Synopsis:
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(Focus) Eunika Mercier-Laurent-The Innovation Biosphere_ Planet and Brains in the Digital Era-Wiley-ISTE (2015).pdf
2015933946 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from The british Library ISBN 978-1-84821-556-6 Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...
1 1. 2. Computer sciences, the Internet and mass media...7 1. 2. 1. Example of applying environmental principles...
11 1. 2. 2. Artificial intelligence...17 1. 3. Medicine and biotechnologies...23 1. 3. 1. Human spare parts and augmented human...
the founder of Machine learning as a Science. Foreword Innovation Biosphere is a very interesting title for a new book intended to raise thoughts beyond the ordinary.
Open Innovation 2. 0. Living Labs (or any open innovation ecosystem) interlinked with other same-minded sites can be very powerful drivers for large-scale solutions engaging all stakeholders.
Advertisement-based business models empowered by Internet make customers unhappy with what they have and push them to buy something newer and better right now (consumerism).
For example, The french service in artificial intelligence was the best in the world in the early 1990s.
The quick development of technology also has social impacts, such as isolation in ubiquitous screens, virtual friends,
and theft of time and personal data. Advertisements cultivate the attitude of needing and games influence behavior.
We wish to popularize the use of artificial intelligence approaches and techniques with the aim to conceive user-friendly and useful applications that can really help humans in their work instead of replacing them
Architecture Design Project project for designing a new generation computer network architecture supported by the National Institute of Information and Communications technology (NICT) of Japan ANR:
Cisco systems. Available at: http://www. cisco. com/CRM: Customer Relation Management CSR: Corporate Social Responsibility EC:
Measures total income received by a country's residents within a given period IBM: International business machines IC:
Organization conducting studies in the field of broadcasting and telecommunications. Available at: http://www. idate. org INRETS:
Information technology LCPC: Laboratoire central des ponts et chaussées MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development P2p:
Product Service System RFID: Radio frequency identification Abbreviations and Acronyms xxiii RITA: Réseau d'Innovation et de Transfert Agricole (Network for Innovation and Agriculture Transfer (CIRAD) SMS:
Short Message Service STI: Science, Technology and Industry UAV: Unmanned aerial vehicle 1 Innovation Landscape and Fields 1. 1. From intensive industrialization to intensive innovation:
Today, a few non-governmental organizations (NGOS) are trying to draw the attention of consumers on the possible harmful effects of genetically modified organisms (GMOS), cell phone antennas and nanotechnologies.
It is also pitting water-intensive businesses such as the Intel Corp.'s China unit and bottling plants of Coca-cola Co. against growing urban use
Although many companies display their initiatives on their corporate websites only a few are seriously practicing it.
The Google business model based on advertisements generates intellectual and visual pollution and is an important theft of time time to find how to close the advertisement window
and later the Internet, shortened distances between places and people, created new opportunities for businesses,
and optimization software with the aim to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emission. The new Airbus A350 is conceived to save 25%of fuel.
Optimization techniques, such as constraint programming, are helpful for route allocation. The choice of aircraft model is made according to the number of passengers or loads.
The concern of energy providers and information technology (IT) application designers is on clean and renewable energies, such as wind turbines, solar energy and biogas.
The invention of the computer and the quick development of computer science has had a very significant impact on our lives. 1. 2. Computer science, the Internet and mass media Computers
Computers in all forms are everywhere and it is often difficult to imagine life without them.
multimedia and the Internet have conquered all the categories of users. The smartphones have became powerful computers in our pocket/hands.
The Internet has opened the highway to the world of information and knowledge, amplified commerce, offered distance learning to all,
helped people to communicate and become clever in communication in order to become leaders. People share their knowledge through Wikipedia, blogs and social networks.
Advertisers have understood the advantages of this tool and all the services it provides very quickly. Every click and like is tracked
The Internet and Web 2. 0 services may have created a lot of opportunities, but they have opened also a highway for cyber-criminality.
Social networks may be used to build or destroy reputations. Influence on behavior from bad to good is one of the most important challenges of the 21st Century;
smithsonian. com) The satellites and the spread of the Internet and mobile devices, smartphones and tablets have led to a veritable deluge of data, further accelerating the move toward the Internet of things.
mobile, cloud and big data DIG 12. The topics of Digiworld 2013 were connected objects, video as a service, digital malls and digital money, smart city and digital living, future Internet and games.
In 2014, they chose mobility reloaded as the main topic3. Big data offers unified access to information.
It allows the large-scale dissemination, analysis and use of data for the benefit of consumers and citizens.
Analytics are used mainly to find information in large amounts of data. Other techniques of knowledge discovery, such as neural networks, genetic algorithms, induction or other multistrategy machine learning hybrid tools PIA 91
are available but underused. Due to sensors and embedded software, objects are becoming increasingly interactive. It is possible, for example,
to get them talk to each other or switch them on remotely. This radical upheaval opens up the prospect of cost and resource savings.
Computer simulation makes a direct contribution to an economy's progress in terms of sustainability issues, particularly with regard to environmental protection, the scarcity of raw materials and the emergence of a low-carbon economy.
Smart city ambition is offering their inhabitants increased comfort, employment and economic development. The Future Internet focuses on new network architectures and more useroriented services.
Among the objectives are: increasing the speed and storage capacity, integration of connected objects, malicious programs detection,
machine to machine-machine (M2m) communication and Internet-enabled innovation. We could hope for a disruptive innovation, for example biometrics instead of logging and password,
According to Google Product Manager, their undersea fiber optical cable system needs extra protection because of shark attacks.
For that, Google cables are being wrapped in Kevlar-like material to prevent shark bites from damaging the line.
Why do sharks seem drawn to the data cables that rest on the ocean floor? Do they feel attacked?
3 http://www. digiworldsummit. com. 10 The Innovation Biosphere Google has evolved from search engine to many other services related to data collected from users
or captured from other organizations (geographic information system, satellites, etc.).Their vision, strategy and innovation attitude have been fruitful in possession of a huge amount of data they have become the master of the world through data, the new capital.
