1) increased digital information and controls; 2) dynamic optimization of grid operations, including cyber security; 3) deployment of distributed resources, including renewable resources;
as such, need algorithms to achieve the maximum power point which must be considered in the design of the power electronics interface. 3) Bidirectional power flow:
The intelligent functioning of the smart grid depends on the capability to support a communication layer in tandem with an energy delivery layer in the grid. 10) Fault tolerance/self-healing:
and computer-oriented monitoring than in the contemporary grid, where grid operations are rather reactive,
and generated energy data along with actionable commands to customers. With technologies such as WIFI Zigbee, and home area network (HAN) communication systems, smart meters can now act as interfaces for energy management entities, customers,
and utilities to control a number of appliances within a residential home based on price signals 25.
Power quality analyzing capabilities of smart meters may improve the ability to identify system and customer voltage 1158 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 48, NO.
Data management is critical for the widespread operation of the smart grid in the near future
COMPARISON OF SMART GRID TECHNOLOGIES AND PROGRESSES IN EUROPE AND THE U s. 1159 Fig. 5. Characteristics of some wireless communication technologies:
G. Communication systems Self-healing systems have been sought to be incorporated into power systems, particularly as the complexity and interactions of several market players significantly increase the risk for large-scale failures.
Reconfiguring the system in islanded mode may require hitherto unknown rate and amount of data exchange, two-way communication links,
and advanced central computing facilities. Decentralized intelligent control could enable islands to accommodate their native load and generation in a more reliable and efficient manner.
IEEE Standard 1451.4 requires analog sensors to have a transducer electronic data sheet to provide calibration information to the data acquisition system 37
Fig. 5 shows how several communication technologies can be applied for such data, according to their characteristics.
and storage must be implemented in a platform that allows both digital information and electric energy to flow through a two-way smart infrastructure.
Several communication protocols and media are currently under various stages of R&d for implementation in smart grids.
Ethernet, digital subscriber line, and optic fiber, which are already in use for the Internet; Zigbee and WIFI,
which are used already for HAN applications; Wimax, a super WIFI, with a much higher range;
and 3g, LTE/4g, and other mobile telephone communication protocols. V. COMPARATIVE METRICS FOR THE U s. VERSUS EUROPE Making the grid smarter requires considering all aspects of smart grids as part of the decision-making process.
This section compares the practices in the U s. and the EU on several topics for the development of smart grid technologies.
A. Legislation in the U s. The legislation that led to the present-day U s. Smart Grid Initiative might be traced back to the 1970s,
when deregulation was introduced initially as a direct result of the Arabic oil embargo that escalated a nationwide energy crisis.
eventually making possible the creation of an open-access same-time information system a Web-based secure database of transmission-systemrelated information.
The Smart Grid Clearing house is a Web resource that lists all ARRA09-funded smart grid projects geographically as well as according to their technical focus.
and the integration with the new web of things will allow individual home and business electric devices to be controlled
http://www. ieeeghn. org/wiki/index. php/Pearl street station 7 T. J. Overbye and J. D. Weber, Visualizing the electric grid, IEEE Spectr.
vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 50 53, Apr. 2006.37 IEEE Standard for a Smart Transducer Interface for Sensors and Actuators Mixed-Mode Communication protocols and Transducer Electronic
Data Sheet (TEDS) Formats, IEEE Standard 1451.4-2004, Dec. 2004.38 Q. Zou and L. Qin, Integrated communications in smart distribution grid, in Proc.
Dr. Simões is currently the Past Chair of the IEEE Industry Applications Society/International Advance Computing Conference and a Cochair of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society Smartgrid Committee.
He is currently an Assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
He is currently an Assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer engineering, Colorado State university, Fort Collins,
where he serves as the Site Director of the Center for Research and Education in Wind and as a 2011 2012 Resident Faculty Fellow of the School of Global Environmental Sustainability.
presents a series of targeted recommendations aimed at increasing the demand and uptake of the digital solutions by European small firms in the areas of cloud computing,
ACCA has held consistently unique core values: opportunity, diversity, innovation, integrity and accountability. We believe that accountants bring value to economies in all stages of development.
cloud computing e-invoicing social lending, and e-commerce. 2. ACCA's Global Economic conditions Survey has been running on a quarterly basis since February 2009.
often ahead of free resources and in areas not traditionally understood to form the core of the profession's offering,
The overall aim of the digital agenda is to deliver sustainable economic and social benefits from a digital single market based on fast and ultra fast internet and interoperable applications.
