Computer

Computer components (2601)
Computer console (9)
Computer game (45)
Computer industry (522)
Computer literacy (12)
Computer program (4373)
Computer scientists (128)
Computer simulation (153)
Computer system (53)
Computers (1745)

Synopsis: Ict: Computer:

The quick development of technology also has social impacts, such as isolation in ubiquitous screens, virtual friends,

Measures total income received by a country's residents within a given period IBM: International business machines IC:

It is also pitting water-intensive businesses such as the Intel Corp.'s China unit and bottling plants of Coca-cola Co. against growing urban use

and optimization software with the aim to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emission. The new Airbus A350 is conceived to save 25%of fuel.

The invention of the computer and the quick development of computer science has had a very significant impact on our lives. 1. 2. Computer science, the Internet and mass media Computers

Computers in all forms are everywhere and it is often difficult to imagine life without them.

The smartphones have became powerful computers in our pocket/hands. The Internet has opened the highway to the world of information

smithsonian. com) The satellites and the spread of the Internet and mobile devices, smartphones and tablets have led to a veritable deluge of data, further accelerating the move toward the Internet of things.

Due to sensors and embedded software, objects are becoming increasingly interactive. It is possible, for example, to get them talk to each other

Computer simulation makes a direct contribution to an economy's progress in terms of sustainability issues, particularly with regard to environmental protection, the scarcity of raw materials and the emergence of a low-carbon economy.

3 http://www. digiworldsummit. com. 10 The Innovation Biosphere Google has evolved from search engine to many other services related to data collected from users

The cold climate also makes it possible to cool the thousands of servers by cold air from the environment.

a French computer company founded in 1931, applies CSR and sustainable development principles and makes efforts for innovating in computer

and software design and reducing the environmental impact of data centers. 12 The Innovation Biosphere The main challenge for IT companies is eco-efficient IT with economical use of raw materials, low energy consumption and an emphasis on recyclability.

IT must also be capable of helping other industries progress more quickly with their own challenges

The Bull home eco-designed supercomputer ROMEO was ranked fifth in the world for energy performance in the Green 500 list (http://www. green500. org/.

/By designing energy-efficient servers, Bull is committed toward innovation at all levels: components, power supply, cooling and load management.

%It makes it possible to operate the servers'power modules in the optimal part of their yield curve (40 90%)and to save on energy consumption by the inverters.

Bull's various enterprise servers share many advanced energy-saving features, such as dynamic management of the energy envelope of critical applications, dynamic management of the load supply function and the extensive use of low-consumption components.

By giving them a second life as spare parts or complete systems this service reduces annual recycling volumes

These doors are situated directly behind the server cabinets, dissipating heat before it is released into the room.

Replacing hardware in place for several years with new models can provide energy savings of up to 40%.

%The consolidation or extreme virtualization of equipment makes it possible to do more with less, thereby taking the potential saving as high as 60%,if not higher.

This experience helps reuse the available software modules and designers'know-how. In the automotive (and aviation) industry, supercomputers are used to design vehicles incorporating new forms

and materials that reduce consumption. At the same time, combustion engine simulation can also be used to reduce emissions.

pooling and outsourcing 14 The Innovation Biosphere of resources, development of outpatient medicine and telemedicine, rapid growth in secure storage needs, secure data processing and sharing, patient modeling and virtualization, personalized

irobot. com) Innovation Landscape and Fields 15 In Cloud technology, the server's power is shared

if all U s. business users shifted their email, productivity software, and CRM software to the cloud, the primary energy footprint of these software applications might be reduced by as much as 87,

%or 326 Petajoules. That's enough primary energy to generate the electricity used by the City of Los angeles each year (23 billion kilowatt-hours) MAS 13.

In fact, CRM software contains confidential information about clients (customer capital), and companies are not keen to use cloud for processing.

They are afraid to use clouds for processing of their specific activity supporting software because they do not trust the cloud security system.

They train their users to monitor energy metrics and carbon savings. In France, in the past 40 years, the population has increased by 10 millions of people.

The continuous improvement of electronic equipment, such as computers, mobile phones, TV, in-car electronics, cameras and game consoles, led to reduce the power consumption

As a result, we often have to change our devices because the hardware, operating system, applications, interfaces,

Today, cell phones, tablets, consoles and other devices are in the living room; this second screen is said to be necessary.

Many are playing for hours on these devices. Addiction to cell phones CIS 14, games and social networks is rampant in Generations Y and Z. The workers from Generation Y use three screens.

According to the Cisco study, two-thirds have taken phone calls in the car while driving. Many of Gen YZ talk with virtual friends and live in isolation.