Their advertisement-based business model is copied around the world but their ethics should be reviewed it is impossible to see a video on Youtube without losing 30 s,
to search an item or topic without being tracked with the aim to show us over 90%of irrelevant advertisement.
as well as various comparators working for companies that pay for the number of clicks on their websites;
Social networks, especially Facebook, are another contributor to big data. All these data are stored in data centers that must be powered and cooled.
The first European data center of Facebook was established in Luleå, Sweden. Figure 1. 3 presents its energetic architecture.
Figure 1. 3. Facebook Luleå data center, Sweden This provides Facebook center local job creation and impacts the regional economy.
Concerning the environmental aspects they mention the Innovation Landscape and Fields 11 availability of cheap,
green electricity from hydropower and a cold climate that allows them to use outside air for cooling.
It lets them remove 70%of the diesel units for backup power compared to the same facility in the USA.
The cold climate also makes it possible to cool the thousands of servers by cold air from the environment.
For cooling, Facebook has developed its own technology. This center reuses the know-how and technology of Prineville, Oregon.
Another ethic of publishing on Facebook may considerably decrease the need for big data. Google are said to use 50%less energy than the typical data center.
Designed to best use the natural environment and conditions, they use outside air and sea water in cold climates (Hamina,
In 2010, they started buying renewable energy from wind farms near their data centers. Google also developed a machine-learning algorithm (artificial intelligence (AI)) that learns from operational data to model plant performance
and predict power usage effectiveness GOO 14. Energy efficiency of data centers and green IT are emerging as some of the most critical environmental challenges to be faced because of the increasing yet unprecedented trend in digitization of business processes,
such as online banking, e-government, e-health and digital entertainment. The worldwide data centers CO2 emissions achieve about half of the overall airlines'CO2 emission GAM 10.
What is the percentage of useful information in these data centers? How many times the same or similar data including the same pictures are registered in different databases?
If only we could verify before registering and make link instead of multiple storing of the same object,
it will certainly decrease the need for energy, cooling and environmental impact of data centers. 1. 2. 1. Example of applying environmental principles Bull,
a French computer company founded in 1931, applies CSR and sustainable development principles and makes efforts for innovating in computer
and software design and reducing the environmental impact of data centers. 12 The Innovation Biosphere The main challenge for IT companies is eco-efficient IT with economical use of raw materials, low energy consumption and an emphasis on recyclability.
IT must also be capable of helping other industries progress more quickly with their own challenges
such as social innovation, business transformation and the quest for long-term prosperity BUL 13. Bull offer includes big data, the cloud, green IT and digital simulation.
The latter is very useful for creating a greener innovation it allows us to simulate the potential impact before transformation
and to virtually try several possibilities to finally choose the most accurate one MER 11.
Their concern is to increase eco-efficiency of data centers and of control over the environmental impacts, green IT for energy challenges and IT for change in response to sustainability issues.
data center calories are recovered now to heat offices at the site. The new modular outsourcing center opened in 2013 is targeting a high level of energy efficiency.
The Bull home eco-designed supercomputer ROMEO was ranked fifth in the world for energy performance in the Green 500 list (http://www. green500. org/.
/By designing energy-efficient servers, Bull is committed toward innovation at all levels: components, power supply, cooling and load management.
%It makes it possible to operate the servers'power modules in the optimal part of their yield curve (40 90%)and to save on energy consumption by the inverters.
Bull's various enterprise servers share many advanced energy-saving features, such as dynamic management of the energy envelope of critical applications, dynamic management of the load supply function and the extensive use of low-consumption components.
By giving them a second life as spare parts or complete systems this service reduces annual recycling volumes
and allows older equipment in need of spare parts to be kept in service control operations at its data centers
These doors are situated directly behind the server cabinets, dissipating heat before it is released into the room.
Replacing hardware in place for several years with new models can provide energy savings of up to 40%.
%The consolidation or extreme virtualization of equipment makes it possible to do more with less, thereby taking the potential saving as high as 60%,if not higher.
This experience helps reuse the available software modules and designers'know-how. In the automotive (and aviation) industry, supercomputers are used to design vehicles incorporating new forms
and materials that reduce consumption. At the same time, combustion engine simulation can also be used to reduce emissions.
The involvement of Bull in health care focuses on patient management and quick diagnosis. The latest technological advances, such as highperformance computing (HPC), big data, M2m, cloud, security and mobility
pooling and outsourcing 14 The Innovation Biosphere of resources, development of outpatient medicine and telemedicine, rapid growth in secure storage needs, secure data processing and sharing, patient modeling and virtualization, personalized
and mass data simulation for medical research. The connected objects may serve to dynamically control energy consumption
irobot. com) Innovation Landscape and Fields 15 In Cloud technology, the server's power is shared
if all U s. business users shifted their email, productivity software, and CRM software to the cloud, the primary energy footprint of these software applications might be reduced by as much as 87,
%or 326 Petajoules. That's enough primary energy to generate the electricity used by the City of Los angeles each year (23 billion kilowatt-hours) MAS 13.
NOTE. this study was sponsored by Google offering cloud services. We can certainly improve these results
In fact, CRM software contains confidential information about clients (customer capital), and companies are not keen to use cloud for processing.
They are afraid to use clouds for processing of their specific activity supporting software because they do not trust the cloud security system.
They train their users to monitor energy metrics and carbon savings. In France, in the past 40 years, the population has increased by 10 millions of people.
The continuous improvement of electronic equipment, such as computers, mobile phones, TV, in-car electronics, cameras and game consoles, led to reduce the power consumption
As a result, we often have to change our devices because the hardware, operating system, applications, interfaces,
According to scientific studies5, our cell phones may cause brain tumors. Today, cell phones, tablets, consoles and other devices are in the living room;
this second screen is said to be necessary. Many are playing for hours on these devices.
