EN 1 Error! Unknown document property name. EN European Competitiveness in Key Enabling Technologies FINAL REPORT Authors:
Birgit Aschhoff, Dirk Crass, Katrin Cremers, Christoph Grimpe, Christian Rammer Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW), Mannheim, Germany Felix Brandes, Fernando
Germany Phone:++49 621 1235 184 Fax:++49 621 1235 170 E-mail: rammer@zew. de Chapter 1 List of Figures Figure 2-1:
Information sources for innovation (per cent of innovative enterprises citing the respective source as highly important), 2004-2006.20 Figure 2-2:
Cluster analysis...74 European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 4 Error! Unknown document property name.
Cluster analysis...125 4. 3. 1. Micro-and Nanoelectronics Europe: The Grenoble cluster...126 4. 3. 2. Micro-and Nanoelectronics Canada:
Cluster analysis...173 5. 3. 1. Industrial biotechnology cluster Europe: Cambridge (United kingdom...174 5. 3. 2. Technology cluster Non-Europe:
Cluster analysis...218 6. 3. 1. Photonics Europe: The Optical Technologies Berlin-Brandenburg cluster (Optecbb...219 6. 3. 2. Photonics Non-Europe:
Cluster analysis...269 7. 3. 1. Advanced Materials Europe: Wallonia's Plastiwin cluster...269 7. 3. 2. Technology cluster non-Europe:
and technical progress in the past tremendously, including technologies such as the steam engine, electricity, synthetic materials or computing,
Technological competitiveness and the links between KETS and industrial sectors are explored through patent data. The rationale for this choice is given below
patent data seem to be the most European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 24error!
Although comparability of patent data is limited due to different economic values a patent may represent, different degrees of technological novelty and different degrees of actual applicability,
patent data are nevertheless a widely used source to analyse dynamics in certain fields of technology
semiconductors, computing and the Internet. These technologies did not only drive industrial innovation, they also offered more effective responses to societal challenges, e g. in health, communication or the environment,
Figures based on data from AT, BE, CY, CZ, EE, ES, FR, GR, HR, HU, LT, LU, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, TR.
such as digital data processing (the first computer was invented in the 1940s) or cellular telephone communication (the technological principles have been discovered in the 1920s).
which statistical data would be available) since the cross-sectional nature of KETS implies that firms from different industries develop
Consequently, traditional concepts of analysing competitiveness based on industry data such as market shares, trade performance, productivity and growth in value added cannot be applied to analyse competitiveness in emerging KETS.
patent data seem to be the most relevant source. Patent applications refer to technical inventions that have reached a certain state of feasibility
Although comparability of patent data is limited due to different economic values a patent may represent different degrees of technological novelty and different regulations of national patent offices, patent data are
nevertheless a useful source to analyse dynamics in certain fields of technology and identify the regional distribution of new knowledge generation,
) Patent data have widely been used to analyse technological performance particularly for KETS, such as nanotechnology (see Palmberg et al.,
patent data are more closely related to innovations and product markets. Chapter 2 Methodological Issues EN 33error!
EN Patent Data as Technology Indicators Using patent data as empirical base for analysing technological competitiveness of KETS has several advantages:
Patent data contain information on the technological area (s) a certain patent is related to, based on an internationally standardised classification system (International Patent Classification-IPC.
Patent data also contain text information of the technical content of a patent (patent abstracts)
Patent data allow to determining the"market share"of the EU in the total production of new technical knowledge in each KET in the past two decades or so
Patent data also enable to differentiating by country of applicant and thus to pattern technological competitiveness in each KET by EU member state.
Patent data contain information on the applicants which can be linked to other data in order to identify the institutional background of an applicant (higher education institution, public sector research institution, private firm, individuals) or the sector affiliation.
Sector affiliation of applicants is important information to evaluate the role of each KET for different sectors.
Patent data allow to some degree an analysis of technological links between certain fields of technology
However, patent data also have a number of limitations (see Griliches, 1990; Moed et al. 2004) that limit their applicability as technology indicators and that complicate their analysis:
As a result, any count of patent data, whether weighted by a"relevance factor "or not, is problematic as it is likely to compare entities of completely different values.
Patent data applied at different patent authorities are difficult to compare because of different patent national laws, different practices at patent offices and different application procedures.
As a consequence want cannot simply add up patent data applied at different patent offices. Applying for patent protection at a specific patent office is linked to the applicant's strategy for commercialising this invention,
Patent data are available only with a considerable time lag after the underlying invention has been made. First
We try to tackle some of these shortcomings of patent data in the following way:
By doing this, we reduce the incidence of double-counting of one and the same invention in patent data.
All patent analysis rest on the Patstat database generated by the EPO. We use the September 2009 edition of Patstat.
Identifying KETS in Patent Data There are two approaches to assign patents to technology areas. One is to identify key words (and combination of these) that characterise a certain technology and to search in patent abstracts for the occurrence of these key words.
when it comes to combining key words and searching across patent data from various patent authorities.
