Dalia Idar heads the Clinical Computerisation Department in the Division of Health Information technology at Maccabi Healthcare Services, Israel.
Introduction E-health and healthcare information technology (health IT) have become a key preoccupation of healthcare systems worldwide.
‘The value of healthcare information technology has never been more important. Identified as a key component of healthcare transformation to reduce costs
Barriers and success factors in health information technology: A practitioner's perspective Rachelle Kaye, Ehud Kokia, Varda Shalev, Dalia Idar and David Chinitz Abstract Healthcare information technology is a key factor in improving quality
and reducing cost in healthcare, and yet, the successful implementation of health IT varies greatly among healthcare systems.
health information technology, e-health, critical success factors, critical enablers, leadership, physician collaboration investment remains difficult.
increasing evidence on the value of information technology, adoption of healthcare information technology proceeds at a snail's pace.'
there were insufficient data on the cost-effectiveness of these systems and it was not possible to determine the extent to which the demonstrated benefits were generalisable.
It evaluated ten individual e-health sites in different European countries, including Germany, Sweden, Romania, France, Czech republic, Belgium,
along with new opportunities presented by the technologies themselves, such as telemedicine and internet-based chronic disease management.
in order to share best practice. 8 Barriers and success factors in health information technology W s. Maney & Son Ltd. 2010.
and to create data exchange networks is more straightforward. Another structural barrier is the lack of standardisation and certification for EHR and health IT systems
resulting in the lack of system and data interoperability. A contributing factor to the delayed standard adoption is the lack of incentive for data exchange between and among providers as well Kaye, Kokia, Shalev, Idar and Chinitz 166 W s. Maney & Son Ltd. 2010.
Journal of Management & Marketing in Healthcare. VOL. 3 NO. 2. PP 163 175. JUNE 2010 as between providers and payers.
Regulations relating to healthcare data privacy and confidentiality are also often barriers to health IT as they tend to restrict the sharing of patient data among providers.
Cultural barriers The cultural barriers are perhaps the most significant. From the perspective of the doctor
Barriers and success factors in health information technology W s. Maney & Son Ltd. 2010. Journal of Management & Marketing in Healthcare.
better care based on better documentation and better management of resources based on better data. Over time, these goals were expanded
Miller and Sim identified seven major doctor-related barriers: high initial financial costs and uncertain financial benefits, high initial physician time costs, difficulties with technology, difficult complementary changes and inadequate support, lack of adequate
electronic data exchange between the EHR and other clinical data systems, lack of incentives and physician attitudes. 15 On the other hand, in summarising the critical success factors Kaye, Kokia, Shalev, Idar and Chinitz
providing comprehensive medical coverage to more than 1. 8 million people. It was established in 1941 as an independent, mutual, not-for-profit health insurance fund.
Most of the services are provided by independent contracted providers, at the core of which are 4,
Maccabi embarked upon the development of its health management information system in 1984. In 1986, the Maccabi Independent Physicians Barriers and success factors in health information technology W s. Maney & Son Ltd. 2010.
Journal of Management & Marketing in Healthcare. VOL. 3 NO. 2. PP 163 175. JUNE 2010 169 organisation agreed to be a full partner in the implementation of a computerised medical record in all physician clinics.
fully integrated health information and communication system with a comprehensive database that includes more than 18 years of data on almost 2 million members.
and with continuous clinical data exchange taking place in real time. This system with all of its components, was developed over a period of 20 years,
at a time (1989 94) when computer and communication technology was sophisticated much less than today. Many of the same barriers mentioned above were encountered by Maccabi as it made key decisions in the process of developing its system.
In Maccabi, the Director of Organisation and Information systems was designated as the person responsible for developing and implementing the Maccabi health IT system.
setting stringent standards that all IT vendors had to meet to assure compatibility for purposes of connectivity to enable clinical data exchange,
negotiating significant group discounts on the purchase of hardware, providing interest-free loans for purchasing Kaye, Kokia, Shalev, Idar and Chinitz 170 W s. Maney & Son Ltd
JUNE 2010 hardware with convenient repayment conditions and providing the software at no charge to the physician.