Our smartphones and tablets are manufactured from parts made in the Far east that are transported then thousands of kilometers into the countries buying them.

a third of which is in the form of monitors and televisions, and plays a leading role in reusing of components such as computers

or telephone equipment that are not yet at the end of their lifecycle. 5 http://www. cancer. gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/cellphones.

which is able to recover almost 100%of metal and glass from a conveyor full of TV's and monitors.

and techniques that are embedded now into many decision support systems, diagnostic and simulation tools, educational software, innovative electronic commerce,

This generation is referred often to through embedded systems. In embedded systems, the emphasis tends to be more on the computational elements,

and less on an intense link between the computational and physical elements. 1. 2. 2. 1. Security systems With growing threats such as terrorism,

Its popularity has been increasing greatly in recent years due to much higher affordability and simplicity through smartphone and tablet connectivity.

by consequence, much of the available software and products are not intuitive or really user-friendly.

Search engines lack relevancy and flexibility. Ecosia is supposed to be an eco-engine, but it also adopted the advertisement-based business model.

The users of Microsoft, Google, Ecosia and others have to set a search language, which will limit the results of search to the chosen language.

A majority of software designers implement trees thinking. For example, the BMW navigation system includes a voice interface following tree logic,

Computer access control by logins and passwords will be replaced by biometric recognition system. Three-dimensional (3d printers, invented in the 1980s, are able to print a 3d object of almost any shape from a 3d model or other electronic data source primarily through an additive process in

which successive layers of material are laid down under computer control. 3d printers, which may be considered as industrial robots,

allow rapid prototyping in many areas. Organic and printed electronics become a reality. The Technology Partnership Vista has the ability to 3d print a wide range of both inorganic and organic matter

The decreasing price of 3d printers now allows their use in areas such as design STA 14 or in kitchens9. 1. 3. Medicine and biotechnologies Electronics,

and controlled by specific software. Besides these technological solutions security, privacy and acceptance will be considered to ensure that the proposed solutions fit the requirement of older and dependent persons,

IBM launched its Smarter planet offer in 2010, repackaging their products to eco-applications such as energy optimization or water management.

In this game, the winners are still the same large companies such as IBM (Smarter Planet), CISCO (Smart Connected Communities) and General electric,

For example, in Japan, companies such as IBM, Panasonic, Tokyo Gas and Accenture are focusing on making solar energy a more crucial element in suburban planning.

Intelligent image mining systems can help to monitor what is happening. The exodus of people looking for jobs from village to town

Intelligent-wear (I-wear) textile integrates a solar power heating, flexible keyboard (ski gloves) and sensors TEX 09.

Microsoft diversifies to lingerie they develop a smart bra to monitor stress and discourage emotional eating19.

Technologyempowered communication, television (TV), cinema, video games, writing and creation of other cultural assets changed the need for skills.

If Douglas Engelbart, the inventor of the computer mouse could be paid per clicks, he would have been immensely rich3.

and computers may play in the whole process, and especially in evaluation of five-dimensional (5d) impacts and preservation of innovation biosphere.

computers and robots and their relationships, including their interaction with the elements of the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, ecosphere and sociosphere;

Designers of products have all the necessary knowledge to be used for related services, for example, software training.

Each subject of core curricula is taught by specialized professors (geography history, mathematics, etc. and there is not enough time allocated to collaborative projects (problem-solving),

Or about noninvasive enzyme screen for cancer detecting the presence of a matrix metalloproteinase in urine samples obtained from a patient MOS 04?

limited to professional software, organizational Website, Intranet, social network and office tools. Often, the management of cultural aspects is limited to diversity management (mandatory),

In this frame of mind, Allen Newell NEW 82 has proposed a new way of modeling knowledge to make it comprehensible by computers:

Elements of knowledge are found in electronic and paper documents, on the Web, in different computers and other mobile devices, in Clouds, in design, decision and diagnostics support systems as well.

intelligently assisted by computers in all its forms MER 11. Suitable organization and management of knowledge flow generated by innovation activities remains a sine qua non condition of the success. The efficiency of the innovation process depends on how all this knowledge

Computers, which are programmed to use the knowledge approach can play various roles in the innovation process:

computers can think, solve problems, become experts and accumulate a collective experience, under the condition that we transfer to them the relative knowledge and the necessary reasoning and learning techniques.

cheaper workers finder Practitioner of the e-co-innovation culture Financial Estimation of ROI (return on investment) Measuring the capacity to innovate and the of tangible and intangible benefits and values Computer user Planning,

Washing machines, refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, computers, smartphones and many others were accepted immediately. While three-dimensional (3d printer is extremely useful for prototyping, quickly providing spare parts,

even organs when appropriate, do we really want to have printed a 3d pizza? Time-to-market is a traditional barrier for innovation.

or Facebook servers without any possibility to control them by tracked persons? What are the current challenges that can be faced by innovation?

According to Brynjolfsson and Mcafee BRY 11, increases in jobs corresponds to increases in productivity, but technological progress are eliminating the need for many types of jobs.

