This report the result of two international workshops held under the auspices of the the OECD's Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy (CSTP) as part of the OECD Innovation Strategy makes the case that the social-dimension is no longer peripheral
and synergies to be exploited by better integrating social challenges at the core of innovation activities.
and synergies to be exploited in better integrating social challenges at the core of innovation activities.
Although mainly restricted to information technology innovation activities, these initiatives are now spreading to other domains.
Private and public actors have understood clearly that these social needs conveyed to the core of the innovation process add value to their product
the largest global network of innovative Social Entrepreneurs with systems changing ideas. Founded in 1981 in India,
His Grameen Telecom has brought cellphone ownership to 300 000 rural poor in 50 000 in Bangladesh.
Companies such as Bouygues Construction now offer these classes on all their construction sites. Always striving to expand their impact,
to use digital images and video games as well as adapted sports equipment. One can see that Ricard and Muller have gone way beyond traditional entrepreneurship:
The Internet has opened an avenue for social networks and these virtual platforms are multiplying, which incentivize collaborations between Social Entrepreneurs and across sectors, pool resources
Changemakers, Global Giving, Idealist, Donorschoose. org or even the pages of Facebook are mere examples of a global phenomenon.
This has been one of the core concerns of the Dutch approach: connecting networks, crossing (sector) boundaries, searching for new and surprising combinations.
the Planning Cells/Citizens'Reports described elsewhere in this volume, Future Workshops, Citizens'Panels, and many others.
www. prolandleben. de/web/pdf/Zusammenfassung. pdf 4. 2 Planning Cells/Citizens'Reports The public participation procedure of Planning Cells developed by Peter Dienel
www. nexusinstitut. de/download/citizens report ecc. pdf 4. 3 Mediation Mediation is an age-old form of conflict resolution King Solomon was an early practitioner!
. 7 Citizens'Panel This procedure, developed by Helmut Klages at the beginning of the decade, is reiterated a regular
www. arnsberg. de/buergerpanel/index. php 4. 8 Citizens'exhibition The citizens'exhibition is another rather recent democratic invention.
Technology-Salon on the future of RFID Technologies in 2008. There have been serious and controversial discussions on the application of Radio frequency identification (RFID) during the last years;
ending up with a wide scope of different perspectives and unanswered questions. Which political framework would be needed to ensure the use of RFID?
How can radio technology be implemented responsibly? On September 25th 2008, these and further questions were discussed at the 1st Berlin Technology-Salon On the path to a transparent product:
The political framework for the future of RFID-Technology (German: Auf dem Weg zum gläsernen Produkt:
and development of RFID-technology and reconsidered solutions for aligned challenges. The goal: Formulation of a joint position of all participants.
and conferences that are regarded often boring and exhausting. www. nexusinstitut. de/download/10-01-13 broschuere rfid. pdf 5. Conclusions
and Outlook This chapter presented and analysed the use of different participative processes in Germany,
Participative processes are a core element in the strategies to shift innovation policies in different OECD countries towards a type of innovation,
lessons from other fields, Help for Health Trust, Winchester, UK (download from: www. conres. co. uk/pub. htm) Bockhofer, R. ed.)(1999), Mit Petitionen Politik verändern.
science and democracy in the biosciences, Public Understanding of Science 10:1 18 (download from: www. iop. org/EJ/S/UNREG/1uxnt1mxdjkt6y7owari. g/toc/0963-6625/10/1) Jungk, R,
Design information systems (e g. through technology scanning and foresight) to be able to detect, characterise and diffuse knowledge on cases of social innovation Social innovations most often derive from isolated experiments that aim to solve local social challenges.
The information system should also include in its search perimeter the various policies and initiatives designed to support them.
See also of course the example of Ashoka and the support it provides to Ashoka fellows (from stipends to access to a global network of top social and business entrepreneurs.
where different types of stakeholders are involved in research programming In the UK NESTA provided interesting examples of new forms of labs that deal with social challenges (climate, aging, health. etc) Proposal 6:
. org/science-about-us-vision. htm MITSUI Global Strategic Studies Institute (MGSSI) www. ecosystemmarketplace. com/pages/dynamic/organization. page. php?
