLOG ENERGY REGULATORY OFFICE PWC POLAND Michal Anastasiu KANCELARIA PRAWA GOSPODARCZEGO I EKOLOGICZNEGO DR BARTOSZ DRANIEWICZ Celestyna Barganska
PC Rafiq Jaffer AL TAMIMI & COMPANY ADVOCATES & LEGAL CONSULTANTS Kristen M. Jarvis Johnson PATTON BOGGS LLP Upuli Kasthuriarachchi PWC QATAR Pradeep Kumar DIAMOND SHIPPING SERVICES Frank Lucente
) SA Debora Cenni STUDIO LEGALE E NOTARILE Alberto Chezzi STUDIO CHEZZI Simone Gatti WORLD LINE Giovanni Guerra TELECOM ITALIA SAN MARINO S
MATTEO MULARONI-IN ASSOCIAZIONE CON BUSSOLETTI NUZZO & ASSOCIATI Cesare Pisani TELECOM ITALIA SAN MARINO S. P. A. Roberto Ragini ANTAO PROGETTI S. P
-Ching Lai JOINT CREDIT INFORMATION CENTER En Fan Lan PRIMORDIAL LAW FIRM Vivian lee HUANG & PARTNERS Yu Lee TAIPEI CITY GOVERNMENT John Li
LCS & PARTNERS Che-Wei Liang JUDICIAL YUAN Justin Liang BAKER & MCKENZIE Lawerence Liao YANGMING PARTNERS Jeffrey Lin JOINT CREDIT INFORMATION CENTER
Kien Lin JOINT CREDIT INFORMATION CENTER Ming-Yen Lin DEEP & FAR, ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW Nelson J. Lin HUANG & PARTNERS Rich Lin LCS
LORD DALGETY OF THE ELECTRICITY COMMISSION Delores Elliott DATA BUREAU (TONGA) LIMITED Taniela Fonna KRAMER AUSENCO TONGA Anthony Frazier Taaniela Kula MINISTRY
EST. M. Zeeshan Ahmed ARBROS FOREST RESOURCES Makhdoom Ahmed VERACOR PRINTING PRESS LLC Yakud Ahmed ORCHID GULF Kiran Ahuja UNILEVER UAE
& LEGAL CONSULTANTS Yusuf Rafiudeen DUBAI ELECTRICITY AND WATER AUTHORITY Mangat Ram ABBAS JUMA CLEARING
Gordon PETER D. GORDON AND ASSOCIATES William Gould TROYGOULD PC Boris Grosman L & B ELECTRICAL INTERNATIONAL Joseph Gulino DIAZ REUS & TARG
Hallem MANATT, PHELPS & PHILLIPS, LLP Donald Hamman STUART KANE Frank Hernandez YUSEN LOGISTICS Conan Higgins TSI LEGAL ENTERPRISES, PC Sanford
Hillsberg TROYGOULD PC Mark Hirzel LOS ANGELES CUSTOMS BROKERS & FREIGHT FORWARDERS ASSOCIATION INC. Steven Horowitz CLEARY GOTTLIEB STEEN & HAMILTON LLP Nancy Israel LAW OFFICE OF NANCY D. ISRAEL Nicole Jadelrab BLAQK
LOS ANGELES DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING SAFETY Kevin Mcdonnell JEFFER MANGELS BUTLER & MITCHELL LLP (JMBM) Todd Mclawhorn MCLAWHORN LAW OFFICES PC Alene Mcmahon
Dietrick Miller TROYGOULD PC Kerry Mohan SEYFARTH SHAW LLP Kelly J. Murray PWC UNITED STATES David Newberg COLLIER, HALPERN, NEWBERG, NOLLETTI,
MILLIKEN, CLARK, O'HARA & SAMUELIAN Malhar Pagay PACHULSKI STANG ZIEHL & JONES LLP Darrell Pierce DYKEMA Shanen Prout BLY LAW, PC Angela
Darryl Wilson Olga Zalomiy LAW OFFICES OF OLGA ZALOMIY, PC URUGUAY GRAETZ NUÑEZ SUPERINTENDENCIA DE SERVICIOS FINANCIEROS-BANCO CENTRAL DEL URUGUAY Lucía
DATA BUREAU (VANUATU) LIMITED Anthony Frazier Didier Hamel-Landry CABINET AJC, AN INDEPENDENT CORRESPONDENT MEMBER OF DFK INTERNATIONAL David Hudson HUDSON & SUGDEN
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