Brynjolfsson and Mcafee call it the great decoupling. Finally, Brynjolfsson says that he is confident that technology is behind both the healthy growth in productivity and the weak growth in jobs.

According to Ford, computers and machines are increasingly taking on intellectual tasks and, in the long run, all high-end,

Machine learning, one of the primary techniques used in the development of IBM's Watson, is in essence a way to use statistical analysis of historical data to transform seemingly non-routine tasks into routine operations that can be computerized.

lawyers will be displaced by e-discovery software that can rapidly determine which electronic documents are relevant to court cases;

There is a need for interface designers more than for programmers and for useful applications such as intelligent anti-spam and intelligent and accurate search from image or talent finding.

and to Member States and regions is a core dimension of our work. We also coordinate the implementation of the Innovation Union actions under the responsibility of General Directory for Enterprise & Industry.

A second core characteristic of the OI2 paradigm is the use of the quadruple helix model where government, industry,

water and energy management are led by IBM and CISCO, leaving no room for innovative SMES. They need more promotion to let them grow.

The search engine facilitates consulting in three ways: by person, by organizational entity (directorate or department) and by hierarchical order.

Nevertheless, they can do better in reducing environmental impact by smarter managing of printing tools and supplies.

IBM began the Smarter Planet program in 2010. Their main objective was to reposition their offer in the field of energy and water management.

but because of a core desire to aloha‘aina to show love for and connect intimately with the environment in the valley

TOK 10 The way of thinking, methodology and working environment established at Sony CSL optimizes the efficient and effective use of computers by scientists in their efforts to understand the past,

Computer vision, medical imaging and machine learning deal with highdimensional, noisy and heterogeneous datasets that are inherently non-Euclidean.

For occupants of Synthetic Space, transforming the makeup of the surrounding built environment will be as easy as changing the wallpaper image on a present-day personal computer (PC.

Sony Corporation, Sony Computer Entertainment and other Sony group companies as well as some external companies) and commercialized.

Though supporting and operating programs in three core mission the foundation strives to nurture the future leaders of Qatar.

Moreover, young people are playing a lot with video games instead of reading books. Finally, gaming or playing must be taken seriously between activities of teaching

and computer sides converge for codesigning e-services with ICT on a Creativity Platform and therefore enhance the sharing of live subjective interpretations with Semiotic Web,

(http://vbrant. eu) supporting the development of virtual research communities involved in biodiversity science for managing biodiversity data on the Web using biologists and computer scientists.

it has been applied by a few software companies practicing innovation with clients through the initiatives such as User's Clubs MER 11.

The operating model is facilitated the core process (or set of processes) that translate the operating principles into concrete action and tangible results.

connected with the organization's core issues and the daily work practice of its personnel (relevancy),

Curiously, none offer 3d printers for printing spare parts instead of recycling. The Wellmet 2050 project is exploring five options for steel and aluminium:

buildings could be made with a solid steel core and renovations only of add-on components such as windows.

new professions fixing, cleaning, greening and three-dimensional (3d printing. In general, innovation produces a solution for a given problem or challenge,

with software that‘evolves'solutions, and hardware that uses the lock-and-key paradigm to compute by touch BEN 97.

But such way of considering things requires curiosity and motivations other than money. To face today's challenges,

The aeronautic industry uses honeycomb panels to build planes that are stronger and lighter and thus use less fuel CRO 09.

Eyes on the screens full of various applications and advertisements, headphones in the ears, wearing fitness and health devices, guided by connected objects,

Software designed with the users helps instead of perturbing them. Customers and pilot users may provide considerable help all along the innovation lifecycle.

and evolving IC management systems empowered by analogy-based search engines and natural language processing. Such an effective job finder is also a new profession.

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BRY 11 BRYNJOLFSSON E.,MCAFEE A.,Race Against The Machine: How the Digital Revolution is Accelerating Innovation, Driving Productivity,

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DVI 08 DVIR R.,Openfutures an operating system for future centers, Innovation Ecology, available at http://innovationecology. com/Publications/open-futures. html, 2008.

the New world of 3d printing, Wiley, 2013.194 The Innovation Biosphere KIN 10 KING D.,The future of industrial biorefineries, World Economic Forum, available at http://www3. weforum

The energy efficiency potential of cloud-based software: a U s. case study, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, available at http://crd. lbl. gov/assets/pubs presos/ACS/cloud efficiency study. pdf, June 2013.

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MOS 04 MOSES M. A.,FREEMAN M. R.,VIEDERSCHAIN D.,Noninvasive enzyme screen for cancer, Patent no. 6811 95 B1, 2004.

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Arcgis server application keeps public informed of city projects, ESRI, available at http://www. esri. com/news/arcuser/0708/folsom. html, Spring 2008.