Addiction to cell phones CIS 14, games and social networks is rampant in Generations Y and Z. The workers from Generation Y use three screens.
According to the Cisco study, two-thirds have taken phone calls in the car while driving. Many of Gen YZ talk with virtual friends and live in isolation.
Social networks, in particular Facebook, as well as online games, have a strong impact on the culture of communication
increasing this way a need for storage of data. They have to respect a code of conduct.
on the Internet, may seriously influence the young and less young players. Another consequence may be obesity because of the lack of physical activity.
Our smartphones and tablets are manufactured from parts made in the Far east that are transported then thousands of kilometers into the countries buying them.
Some of the smartphones'companies, such as Nokia and Sony, are collecting obsolete devices from the users.
Sims Recycling Solutions in Eindhoven recycles 60,000 tons of electronic waste annually a third of which is in the form of monitors and televisions,
and plays a leading role in reusing of components such as computers or telephone equipment that are not yet at the end of their lifecycle. 5 http://www. cancer. gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/cellphones.
Innovation Landscape and Fields 17 Figure 1. 5. Electronic devices to recycle (source: http://eco18. com/minimize-electronic-waste-to-help-protect-the-environment/)The most efficient process within the company is automated an machine,
which is able to recover almost 100%of metal and glass from a conveyor full of TV's and monitors.
The recycled glass is so clean that it is reusable for new televisions. Also, plastic recycling is becoming more sophisticated achieving levels of almost 85%recoverability.
and scalable devices (Lego-like devices) with the aim to reduce the environmental impact. 1. 2. 2. Artificial intelligence For many, AI means robots.
and techniques that are embedded now into many decision support systems, diagnostic and simulation tools, educational software, innovative electronic commerce,
data, text and image mining tools, creativity amplifiers, robots and drones, etc. mostly not eco-designed MER 11, MER 13a.
IT limits to data and information processing, whereas AI is about knowledge thinking and problem-solving.
The fact that Google bought the drones-maker Titan Aerospace is not insignificant. Drones also serve a military purpose that targets people, not always terrorists.
for example tracking the user of a smartphone to suggest they buy or visit objects available in their area.
Smartphones and future devices embedded with machine-learning techniques will learn from real-time Innovation Landscape and Fields 21 interactions with the user and not from navigation (too many errors) or a published profile only.
computer science, social science, physics, biology, engineering, design, architecture and philosophy. A strong multidisciplinary and collaborative approach is the key requirement for large-scale technology innovation and the development of effective applications8.
This generation is referred often to through embedded systems. In embedded systems, the emphasis tends to be more on the computational elements,
and less on an intense link between the computational and physical elements. 1. 2. 2. 1. Security systems With growing threats such as terrorism,
the fire department or dispatching a response team to the emergency site. Camera records are analyzed to identify the offenders.
Its popularity has been increasing greatly in recent years due to much higher affordability and simplicity through smartphone and tablet connectivity.
The Internet of things facilitates taking control of all connected objects from outside using a smartphone. The challenge for companies is to install this automation in every home
by consequence, much of the available software and products are not intuitive or really user-friendly.
Service providers via the Internet, such as railways and others, change their user's interface, without asking them;
Search engines lack relevancy and flexibility. Ecosia is supposed to be an eco-engine, but it also adopted the advertisement-based business model.
The users of Microsoft, Google, Ecosia and others have to set a search language, which will limit the results of search to the chosen language.
A majority of software designers implement trees thinking. For example, the BMW navigation system includes a voice interface following tree logic,
Computer access control by logins and passwords will be replaced by biometric recognition system. Three-dimensional (3d printers, invented in the 1980s, are able to print a 3d object of almost any shape from a 3d model or other electronic data source primarily through an additive process in
which successive layers of material are laid down under computer control. 3d printers, which may be considered as industrial robots,
allow rapid prototyping in many areas. Organic and printed electronics become a reality. The Technology Partnership Vista has the ability to 3d print a wide range of both inorganic and organic matter
The decreasing price of 3d printers now allows their use in areas such as design STA 14 or in kitchens9. 1. 3. Medicine and biotechnologies Electronics,
Internet has facilitated the exchange of medical data and experiences. Health care practices are supported now by electronic processes and communication (ehealth.
health information systems offering an electronic agenda for appointments, as well as medical research survey for medical staff.
The Internet's quick access to the patients'data is useful in an emergency, but it may also be used maliciously.
and controlled by specific software. Besides these technological solutions security, privacy and acceptance will be considered to ensure that the proposed solutions fit the requirement of older and dependent persons,
and requires collaboration between the future users, computer science and IT as well as from the social sciences. Ambient assisted living involves technologies such as sensors, specific equipment, robotics, user interaction (multimodal interfaces) and simulation platforms.
but their Innovation Landscape and Fields 31 safety remains to be demonstrated (see http://www. batiactu. com/edito/lesnanomateriaux-se-repandent-dans-le-batiment-38128. php).
Researchers point out the absence of data related to the risk of the skin contact or the ingestion of nanoparticles BAT 14.
IBM launched its Smarter planet offer in 2010, repackaging their products to eco-applications such as energy optimization or water management.
In this game, the winners are still the same large companies such as IBM (Smarter Planet), CISCO (Smart Connected Communities) and General electric,
such as intellectual and social, traditional and digital communication, natural resources and quality of life, and innovates continuously for the sustainable success of all participants.
For example, in Japan, companies such as IBM, Panasonic, Tokyo Gas and Accenture are focusing on making solar energy a more crucial element in suburban planning.
Smart city is an intensive user of ICT, intelligent technology, big data, connected objects and others.
Intelligent image mining systems can help to monitor what is happening. The exodus of people looking for jobs from village to town
although this is not clearly mentioned in their website. 16 http://www. wisecity. hk/project. Innovation Landscape and Fields 41 1. 7. Tourism and business travel
The ICT offers a very good quality of videoconferencing and other distance communication tools, but paradoxically, it has decreased not the business travels.