The Pedagogical Implications of Digital, Social and Mobile Media John V. Pavlik Rutgers University, United states Abstract Emerging technologies are fueling a third paradigm of education.
Social media; Networked society; Mobile media Introduction Innovative uses of emerging technologies are enabling a fundamental transformation of the teaching and learning process.
what was called a dumb terminal networked through a dialup modem to a mainframe computer located in another building.
The 1200-baud modem was slow by 2014's gigabit broadband standards. But in terms of speed and ease, it easily beat going offline
and using keypunch cards to instruct the mainframe. Sometimes after a particularly productive day, the author paused in his research for a few minutes to play Adventure.
it was free (Wikipedia, 2013a). Adventure had no graphics, just words on an amber screen.
But it was interactive. The author typed commands that traveled over the modem and were carried out by his character go north,
The 114 screen displayed verbal descriptions of the results you've fallen into a pit, you're holding a gold coin.
and play the games collaboratively or competitively (Wikipedia, 2013b). And coming soon was called something a smart terminal,
or networked personal computer (PC)( Kline, 1980). These would enable much more, including graphics, sound effects, and multimedia user-generated content (UGC).
Even more distant was ubiquitous high-speed, broadband wireless, such as Wi-fi, and the miniaturized devices courtesy of Moore's Law to utilize it (Wikipedia, 2013c).
But the confluence of these developments would bring dramatic consequences to education. As David J. Helfand (2013) suggests,
In the mid-1980s the educational pioneers such as Wayne Danielson of the University of Texas wrote software for journalism and communication education.
These pioneers were developing a wide range of creative digital learning tools such computer algorithms for analyzing student writing
Wayne Danielson of the University of Texas applied artificial intelligence (AI) to create an early tool for generating computer-written haikus.
It is built on crowdsourcing. Learning is a process of mutual exploration and discovery between and among students and the person formerly known as the instructor, adapting Jay Rosen's apt description of the rise of the citizen journalist in the digital age (2012).
when learning analytics and artificial intelligence are used effectively to optimize and customize student engagement and learning in real time (Fournier, 2011).
We are told not to‘friend'the professor on Facebook (2013. Though extremely efficient, MOOCS are still largely an extension of the second educational paradigm,
While an increasing number of MOOCS integrate artificial intelligence and expert systems to provide student feedback and learning customization,
the ability of these systems to function effectively is limited largely to courses designed to advance subject matter mastery.
Among the topics they explored were augmented 3d printing reality and an early government big data initiative to build a digital 117 surveillance system today called PRISM.
Importantly, the e-groups included not just students currently enrolled but many who had taken previously the class
Appropriately enough, the students introduced the instructor to the particular e-groups software tool they used for online collaboration.
Educators need to develop new assessment methods using the unique capabilities of digital technology, from algorithms to artificial intelligence.
The confluence of networking, geo-location and mobile, wearable technology such as Google glass and cloud computing can overcome the constraints of place, time and content in education.
They can make learning continuous, collaborative and contextualized or connected to the broader world (Wheeler,
2013) Deeply Engaged Learning As suggested by Google's Eric Schmidt and Jared Cohen, the interconnected student can become an active collaborator in a continuous learning process (2013).
Mobile technology, including wearable devices such as Google glass, enables the use of geo-location to foster deeply engaged learning.
It's 118 worth noting that more than half (56 percent) of adults in the U s as of 2013 use a smartphone (Smith 2013.
Among youth, the level of smartphone and mobile device is even higher (80 percent among the 18-34 segment,
Notably, smartphone ownership is even higher among the Black/Non-Hispanic (63 percent) and Hispanic (60 percent) population than the White/Non-Hispanic (53 percent.
called geocaches, using a smartphone or GPS and can then share their experiences online (Geocaching, 2014).
Educators could incorporate these principles and techniques into their curricula through the fusion of augmented reality, big data and social media.
in fact in 1901 described a character marker that would overlay information onto wearable displays (Johnson, 2012).
Software such as Daqri 3d allows the reader of a magazine to point her or his mobile device at an AR enhanced image in the magazine and access the embedded AR content.