Summary of recommendations A DIGITAL AGENDA FOR EUROPEAN SMES CLOUD COMPUTING 5 By moving from the...
capital-upfront investment model to an operational expense, cloud computing promises to enable especially SMES and entrepreneurs the development and adoption of innovative solutions.
Europeanuropeanuropeanuropeanuropeanuropeanuropean Commissionommissionommissionommissionommissionommissionommissionommissionommiss on 2010c), Cloud computing (the use of online servers for the purposes of information storage and remote access), if not a familiar term, will be a familiar concept to many through the widespread use of Web
-based email services (hotmail, gmail, yahoo, etc. A more complete definition, however, offered by the European commission,
For example, by allowing companies to use files and applications over the internet, cloud computing enables significant flexibility within the company;
from flexible working (being able to access information anywhere) to flexible growth, enabling businesses to develop
to enable European SMES to make the most of cloud computing. Making an informed choicecloud computing requires careful consideration by an SME owner of the kind of services the firm is able to buy, the interoperability of these with current software, the pricing of bolt-on services,
This is especially pertinent in light of the fact that some 60%of UK small firms recently surveyed admit that they do not know what cloud computing is (Blundel and Gray 2011.
or no understanding of cloud computing (Figure 1). Even once basic understanding is reached, companies will still require further support,
when outsourcing their computing resources will be the most efficient option. Finally, once migration to cloud computing takes place, the process by
which companies can leave or switch providers will need also to be transparent. Ensuring that SMES'independent advisers,
In a survey of European SME perspectives on cloud computing, the security of corporate data and potential loss of control featured highly among the concerns for SME owners (ENISA 2009
even though 49%of SMES already exchange data in an automated fashion with other ICT systems outside their own enterprise (Giannakouris and Smihily 2010.
and cloud computing is the only dimension of the digital agenda that was examined3 in which the accountant's prior knowledge and experience actually made a significant difference to their assessment of the main obstacles to adoption (Figure 2). 3. Others included e-invoicing, P2p or social lending, and e-commerce.
Overall, accountants with a greater understanding of cloud computing cited security concerns as the major obstacle to adoption,
Accountants with little experience of cloud computing were much more likely to cite lack of awareness and complexity as the main obstacles to adoption.
The cloud computing industry needs to have a better understanding of the nature of the reported security fear
Issues cited by accountants as the greatest obstacle to adoption of cloud computing, by level of expertise.
Social networks allow providers of finance to leverage an unprecedented volume and depth of personal information on entrepreneurs and company directors in order to perform due diligence.
and events and by collaborating with existing providers. 12 The internet has undoubtedly revolutionised the way businesses conduct their trade and marketing activities with an especially positive effect on SMES,
The internet provides one of the rare platforms on which small firms can compete on a largely equal footing with their larger counterparts (European commission 2010e).
Nevertheless, despite over a decade of strong internet presence in society, the online retail market in Europe remains small,
Internet is the fastest growing retail channeleuropa. eu (2009), 0%10%20%30%40%50%Lack of cost solutionslack platformslack of access to fast internetlack of government actiontoo complexperceived security risklack of initiativesno need
Considering that some 30%of Europeans have used never the internet (European commission 2010a), efforts need to be made to manage the risk of excluding
Information and Computing Technologies, Q1 2011 (The Open university Business school. EIM Business and Policy Research (2010), European SMES under Pressure:
Europa. eu (2009),‘E-commerce in the EU',online press release, Europa. eu the official website of the European union,<http://europa. eu/rapid/pressreleasesaction. do?
European commission (2010c), The Future of Cloud computing; Opportunities for European Cloud computing Beyond 2010, Expert Group Report, online report<http://cordis. europa. eu/fp7/ict/ssai/docs/cloud-report-final. pdf,
>accessed 26 september 2011. European commission (2010d), Communication from the Commission to the European parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions:
ENISA (European Network and Information security Agency)( 2009), An SME Perspective on Cloud computing, online report,<http://www. enisa. europa. eu/act/rm/files/deliverables
<https://www. ebaportal. eu/Download/EBA%20insight/2010/E-Invoicing 2010. pdf>,accessed 26 september 2011. PWC (2009), E-invoicing:
questions and lessons learnt for SMES based on the existing resources, notably specific assessment tools, checklists and databases,
At its core, eco-innovation is about creating business models that are both competitive and respect the environment by reducing resource intensity of products and services.