Smart carpets control cleaning robots via radio frequency identification (RFID)( Vorwerk transform harmful substances into harmless steam and carbon dioxide (duraair.
Intelligent-wear (I-wear) textile integrates a solar power heating, flexible keyboard (ski gloves) and sensors TEX 09.
Microsoft diversifies to lingerie they develop a smart bra to monitor stress and discourage emotional eating19.
Wearable devices (source: http://www. wearabledevices. com) The quick business and avidity changed the human values and ethics.
For example, French scientists have studied the influence of the smartphone on the human brain over a period of 5 years
from a local market to the global one; from sustainable products to planned obsolescence and we thereby created new problems to solve.
A plethora of services were born due to the Internet and smartphone. Technologyempowered communication, television (TV), cinema, video games, writing and creation of other cultural assets changed the need for skills.
Culture is one of the biggest employers in Europe. We moved from factories to offices.
m-learning (mobile) and e-commerce work is becoming e-work and m-work. The first and second industrial revolution paradigm is no longer valid,
If Douglas Engelbart, the inventor of the computer mouse could be paid per clicks, he would have been immensely rich3.
Xerox invented the foundations of modern information systems, but they were never commercially successful with what they invented.
/2 http://www. millau-viaduc-tourisme. co. uk/.3 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pay per click. 52 The Innovation Biosphere for success?
and computers may play in the whole process, and especially in evaluation of five-dimensional (5d) impacts and preservation of innovation biosphere.
computers and robots and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, ecosphere and sociosphere;
Designers of products have all the necessary knowledge to be used for related services, for example, software training.
however, the sectors of tertiary, such as entertainment, telecommunication services, cinema, creative and cultural industry, health, tourism, restaurants, banking and insurance, are concerned also with innovation involving knowledge about clients BEY 13.
as in the case of Internet of things or connected objects. The acceptation by the user PUB 14 and time-to-market are vital.
Each subject of core curricula is taught by specialized professors (geography history, mathematics, etc. and there is not enough time allocated to collaborative projects (problem-solving),
However, their Website does not publish how many successful matches and long-term collaborations were initiated through this event.
Google recently announced their diagnostic system using nanotechnology inside the human body for early detection of diseases.
Or about noninvasive enzyme screen for cancer detecting the presence of a matrix metalloproteinase in urine samples obtained from a patient MOS 04?
limited to professional software, organizational Website, Intranet, social network and office tools. Often, the management of cultural aspects is limited to diversity management (mandatory),
because this Environment Social Culture Technology=social networks Economy Environment Social Culture Technology Economy Innovation Ecosystems 69 element is evaluated not for ranking
and using more ICT for it, such as machine to machine-machine communication, visualization, optimization and decision support.
Most computer science training teaches how to think about data (classifying things), whereas artificial intelligence enables us to learn how to think about knowledge (problem-solving).
In this frame of mind, Allen Newell NEW 82 has proposed a new way of modeling knowledge to make it comprehensible by computers:
conceptual modeling independent of the implementation. Thinking about a concept is not easy; it requires a capacity of abstraction.
Elements of knowledge are found in electronic and paper documents, on the Web, in different computers and other mobile devices, in Clouds, in design, decision and diagnostics support systems as well.
intelligently assisted by computers in all its forms MER 11. Suitable organization and management of knowledge flow generated by innovation activities remains a sine qua non condition of the success. The efficiency of the innovation process depends on how all this knowledge
Endowed with the right technology, such a flow has the potential to create collaborative human computer alliances using the best capacity of both.
Computers, which are programmed to use the knowledge approach can play various roles in the innovation process:
a business intelligence specialist; a consistency and constraint controller; a simulator to see before doing; a design assistant;
Equipped with artificial intelligence techniques, computers can think, solve problems, become experts and accumulate a collective experience, under the condition that we transfer to them the relative knowledge and the necessary reasoning and learning techniques.
The triggering factors favoring this vision are imagination, intelligence, intuition, knowledge of the mankind, of human activities in individual contexts, in company/organization and social contexts, of behaviors and motivations.
cheaper workers finder Practitioner of the e-co-innovation culture Financial Estimation of ROI (return on investment) Measuring the capacity to innovate and the of tangible and intangible benefits and values Computer user Planning,
Mobile phone transmitters are pointed also out as a potential cause of Cancer cell phones emit radio frequency energy,
which can be absorbed by tissues closest to where the phone is held. The amount of radio frequency energy that a cell phone user is exposed to depends on the technology of the phone
the distance between the phone's antenna and the user, the extent and type of use,
and the user's distance from cell phone towers. According to the National Cancer Institute, studies thus far have not shown a consistent link between cell phone use and cancers of the brain, nerves,
or other tissues of the head or neck. More research is needed because cell phone technology
and how people use cell phones have been changing rapidly 11. In some cases, a sophisticated simulation system based on the collection of multidisciplinary knowledge may help understand the impact and consequences.
A distinction between an useful innovation and one that simply allows one to make money could help us better. 11 http://www. cancer. gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/cellphones.
Another potential barrier is the lack of social appropriation by potential users and the fear of novelty. iphone,
Washing machines, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, computers, smartphones and many others were accepted immediately. While three-dimensional (3d printer is extremely useful for prototyping, quickly providing spare parts,
even organs when appropriate, do we really want to have printed a 3d pizza? Time-to-market is a traditional barrier for innovation.
This communication is practiced mostly in professional social networks used to evaluate the person who talks instead of creating synergies
health, buying behaviors in the Google or Facebook servers without any possibility to control them by tracked persons?
What are the current challenges that can be faced by innovation? 3 Challenges and Innovation Policies 3. 1. Challenges for the next decades Despite the extraordinary advancement of technology and apparent improvement of human's condition, the world is still facing many serious challenges
Their method uses data thinking and a model with 30 variables; the progress is presented only by comparing the values variable by variable.