The AR content embedded into the magazine includes a variety of 3d data-driven visualizations
Students can use mobile devices to access the interactive 3d graphic and explore the protein structure in ways previously inaccessible.
In collaboration with Columbia University computer science Professor Steven Feiner the author developed in the late 1990s real-world AR enhancements described as a situated documentary (Höllerer, Feiner, & Pavlik, 1999.
This kinesthetic learning approach builds on a well-established body of educational research called legitimate peripheral participation (LPP)( Wikipedia, 2014a;
Wikipedia, 2014b. In LPP, students engage actively in the real work of a discipline under the mentorship of a faculty member with expertise in the discipline.
Students studying history, for instance, might use a variety of mobile devices to conduct community history. They might do recorded oral histories
Other forms can involve wider use of mobile devices. Clickers, for instance, enable students to answer questions posed by the instructor during live class.
Moreover, learning analytics based on such data are increasingly being incorporated across digital learning environments. Mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets can be used easily as well as clicker apps
and other tools for active learning are widely available at low or no cost (Socrative, 2014).
This is a strategy to take advantage of many students'natural inclination toward ubiquitous and often non-stop mobile device use.
Research shows big data analytics are an effective tool to enable the professor to make instant adjustments to optimize learning and further diagnostics of teaching effectiveness as well as learning assessment (ELI, 2011.
New initiatives are demonstrating the value of digital, wearable devices for providing improved access to educational content for persons with disabilities (Markoff, 2013.
ranging from MOOCS in the short-term to 3d (or 4d printing in the long-term (NMC. 2013).
Digital tools using artificial intelligence can enable real-time customization of learning as they are beginning to do with some MOOCS.
Merging 3d printing with AR experiences could transform learning. Students studying archeology might not only see a 3d animated version of New york city's 19th century Seneca Village,
The coalescence of learning analytics and artificial intelligence holds promise. Consider the case of Narrative Science (Northwestern university Innovation and New Ventors Office, 2014.
Narrative science transforms data into stories and insights through its proprietary artificial intelligence authoring system. The algorithms the system uses are highly effective
and have attracted dozens of companies, including media enterprises, willing to pay to use the system to write stories.
The company's ambition is for the algorithm to write every story for an audience of 121 one.
Narrative Science's current AI writing tool, Quill wrote more than a million stories by the end of 2013.
news. Algorithm-driven news reporting and writing is already transforming a variety of journalism domains,
and specialize in activities that computers cannot, at least at this time. Reporters need to focus more on rigorous, enterprise and investigative reporting.
he designed and tested a videogame system to teach laparoscopic surgeons the skills they need to perform this delicate procedure.
while the surgeon watches on a video display, Rosser's game design did not simulate laparoscopic surgery.
Instead, it was simply a fun video game that contained embedded in it physical and mental activities that helped surgeons perfect their laparoscopic techniques.
Based on this early experience, Rosser expanded his videogame protocol to other Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics,
Living and learning in a social media world. Featured presentation at the Technology in Higher education conference.
) Surgeons may err less by playing videogames. Retrieved on 9 june 2013 from http://www. nbcnews. com/id/4685909/ns/technology and science-games/t/surgeons-may-err-less-playing-video-games/#.
Your smartphone is watching you. The New york times. Retrieved on 2 january 2015 from http://www. nytimes. com/2013/06/09/opinion/sunday/douthat-your-smartphone-is-watching-you. html?
hp ELI. 2011). ) Seven Things You Should Know About First Generation Learning Analytics. EDUCAUSE Learning Initiative Briefing.
Retrieved on 9 june 2013 from file://C:/Users/User/Downloads/18150452. pdf Geocaching. 2014). ) Geocaching.
) Nonverbal communication and computer mediated communication to enhance online learning. Retrieved on 9 june 2013 from http://sloanconsortium. org/conferences/2011/aln/nonverbal-communication
-and-computer-mediated-communication-enhance-online-lear Helfand, D. J. 2013). The social conquest of general education.