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, 181 business model, 107 innovation, 62,126, 155 intelligence, 64,72, 113 watch, 79 computer science, 7 11,21, 26,69, 132 computers, 7, 13,15, 16,52

Modeling Software EHS volume 5 The objective of this book is to heighten awareness about the necessity to take into account the impact of innovation,

and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

we provide an outlook on the chapters of this book which may guide both the research

we provide a brief outlook on the chapters of this book. 2 The Need for Innovation Innovation is a concept that seems to enter more and more business-and management-related discussions.

, operations in and across organizational functions, are at the core of every organization, the relevance of BPM for companies of all kinds of industries, private,

including the redesign of process steps through integrating IT products such as smart phones and tablets or IT services such as mobile apps.

However, we might observe a shift in one of the core institutional logics that BPM professionals draw from:

More mobile devices than people by the end of 2013 is prepared your business? Cisco Blog. Mu ller, O.,Schmiedel, T.,Gorbacheva, E,

The six core elements of business process management. In J. vom Brocke & M. Rosemann (Eds.

Journal of Computer Information systems, 53 (3), 1 13. vom Brocke, J, . & Rosemann, M. Eds.).

and software tools. 3. 1 Proactive Value Chains in a Process Innovation Perspective Digital and flexible manufacturing has been around for many years.

In the past, the concept was referred to as Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) and even though the original idea was innovative,

The core function of the MADE Open Factory is the ability to experiment with new business processes enabled by advanced process technology.

Computers in Industry, 53 (3), 321 343. doi: 10.1016/j. compind. 2003.10.007. Haeckel, S. H. 2013.

or Skype's introduction of consumer VOIP. And, of course, the Internet and the World wide web. What made many of these more compelling is that they represent services as platforms for other services (and thus additional innovation) and

Even many previous core services of organizations, such as customer support, manufacturing and logistics have met similar fates.

IBM Systems Journal, 47 (1), 71 85.46 R. J. Welke Anthony, R. N. 1965. Planning and control systems:

Not specific to BPM, these are transforming both consumer and enterprise software; these are described next to provide context for the following sections on BPM technologies. 2. 1 Mobile and Cloud Mobile and cloud,

A healthcare worker working with patients in their homes can gather patient information on a mobile device

whether accessed via a mobile device or a traditional computer, allow anyone to participate from anywhere:

employees from home or remote corporate offices, or business partners and customers from their own 52 S. Kemsley location.

Since cloud applications typically do not require licensing and installation on the user's computer or mobile device,

For maximum benefit, the social aspect is integrated directly into the core business applications that people are using,

computers, mobile phones, vehicles, industrial equipment, sensors, security systems, building automation systems, and even social networks such as Twitter.

and organizations work. 3. 1 Social BPM Consumer social software, first identified in the early 2000s, has a defining characteristic of harnessing collective intelligence by allowing user-created content and collaboration.

This raised user expectations for enterprise software: today's workers expect to be able to configure their own environment to suit their working style,

and allows the stream to be formatted for a mobile device, allowing process monitoring via event streams by anyone on the monitoring platform of their choice.

The six core elements of business process management. In J. vom Brocke & M. Rosemann (Eds.

Second life) and virtual game worlds (e g. World of Warcraft. Kane, Alavi, Labianca, and Borgatti (2014) define SM as information technologies that support interpersonal communication

social software allow for an a posteriori control of quality (Bruno et al.,2011). ) Our paper builds on the research by Bruno et al. by adding to their paradigm

A typical example are IBM's internal network bluepages which enable communication and collaboration among all employees by providing job-specific tools and applications on the intranet IBM-News, 2006).

In various forms, SM can facilitate a direct and active approach to modeling a business process for all participants of the network.

) Key challenges for enabling agile BPM with social software. Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution:

Research and Practice, 23 (4), 297 326.70 P. Trkman and M. Klun Busch, P, . & Fettke, P. 2011).

) Combining BPM and social software: Contradiction or chance? Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution: Research and Practice, 22 (6 7), 449 476.

Evans, D. 2012. Social media marketing: An hour a day. San francisco, CA: Wiley. Fenn, J, . & Raskino, M. 2008).

Pentagon blocks 13 web sites from military computers. New york times. Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2007/05/15/washington/15block. html Ghidini, C.,Rospocher, M,

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Innovation in social networks: Knowledge spillover is not enough. Knowledge management Research and Practice, 11 (4), 422 431.

Social software for business process modeling. Journal of Information technology, 25 (3), 308 322. Majchrzak, A.,Jarvenpaa, S l,

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The six core elements of business process management. In J. vom Brocke & M. Rosemann (Eds.

BPM and social software. Paper presented at the Business Process Management Workshops. Sena, J, . & Sena, M. 2008).

Embedding social software features into business process tools. Paper presented at the Business Process Management Workshops.

How does social software change knowledge management? Toward a strategic research agenda. The Journal of Strategic Information systems, 21 (2), 154 164.

one core area of process innovation must lie in the embedding of technology in an organization,

Therefore, every new software release is an opportunity for process innovation in an organization and a challenge to take maximum advantage of this opportunity. 2 Different Roles of Enterprise Systems in Process Innovation The following section describes the main roles that an enterprise system can have in a process innovation scenario.