The field of photonics relates to optical technology applications in the areas of lasers, lithography, optical measurement systems, microscopes, lenses, optical communication, digital photography, LEDS and OLEDS, displays
b) computer-integrated manufacturing: co-occurrence of G06 and any of A21c, A22b, A22c, A23n, A24c, A41h, A42c, A43d, B01f, B02b, B02c, B03b, B03d, B05c, B05d, B07b, B08b, B21b
The other refers to computer-integrated manufacturing processes. While the former can be identified directly through IPC classes,
At the same time, relying on applicant countries enlarges the analytical potential of patent data since patents only applied at USPTO
New photonic applications such as OLED displays can be used in electronic, automotive and telecommunication devices. Advanced materials as well as dvanced manufacturing technologies can virtually be employed for producing any kind of commodity.
All this complicates to foresee future market development and results in low accuracy of forecasts.
and technology outlooks which have been produced by various industry analysts and consultants in recent years. The main purpose of this exercise is to determine how large market volumes in the medium term (e g. 2015/2020) for KETS
which further limits the accuracy of market forecasts. Chapter 2 Methodological Issues EN 41error! Unknown document property name.
Fourthly, establishing the accuracy of past market forecasts is complicated by either a lack of clear definitions of the technologies and products for
We do so, on the basis of secondary data: scientific and vocational cluster publications, and publically available information.
Electronics-silicon electronics-nanoscaled transistors-polymer electronics-CNT field emission displays-MRAM memories-phase-change memory-MEMS memory-CNT data memory-CNT
-OLED-2d photonic crystals-EUV lithography optics-quantum-dot lasers-3d photonic crystals-all-optical computing-optical metamaterials-data transmission through surface plasmons
engineering-nanoengineered gels for supporting nerve cell growth-neuro-coupled electronics for active implants Environmental technologies-nanostructured catalysts-nanomembranes for sewerage-anti-reflection layers
) The tagging exercise was undertaken retroactively resulting in a full coverage of all patents related to nanotechnology.
Applicants from East asia have a very strong industry focus on electronics (incl. computer, semiconductor and telecommunication) and instruments (optical, medical, measurement.
80 90 100 Europe North america East asia Row Total Public Research*Computer/Semiconductor Telecommunication Other Electronics Instruments Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Nanotech Biotech
Significantly decreasing shares in total nanotechnology patenting (of around 5 percentage points between the two periods 1981-1999 and 2000-2007) are reported for the electronics industry (particularly telecommunication), the instruments industry and the pharmaceutical industry.
percentage points)- 15-10-505 10 15 20 Europe North america East asia Row Total Public Research*Computer/Semiconductor Telecommunication Other Electronics Instruments
The increase of the public research sector's share by 9 percentage points stands vis-à-vis a small decrease in telecommunication, instruments and pharmaceuticals,
The electronics industry (sum of computer, semiconductor, telecommunication and other electronics) is the largest applicant sector for nanoelectronics, nanooptics and nanomagnetics.
research 31 25 33 39 25 22 45 Computer/semiconductor 1 18 3 8 8 19 6 Telecommunication 0 4
The largest applicant in North america is a computer company followed by a university and a diversified materials producer largely based on chemical technologies.
FR government 111 1 Hewlett-packard US computer 107 2 L'oreal FR chemicals 57 2 Univ. of California US research 90 3
nanotech 49 7 BASF DE chemicals 36 7 MIT US research 45 8 Alcatel Lucent FR telecommunication 35 8 General electric
US chemicals 42 9 Philips NL electronics 33 9 IBM US computer 37 10 Arkema FR chemicals 31 10 Univ
C. BE research 27 12 Motorola US telecommunication 31 13 Fraunhofer DE research 26 13 U s. Government US government 29 14 ASML
NL semiconductor 24 14 Intel US semiconductor 27 15 Sabic Innovative Plastics NL chemicals 23 15 Freescale Semiconductor US semiconductor
JP telecommunication 56 8 Fujitsu JP computer 52 9 Fujifilm JP chemicals 47 10 Seiko JP instruments 40 11 Pioneer
JP electronics 35 12 Toshiba JP computer 32 13 Showa Denko JP chemicals 29 14 TDK JP electronics 27 15
Cluster analysis Nanotechnology has the potential to impact and shape many other industries through its multiple application possibilities.
EN Furthermore, electronic and optic equipment, healthcare and life science, energy and environment, communication and computing, scientific tools and industrial manufacturing will be affected largely by this emerging technology (Miyazaki and Islam, 2007.
/nanotech-centers-clusters. shtml 7 http://www. nano-map. de 8 http://www. japan-cluster. net/index. php?
One cluster is located in Aachen and focuses on the combination of nanotechnology and information technology. The second cluster in Muenster concentrates on the interface between nanotechnology and biotechnology.
://www. nanobio-nrw. de/index. php? Script=1&lang=de&sw=1024 European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 78error!
EN Short history of the cluster The NRW nanotechnology cluster started in 2003 by implementing the first research cluster in Aachen for‘nanotechnology for information technology'.