Pathways to a resource-efficient Europe, www. eco-innovation. eu/index. php? option=com content&view=article&id=200&itemid=258 Eco-innovate!
and improving the data management of the chemicals2. www. aga. com CAR2GO: selling new forms mobility The next step for carsharing models may be the concept of CAR2GO.
Carbon Trust guide to carbon footprinting for organisations and products. www. carbontrust. com/resources/guides/carbon-footprinting-andreporting/carbon-footprinting EC's LCA database
including carbon footprint data of over 300 materials, energy carriers, and delivery of waste treatment and transport lca. jrc. ec. europa. eu/lcainfohub/datasetarea. vm Guide to PAS 2050 How to assess the carbon footprint of goods and services shop
if Hazadous Reduced Regulatory Requirement Requires County License Hazardous Flourescent Tubes Batteries Computers Electronics Silver Wastes Oil Antifreeze Special Wastes Solvents Electroplating Manufacture Process PCB,
and agreements with several household/commercial waste sites to take away their waste paint and retreat it.
625 m3 per year. www. environmental-savings. com/megtakaritas. php Genan: turning tyres into new products The Danish company Genan is recycling 80%of all Danish tyres.
a step-by-step start-up Guide and a Web portal where technical guidance on measurement and relevant links are provided. www. oecd. org/innovation/green/toolkit/aboutsustainablemanufacturing andthetoolkit. htm PRE-SME
USA) website contains a wide range of resources that could be useful for ecoinnovators. www4. shwec. uwm. edu/shwec The Money back through the window initiative of the KÖVET Association for Sustainable Economies
Energy productivity expresses the amount of economic value generated by one unit of energy input or consumption. 5 SERI 2011, Global Material Flow Database. 2011 Version. www. materialflows
State and Outlook 2010. Material resources and Waste. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen. Eco-innovations focused on improving material
Eco-Innovation Observatory Annual Report 2011, Closing the eco-innovation gap, an economic opportunity for business, p. 17, www. eco-innovation. eu/index. php?
EIO 2012 based on data from Demea (N=92) Figure 6: Yearly savings potential in SMES introducing material efficiency solutions Eco-innovate production processes Eco-innovate!
and energy consumption and leads to cost savings and longer life performances of solar panels. www. lisec. com/LPS/Glas-Vorspannanlagenspeziell-fuer-Duennglas www. eco-innovation. eu/index. php?
closed-loop energy system Electroself (Italy) is an enabling technology for distributed energy that selfgenerates its own fuel and guarantees backup power in remote areas.
Ecococon in Lithuania is a small company that has started reaping the benefits of building houses out of straw panels,
and have increased the speed of assembling houses at the construction site. Ecococon houses rely on a wood frame,
and fire. www. ecococon. lt www. eco-innovation. eu/index. php? option=com content&view=article&id=344%3astraw-panels& catid=65%3alithuania&itemid=65 Eco-innovate production processes Eco-innovate!
software tool for Energy-using products and processes for SMES in this sector. www. limas-eup. eu/en/eupeco profiler?
The most in demand information includes data on the origin of resources used in products and evidence on the social and environmental impacts of resource use across the supply chain. 3. 3 Supply chains Supply chain management includes coordination and collaboration with suppliers,
Develop indicators to monitor performance. Develop clear indicators based on the code of conduct to monitor progress. Internal and external communication is also very important at all stages.
Develop collaborative practices and strong relationships with clients and suppliers Foster collaborative practices, e g. mutualised supply management systems, collabortive planning, forecasting and replenishment.
Foster the use of IT and information systems in supply chain management. Eco-innovate production processes Eco-innovate!
TRI-VIZOR's Cross Supply Chain Methodology software makes it possible to maximise in real-time the total community gains in cost and CO2. www. trivizor. com Shields Environment:
recycling and remarketing Shields Environmental is based a UK company that provides support services to the telecommunication sector, mainly accompanying companies with environmental management solutions and recycling.