The Industrial Leadership program aims at renewing industry through information technologies (ITS), nanotechnologies, advanced materials, Challenges and Innovation Policies 87 advanced manufacturing and processing,
Their information systems are programmed not for effective and relevant matching of offer and demand. They need to be revisited,
http://www. europatriates. eu/index. php/en/)Jobs creation remains just a desire without providing the appropriate ecosystem and necessary conditions for the development of existing companies and creation of new companies.
According to Brynjolfsson and Mcafee BRY 11, increases in jobs corresponds to increases in productivity, but technological progress are eliminating the need for many types of jobs.
Brynjolfsson and Mcafee call it the great decoupling. Finally, Brynjolfsson says that he is confident that technology is behind both the healthy growth in productivity and the weak growth in jobs.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is pointed also out for destroying jobs robots are replacing humans FOR 13. According to Ford, advances in AI and robotics will have significant implications for evolving economic systems.
According to Ford, computers and machines are increasingly taking on intellectual tasks and, in the long run, all high-end,
Machine learning, one of the primary techniques used in the development of IBM's Watson, is in essence a way to use statistical analysis of historical data to transform seemingly non-routine tasks into routine operations that can be computerized.
As progress continues, it seems certain that more and more jobs and tasks will move from the‘nonroutine'column to the‘routine'column,
Big data will be used to give organizations a competitive advantage in terms of marketing and customer relationships; lawyers will be displaced by e-discovery software that can rapidly determine which electronic documents are relevant to court cases;
sports and business writing have already been automated. Increased automation is taking hold in the fast food and beverage industry
Supermarkets are offering services of mobile phone payement. To avoid the long lines, shoppers can just scan barcodes of the items they are picking out
The role of IT (including AI) is to teach the synergy between human computers and other intelligent machines and how to combine the best of both capabilities to help humans in their activities and increase their well-being.
the valuation of big data. These challenges can be seen as seven critical pillars to initiate in France the process of long-term prosperity and employment.
15 are concerned with exploring big data, 13 others address the personalized medicine and 10 are concerned with energy storing.
One participant plans matching public employment data with those from companies to create a decision support system dedicated to both recruiters and jobseekers.
These challenges should be addressed by applicants to various calls published on the website of the Agency.
Those related to IT Energy efficiency of Data centers, and Green IT in general, are emerging as some of the most critical environmental challenges to be faced.
The artificial intelligence techniques may provide an efficient help without however switching-off the users'brain.
There is a need for interface designers more than for programmers and for useful applications such as intelligent anti-spam and intelligent and accurate search from image or talent finding.
Innocentive crowdsources innovative solutions from the world's smartest people with the aim to provide ideas and solutions to important businesses and address social
Their global network of problem solvers and cloud-based innovation management platform help their clients in quick matching of offer and demand.
and Earth science data recently made available on the Open NASA Earth Exchange (Opennex) platform on Amazon web services (AWS) in new and creative ways;
For example, the seeker can design an image processing algorithm to automatically/semiautomatically perform segmentation on stacks of images of the esophagus. 2 https://www. innocentive. com/ar/challenge.
This policy analysis and measurement use a data approach and are based on statistic methods, and not on real knowledge about the current situation.
the Appendix on French Policy was elaborated by the UK consultant who gathered available information on the web without checking the real situation in service innovation policy.
Challenges and Innovation Policies 101 A large amount of documents on innovation policy are available on the website of the EU;
and to Member States and regions is a core dimension of our work. We also coordinate the implementation of the Innovation Union actions under the responsibility of General Directory for Enterprise & Industry.
Including 5 http://i3s. ec. europa. eu/commitment/39. html. 6 http://www. knowledge4innovation. eu/.106 The Innovation Biosphere the Internet,
Providing fast and ultrafast Internet to match world leaders such as South korea and Japan, Europe needs download rates of 30 Mbps for all of its citizens and at least 50%of European households subscribing to the Internet connections above 100 Mbps by 2020;
2) providing new public digital service infrastructures through Connecting Europe Facility financial instruments; 3) launching Grand Coalition on Digital Skills and Jobs (in IT) in the face of a critical shortfall of talented ICT experts.
6) accelerating cloud computing through public sector buying power; 7) launching new electronics industrial strategy an Airbus of Chips.
Future Internet Research and Experimentation Development research programs have been funded by the EU to foster research on the future developments of the Internet architecture, technology and services.
tools supporting collaborative business models and social network applications; technologies ensuring the robustness and security of the networks, managing identities,
approaches and tools to leverage the full potential of the Internet of things; skills for supporting the creation, sharing, locating and delivery of newmedia content.
The Future Internet Initiatives and activities are grouped in the EC portal http://www. future-internet. eu. 108 The Innovation Biosphere 3. 3. 1. 4. European Open Innovation Strategy
Information technology will play a special role because IT can supply the necessary connectivity and enable social networking among innovators
and the communities they serve OPE 14. Challenges and Innovation Policies 111 This statement does not take into account the necessary conditions to influence such collaborations,
A second core characteristic of the OI2 paradigm is the use of the quadruple helix model where government, industry,
and research and €19 billion for the industries of tomorrow, including the support of SMES, technologies for sustainable development and digital economy.
energy storage, recycling of rare metals, exploration of sea resources, vegetable proteins and plant chemistry, personalized medicine, silver economy and longevity and valorization of Big data.
They are in charge of the direction, programming and facilitation of research in their areas of expertise:
This Big data generated over the past 30 years is the innovation treasure of Europe, but should be empowered by an intelligent engine allowing the efficient finding of the relevant information
water and energy management are led by IBM and CISCO, leaving no room for innovative SMES. They need more promotion to let them grow.