Therefore, research is highly dependent on public funding. 13 http://www. bmbf. de/en/nanotechnologie. php 14 http://www. gtai. com/homepage/info-service/publications
/index. php? Script=1&lang=en&sw=1024 22 http://www. nmw. nrw. de/index. php? lang=en&catalog=/cluster 23 http://www. innovations-report. de/html/berichte/informationstechnologie/bericht-32232. html Chapter 3 Nanotechnology EN 81error!
Unknown document property name. EN Source: http://www. mondiac. nl/presentations/Weltring. ppt Capabilities: The NRW nanotechnology cluster network excels in their basic research activities.
EN and nano biochemicals. 25 The cluster established partnerships with local nanotechnology firms to create new businesses, also in other industries such as electronic devices, medical and biotechnology, textiles, mechatronics, and information technologies.
The core of the cluster consists of the Kyoto University Katsura Campus and the Katsura Innovation Park,
http://www. japan-cluster. net/index. php? id=480 Short history of the cluster The development of the Kyoto nanotechnology cluster was driven policy.
The core organisation of the cluster Is advanced ASTEMRI Software Technology & Mechatronics Research Institute of Kyoto.
'34 30 http://www. mext. go. jp/english/org/struct/029. htm 31 http://www. meti. go. jp/english/aboutmeti/data/aorganizatione
which is the core of the nanotechnology cluster. In addition to this, it stimulates university-industry collaborations by implementing business incubators and university-industry liaison facilities. 35 Venture capital:
/files/Nano-economics. pdf 41 http://eco-pro. biz/ecopro2009/events/E1000. php? tp=1&id=10760 European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 88error!
nanotechnology for information technology Duisburg/Essen: nanotechnology for power engineering Strong market orientation Strong focus on application areas water,
compositions of three cores, focusing on different knowledge & application fields Lack of commercialisation and consequently lack of private funding Cluster strongly managed by government Unique in the strong market focus and strong funding infrastructure both public and private Source:
While nanotechnology is applied currently on an industrial scale in microelectronics (semiconductors, nanowires, lithography), coatings and paints, some specific defence-related applications, telecommunication (displays, optoelectronics) and in some areas of advanced materials (e g. carbon nanotubes),
since enterprise R&d surveys rarely collect data on R&d expenditure devoted to nanotechnology. Figure 3-25:
While regional or national clustering has certainly its merits and can be an important driver for advance in nanotechnology,
Contemporary processors have a three to ten times higher number of transistors on the same area (Fraunhofer CNT, 2008.
Semiconductors in general (H01l 21, H01l 23, H01l 27, H01j) Computing (all microelectronics patents with co-assignment to IPC classes G06, G11, G12
East asia Row Total Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds/crystals Devices Source: EPO: Patstat. ZEW calculations.
'94-'96'97-'99'00-'02'03-'05 Computing 0 10 20 30 40 50 60'91-'93'94-'96
100 90/93 94/97 99/01 02/05 90/93 94/97 99/01 02/05 90/93 94/97 99/01 02/05 East asia North america Europe Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray
90/93-94/97 94/97-98/01 98/01-02/05 Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds/crystals Devices Total Europe-505 10 15 20 25
UK IT NL SE CH BE Roe Europe total Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds/crystals Devices Eight European countries with the largest number of microelectronics patents
while patenting by Frech inventors is specialised on semiconductors, bonds/crystals and computing applications, whereas UK inventors are specialised on x-ray.
EN-8-4 0 4 8 12 16 DE FR UK IT NL SE CH BE Roe Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds
34 16 20 8 Computing 33 2 10 12 22 10 1 4 22 23 43 23 19 11 18
Technological sector affiliation of microelectronics patent applications (EPO/PCT), by subfield (average of 1981-2007 applications, percent) Sector Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds/crystals
these industry sectors are semiconductors, computer, telecommunication, instruments, chemicals, automotive, defence, machinery, other materials, research,
70 80 90 100 Europe North america East asia Total Other Electronics Semiconductors Computer Telecommunication Instruments Chemicals Automotive Defence Machinery Other Materials
Decreasing shares are reported for the electronics industry (i e. integrated electronic companies) in Europe and Japan, for telecommunication companies in all three regions,
and for computer manufacturers in North america and East asia. European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 118error!