The Fonebak initiative was the world's first mobile phone recycling scheme. The company saw an increase in turnover of 254
It developed Footprint Chronicles, an interactive web-based map that provides information on the supplier policy towards sustainability and results of Patagonia's audits in terms of social and environmental indicators. www. patagonia. com/us/footprint
www. accenture. com/us-en/outlook/Pages/outlookjournal-2012-why-sustainable-supply-chain-is-good-business. aspx Eco-innovate production processes Eco-innovate!
Do we have systems in place to monitor ecoinnovation trends related to our core business? Key challenges for your business Developing eco-innovative products,
Regularly scan websites, join groups and network proactively to identify emerging eco-innovative technologies, materials and processes.
A guide to eco-innovation for SMES and business coaches. 41 eco-innovation observatory MATREC materials database showcases developments in new,
page 44) What data and tools are available to assess the (quantified) environmental impacts in Key challenges for your business Design may be performed by product designers, design engineers,
Communicating data or information on a product's environmental impacts is not always a strong motivator for customers
Orangebox has set up a recycling centre at their site in Wales achieving a significant return on investment
involving all the company's personnel from shop floor through to senior management. www. orangebox. com www. ecodesigncentrewales. org/sites/default/files/EDC ORANGEBOX ENABLINGECODESIGNINWELSHINDUSTRY. pdf Crawford Hansford & Kimber:
a cleaner printed cicruit board Crawford Hansford & Kimber developed a cleaner printed circuit board (PCB) that is incorporated into equipment that interfaces with data loggers that is now in use in higher education around the world.
and properties of materials including biodegradable, recyclable, renewable. mtrl. com/portal/site/mtrl/Home Information Inspiration supports ecodesign through combining information (materials, life extension etc.)
ecodesign. lboro. ac. uk/index. php? section=1¤tsection=1& sectionname=Home Learning Resources Figure 7:
and others issues through engaging customers in meaningful conversations through a variety of media, especially via websites and online social networks, rather than by simply talking at customers through traditional media.
What are the characteristics of our core customer groups (e g. mass, niche, segmented? What type of relationship does each customer type expect from us?
How do we incorporate environmental performance related data in communications? What is the product's Unique Selling Proposition (USP) relative to competitive offers?
What added value environmental benefits can be attached to the core concept and? How can stakeholders be rewarded for adopting
Use social neworks (Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin etc. selectively and carefully to promote product-related environmental messages.
and websites and communicate good new. Eco-innovate! A guide to eco-innovation for SMES and business coaches. 51 eco-innovation observatory SIGMA Sustainability Marketing Guide contains four steps towards sustainability marketing as well as some practical lessons. www. projectsigma
Have you got evidence to backup your claims? Greenwashing must be avoided! How are you going to create noise in the market and amongst your customers?
These tips come from Dutch foundation Enviu that specialises in crowdsourcing ideas and crowdfunded €100 000 for their entrepreneurs in a three month period.
crowdsourcing. org/directory Choose the category as Crowdfunding and then country. Results can be filtered by sub-category for donations, equity or lending.
Crowdcube articles www. crowdcube. com/pg/press-29 Seedrs blog blog. seedrs. com Funding Circle articles www. fundingcircle. com/about-us/in-the-news
a repository of good practices and online database. www. eco-innovation. eu INNOWATER is a public-private partnership of public innovation agencies, water associations and technology specialists
including reduction greenhouse gas emission across the life cycle of bio-based products. www. biochem-project. eu The European commission has funded a range of projects collecting data and good practice examples
www. environmental-savings. com/megtakaritas. php; Newlife Paints Source: www. newlifepaints. com p. 27: Source:
EIO 2012 based on data from Demea (N=92) p. 28: Source: www. lisec. com/LPS/Glas-Vorspannanlagen-speziell-fuer-Duennglas p. 29:
en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green dot %28symbol%29 p. 34: The Footprint Chronicles source: www. patagonia. com/us/footprint;
Visit our website to get open access to our reports, interactive database with charts and maps,
meaning internet connections, web collaborative tools, sharing of open data and a process of bottom-up peer-supported activities and applications.
Examples are given on the novel use of information platforms, data from sensor networks and community use of mobile phones.