This scenario relates to changes in the enterprise system (e g. new software releases and adding mobile computing components) triggering the process innovation.

including the invocation of software services by an activity. This new design paradigm enables a detailed adaptation of the software

and implementation of process innovation while using the standard methods provided. However, enterprise systems are only able to provide value contributions

Another field of application is the implementation of an enterprise systems extension, like customer relationship management software or the establishment of a common integration platform along a supply chain.

integration of in-memory computing and mobile device access to enterprise systems. Integration can be achieved much easier in the cloud by using the existing infrastructure of a cloud solution provider than by implementation in conventional on-premise solutions.

these systems differ from other IT solutions as they (1) support the core business processes of an organization,(2) show a high degree of horizontal and vertical integration on different system layers,

Cloud computing is considered to be a new delivery model enabling a focus on core competences while outsourcing the IT-related activities to professional cloud sourcing providers.

Software vendors and consulting companies subsume many different applications and solution packages under this umbrella term.

Enterprise systems are considered to be at the core of enterprise operations and therefore follow the dynamics of organizational change.

J. Ohlsson(*)S. Han Department of Computer and Systems sciences, Stockholm University, Borgarfjordsgatan 12,16407 Kista, Sweden e-mail:

2) the high processing power utilizing multi-core processor architecture and increased memory capabilities, and (3) the sensing capabilities.

and smartphone with insurance telematics software from Movelo (right) 88 J. Ohlsson et al. 2. 1 The Smartphone-Based Insurance Telematics Application At the Department of Signal Processing, KTH

With the progress of the cellular phone from a low-functionality feature phone to versatile software-configurable sensing platform,

as illustrated in Fig. 1. The probe monitors and transmits risk-related information to the insurers such as the speeding,

and mobile application that attracts car-drivers, especially new customers, based on the core-technology; Increase sales volumes;

The core technology of the smartphone-driven insurance telematics has yielded the advantage of improving risk assessments activities by collecting

The CLM consists of seven layers, from the core inner layer, encompassing technology (innovation/disruptive technology design),

business process design for the core technology implementation, product/services Process Innovation with Disruptive Technology in Auto Insurance 97 implementation, individual organization readiness for innovation implementation, towards business models and the outer

Due to the unique context and core subject of this case study, the generalization of the results may be limited.

The six core elements of business process management. In J. vom Brocke & M. Rosemann (Eds.

when computers became abundantly available, we now see the birth of data science as a new discipline driven by the torrents of data available in our increasingly digitalized world. 1 The demand for data scientists is rapidly increasing.

With the uptake of mobile devices (e g.,, smartphones) more and more events have geospatial attributes. Note that the Ioc, the Iop, the Iot,

and plug-ins of the open source tool Prom, there are also a growing number of commercial analysis tools providing process mining capabilities, cf.

Disco (Fluxicon), Perceptive Process Mining (Perceptive Software, before Futura Reflect and BPMONE by Pallas athena), ARIS Process Performance Manager (SOFTWARE AG), Celonis Process Mining (Celonis Gmbh

Extracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Mining 109 The Prom framework provides an open source process-mining infrastructure.

c) perceptive process mining (Perceptive Software;(d) Celonis process mining (Celonis Gmbh)( Color figure online) Extracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Mining 111 specific extensions (see for example the extension mechanism of XES (IEEE Task force

They can be used to better instrument software After these general guidelines, we now change our viewpoint.

and Their Effect on the Object model Examples of widely used Database management systems (DBMSS) are Oracle RDBMS (Oracle), SQL SERVER (Microsoft), DB2 (IBM), Sybase (SAP),

Every Microsoft SQL SERVER database has a transaction log that records all database modifications. Sybase IQ also provides a transaction log.

Such redo/transaction logs can be used to recover from a system failure. The redo/transaction logs will grow significantly

the person, machine or software component executing the event. Type: the transaction type of the event (start,

Probably, there are process-mining case-studies using redo/transaction logs from database management systems like Oracle RDBMS, Microsoft SQL SERVER, IBM DB2,

or Sybase IQ. However, systematic tool support seems to be missing. The binding step in our approach is related to topic of event correlation

Software and Systems Modeling, 9 (1), 87 111. Aalst, W. van der, & Stahl, C. 2011).

IEEE Computer Society WASHINGTON DC, USA. Adriansyah, A.,Dongen, B, . & Aalst, W. van der (2011b). Towards robust conformance checking.

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Discovering models of software processes from event-based data. ACM Transactions on Software engineering and Methodology, 7 (3), 215 249.