Other Electronics Semiconductors Computer Telecommunication Instruments Chemicals Automotive Defence Machinery Other Materials Research Source: EPO:
IT semiconductor 724 2 IBM US computer 645 3 ASML NL semiconductor 568 3 Intel US semiconductor 615 4 Philips NL
Siemens DE electronics 441 7 Texas instruments US instruments 473 8 OSRAM Opto Semicond. DE semiconductor 248 8 LAM RESEARCH Corporation US research 461 9 Carl Zeiss SMT DE instruments 237 9 Eastman kodak US instruments
423 10 NXP NL semiconductor 193 10 Hewlett-packard US computer 395 11 S. O. I. Tec FR semiconductor 153 11
Motorola US telecommunication 326 12 IMEC BE research 150 12 Honeywell International US machinery 324 13 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft DE research 133 13
Foundries DE semiconductor 66 21 ASM America US semiconductor 168 22 ALCATEL FR telecommunication 62 22 Sandisk US machinery 167
US chemicals 136 24 Cambridge Display Tech. GB electronics 59 24 Dow corning US chemicals 134 25 EPCOS DE semiconductor 58 25 Axcelis Technologies US semiconductor 126 East asia
JP electronics 1392 3 Samsung Electronics KR electronics 1077 4 Fujitsu JP computer 903 5 Nikon JP instruments 736 6
NEC JP telecommunication 675 7 Canon JP instruments 659 8 Sharp JP electronics 646 9 Hitachi JP electronics 620 10
430 15 Seiko Epson JP instruments 407 16 Tokyo Ohka Kogyo JP semiconductor 305 17 Shin-Etsu Handotai JP semiconductor
while overlaps to other KETS are lower for bonds/crystals, computing and semiconductors. Chapter 4 Micro-and nanoelectronics EN 121error!
80 90 100 Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds/crystals Devices Microelectronics total Source: EPO: Patstat.
The subfield of computing is linked strongly to nanotechnology while measurement has strong ties to advanced manufacturing technologies.
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds/crystals Devices Microelectronics total Nanotechnology Industrial Biotechnology
EN they are particularly important for information and communication technology (ICT) equipment and embedded systems. In this respect, semiconductor production and shipments can be characterised as leading indicators of ICT product market trends.
In 2008, the OECD reports a moderate growth of the semiconductor industry, the most recent data available, of 2. 2 percent to $260 billion in current prices (OECD
the use in computers has decreased relatively. Nevertheless, Figure 4-20 shows that with a share of almost 40 percent of total sales (2007), computers still dominate the final use for semiconductors,
followed by the telecom market segment with around 25 percent. Figure 4-20: Worldwide semiconductor sales 2007, by market segment (percent) Industrial and military 8. 2%Consumer 20.5%Automotive 6. 3%Telecom 25.5%Computer 39.6%Source:
OECD, based on Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA. European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 124error!
Unknown document property name. EN Semiconductor components also rapidly diffuse into other sectors like automotive or medical instruments.
Wireless consumer electronics and computing together with a focus on green technology are identified as the most rapidly growing market segments.
(DRAM, NAND flash, etc. BCC (2010) 27 41 7. 2 Sputtering targets and sputtered films BCC (2007) 2. 8 5. 9 16. 1 Thin-layer deposition BCC (2007) 9. 6 16.7 9. 6 Thermal mgmt. technologies
BCC (2007) 6. 2 11.1 10.2 Displays BCC (2008) 0. 1 0. 2 6. 5 Microelectro-mechanic systems (MEMS) BCC
Cluster analysis Clustering can be viewed from three angles: production locations, research activity and investments indicating future (production) location.
This specialisation is even more apparent in automotive (46 percent design and 30 percent production), industrial (43 percent design and 30 percent production) and telecommunications (40 percent design
2007). 43 The most recent R&d data of the OECD Technology Outlook 2008 does not go beyond 2006.
In comparison, the closely related sector of IT and software employs 14,000 people with 2, 200 graduates annually (Innova, 2008.
-and nanoelectronics, including the leader ST MICROELECTRONICS, Freescale (Motorola) and NXP, but also several start-ups like Soitec, designing
In 1992, STMICROELECTRONICS, Léti-CEA and France telecom R&d joined forces for research in submicronic technologies, with STMICROELECTRONICS handling production.
Secondly, with semiconductor fabrication facilities becoming more and more expensive48, Freescale (Motorola) NXP Semiconductors and STMICROELECTRONICS setup a joint facility called Crolles 2 in 2002.
the Grenoble cluster benefits from a very well organised and integrated infrastructure combining four core elements:
including STMICROELECTRONICS, NXP Semiconductors, Freescale, France telecom, Schneider Electric, Bull, Soitec, Atmel, Trixell, Sofradir, Sofileta, Ulis, Silicomp,
France subsidises the alliance between STMICROELECTRONICS NV, IBM Corp. and the CEA, commonly referred to as‘Crolles 3'.Total investments are expected to be around €3. 6 billion,
While work in the past was focused on‘demand pull'activities such as improved mobile phone functionality, the decisions for these functions were external to the cluster.
The Ottawa cluster on the other hand is much more specialised in telecommunications equipment microelectronics, photonics and software (Wolfe, 2002.
Consequently, the Ottawa cluster will be focused upon in this analysis. The Ottawa microelectronics cluster includes semiconductor and electronic component design, computer hardware design,
Large firms that play an important role for the cluster include MDS Nordion, Mitel Networks, Mosaid, Nortel Networks (R&d), Hewlett-packard (Canada) Ltd.