Our data comes from the EU activities and R&d grants awarded up to 2014. We describe the concept, the context,
The idea behind it is that web platforms and the new forms of interactions promote value generating collaborations and social progress,
and the use of state-of-the-art information technology to engage citizens, to support stronger links (data exchange,
visualization) and thus to multiply the potential effect of grass-root initiatives. The network effect can make local and global coincide on the net.
For example, for the net innovation unit, the public-private partnership on the Future Internet currently has a budget of 130 million for its phase three.
These resources are for internet platforms that are digital open source and open hardware environments supporting social innovation by empowering
and facilitating citizens'participation. One of the projects is responsible for the impact analysis of Digital Social Innovation impacts.
namely to set up Internet platforms and digital information processing tools to promote those value-generating collaborations
or join forces and multiply the potential of grass-root initiatives across social networks. The term Digital Social Innovation includes,
crowdsourcing and crowdfunding, big data visualisation and analytics, P2p production and consumption, edemocracy and eparticiaption. Crowdsourcing refers to a platform for on-line distributed problems and a network of coordinated human‘problem solvers'.
'Crowdsourcing can be an innovative and effective way to apply collective intelligence to solve some types of complex problems.
Mechanical Turk was the first such crowdsourcing network in the USA and it contributed to scale up crowdsourcing worldwide.
CAPS uses collective intelligence and contributes to develop an open source and decentralized infrastructure for connecting citizens and the internet in a decentralized open architecture.
Today's internet is centralized more than it once was: take Facebook, a centralized social network, take Google docs,
a centralized group and document management system, take Youtube, a centralized media hosting facility. To counter the big commercial players,
innovation activities and research projects built peer-to-peer and small scale local social media, building on small community networks.
This is a bottom-up explore-as-you-go experimental approach. Some see it as an alternative form of industrial policy,
opposed to competitiveness scenarios where only the fittest survive and become ubiquitous. Monopoly rent or profits are based primarily on maintenance or acquisition of dominant position in established markets.
The user-centred digital end-to-end media challenges both traditional media and Big New Media regimes.
The diagram below helps to understand Digital Social Innovation in depth. It is based on Jeremy Heimans Tedsalon Talk (2014) applied to the activities of European NGO organisations,
profit motive Held by the elite Commands Leader-driven Downloads Closed, formal Top down Perfectionism A current of transparency,
and to this day social innovation continues to have a legal basis. EC activities include the Future Internet public private partnership,
Finally there is the DG CNECT FP7 FIRE-Future Internet Research and Experiments funding a network of hubs that cooperate to interconnect the experimental test beds and Living Labs experiments.
2014), the core component of the CAPS world is made up of research projects for Grassroots Experiments and Pilots,
promoting new collaboration models and tools for the CAPS community and behind WEB-COSI: developing instruments for collectively-generated statistics and increasing trust for nonofficial statistics.
It does so through its crowdfunding and crowdsourcing platform. It ran three open calls at European level,
the legal rights-related issues of social network such as the management of personal data and the potential economic value of users activities on social networks and the engagement and security issues of CAPS. 6 Tab. 2-CAPS ongoing project
and related website The websites in the table above give details on the results obtained so far.
This study, in fact, mapped 590 organisations with 645 projects active in the filed across Europe (data of August 2014.
Actors and initiatives were crowd-mapped trough the project platform digitalsocial. eu were data are updated constantly.
The IA4SI methodology is based on Cost-benefit analysis, on Multicriteria Analysis and on the Social media ROI. To analyse any changes in CAPS users'attitudes
the Self-assessment toolkit (SAT) and the User Data Gathering Interphase (UDGI. The first one is dedicated to CAPS projects coordinators and partners and the second one to CAPS users.
and human capital because its outputs and its activities are not leading to this kind of impacts. 5. At this point the SAT will show all the questions related to the impact dimensions selected by the project representatives. 6. The data inserted by CAPS representatives will be elaborated in real time by the SAT
IA4SI team will use all the gathered data for developing two impact assessment reports: one will include the assessment of each CAPS project
and one will analyse the data at aggregated, domain level. Besides this, a set of best practice will be identified
and soon their results will be assessed by individual panels of individual experts (annual reviews). There will also be an impact assessment in January 2014,
and data science can be used to measure benefits of digital social innovation initiatives, that more diverse sources of data improves impact measurement,
but that ultimately it is stakeholder engagement that makes the difference to sustainable social innovation.