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IBM Systems Journal, 44 (4), 821 845. Extracting Event Data from Databases to Unleash Process Mining 127 Reichert, M,

Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering, 10 (2), 151 162. Werf, J.,Dongen, B. van, Hurkens, C,

A further subject will be how innovations can be converted from confidence-based to evidence-based models due to affordances of digital infrastructures such as large-scale enterprise software or social media.

While some of these technologies, such as enterprise system software, have been around for decades, recent years have seen also a rapid uptake of modern digital infrastructures that transcend the business-private life boundary, such as social networking platforms,

in that creative staff were finding new solutions for products, display and service, and sometimes where appropriate willingly deviated from the standardized process.

and Yang (2013) in the context of software defect handling processes in a large commercial bank in China.

600 defect reports of 4 large software development projects and examined the differences between reports that had led to a correct resolution (normal cases)

these techniques provide a basis to monitor ongoing executions of a process (a k a. cases) in order to assess whether they comply with the constraints in question.

and Outlook Process innovation requires business process support systems that depart from traditional normative approaches to business process execution.

Mining explicit rules for software process evaluation. In Proceedings of the international conference on software and system process (ICSSP)( pp. 118 125.

ACM. Suriadi, S.,Wynn, M. T.,Ouyang, C.,ter Hofstede, A. H. M, . & Van dijk, N. J. 2013).

process experiences can be the core input for process model designs using a more innovative bottom up approach with inductive methods,

3) variation of the modelling level, e g. software reference model or (4) variation of the modelling purpose,

while Sect. 4 introduces a software tool the Refmod-Miner realizing these and more techniques.

Finally, Sect. 6 closes the article with a conclusion and an outlook on future work.

in particular, different techniques, software tools and application scenarios are described in greater detail in Sects. 3 5. 2 Related Work Several authors describe a procedure model for reference modelling

a corresponding software tool was developed. The goal of the tool development was not to support a fully automated development of a reference model.

much as in the open source idea in the context of software development. However, this very much depends on the license holder of the model corpus'content.

Computers in Industry, 63 (2), 148 167. Becker, J, . & Meise, V. 2011). Strategy and organizational Frame in J. Becker, M. Kugeler,

Computer and intractability: A guide to the theory of NP-completeness. San francisco, CA: Freeman. Gottschalk, F.,van der Aalst, W. M. P,

Open source systems, IFIP 203 (pp. 9 20. Berlin: Springer. Li, C.,Reichert, M, . & Wombacher, A. 2008).

modeling software must be built such that the rules are impossible to violate. Adherence to semantic standardization rules

as has been demonstrated by a prototypical software artifact (Delfmann, Herwig, & Lis, 2009). The most challenging task,

Otherwise, there is a risk that readers misinterpret certain aspects of some models. 4 The Icebricks Approach The icebricks tool is a process modeling software prototype developed to support BPM consulting projects in the retail industry.

Its process models can be used for process-oriented reorganization, software selection, and similar project objectives.

which could be anything that can be stored as a file on a computer (MS OFFICE documents, pictures, videos, BPMN diagrams, etc.).

& Shitkova (2013). 5 Conclusion and Outlook In this chapter, I have argued for rigorously standardizing process models by embedding modeling conventions into digital modeling tools.

Computers in Industry, 63 (2), 91 97. Fellbaum, C. 1998. Wordnet: An electronic lexical database. Cambridge, MA:

Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution: Research and Practice, 22 (6 7), 519 546. Houy, C.,Fettke, P.,Loos, P.,van der Aalst, W. M. P,

Information and Software Technology, 52 (2), 127 136. Moody, D. L. 2009. The physics of notations:

A family of experiments to validate metrics for software process models. Journal of Systems and Software, 77 (2), 113 129.

Pinggera, J.,Zugal, S.,Weber, B.,Fahland, D.,Weidlich, M.,Mendling, J, . & Reijers, H. 2010).

Computers in Industry, 62 (5), 467 486. Weidlich, M.,Dijkman, R, . & Mendling, J. 2010).

Up to now there are no approaches on how to measure, monitor, and evaluate ecosystem-wide performance. Coming to an understanding of how to conceive ecosystem is one essential step towards the development of such approaches.

At the core of this traditional view, defined by Goldkuhl and Lind (2008) as business process as sequential transformation,

fulfilling, and evaluating expectations are made core issues, thereby constituting structures for actions. Expectations are covered by the assignment in

the focus is put upon the door-to-door traveller's process with three core processes (to, within,

or finds out which terminal he/she is expected to depart from. 3. 4 At the Core of the Door-to-door Process:

For other processes such activities are seen rather to occur between the different core processes. Since these activities are outside the project scope

there is a lack of approaches to measure, monitor, and evaluate the performance of ecosystems covering co-production of value by multiple actors.

and turn-around 208 M. Lind and S. Haraldson core of this innovation is a tool for providing digital images (see Fig. 6 above) based on information from different key actors,

including similar systems that have airports as their core connection point, for ecosystems within the transport domain,

Understanding computers and cognition: A new foundation for design. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. (Air) port Innovations as Ecosystem Innovations 213 Leveraging Innovation Based on Effective Process Map Design:

This value chain describes a process view of an organization that builds on a set of core processes.