1) the Strategic Microelectronics Council (SMC) part of the Information technology Association of Canada, and 2) the Canadian Microelectronics Corporation (CMC).
the SMC is a 51 http://www. ottawaregion. com/Business in ottawa/Industry overview/semiconductor. php Chapter 4 Micro-and nanoelectronics EN 133error!
notably from the United kingdom. In the 1970s and 1980s a vibrant cluster emerged around the quickly developing market for telecommunications equipment driven by a number of spin-offs from large firms in the region.
However, with the burst of the dotcom bubble the industry had to diversify beyond telecommunications equipment.
In spite of this nascent diversification the global downturn in demand for telecommunications equipment around 2001 and the closure of Nortel's semiconductor factory in Ottawa dramatically stalled the growth of Ontario's microelectronics industry.
The National Research Council (NRC) Institute for Information technology located in Ottawa and Atlantic Canada. Its mission is, in contrast to the CRC,
At the Ottawa cluster the microelectronics sector further benefits from the NRC institute for microstructural sciences that through its research enables future hardware development.
Cisco, Nokia)( Wolfe, 2002. There are two notable institutional factors that have affected the evolution of the Ontario microelectronics cluster:
a number of centres of excellence both federally and provincially funded, including important actors such as the Canadian Institute for Telecommunications Research,
Secondly, the microelectronics sector in the Ottawa sector has strong interaction with the telecommunications equipment, software,
Nortel alone accounts for almost 20 percent of all industrial R&d expenditures in Canada and hires one third of all Masters and Ph d. graduates in electrical engineering and computer science from Canadian universities.
This concentration is even more visible in the telecommunications sector, with 90 percent of Canada's R&d in industrial telecommunications conducted in the region (Wolfe, 2002).
However, what is emphasised also is the drive in the region to commercialise and to take a global focus.
The Ottawa cluster has a strong specialisation in telecommunications equipment, which led to a state of crisis after the dotcom bubble resulted in the closing of a number of production plants.
A particular weakness of the region after the dot-com bubble is the strong specialisation in telecommunications equipment requiring ongoing revitalisation efforts.
Strong growth with telecommunications equipment boom in 70s/80s Large lasting crisis following dotcom burst need for regeneration of cluster Two national platforms:
In the past strong focus on telecommunications equipment. Cluster regeneration plans aim to focus on health care, automotive, broadband and multimedia Good access US market Ontario government aims to stimulate innovation and growth in microelectronics through public procurement.
Cluster open to new entrants Large companies in cluster such as Hewlett-packard and Cisco. Nortel crucial role as anchor firm!
with different microelectronics industries, e g. telecommunications equipment, software, etc. R&d tax credits important role in cluster strategy.
which resulted in a concentration of manufacturing sites in a few places worldwide. The role of public support Given that production costs particularly in semiconductors are substantial,
Decreasing shares are reported for the electronics industry (i e. integrated electronic companies) in Europe and Japan, for telecommunication companies in all three regions,
and for computer manufacturers in North america and East asia. In Europe, patenting activities are concentrated highly among a few firms compared to North america and East asia.
but they are particularly important for information and communication technology (ICT) equipment and embedded systems. Semiconductor production is a highly cyclical industry.
Industry Links and Market Potentials 5. 2. 1. Technological Competitiveness Analysing technological competitiveness in industrial biotechnology based on patent data using patent classification systems is challenging.
Cluster analysis The geographical distribution of industrial biotechnology clusters can be summarised in four regions: West-and North Europe, American West coast, American East coast, and East asia.
These biotechnology companies were founded mainly on campus rather than becoming established from external sites. Larger companies from the outside are getting involved in the Cambridge cluster mainly through M&as.
and were embedded in an environment of existing and established electronics and computing industries. The number of biotechnology companies grew steadily until the mid 1990s,
Next to biotechnology, there are also strong research efforts in nanotechnology/materials and information technology, with many collaborative R&d projects in an interdisciplinary environment.
Within BBSRC, there is also a‘Bioscience for Industry Strategy Panel',providing strategic input on industrial user needs, knowledge transfers and interactions with the industry. 53 53 http://www. bbsrc
/file 57 http://www. oslocancercluster. no/index2. php? option=com docman&task=doc view&gid=25&itemid=39 58 http://www. baybio. org/wt/page/history Chapter 5 Industrial Biotechnology EN 183error!
thus clarifying IP ownership among research staff, departments, knowledge transfer offices and universities. 60 59 http://www. oslocancercluster. no/index2. php?
and market failures and drivers The cluster originated from a tight social network among biotechnology firms, venture capital and research institutions.
Next to the social network effect, also the heterogeneity of individuals and organisation regarding knowledge, skills and experiences contributed to the succes of the cluster.
collaboration PPP and VC Strong social networks of university graduates and ex-employees of large companies that start their own company Capabilities World leading scientists on biotechnology Very
The importance of Photonics can be seen from the multitude of application sectors where it is seen increasingly to be driving innovation (see Table 6-1). These sectors include information processing, communication, imaging, lighting, displays, manufacturing, life sciences and health care,
Optical networks have opened the way to almost unlimited digital communication, building the very foundations of our Information Society.