On Wearable computers, pp. 79-86), San francisco, CA. 124 Jacobs, A j. 2013. Two cheers for Web U. Retrieved on 9 june 2013 from http://www. nytimes. com/2013/04/21/opinion/sunday/grading-the-mooc-university. html?
src=recg& r=0 Johnson, J. 2012, September 10. The master key: L. Frank baum envisions augmented reality glasses in 1901.
The dark side of internet freedom. Retrieved on 9 june 2013 from http://tropicaline. files. wordpress. com/2011/04/netdelusion. pdf Northwestern university Innovation and New Ventors Office.
Pew Internet & American Life Project-Smartphone Ownership 2013. Retrieved on 9 june 2013 from http://www. pewinternet. org/Reports/2013/Smartphone-Ownership-2013. aspx Socrative (2014.
Socrative. Retrieved on 24 february 2014 from http://www. socrative. com/Steinkuehler, C. & Duncan, S. 2013.
Scientific habits of mind in virtual worlds. Journal of Science and Educational Technology. Retrieved on 18 april 2013 from http://website. education. wisc. edu/steinkuehler/papers/Steinkuehlerduncan2008. pdf Steinkuehler, C.,Martin, C,
. & Ochsner, A. Eds.)(in press. Proceedings of the games, learning, and society conference: Vol. 1. Pittsburgh PA:
Wikipedia (2013a. History of massively multiplayer online role playing games. Retrieved on 9 june 2013 from https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History of massively multiplayer online games Wikipedia (2013b.
Massively multiplayer online role-playing game. Retrieved on 9 june 2013 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Massively multiplayer online role-playing game Wikipedia (2013c.
Moore's law. Retrieved on 9 june 2013 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Moore%27s law Wikipedia (2014a.
Kinesthetic learning. Retrieved on 24 february 2014 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Kinesthetic learning Wikipedia (2014b.
Legitimate peripheral participation. Retrieved on 24 february 2014 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Legitimate peripheral participation Correspondence:
John V. Pavlik, Professor, Department of Journalism and Media Studies, School of Communication and Information, Rutgers University, New brunswick, New jersey, United states
Fueling Innovation through Information technology in SMES*by Clay Dibrell, Peter S. Davis, and Justin Craig This paper describes a study that investigates the mediating effects of information technology (IT) on the relationships among product
and process innovations and firm performance (measured in multiple profitability and growth rate metrics). Using structural equation modeling on a sample of 397 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMES),
For example, substantial evidence has begun to accumulate that suggests that appropriate strategic employment of information technology (IT) may be essential in translating strategies (e g.,
, computer hardware, computer software, and personnel)( Krishnan and Sriram 2000). Over time, firms that invest more than their competitors in IT tend to realize greater returns from the marketplace (Bharadwaj 2000.
In particular, Cooper (1998) highlights that due to advances in computer technology, the declining cost of systems and improved software and technological sophistication of the workforce, no longer are reserved adaptations for the technologically elite,
The first section draws upon strategic management and management information systems literatures to describe the critical components of innovation
New products may take different forms, such as upgrades, modifications, and extensions of existing products. The most prominent innovation dimensions within these research streams are radical, incremental, product, process, administrative,
managers now consider the use of IT as a competitive tool used for the implementation of strategic plans and the support of firm core competencies (e g.,
Management information systems scholars (e g.,, Sakaguchi and Dibrell 1998; Mahmood and Mann 1993) suggest that an appropriate way to gauge a firm's emphasis ON IT is to look at their investments in IT assets (e g.,
, hardware, software, and personnel) relative to other competitors within the same industry. Drawing upon a scale developed
and (4) number of personal computers and terminals per employee. Firm Performance. The firms participating in this study were SMES that were traded not publicly.
measuring performance required data that were unavailable from suitable secondary data sources. Hence, we used subjective measures of performance provided by the respondent managers to capture firms'relative profitability
Analyses Structural equation modeling using LISREL 8. 52 was employed for validation of the scales through confirmatory factor analysis and for hypothesis testing.
For construct validation, a two-phase confirmatory factor analysis approach was conducted, as suggested by Anderson and Gerbing (1988).