A collaborative process: The strategy for achieving the goals of the project was comprised of the following components and steps:
to oversee the adaptation of the core medical record and to provide ongoing feedback during implementation. 2. A minimum data set was agreed upon,
with the gradual addition of new fields and tools over time. 3. It was agreed at a very early stage what the doctor would see first
when he opened the EHR a summary page with the most relevant patient data. 4. In the case of each additional field or tool,
particularly when the EHRS had the capacity to store data with high fidelity, to make those data readily accessible,
and to help translate them into contextspecific information that can empower providers in their work'.
the insertion of the magnetic membership card into the physician's computer automatically populated the screen with the patient's demographic information,
Barriers and success factors in health information technology W s. Maney & Son Ltd. 2010. Journal of Management & Marketing in Healthcare.
JUNE 2010 171 the insertion of the membership card generated an online connection to the Maccabi database for verification of the patient's eligibility to receive services,
the initial screen presented the doctor with a summary of the medical information on the patient,
electronic referrals for diagnostic tests ensure that the results are transmitted automatically back to the doctor's computer, etc.
and implementing an EHR-based health information system identified ten critical success factors. Five critical success factors fall under the heading of‘innovative leadership':
Connectivity and investment in the communication infrastructure for clinical data exchange is a must for a system that will be sustainable over time, in terms of benefit to doctors, patients and the healthcare system.
This means sensitivity to the realities of doctors'clinics and their clinical workflows. This means not expecting doctors to make decisions they Barriers and success factors in health information technology W s. Maney & Son Ltd. 2010.
JUNE 2010 173 are equipped not to make about both hardware and software. This means providing massive training and support to help doctors learn to use the new technology
This means hotlines, backup systems and help when the doctor needs it and not when it is convenient for technical staff to provide it.
we needed doctors who had a knack for computers to help the IT people build‘doctor-friendly'systems.
An Empirical Study of Catalonia Summary of the Final Research Report, Catalan Internet Project, UOC and Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona. 2. Middleton, B. 2006)‘ Evaluating the value
of healthcare information technology: Finding the diamond in the rough and tumble',AMIA Annu Symp Proc. November 11 15,2006, WASHINGTON DC, pp. 1172 1173.3.
Shekelle, P. G.,Morton, S. C. and Keeler, E. B. 2006)‘ Costs and benefits of health information technology',Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep.)2006 April.
The Economic Benefits of Implemented ehealth Solutions at Ten European Sites',EHEALTH IMPACT project study supported by the European commission Information Society and Media Directorate-General.
Luxembourg Office for Official Publications of the European community. http://www. ehealth-impact. eu/download/documents/ehealthimpactsept2006. pdf (accessed April 1, 2009). 7.‘Health Information technology adoption
Shortliffe, E. 2005)‘ Strategic action in health information technology: Why the obvious has taken so long',Health Affairs, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 1222 1233.10.
Hersh, W. 2004)‘ Health care information technology: Progress and barriers',Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 292, No. 18, pp. 2273 2274.11.
I. 2007)‘ Adoption of information technology in primary care physician offices in Alberta and Denmark',Healthcare Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 95 102.13.
The economic benefits of implemented ehealth solutions at ten European sites',EHEALTH IMPACT project study supported by the European commission Information Society and Media Directorate-General. 15.
Miller, R. H. and Sim, I. 2004)‘ Physicians'use of electronic medical records: Barriers and solutions',Health Affairs, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 116 126.16.2005)‘ ehealth IMPACT Study on Economic Impact of ehealth:
2004/S159-137695. http://www. ehealth-impact. org/download/documents/D6 2 final report ext. pdf (accessed April 15, 2009). 17.
Shekelle, P. and Morton, S. C. 2006)‘ Costs and Benefits of Health Information technology',Evidence Report/Technology Assessment Number 132, Prepared for:
No. 06-E006. http://www. ahrq. gov/downloads/pub/evidence/pdf/hitsyscosts/hitsys. pdf (accessed April 30, 2009.
Impact of health information technology on quality, efficiency, and costs of medical care',Ann Intern Med, Vol. 144, No. 10, pp. 742 752.