Photonics enables the processing, the storage, the transport and the visualisation of the huge masses of data.
It is optical transmission networks that are enabling all of this, giving data accessibility to anyone, anywhere (Photonics21, 2006.
and image guided systems make use of computer tomography in navigated surgery. Laser diagnosis and treatments in ophthalmology, dermatology and other medical fields have evolved into standard procedures.
, Mask) Lasers for Production Technology Objective Lenses for Wafer Steppers Optical Measurement and Machine vision Machine vision Systems and components Spectrometers and Spectrometer Modules Binary Sensors Meas.
Consumer Electronics, Office Automation, Printing Optical Disk drives Laser printers and Copiers, PODS, Fax and MFPS Digital Cameras and Camcorders, Scanners Barcode Scanners Systems for Commercial
Printing Lasers for IT Sensors (CCD, CMOS) Optical Computing Tetrahertz Systems in Photonics Lighting Lamps LEDS OLEDS Flat Panel Displays LCD Displays Plasma
Displays OLEDS and Other Displays Display Glass and Liquid crystals Solar energy Solar cells Slar Modules Defence Photonics Vision and Imaging Systems, Including Periscopic Sights Infrared and Night vision
Systems Ranging Systems Munition/Missile Guiding Systems Military Space Surveillance systems Avionics Displays Image Sensors Lasers Optical Systems and Components Optical Components
Lighting and Displays: Innovative lighting systems create convenient surroundings and save energy. Semiconductor light sources LEDS (light emitting diodes) and organic LEDS (OLEDS) provide advantages like:
medicine, displays, and a whole range of sensors for chemicals, biological materials and in the environment.
Ultimately, photonics even promises to completely replace microelectronics as the technology that computers use to‘think'(optical computing), leading to a huge increase in performance (EC, 2008a.
The electronics industry (incl. computer and semiconductor) and the optical industry (including lighting, cable and solar cells manufacturers) together account for almost 60 percent of total photonic patents.
Telecommunication Semiconductor/computer Other Electronics Chemicals Glass/ceramics Other Materials Machinery/instruments Vehicles/defence Public research Source:
-which splits the total sample of photonics patents in two subsamples of similar size-reveals a shift of photonics patenting from telecommunication towards the optical industry (Figure 6-15).
In addition, the semiconductor and computer industry, the chemical industry and the glass and cermaincs industry gained in importance at the expense of the vehicles and defence industry.
In Europe, telecommunication as well as other electronics lost importance as photonics patents producers while the lighting industry and the semiconductor industry gained shares.
/cable/solar Lighting Telecommunication Semiconductor/computer Other Electronics Chemicals Glass/ceramics Other Materials Machinery/instruments Vechicles/defence Public research Source:
Other electronics (i e. electronics companies not specialised in telecommunication, semiconductors, computers or lighting) is the most important applicant sector for all four subfields in photonics. 30 percent of all lighting patents
telecommunication, optical and semiconductor companies, but also public research is a relevant actor for patenting in this subfield.
as well as by companies from the chemicals and telecommunication industry. Table 6-4: Sector affiliation of applicants of photonics patents, by subfield((EPO/PCT 1981-2007 applications, percent) Solar Lighting Laser Devices Optical/cable/solar 12
21 17 21 Lighting 17 5 2 1 Telecommunication 2 2 18 11 Semiconductor/computer 5 9 10 6 Other
Rank Name Country Sector#pat. 1 Osram*DE lighting 650 1 3m US chemicals 748 2 Alcatel Lucent FR telecommunication
314 4 Agilent US telecommunication 276 5 Carl Zeiss DE optical 281 5 General electric US electronics 236 6 Valeo FR
automotive 276 6 Du pont US chemicals 234 7 Thales FR defence 223 7 Intel US semiconductors 215 8 Comm. à
FR government 172 8 Honeywell US machinery 179 9 Inf ineon DE semiconductors 169 9 Hewlett-packard US computer 174 10
Schott DE glass 166 10 ADC TELECOMMUNICATIONS US telecommunication 165 11 Fraunhofer DE research 165 11 MIT US research 147 12
optical 111 18 Ericsson SE telecommunication 107 18 JDS Uniphase US optical 111 19 Pirelli IT automotive 100 19 Northrop grumman US defence
91 20 Robert Bosch DE automotive 90 20 Motorola US telecommunication 89 East asia Rank Name Country Sector#pat. 1 Samsung
materials 398 9 Konica JP optical 380 10 Seiko Epson JP optical 373 11 LG Electronics KR electronics 363 12
Seminconductor Energy JLPAB. semiconductors 358 13 Pioneer JP electronics 357 14 Fujitsu JP computer 353 15 NEC JP telecommunication 336
EN Solar energy 4%Flat panel displays Lighting 26%8%Information technology 21%Optical communications 5%Midecal tech. & life science 8%Measurement & automated
14.2 8 Image processing BMBF (2007 7. 4 16 8 Measurement systems BMBF (2007) ) 11.6 23 7 Medical Technology & Life science BMBF (2007) 18.6 38.8 8 Optical Communication BMBF (2007) 12 31 10 Information Techn
. & Printing BMBF (2007) 47.7 88 6 European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 218error!