The model fits the data strongly (c2=123.40, df=81, p<.05; CFI=0. 99;
AND CRAIG 211 was explained mainly through information technology with a smaller percentage explained by product and process innovations.
and Fit Statistics Standardized Estimate t-Value Gamma Parameters Product Innovation Information technology 0. 27*4. 18 Process Innovation Information technology 0. 20
*p<.05.212 JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT expand their core capabilities in the areas of products, knowledge, and skills.
and to link this power to support the core competencies of the firm successfully can have a competitive advantage.
A Resource-Based Perspective on Information technology Capability and Firm Performance: An Empirical Investigation, MIS Quarterly 24,169 196.
Information technology Effects on Firm Performance as Measured by Tobin's Q, Management Science 45 (7), 1008 1024.
Information technology: A Study of Performance and the Role of Human and Organizational Factors, Ergonomics 40 (2), 851 871.
Performance Outcomes of Strategic and IT Competencies Alignment, Journal of Information technology 19 (3), 178 190.
Performance Impacts of Information technology: Is Actual Usage the Missing Link? Management Science 49 (3), 273 289.
The Role of Information technology in the Organization: A Review, Model, and Assessment, Journal of Management 27,313 346.
The Continuing Influence of Information technology, Management Decision 40 (6), 620 627. Eden, L.,E. Levitas,
Modern Factor analysis. Chicago, IL: University of chicago Press. Hax, A, . and N. Majluf (1991). The Strategy Concept and Process.
Strategic Use of Information technology for Increased Innovation and Performance, Information management and Computer security 7 (1), 5 22.
Information technology (IT) Appropriateness: The Contingency Theory of‘Fit'and IT Implementation in Small and Medium Enterprises, Journal of Computer Information systems 45 (3), 88 95.
King, S f, . and T. F. Burgess (2006). Beyond Critical Success Factors: A Dynamic Model of Enterprise System Innovation, International Journal of Information management 26,59 69.
Measuring Information technology Payoff: A Meta-Analysis of Structural Variables in Firm-Level Empirical research, Information systems Research 14 (2), 127 145.
Krishnan, G. V, . and R. S. Sriram (2000). An Examination of the Effect of IT Investments on Firm Value:
The Case of Y2k-Compliance Costs, Journal of Information systems 14,95 108. Larsen, E, . and A. Lomi (2002).
Adoption of Information technology in Small Business: Testing Drivers of Adoption for Entrepreneurs, Journal of Com-216 JOURNAL OF SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT puter Information systems 42 (1), 44 57.
Lewis, M. W.,M. A. Welsh, G. E. Dehler, and S g. Green (2002). Product Development Tensions:
Measuring the Organizational Impact of Information technology Investment: An Exploratory Study, Journal of Management Information systems 10,97 122.
Mcdonald, R, . and H. Marsh (1990). Choosing a Multivariate Model: Noncentrality and Goodness of fit, Psychological Bulletin 107 (2), 247 255.
On the Assessment of the Strategic Value of Information technologies: Conceptual and Analytical Approaches, MIS Quarterly 31 (2), 239 265.
Information technology as Competitive Advantage: The Role of Human, Business, and Technology Resources, Strategic Management Journal 18,375 405.
Effect of Information systems Resources and Capabilities on Firm Performance: A Resource-Based Perspective, Journal of Management Information systems 21,237 276.
Ray, G.,W. A. Muhanna, and J. B. Barney (2005). Information technology and the Performance of the Customer service Process:
A Resource-Based Analysis, MIS Quarterly 29,625 651. Sakaguchi, T s. Nicovich, and C. Dibrell (2004).
Measurement of the Intensity of Global Information technology Usage: Quantitizing the Value of a Firm's Information technology, Industrial Management and Data systems 98,380 394.
Salant, P, . and D. A. Dillman (1994). How to Conduct Your Own Survey. Chichester: Wiley.