The core processes are those that create value for the customer, such as sales, logistics, etc.

but required for conducting core processes. These are called support processes (e g. HR, finance, etc..Explicit interdependencies between both these processes can be identified.

Core processes Management processes Supporting processes Manage compliancy Manage audits Manage governance Financial reporting Fig. 2 Process map example found at http://www. ariscommunity. com

Organizations commonly differentiate between core processes, support processes and management processes. In addition, there are some companies that keep the analysis

where a core process is decomposed into smaller part-processes, so-called sub-processes (Malinova & Mendling, 2013).

When a core process starts, the set of its corresponding sub-processes need to be executed in order for the core process to finish.

Another commonly observed primary notation concept is the sequential relation between the core processes. This can be observed from the close proximity of two core processes,

when these stand next to each other. For this, many maps use Porter's value chain concept (Malinova & Mendling, 2013;

As a result, all core processes are represented in such a way that there is a temporal sequential order between them.

when each core process is executed. Moreover, when process maps that represent the core processes in a value chain manner,

they also indicate the input of the value chain and its consequent output. The input is usually a customer request,

For example, core processes are represented either by a rectangle-shaped symbol, which obviously indicates a singular process,

pointing to the direction of the core process category. This direction (position and orientation) also infers some meaning,

in which the support processes apparently are there to support the core processes, while the management processes manage the execution of the core processes.

This way, a relation also between the processes that belong to different categories can be depicted implicitly.

Moreover, the close proximity of two core processes typically implies a sequential order between these processes.

For example, an input pointing only to the core process category means that this particular input will trigger the execution of one or a set of core processes.

clusters are defined for core, support and management processes. Beyond this, the map also indicates a notion of process containment within the core process Fig. 3 The original process map of a European insurance company Leveraging Innovation Based on Effective Process Map Design:

Insights from...223 category. This we infer from the labels used for each sub-process.

For example, the processes shown in the core process category win customers and control sales are clearly a subset of the core process sales.

In addition, based on the order of the four core processes (sales, actuarial, administration and capital allocation) and the inputs and outputs coming from and to some of the core processes (sealed contracts, fees,

estimates) we could infer certain sequence of execution. This company used few visual variables to complement the primary notation.

On the other hand, the light brown color differentiates between core processes and their corresponding sub-processes. The management and support processes are using the rectangle-shaped symbol,

while the core processes and sub-processes use a pentagon-shaped symbol positioned horizontally. This might indicate that these processes include activities that are done in a particular order.

The input/output notions we found to be primary concepts are complemented by an arrow between the core processes.

indeed, there is a sequential order between the core processes. The explicitly labeled inputs and outputs, together with the directed arrow, clearly depict what a core process needs to produce in order to finish,

thus starting the execution of the next in line process. 4. 3 Discussion of the Original Process Map For a process map to be cognitively effective it needs to reflect the principles of visual notations by Moody (2009).

Despite the fact that the symbols used for the core processes differ from the rest, the color remains the same.

There is a notion of process order between the core processes. However, it is difficult, only by looking at the process map,

On the other hand, we can observe the use of additional text to indicate the output of one core process and the input of another (e g. sealed contracts.

While this significantly assists in 224 M. Malinova and J. Mendling understanding the nature of the respective core processes,

this input/output text is shown not between all core processes (e g. actuarial). As such, it will potentially lead to misinterpretations and misunderstandings among the end-users.

Now, management as well as support processes are visualized with symbols different to the ones of the core processes.

Second, the core business has been subdivided into three segments which are interrelated. The customer-facing processes partially interact with the recipient-facing processes.

This was also the main reason for the missing input between the actuarial and administrative core processes from Fig. 3. The original process map provided an inappropriate representation of the interfaces

which were in fact necessary for the relation between the two core processes. In this way, innovation at these crossroads was blocked by the fact that it was captured simply not in an explicit manner.

Then, the system collects and monitors such metrics during the execution of the process. Due to the popularity of the BSC methodology among executives, many packaged solutions offer standard business process models that are mapped already into BSC metrics (Brignall & Ballantine, 2003.

) They empirically tested these arguments through a survey with IT service providers and software development companies.

but that can also be interpreted by a computer to extract useful information from it. To clearly express the elements that make up a strategy

(or just adapters) are pieces of software that affect the execution of the process to include new activities, alternative paths,

The Adaptation Agent is a stand-alone application that monitors the process execution in the Bonita BPM engine,

Over this form a sliding panel is added by ROSAS where recommendations specifically targeted for the activity being executed are shown.

the visual feedback given by ROSAS helps them recognize changes in the Fig. 3 Bonita BPM interface enriched by ROSAS to display strategic recommendations Implementing a Digital Strategy through Business Process Management 239 priorities

The Journal of Systems and Software, 85,1440 1452. OECD. 2008. Sourcebook on emerging good practice in managing for development results.