Shekelle, P. and Morton, S. C. 2006)‘ Costs and Benefits of Health Information technology'.'Prepared for Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, US Department of health and human services.
I. and Perez-Torres, F. 2009)‘ Comparing the application of health information technology in primary care in Denmark and Andalucía, Spain',International Journal of Medical Informatics, Vol. 78, pp
I. and Johansen (2009)‘ Adoption of information technology in primary care physician offices in New zealand and Denmark:
Barriers and success factors in health information technology W s. Maney & Son Ltd. 2010. Journal of Management & Marketing in Healthcare.
Fax:++49 (0) 40 42878-2867 www. tu-harburg. de/tim www. global-innovation. net Barriers to Innovation in SMES:
+49 (0) 40 428 78 3776, Fax:++49 (0) 40 428 78 2867 rajnish. tiwari@tuhh. de, stephan. buse@tuhh. de ABSTRACT Technological advancements, especially in Information and Communication Technologies
23 6-Implications and Research Outlook...23 7-Summary...25 LIST OF ANNEXES References BARRIERS TO INNOVATION IN SMES:
Challenges associated with the chances of global innovation are discussed in Chapter 5. Chapter 6 entails general implications and research outlook.
Recent calculations by the authors of this paper, based on Germany's official statistics portal data, show that the high percentage of SMES amongst all enterprises continues to remain high.
2 These data exemplarily demonstrate the key-role which SMES play in Germany's economy.
The rest was rejected because of containing incomplete and/or contradictory data. Figure 3 shows the representation of the industry sectors in the sample.
confirm, or extend the data base with experts from the selected industries like firm representatives, representatives of industry associations and cluster managers.
BITKOM, Germany's industry association for Information technology (IT), reports a shortage of 40,000 IT professionals (BITKOM, 2007a.
Google Inc. cited troubles in obtaining work visas for its prospective employees as a reason to set up its first engineering research and development centre outside the US in Bangalore in India (The Hindu,
whereby the data is transmitted electronically from one centre to next. Such a step could be of crucial importance for time-critical projects,
According to a Mckinsey study, a software developer costs 60 USD an hour in USA. A software developer with similar skill costs only one-tenth of this amount in India (MGI, 2003.
The starting salary of a software developer working for the German software firm SAP in India was reported at 8, 000 euros per annum in 2004,
while the salary for a similarly qualified person at the headquarters in Germany was reported 5-times higher at 40,000 euros (Müller, 2004).
furthermore, is validated itself also by the fact that over 6 million new mobile phone subscribers are added per month in India (TRAI,
) Many firms, including as reputed names as Google and Infosys, are complaining of a shortage of suitable candidates.
For instance, Hirschfeld (2005) reports several incidences of intercultural nuisances in Indo-German software development work.
and Research Outlook As the discussion above has demonstrated, global innovation activities, especially, the internationalization of R&d, may lead to a mitigation of the effects of innovation barriers faced by SMES in their home country.
o To protect their individual core competences o To share the intellectual property generated by such a joint venture,
Managing Innovation, in Asia Pacific Tech Monitor,(22:3), pp. 30-33. DBR (2005: India Rising:
OECD Science, Technology and Industry Outlook 2006, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris. Preuß, R. 2007:
Google to set up R&d centre in Bangalore, in: The Hindu, 13.12.2003. Tiwari, R. 2007: The Early Phases of Innovation:
Asia Pacific Tech Monitor, Vol. 24, No. 1, New delhi, pp. 32-37. Tiwari, R.,Buse, S,
Telephone subscriber maintains growth: 6. 57 million Wireless Subscribers added in May 2007, Telecom Regulatory authority of India, Press release no. 61/2007.
UNCTAD (2005a: Globalization of R&d and Developing Countries, in: Proceedings of the Expert Meeting, United nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva.