EN Lighting BMBF (2007) 18.5 31.9 6 Flat Panel Displays BMBF (2007) 61 119 7 Solar energy BMBF (2007) 9 31
Cluster analysis On a global level, production is located (increasingly in low-cost countries, predominantly in Asia. In 2005 Japan represented 32 percent, Europe 19 percent North america 15 percent, Korea 12 percent and Taiwan 11 percent of world production.
but also to local and national governmental initiatives that promote regional clustering activities (Sydow et al.,2007).
) However, this data is based on a survey from 2002. Others in the meantime (2007) speak of 69 Since 2005 the photonics clusters in Berlin-Brandenburg, Tucson, Arizona,
The financial resources are used to finance three FTE at Optecbb as well as to keep the internal database up to date,
The cluster management has two core functions. First, it represents the activities of cluster firms to the outside world through a website, database, press releases but also coordinated events at industry fairs globally.
Secondly, it facilitates interaction between cluster firms, although interaction between firms is only partly centrally organised.
http://www. ryerson. ca/ors/funding/resources/download/photonics. ppt About 100 companies79 active in optics-photonics in Quebec employ about 4, 750 specialists
This diverse range of photonics and optical firms primarily support applications in the telecommunications sector,
Currently, the photonics industry in Quebec supplies goods to many industry sectors, mainly telecommunications equipment (36 percent), electronic equipment (20 percent), industrial process control (18 percent), instruments
the City of Québec area has been a leader in photonic market applications, from instrumentation to imagery, vision systems, optical communications and high-performance fibre optics.
However, the CEO of the Quebec Photonics Network sees the relatively dense social network of Québec City confined to a relatively small area as a reason why collaboration might be easier.
In Europe, the European commission treats photonics as a key technology for the economy of the 21st century because it impacts on many important European industries, such as telecommunication, lighting, environment, health care and life sciences, safety
Photonic markets today mainly refer to lighting, measurement and automated vision, production technology, medical technology and life science, optical communication, optical components and systems, solar energy, and information technology.
In North america, the optical, cable and solar industry, the telecommunication industry and the chemical industry are the most important groups of photonic applicants.
In Europe, the electronics industry, vehicle industry and the telecommunication industry plays an important role. Market prospects and growth impacts All existing market forecast for photonics
The European industry has a weak position in the sectors of information technology and flat panel displays (Photonics21, 2007b.
also emanating into service sectors such as health, software, architecture and construction, telecommunication and engineering services.
chemistry, physics, nanosciences and-increasingly-biology have to be combined with in depth knowledge of process technology and other engineering sciences, information technology and life sciences.
EN 7. 2 Technological Competitiveness, Industry Links and Market Potentials 7. 2. 1. Technological Competitiveness Analysing technological competitiveness in advanced materials based on patent data
FR government 129 24 Hewlett-packard US electronics 112 25 Michelin FR rubber 123 25 Air Products US chemicals 107 East asia
consumer goods BCC (2010) Thick film devices, processes and applications 0. 027 2007 0. 05 2014 9 electronic devices, energy devices, display devices, mechanical/chemical
, photoresist chemicals, wet chemicals BCC (2006 Compound semiconductor materials 14.44 2006 33.7 2012 15 wireless electronic devices, optical data storage, fiber optics communications, illumination
, solar cells BCC (2008) Optical coatings 5 2008 5. 7 2015 2 electronics, defence/security, architecture, solar, medical, telecom, transportation BCC
(2009) Optical coatings 4. 3 2005 5. 6 2012 4 telecom, electronics, vehicles, medical, security, architecture BCC (2006) Total market
A considerable potential is expected in the areas of energy (mid-term market volume of €19 billion, e g. catalysts and batteries),
transport (e g. lightweight materials) and ICT (e g. optical fibres and semiconductors)( EC, 2009). However, a recent report from the Europe Innova Sectoral Innovation watch has alerted that advanced materials are an area where Europe has invested under (in terms of venture capital) compared to mainstream innovation areas (e g. energy generation and infrastructure)( Europe
Cluster analysis Advanced materials clusters can be found all over the globe, but mainly in North america, Europe, Japan, Australia,
which in the ECO data is listed 4th in the chemical clusters category with high level of innovativeness.
and its geography is spread across all the five Walloon provinces with an extended coverage to the Brussels region (see figure below).
toys and recycling. 85 There are 50 core players, engaging in manufacturing, processing, services, engineering, design, retailing and recycling.