The EU website offers a who is who facility9. The search engine facilitates consulting in three ways:
by person, by organizational entity (directorate or department) and by hierarchical order. This base content is limited to those who are with the EU. It will be nice to add to political leadership the EC practical leadership
as well as the contribution of open data to the smartness of growing cities. 124 The Innovation Biosphere Numerous initiatives supported by the EU programs are described in Research*eu Results Magazine1.
and how does the Internet of things increase personal heath and job creation? 3 http://www. innovationecologies. com/the-regional-innovation-index/.
Their offer relies on CDMA6 mobile phone voice and data communication, primarily via Verizon Wireless in the United states and Bell Mobility in Canada,
/6 Code division multiple access. 128 The Innovation Biosphere The Hewlett packard (HP) Living Progress report is excellent for the image of the firm.
HP claims to practice sustainable supply chain, protecting personal data and providing their technology for medical care to remote villages in India.
HP Life E-learning offers free information technology (IT) training. Nevertheless, they can do better in reducing environmental impact by smarter managing of printing tools and supplies.
Involving customers may improve their real impact; the possibility to send feedback is given only using their multiple choice survey
IBM began the Smarter Planet program in 2010. Their main objective was to reposition their offer in the field of energy and water management.
but because of a core desire to aloha‘aina to show love for and connect intimately with the environment in the valley
such as the vast digital systems and man machine interactions that are made possible by the Internet.
TOK 10 The way of thinking, methodology and working environment established at Sony CSL optimizes the efficient and effective use of computers by scientists in their efforts to understand the past,
To deal with information overload, new representations allow people to assimilate data in a simpler way not only through the use of existing visual channels,
Computer vision, medical imaging and machine learning deal with highdimensional, noisy and heterogeneous datasets that are inherently non-Euclidean.
Econophysics, a new field of science, tackles the analysis of economic data based on a methodology developed in physics.
Comic computing uses a graphic art form and interaction technique that combines text and images to represent a story
and provides the user with nonconventional communication systems which are more interesting and visual. Human computer integration teams explore the technology able to expand the capacities of mankind that leads to human augmentation.
The scope of augmentation is considered in terms of intellectual cognitive and physical capacities. This research group develops
and experiments wearable computers that can recognize the user's line of sight, the realization of out of body experience viewpoints and capacity-expanded telepresence.
A multidisciplinary approach ranging from computer science to molecular biology, integrating knowledge from the East and the West, is applied in this research.
and improve human computer interaction and gaming. Such systems are resilient to noise perceptual deviation, ambiguity and unorthodox language use.
For occupants of Synthetic Space, transforming the makeup of the surrounding built environment will be as easy as changing the wallpaper image on a present-day personal computer (PC.
and analyzes health data of administrative (billing) and lab results to detect care gaps and neglected patients.
Sony Corporation, Sony Computer Entertainment and other Sony group companies as well as some external companies) and commercialized.
Experimentations and Results 135 The Sony CSL Paris center focuses on personal music experience, developmental cognitive robots, self-organizing communication systems and sustainable environment simulation.
They have launched a number of projects to raise awareness about the issues through volunteer computing for climate modeling
Though supporting and operating programs in three core mission the foundation strives to nurture the future leaders of Qatar.
and covers biology and medicine, social sciences and humanities, energy and transport, environment and society, IT and telecommunications,
there are four on smart cities, two on the Future Internet, two involving crossborder and cross-sector collaboration, two on user-centered design, one on big data,
one dealing with game design and serious gaming and one involving education and creative industry.
and Future Internet Technologies to address the sustainability issues of a city and blends technological and social innovation.
Its objective was to deploy convergent Future Internet platforms and services for the promotion of sustainable lifestyles in and across emergent networks of smart peripheral cities in Europe
Its Open Service Convergence Platform, an Internet by and for the People, extends and enhances the Save Energy project's Social Information Architecture, integrating key new components sensor networks, real-time 3d and mobile location-based services with the Future Internet
(FI) paradigms of Internet of things, Internet of Services and Internet of People. It defines five Arenas specific urban spaces:
Smart Neighborhood: where media-based social interaction occurs; 8 http://www. openlivinglabs. eu/.9 http://www. peripheria. eu. Experimentations and Results 139 Smart Street:
Moreover, young people are playing a lot with video games instead of reading books. Finally, gaming or playing must be taken seriously between activities of teaching
Sign bases are made with multimedia technologies (3d, High-definition television (HDTV)), which are the best means for showing examples from teachers
On the machine learning side it is called formalization (intension concept acquisition) or classification (extension class construction.
and computer sides converge for codesigning e-services with ICT on a Creativity Platform and therefore enhance the sharing of live subjective interpretations with Semiotic Web,
which is the Web of signs rather than the Web of objective things, i e. the Semantic web.
Experimentations and Results 141 Figure 4. 2. Instrumental e-learning service codesigned on a Creativity Platform CON 12 This project reuses the experience from previous Vibrant FP7 program
(http://vbrant. eu) supporting the development of virtual research communities involved in biodiversity science for managing biodiversity data on the Web using biologists and computer scientists.
The Open Living Lab Knowledge Centre has been opened to share knowledge and experiences among developers researchers and other stakeholders of the living labs. Enoll members meet on a regular basis and continue to collaborate,
it has been applied by a few software companies practicing innovation with clients through the initiatives such as User's Clubs MER 11.
and biometric information registered in a database. UID branded as Aadhaar guarantees only a person's identity, not rights, benefits or entitlements.
When completed, it will probably be the world's largest single-entity biometric database. This initiative is both technological and social.
The other cases described in the Open Innovation Yearbook 2014 are about innovation networks such as Oulu Innovation Alliance, Big data exploration, smart urban lighting and innovative services for lawyers.
The operating model is facilitated the core process (or set of processes) that translate the operating principles into concrete action and tangible results.
connected with the organization's core issues and the daily work practice of its personnel (relevancy),
The DG Environment website offers access to the base of Good Practice. As usual, the access to this base follows the traditional IT logic access by area,
Curiously, none offer 3d printers for printing spare parts instead of recycling. The Wellmet 2050 project is exploring five options for steel and aluminium:
buildings could be made with a solid steel core and renovations only of add-on components such as windows.