MBI Max-Born Institute for Nonlinear Optics and Short Pulse Spectroscopy Fraunhofer Association FOKUS Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication systems Helmholtz Association DLR German
and X-ray analysis Telecommunication, fibers 14 Photovoltaics Highlights of the Institutes and Companies Facility design, financing EMC filter for photovoltaic installations Rectifiers, controllers, systems 15
500 staff) Headquartered in Adlershof Utilization of UMG Si for solar cell production Microsystems and Materials Fields of Competence Semiconductor crystals Reference Materials Special Materials Catalysts Chemical analysis
in education Management located in Berlin Adlershof 17 IT and Media Fields of Competence Production technologies Software engineering ICT for healthcare Ambient intelligence Security technologies Transport and logistics Multimedia
Coverage of supply chain 41 Success Criterion: Space for growth on site 42 Success Criterion:
space for growth on-site 43 First incubator 1991 with 5 companies on 1, 000 m newspapers argued:
(20 m, furniture, ISDN, PC, Internet) Apartment (45 m) Monthly ticket for all local transportation systems Founder and financial consultation Cost:
+49-30-6392 2202 Phone:++49-30-6392 2230 Fax:++49-30-6392 2203 Fax:+
+49-30-6392 2204 E-mail: schmitz@wista. de E-mail: helge@wista. de 52 www. adlershof. de 53
Best practices in transport infrastructure financing 1/23/2013 The Baltic Institute of Finland/BSRP Transport Cluster Best practices in transport infrastructure financing BSRP
it catalysts private funding to projects that try to for example prevent climate change. Sectorally focused grants that incentivise promoters to undertake projects in the pan-European interest for example EU's TEN-T grant.
The Commission monitors the program and pays out approved expenditures and verifies the control system. With the policy EU tries to reach three objectives:
/index. php? pageid=1 Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) NIB loans Nordic Investment bank has several loan products:
The Vilnius International airport is going through many changes and upgrades also 22/38 Best practices in transport infrastructure financing 1/23/2013 The Baltic Institute of Finland/BSRP Transport Cluster in the future.
http://www. bulkforum. com/publish files/AGA. pdf http://www. porttechnology. org/technical papers/lng supply in the baltic sea regio n/http://www. aga. se/international/web
cat=m http://www. aga. com/international/web/lg/aga/like35agacom. nsf/docbyalias/cust high nynas http://www. dma. dk/themes
and started to implement the construction of the core road network which covers the whole Europe.
http://www. strabag. com/databases/internet/public/files. nsf/Searchview/F78949bb3e 4e5796c1257959002c94e5/$file/STRABAG POLEN%20a2%20er%C3%B6ffnung d ez11 e. pdf?
Openelement http://www. euinfrastructure. com/article/Polished-up/http://www. strabag. com/databases/internet/public/files. nsf/Searchview/3ce29a42f9 E61f11c12575e5004d2785/$file/STRABAG
Towards Smart Specialisation Cristina SERBANICA Constantin Brâncoveanu University of Pitesti, Romania cpantelica@yahoo. co. uk Abstract The aim of this paper is to highlight universities'contribution to the success of innovation
using secondary sources form OECD, Erawatch and the European Regional Monitor database. The European Regional Innovation Scoreboard (2012) provides a comparative assessment of innovation performance across 190 NUTS 1 and NUTS 2 regions of the European union, Croatia,
Given the fact that the data available at regional level remains considerably scarce, the 2012 RIS does not provide an absolute ranking of individual regions,
The data have been normalized using the min-max procedure, the maximum normalised score being thus equal to 1 and the minimum normalised score being equal to 0. Figure 1 presents those regions that have scored above the average(>0. 5) for at least one of the two indicators in discussion (two regions that have scored above 0
AT1) are subjected further to an in depth analysis based on extensive innovation related policy documents available from Erawatch countries'profiles, Regional Innovation Monitor's baseline profiles,
which is a Leader high region (Regional Innovation Monitor: Denmark 2012. Much of the success in regional cooperation was due to the Danish University Act that has designated a third task for universities (OECD 2007),
Regional Innovation Monitor: Denmark, 2012. A lot of literature has also been devoted to highlighting the merits of a very successful cross-border initiative:
thus involving a large number of regional actors into the dialogue (Regional Innovation Monitor: Sweden, 2012.
with a focus on cooperation between incubators and the region's universities (Regional Innovation Monitor: Sweden, 2012.
research group (Regional Innovation Monitor: Austria 2012. Finally, in The netherlands, there is a legal requirement for higher education institutions to engage regionally.
and knowledge sharing between governments, institutions and companies (Regional Innovation Monitor: The netherlands, 2012. There are also some very successful initiatives in The netherlands aimed at fostering the cooperation between regional actors including universities,
with the aim to improve their external orientation, especially with regard to SMES (Regional Innovation Monitor: The netherlands, 2012). 4. Conclusions.