A large number of examples can be found in a number of companies'website where statements are being made around the message that REACH is an important driver for environmental responsibility in our company.
http://www. investinwallonia. be/ofi-belgium/investir-en-wallonie/environnement-des-affaires/acces-aux-capitaux. php 88 http://www. investinwallonia. be/ofi
-belgium/10-reasons-invest-wallonia. php 89 http://www. investinwallonia. be/ofi-belgium/investir-en-wallonie/opportunites-affaires/chimie-siderurgie-verre-textile
. php 90 http://www. investinwallonia. be/ofi-belgium/investir-en-wallonie/environnement-des-affaires/acces-aux-capitaux. php 91 http://www. sriw. be/fr/Principes-generaux-9. html 92 http://www
. sowalfin. be/info. php 93 http://www. investinwallonia. be/ofi-belgium/investir-en-wallonie/environnement-des-affaires/acces-aux-capitaux. php 94
http://www. walloniatech. org/Venturecapital. html European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 274error!
and Liège with the support of private investors96 The firm received seed funding and venture capital to prove the commercial viability of carbon nanotubes and nanopowders for flat screens applications (Eco-innovation Futures
with further upgrades in the other related sectors, including advanced materials. Following the implementation of policies from the Central Government of China, the Ministries of Commerce,
Industry and Information technology and Science and Technology jointly announced in December 2007 their ambition to make Changsha the outsourcing services centre of China (KPMG, 2009).
The constructions of several platforms (information technology, services and financing) have achieved remarkable results. The number of professional technology intermediary agents has increased as well as the number of science and technology business incubators (Liu, 2007.
and internet infrastructure as well as shared research facilities Pipeline for raw materials transport (e g hydrogen) and energy supply (e g. gas) Strong knowledge infrastructure with many higer education institutes
Education and collaboration between research institutions and companies play a key role within the action of this programme (see Foresight Panel UK, 2000.
but also emanating into service sectors such as health, software, architecture and construction, telecommunication and engineering services, contributing to both product and process innovation.
Like other general purpose technologies, the diffusion of advanced materials generates network and learning effects among users.
but solely focus on quantitative analyses based on patent data. This decision reflects the specific nature of this KET (see the following section for more detail) which implies different mode of generating and diffusing technologies and less significance of clusters for technological advance in this KET.
forming, pressing, chipping), electronic and computing technologies, measuring technologies (including optical and chemical technologies), transportation technologies and other logistic technologies.
i e. computer-integrated, technologies into manufacturing processes that allow for a vertical integration of planning, engineering design, control, production and distribution processes.
Robotics, automation technologies and computer-integrated manufacturing are the keywords for AMT. Industries in which AMT are important can
when general purpose manufacturing technologies emerge (e g. steam engine, electrical motor, computing). In this respect, AMT can be characterised as the oldest key enabling technology in human history.
We analyse technological competitiveness of advanced manufacturing technologies (AMT) based on patent data. AMT patents are identified through a combination of IPC classes (see section 2. 2). Measured in terms of patents applied at EPO or through the PCT procedure (EPO/PCT patents
B23p, B23q) computer integrated manufacturing (G06 and at least one of the following classes: A21c, A22b, A22c, A23n, A24c, A41h, A42c, A43d, B01f, B02b, B02c, B03b, B03d, B05c, B05d, B07b, B08b, B21b, B21d, B21f
and simply reflects that developing AMT is at the core of this industry, the high shares for vehicle and electronics manufacturer are more interesting.
EN computer-integrated manufacturing and robotics. What is more, a number of large electronics companies have important automation businesses (e g.
US electronics 99 12 Fraunhofer DE research 164 12 Hewlett-packard US electronics 93 13 Comm. a l'energie atom.
machinery 60 21 SNECMA FR defence 122 21 Texas Instrumentsus instruments 60 22 BMW DE vehicles 121 22 Microsoft US
software 60 23 Alstom FR electronics 121 23 Motorola US electronics 59 24 Infineon DE electronics 121 24 Eaton US
and forecasts for a number of subfields in AMT, including chemical process monitoring devices, continuous monitoring, non-destructive testing, machine vision, pharmacy automation, automotive sensor technologies, and robotics.
1 5. 9 Machine vision BCC (2006) 8. 1 15.0 10.8 Pharmacy automation BCC (2006) 2. 1 3. 6 9. 4
The highest growth rate is found in the machine vision subfield, followed by pharmacy automation and continuous monitoring.
The highest growth rate is found in the machine vision subfield, followed by pharmacy automation and continuous monitoring.
but also including software) with the specific needs of users in specific industry. Developing AMT thus means to have a deep understanding of the industry in which this technology will be applied
In the 1980s and 1990s several countries run programmes that supported the diffusion of computer-integrated manufacturing technologies
For quantitative analysis, patent data were employed. Qualitative analysis of success factors, barriers and market and system failures rest on detailed analysis of ten selected clusters (five from Europe, five from overseas.
Whereas in the early stages emphasis will be on knowledge development and careful building of a strong core in the cluster
EN firm databases to increase transparency of the actors present in the cluster, provide intermediary services etc.
thus a key success factor Many KETS require very specific skills, particularly cross-disciplinary knowledge from disciplines such as chemistry, physics, biology, computer sciences, mechanical engineering and material sciences.
While for some areas, global networks of the leading organisations from research and industry are suited best,
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