Reconceptualizing the Role of Information technology in Contemporary Firms, MIS Quarterly 27 (2), 237 263. Sangho, L,
United states Government Printing Office. Steiger, J. H, . and J. C. Lind (1980). Statistically Based Tests of the Number of Common factors, paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society, Iowa City (Spring.
see The Global Competitiveness Report 2012 2013 with detailed profiles of all 144 economies as well as an interactive data platform are available at www. weforum. org/gcr.
the data suggest a slight downward trend of its performance in higher education (ranking 8th place on higher education
The country displays a fairly even performance across all 12 pillars of competitiveness. Notable strengths include its large market size (19th) and high educational standards,
Less than a quarter of the population accesses the Internet on a regular basis, and only a small fraction has access to broadband.
Strong external demand for local commodities, especially from China and other Asian economies, coupled with good macroeconomic management have allowed the countries in the region to put their short-and medium-term growth outlooks on a glide path
Despite this rather optimistic outlook, the region may face the interrelated potential headwinds of a less robust recovery in the United states, a deceleration in the economic growth of China and other Asian emerging economies,
and to exhibit a favorable economic outlook. Indeed, the region has bounced back rapidly from the global economic crisis,
it currently shows low penetration rates of new technologies such as mobile phones and the Internet. Ghana is ranked 103rd this year,
A related area of concern is the low level of technological readiness in Tanzania (122nd), with very low uptake of ICT such as the Internet and mobile telephony.
''In the context of the 60%GHG emission reduction target for the EC transport sector, deployment of sustainable fuels, energy-efficient propulsion systems and smart information systems will be needed.
advanced information systems and logistic solutions towards sustainable transportation 2. The objective of the Supergreen project (1/2010 1/2013) was to support the EC in defining
Collection of data on green technologies and smart ICT systems, suitable to be applied on the corridors to improve performance
Particular attention was paid to the coverage of long distance routes serving large freight volumes by all transport modes apart from air.
and few data about them were collected. Thus, these extra KPIS were excluded from the baseline evaluation,
a) Quantitative data on the technology impact, validated against real-life performance; and (b) Detailed data about corridor transport routes,
such as traffic volumes, frequency of service, delivery time and vehicle features. Since such data were not available for all corridors,
a limited set of benchmark scenarios was produced based on the baseline transport chains (Sect. 2) and the green technology review. 3. 1 Green Technology Survey
collecting data from manufacturers, research and academic works, and the project consortium. The survey resulted in a list of 200 representative technologies of the following categories:
The results are publicly available through a web-based repository http://88.32.124.84/Supergreen/Login. aspx.
and it was based on publicly available manufacturer data, technology success stories and research project results.
and mapped to technology performance data 12. For instance, a green technology that reduces fuel consumption can potentially help to reduce fuel cost,
Due to lack of data about capital costs for some of the green technologies, the return of investment and its impact on the operating cost were considered not.
Non-corridor specific description of the ICT systems under investigation, including data about basic functionalities,
Other relevant data could be collected also. Step 5: Based on step 4, inter alia, investigation of potential impact of ICT on the KPIS of a corridor.
a) Data necessary to quantitatively compute the ICT impact on corridors generally proved to be difficult
unwillingness of operators or other sources to reveal such data (if any), and non-homogeneity in data quality.
The problem of data availability (such as cargo flows) is recognised in the EU. In some cases,
estimates of such data can be produced based on mathematical models. A fortiori, any linkage of such data with particular ICTS is complicated even more.
b) In contrast to the green technologies (Sect. 3) that can have a direct and tangible impact on the corridor KPIS,
the impact of ICTS on the greening of a corridor is of a different nature.
in order to collect data and evaluate the importance of a set of proposed ICTS: Adaptive speed control;
Freight transport information technology solutions (Fretis) or compatible system; Installation of sensors onboard vehicles; Single window systems;
River information systems; River tolls; Tracking units. The ICTS were clustered in the following functional groups: Expert charging systems;
Broadcasting, monitoring and communication systems; Safety systems; E-administrative systems; Emissions footprint calculator systems. Also, a first qualitative assessment of the ICTS impact on the corridors was performed.
Greek e-toll systems use Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) sensors and tags, in order to automatically detect passages from gateways.
for which there was sufficient availability of data. This work revealed the need for adequate and consistent statistical information on transport corridor flows that would allow a precise quantification of the European corridor baseline.
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