Some companies such as Bouygues telecom organize Open Days to show their innovations and get feedback from visitors.
Companies in this area have set a Website http://www. le-sentier-paris. com/to be stronger together
Some of the supported companies have been bought by Twitter or Intralinks; experimenting new forms of collaboration,
Run in France since 2005 by Silicon Sentier and FING, joined in 2010 by the Mobile Marketing Association France,
and in partnership with Orange, Blackberry and Figaro, Mobile Monday Paris celebrated its 35th year at the Mobile World Congress 2010 at The french Pavilion.
Web 2. 0 services are modifying the whole landscape everything becomes virtual e-and connected.
What is the backup in the case we lack energy? Social networks connect people that decide common useful actions, 158 The Innovation Biosphere but also influence them.
More initiatives come from connected citizens themselves: to develop social and military economies, to buy directly from producers,
The Internet facilitates finding, but it does not contain all knowledge from the past, lost, because of the lack of transfer.
However, the creativity should be guided by a human computers planet balance. By focusing on tangible values, people forgot to respect each other.
new professions fixing, cleaning, greening and three-dimensional (3d printing. In general, innovation produces a solution for a given problem or challenge,
The Internet facilitates access to information only if someone registered it. There are many books and patents that nobody has read for different reasons, such as publication language or simply lack of interest in the past.
Even computing would take its cue from nature, with software that‘evolves'solutions, and hardware that uses the lock-and-key paradigm to compute by touch BEN 97.
But such way of considering things requires curiosity and motivations other than money. To face today's challenges,
we can learn from our environment from dolphins: how to communicate in water; from prairies:
The aeronautic industry uses honeycomb panels to build planes that are stronger and lighter and thus use less fuel CRO 09.
Each ommatidium is composed of a lens (172 microns), combined with an electronic pixel (30 microns.
and Sustainable Success 173 The American house spider (Parasteatoda tepidariorum) produces a web with adhesion that can be strong enough to stick to a wall
The spider anchors its web to a wall, a ceiling or a similar surface by weaving highly adhesive patches of silk called scaffolding disks,
gumfoot disks allow the web to detach with ease and yank off the ground any prey that has walked into it.
Eyes on the screens full of various applications and advertisements, headphones in the ears, wearing fitness and health devices, guided by connected objects,
and its context that may influence a solution. 3g (generation) organization of innovation may be more successful than 1g only.
Software designed with the users helps instead of perturbing them. Customers and pilot users may provide considerable help all along the innovation lifecycle.
and evolving IC management systems empowered by analogy-based search engines and natural language processing. Such an effective job finder is also a new profession.
Big data is collected from devices; we will be able to create our own apps and smart analytics to use them
Publishing on the Internet is free but Rifkin's book is not on https://creativecommons. org
Rifkin is a very good example of using the Internet for his own promotion but in reality, there are people who talk
managed by the almighty Google, a world full of devices and brainless people driven by technology. 182 The Innovation Biosphere To face the crisis,
big data versus world knowledge base. It is time to switch from quick business, having more and to show what we have to an awareness about the beauty
sometimes interesting books are not on the Web. Anticipate your contribution to the above translator.
ALP 14 ALPENIA A.,Google's Nanotechnology, Red herring, available at http://www. redherring. com/hardware/googles-nanotechnology-microsoft-bandhp-goes-3d/,2 november 2014.
available at http://www. batiactu. com/edito/les-nanomateriaux-se-repandent-dans-le-batiment-38128-p2. php, 2014.
BER 09 BERTRAND J. A.,Home movie, available at https://www. youtube. com/watch? v=jqxenmkaecu, 2009.
BLE 08 BLED DECLARATION, Future internet, available at http://www. futureinternet. eu/publications/bled-declaration. html, 2008.
BLO 10 BLOOMBERG NEWS, available at http://www. bloomberg. com/news/2010-05-25/china-india-water-shortage-means-coca-cola-joins-intel
. com/sites/default/files/140618cpdrone. pdf, 2012. BOU 14 BOUYGUES TELECOM, History of home automation, Domotique.
Quand l'habitat devient smart available at http://innovations. bouyguestelecom. fr/dossiers/domotique-quand-l-habitat-devient-smart, 2014.
Bibliography 187 BOY 12 BOYAN S.,How the oceans can clean themselves, available at https://www. youtube. com/watch?
BRY 11 BRYNJOLFSSON E.,MCAFEE A.,Race Against The Machine: How the Digital Revolution is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity,
CAS 13 CASADO C.,VIDAL E.,Planned obsolescence, available at https://www. youtube. com/watch?
semiotic web as a new paradigm for teaching and learning in the future internet, in MERCIER-LAURENT E.,BOULANGER D. eds), Artificial intelligence for Knowledge management, Revised Selected Papers, Springer IFIP AICT 422, pp. 170 188,2012.
CRG 15 COUNCIL FOR RESPONSIBLE GENETICS, available at http://www. councilforresponsiblegenetics. org/Viewpage. aspx? pageid=102,2015.
CRO 09 CROSS D. N.,The use of honeycomb panels in engineering applications, Conference on Composite materials, Ciba-geigy, available at http://www. saimm. co. za/Conferences
. igbp. net/download/18.316f18321323470177580001401/NL41. pdf, 2000. CUR 13 CURLEY M.,SALMELIN B.,Open Innovation 2. 0:
DVI 08 DVIR R.,Openfutures an operating system for future centers, Innovation Ecology, available at http://innovationecology. com/Publications/open-futures. html, 2008.
of 14 december 2012, http://ec. europa. eu/research/participants/data/ref/fp7/132141/hwp-201301 en. pdf. EUR 13 EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Europe in Changing World:
EUR 14 EUROPATRIATES, available at http://www. europatriates. eu/index. php/en/,2014. EVR 14 EVRARD O.,POINTURIER F.,YUICHI O. et al.