Twenty-first century social science needs to have access to new data gathering resources to collect to sample to validate hypotheses
The open data portal is experimenting with this distributed data resource. The findings can be reapplied to generate more collective intelligence.
of social innovation measurement, Deliverable of the Project Tepsie, EU 7fp, http://www. tepsie. eu/index. php/publications Epstein
"Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data Passani A.,Monacciani F.,Van der Graaf S.,Spagnoli F.,Bellini F.,Debicki M,
A methodology for the socioeconomic impact assessment of Software-as-a-service and Internet of Services research projects, Research Evaluation, 2014 23: 133-149 Passani A.,Spagnoli, F.,Prampolini, A.,Firus
The Young Foundation and the Web. Digital Social Innovation, working paper
A NEW APPROACH TO INNOVATION POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION A NEW APPROACH TO INNOVATION POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION INNOVATION POLICY:
As observed in other areas and debates (e g. telecoms, competition policy, financial services, etc. it would be possible to establish a centralised/coordinated policy at EU level,
ownership and accountability Putting innovation at the core of the EU policy-making process cannot be only a declaration of intent.
by further developing instruments that allow for aggregation of local initiatives, such as clustering, to really unlock the potential of innovative SMES.
TOWARDS EUROPE 2020 he word innovation lies increasingly at the core of the EU agenda.
Available data are not reassuring. As shown below, in Figure 1, the gap between the EU15 and the United states in terms of expenditure in R&d has been in place since the early 1980s.
Kristian Uppenberg, presentation at the first Task force meeting, 18 september 2009, OECD data. 14 INTRODUCTION. TOWARDS EUROPE 2020 An important issue is the ability of the European Investment Bank (EIB) to reach dynamic and innovative small firms
such as clustering, to unlock the potential of innovative SMES. This constraint reflects a more general situation,
2 a business panel on future European innovation policy that provided a set of recommendations from a business perspective on priorities for future EU innovation policy;
+1) deal with the programming and monitoring of implementation of the centrally managed programmes directly targeting innovation.
Section 6 briefly concludes. 27 2. A NEW APPROACH TO INNOVATION POLICY IN THE EU 2. 1 Innovation is a changing concept The data reported in the previous section show that Europe is facing a structural problem
'Available data testify to a European‘lag'vis-à-vis the United states, Asia and several emerging economies in terms of research, development and innovation (R&d&i.
Available data 6 See European Innovation Scoreboard 2009 at http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/newsroom/cf/document. cfm?
Also, European companies perform about 30%of R&d outside the EU. Data presented at the Task force meetings are based on evidence of collaboration between EU
by further developing instruments that allow for aggregation of local initiatives, such as clustering, to really unlock the potential of innovative SMES. 2. 2. 2 A coordinated,
As observed in other areas and debates (e g. telecoms, competition policy, financial services, etc. it would be possible to establish a centralized/coordinated policy at EU level (see also point above),
and data using common indicators. 2. 2. 3 Taking innovation seriously: improving governance through accountability and coordination Putting innovation at the core of the EU policy-making process cannot only be a declaration of intent.
At the same time, achieving a‘new Renaissance'for Europe would be impossible if the governance system that backs innovation support schemes is feudal.
and interpreting innovation data, at http://www. oecd. org/dataoecd/35/61/2367580. pdf. And see INNODRIVE's activities at http://innodrive. org/38 A NEW APPROACH TO INNOVATION POLICY IN THE EU partners,
Such data shows that companies with a large share of their business in the US or Japan receive a substantial advantage from their own patent 17 As a matter of fact,
such as scientific papers, conference proceedings, presentations, internet postings, books. There are several elements affecting patent quality,
Eventually, the quality of the patents depends largely on the accuracy of the examination procedure.