Since validation is the core of compliance (Cannon & Byers, 2006) and it is usually a manual task requiring noteworthy time and effort,

Further methods and tools like the so-called (rule-based) monitors or ex post auditing approaches, e g.,

On the server side, the Logmanager is extended for intercepting execution events (see Fig. 2, where white/blue fields are the original components of Aristaflow,

the execution/server side was chosen as an ideal place for integrating the extending elements of Kitcom.

BPM Server Process Repository Control conditions Kitcom Plug-in Event Analysis Control Processes Control Injection Control Process Repository Reference Control Editing Fig

. 6 Kitcom architecture extending Aristaflow BPM server Start capture invoice 1 approve account approved? yes pay invoice claim invoice End no Fig. 7 Usual workflow execution with the software Aristaflow Flexible Workflows and Compliance:

A Solvable Contradiction?!255 Secondly, if the user Meyer13 captures an invoice with an amount over 5, 000 €,

deploy and optimize business processes themselves (i e. without manual programming by software engineers). This third BPM wave initiated by Smith

which is created if software architectures and application development methods pose technical constraints to the execution of BPM.

and found out that already 88%monitor customer feedback and conversations on social media platforms and 64%of respondents collect online feedback and also turn them into process improvements or product improvements.

Similarly, the computer company Dell has a community for crowdsourcing ideas called Ideastorm (http://www. ideastorm. 262 A. Van Looy com/).

Another similarity is based on the fact that all previous key domains describe IT (e g. software

IBM's Rational Unified Process (RUP) is an iterative and incremental IT development framework with disciplines across project lifecycle phases.

Skype. Also the ability to interpret and use the technical process output metrics may facilitate the mentioned strategic alignment,

The six core elements of business process management. In J. vom Brocke & M. Rosemann (Eds.

Software project secrets: Why software projects fail. Berkeley, CA: Apress. The Standish Group. 2013). ) CHAOS Manifesto 2013.

Retrieved from http://versionone. com/assets/img/files/Chaosmanifesto2013. pdf Van Looy, A.,De Backer, M,

IBM Systems Journal, 26 (3), 276 292.274 A. Van Looy Driving Process Innovation: The Application of a Role-Based Governance Model at Lufthansa Technik Janina Kettenbohrer, Mirko Kloppenburg,

which are a core part of a governance model, supports process-oriented decision-making and managing cross-functional processes more effectively (Braganza & Lambert, 2000;

and the third maintains flight computers. In this example, each workshop would run a productspecific process instance of the process

Spender & Kessler, 1995) by defining communication flows which are presented in Fig. 4. FAR+uses five core communication flows,

This specific process describes the creation and publishing of process documentations in a role-based, process-oriented software system.

Prozessmanagement als Kernkompetenz (Process management as core competence)( 5 ed.).Wiesbaden: Gabler. Rosemann, M, . & De Bruin, T. 2005).

His work is cited highly (highest H-index among European computer scientists, 115 according to Google Scholar. In 2012, he received the doctor honoris causa from Hasselt University, Belgium.

In his earlier careers he has been involved in project management and designing software architecture and developing Content Management Systems (CMS) for more than 10 years.

and had a core role in applying BPM-related research leading to tangible results. Today she is engaged substantially in the EU-project MONALISA 2. 0 that has the goal to introduce a sea traffic management system for sustainable maritime transports.

Dr. Lima is a member of the ACM and the Brazilian Computer Society. Mikael Lind Viktoria Swedish ICT and Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden Associate professor Mikael Lind is with the Viktoria Swedish ICT and Chalmers University of Technology.

Before he pursued a career in academics he worked for 6 years as software development manager.

Jens Ohlsson Stockholm University, Sweden Jens Ohlsson received the MSC in Computer and Systems sciences, Stockholm University, 1999.

Since 2011, he also holds a position at the Department of Computer and System Sciences

Hajo Reijers Eindhoven University of Technology, The netherlands Hajo Reijers is a Full professor in Information systems at Eindhoven University of Technology as well as the head of BPM research at Perceptive Software.

His core research interests are Enterprise resource planning systems (ERP systems Serviceoriented Architectures (SOA), and Business Process Management (BPM).

His research activities include business process management, process mining, software development as well as implementation of information systems.

His research activities include business process management, software development and graph theory. He reviewed several scientific project proposals as well as papers of established IS conferences like ICIS, ECIS, AMCIS, HICCS and EMISA and produced own publications,

innovations, 13,193 212 Emerging techniques, 146 Emerging technologies, 12,13, 51 57,76, 257 Empirical evidence, 155 Enterprise software, 52,54 Enterprise system

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