FAN 64 FANTOMAS CAR, available at https://www. youtube. com/watch? v=roxq TOAOR0I, 1964.
Could artificial intelligence create an unemployment crisis? Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), vol. 56, no. 7, pp 37 39,2013, available at http://cacm. acm. org/.
/FOS 12 FOSTER J. B.,The planetary emergency, available at http://monthlyreview. org/2012/12/01/the-planetary-emergency, 2012.
GOO 14 GOOGLE GREEN, Designing efficient data centers, http://www. google. com/green/efficiency/datacenters/,2014.
critical assessment of the use of analogies to derive best-estimates from existing nonspecific data, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol. 136, pp. 152 161, October 2014.
JOY 14 JOYEUX H.,Changez d'alimentation, 7th ed.,Editions du Rocher, available at his blog http://www. professeur-joyeux. com, 2014.
the New world of 3d printing, Wiley, 2013.194 The Innovation Biosphere KIN 10 KING D.,The future of industrial biorefineries, World Economic Forum, available at http://www3. weforum
The energy efficiency potential of cloud-based software: a U s. case study, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, available at http://crd. lbl. gov/assets/pubs presos/ACS/cloud efficiency study. pdf, June 2013.
example of eco-design process, Federated Conference on Computer science and Information systems, Krakow, Poland, 2013. MER 13b MERCIER-LAURENT E.,Innovating corporate management:
Bibliography 195 MOL 13 MOLITCH-HOU M.,3d printing Breakthrough Yields Organic and Inorganic Multimaterial, Vista Printhead, available at 3dprintingindustry. com, 6 september 2013.
MOS 04 MOSES M. A.,FREEMAN M. R.,VIEDERSCHAIN D.,Noninvasive enzyme screen for cancer, Patent no. 6811 95 B1, 2004.
MPO 14 MPOFU T. P.,MAVERE C.,MUKOSERA M.,The Impact and Application of 3d printing Technology, International Journal of Science and Research, vol. 3, no. 6
documentary on the intelligence of plants, National, available at https://www. youtube. com/watch? v=Nex6st7 rexs, August 2014.
Arcgis server application keeps public informed of city projects, ESRI, available at http://www. esri. com/news/arcuser/0708/folsom. html, Spring 2008.
NEW 82 NEWELL A.,The knowledge level, Artificial intelligence, vol. 18,1982. OEC 05a OECD, Definition of biotechnology, available at http://www. oecd. org/sti/biotech/statisticaldefinitionofbiotechnology. htm, 2005.
OEC 05b OECD, Oslo Manual, Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, 3rd ed.,2005.
OEC 14a OECD, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2014 OECD Publishing, 12,november 2014, doi: 10.1787/sti outlook-2014-en.
PIA 91 PIATESKI G.,FRAWLEY W.,Knowledge discovery in Databases, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991. PLA 14 PLANETOSCOPE, available at http://www. planetoscope. com/Avion/109-nombre-de-vols-d-avions-dans-le-monde. html, 2014.
RIF 14 RIFKIN J.,The Zero Marginal cost Society, The Internet of things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
The evolution of technology, communication and cognition towards the future of human computer interaction, Ambient Intelligence, Emerging Communication, IOS Press, vol. 6, available at http://www. neurovr. org/emerging
SAR 13 SARWAR M.,SOOMRO T. R.,Impact of smartphone's on society, European Journal of Scientific research, vol. 98, no. 2, pp. 216 226, March 2013.
SLA 12 SLAT B.,How the oceans can clean themselves TEDXDELFT, available at https://www. youtube. com/watch?
-D printing for Bespoke design, available at http://blogs. wsj. com/digits/2014/04/11/philippe-starck-betting-on-3-d-printing-forbespoke-design/,2014.
SUT 11 SUTCLIFFE H.,Report on responsible research and innovation, available at http://ec. europa. eu/research/science-society/document library/pdf 06/rri-reporthilary
From Understanding Principles to Solving Problems, IOS Pr Inc, 2010, TOK 15 TOKORO M.,The Second International Symposium on Open Energy Systems, DCOES:
, 181 business model, 107 innovation, 62,126, 155 intelligence, 64,72, 113 watch, 79 computer science, 7 11,21, 26,69, 132 computers, 7, 13,15, 16,52
132,138 141,145, 149,150, 160,161 curiosity, 73,164, 168,174 customers, 13,55, 62,71, 77,79, 124,128, 143,153, 163,177 cyber-physical systems, 21 D data centers
97,101, 119,128, 130,153, 177 funding, 60,61, 75,86, 91,104, 108,116, 118,120, 125,141, 148,152, 177 future centers, 65,114 150 internet, 9, 107,138
service, 55,79, 99,101, 121,144, 152,153, 173 social, 12,43, 55,79, 101,120, 121,124, 138,152, 153 intangible benefits, 52,68, 78,173, 176 intelligence artificial intelligence
indicators, 176 knowledge discovery, 9 ecology, 54 economy 47,55, 70,73, 123 cultivators, 60,63, 64,137, 178 management, 46,67, 71,103, 139 processing, 177 knowledge-based systems, 99 Kohala Center, 128
M n o machine learning, 9, 11,20, 90,131, 140 market global, 5, 154 marketplace, 6 measuring benefits, 78 79 mind of plants, 165 167
, 14,16, 17,34, 82,91, 94,117, 124,150, 151,152, 158,159, 163,174, 179 water footprint, 155 Web, 7, 71,94, 99,140, 141,157, 172,183 well-being, 25,38
Modeling Software EHS volume 5 The objective of this book is to heighten awareness about the necessity to take into account the impact of innovation,
We wish to popularize the use of artificial intelligence approaches and techniques in order to conceive friendly and useful applications that aid humans in their work instead of replacing them
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