The Proper Balance Of Competition And Patent Law And Policy, 2003 available at http://www. ftc. gov/os/2003/10/innovationrpt. pdf. Presentations by Bruno van Pottelsberghe
Yet, the internet economy, globalisation and industrial cycles have been producing a growing number of patent applications.
p. 25.24 Data are available in the Communication from the Commission to the European parliament and the Council Enhancing the patent system in Europe, COM (2007) 165 def, p. 7. A NEW APPROACH TO INNOVATION POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 47 case of SMES.
together with studies and empirical data provide useful inputs for policy decision regarding a future patent system,
All this should be supported by a sound Patent Information system allowing the applicants and the public to access patent documentation collections and monitor the prosecution of patent applications.
and available empirical data on the fact that European universities are good at sciences and technology,
when considering the amount of funding that Europe is pouring into the R&d efforts of research and technology organisations (RTOS) and universities through framework programmes and other funds.
Due to complexities in the value chain of innovation and in core technologies CRTS are characterised by large amounts of enabling know-how not necessarily codified and not necessarily patented.
Alstom, Exxonmobil, General electric, Microsoft, Philips, Siemens and Vestas. The proposal for the creation of technology centers is provided in a concept paper titled Climate Change Technology Centers,
A vision for 2020, Report of the Expert Panel for the Review of the European Standardisation System, exp384, February 2010, available online at:
http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/european-standards/files/express/exp 384 express report final distrib en. pdf. The Expert Panel for the Review of the European Standardisation System (EXPRESS) comprised 30 individual
Box 3. The LTE patent pool A good example of a complex patent pool is the LTE (Long-term evolution) pool
which is on the way to becoming Next Generation Standard for mobile broadband communications 45 mobile operators worldwide have announced already that they will adopt it.
LTE has been standardised by 3gpp, and more than 350 companies have participated in the working groups. LTE IPR declarations on the ETSI database are 1, 860 as of January 11th, 2010.
The following graph exemplifies the number of IPR declarations on the LTE project. Figure 16.
Number of IPR declarations in the LTE consortium, as of January 2010 Source: Sisvel, presentation at the 4th meeting of the CEPS Task force, 14 january 2010.
A NEW APPROACH TO INNOVATION POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION 75 One important issue for the LTE patent pooling is setting the appropriate Royalty Rate.
Different methods for doing this are the following: Some players*stated that the maximum royalty acceptable from the market is a single digit%(e g.=
using the LTE case as an example. Figure 17. LTE royalty level different scenarios No patent pool 2 patent pools and outside patent owners 76 STANDARDS AND STANDARDISATION POLICY IN EUROPE 1 patent pool
and outside patent owners Ideal Scenario Source: Sisvel, presentation at the 4th meeting of the CEPS Task force, 14 january 2010.5.2 European standardisation In terms of standardisation policy,
and an important feature for building up IPR databases at SSOS o Ex-Ante Disclosure of FRAND licensing Promise is important for necessary privilege under Art. 101 (3) EC Treaty as every
Common in open source IP environments. No financial compensation for technology providers. F) RAND Once the standard is set,
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute ICT Information and Communication Technologies IP5 The five major intellectual property offices:
KET Key Enabling Technology KIC Knowledge and Innovation Community LDC Less Developed Country LTE Long-term evolution standard MNC Multinational Corporation NPL Non-Patent
research organisations, C (2008) 1329,4 October. 84 GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS Expert Panel for the Review of the European Standardisation System (EXPRESS)( 2010), Standardisation for a competitive and innovative Europe:
a vision for 2020, Report of the Expert Panel for the Review of the European Standardisation System, exp384, February (http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/european-standards/files/express
and interpreting innovation data (http://www. oecd. org/dataoecd/35/61/2367580. pdf). Polk Wagner, R. 2009), Understanding Patent Quality Mechanism, Public law and Legal Theory, University of Pennsylvania Law school, Research Paper No. 09-22, subsequently published as 157 U. Penn.
Microsoft 86 LIST OF TASK FORCE PARTICIPANTS, SPEAKERS AND INVITED GUESTS Mr. Peter Dröll Head of Unit DG ENTR European commission Peter.
Relations Manager Legal & Corporate Affairs EMEA Microsoft Belgium tofeehan@microsoft. com Mr. Antonio Hilario Garcia del Riego Head of Corporate Affairs
Hagehülsmann Innovation Manager Europe Microsoft andrehag@microsoft. com Mr. Jacques Hayward Special Advisor Veolia Environment jacques. hayward@veolia. com Mr
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