In Sweden, the evaluation of VINNVAXT programme revealed a modest participation of SME's (Regional Innovation Monitor 2011 Annual Report, 2012),
According to the Regional Innovation Monitor conclusions the underlying characteristics for world-class performing regions is that most programmes focus on cooperation;
and the development of new collaboration structures'(Regional Innovation Monitor 2011 Annual Report, 2012, p. iv-v). This approach is integrated also in the smart specialisation concept that represents the new paradigm at the EU level.
OECD Publishing, Paris.**Regional Innovation Monitor (2011: Annual Report 2012. Governance, policies, and perspectives in European regions.
q=p. reportdetails&id=16006***Regional Innovation Monitor (2012: Baseline profiles (Denmark, Sweden, Austria, Netherlands. Available from:
Data represent SMES compared to Large firms. In the present analysis we consider sectors defined as all Core NACE rev 2.-Private, nonfinancial activities related to innovation1.
The table below (see also Figure 1a in Appendix) shows proportions of product and process innovative enterprises engaged in cooperation divided by size class.
, 5449 0, 6295 Romania 0, 1703 0, 235 1 All Core NACE activities related to innovation activities (B c, D, E, G46
The data suggest that SMES innovate less than large firms across a range of categories including product innovation, process innovation, non-technological innovation, new to market product innovations and collaboration in innovation activities.
acquisition of advanced machinery, equipment and software for innovation; purchase or licensing of patents and non-patented inventions, know-how and other types of knowledge;
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR In a study employing Community Innovation Survey data over 16 countries,
86 0, 14 2 All Core NACE activities related to innovation activities (B C, D, E, G46, H, J58, J61, J62, J63, K and M71) 2013 Brief on INNOVATION PERFORMANCE ANNUAL REPORT ON EUROPEAN SMES 2012
Eurostat, DIW econ, London Economics, MIOIR Although increasing institutional efforts to harmonize data for the understanding of the relationship between innovation and SMES performance,
Despite our analysis was bounded by data availability, it is relevant to remember that to increase SMES competitiveness other elements should be considered.
A system's review of UK and international innovation data, NESTA Report, London (UK) Baumol William J. 2002), The free-market innovation machine:
Evidence from CIS III data for 16 countries, Small Business Economics, Vol. 33 pp 59 75.
wikipedia The questions we would like the peer critical friends to discuss: How can the RIS3 process be tailored to a country, with substantial economic and social disparities and with no real economic regions (apart from the Capital region?
Proact Policy Outlook (2008) LAU-1 regions (sub-region) in Hungary by innovative capabilities Source:
computations by Zoltán Bajmócy and research team. In: Borsi andbajmócy (2009: Quantitative lagging behind, qualitative catching up?
Digital infrastructure a horizontal area Digital competencies (e-literacy+e-inclusion) Digital economy (innovative developments, e-governance, digitalisation of contents, e-services, RDI
and start running a monitoring framework suitable for data collection and analysis throughout the 2014-20 period Use of evaluations in a‘smarter'way Useful activities include organisation of high-level meetings,
but this outlook from the knowledge supply side does not guarantee voice. The second condition alludes to the nature of the problem
The unaffordable alternative was importing a special software. The passage from the problem to demand was mediated by actors who are affected not directly by the problem
Specifically, the passage was given by the interaction of the Epilepsy Surgery Program (PCE) of the Hospital de Clinicas and the research group of Image processing, Faculty of engineering, Universidad de la República.
because the cognitive outcome obtained is free software so it does not require material investment or large-scale logistics for implementation.
The software developed was transferred directly to the PCE for use in patients, while the research group made contacts with members of the international medical community for evaluation and accreditation,
or the one laptop per child program implement in Uruguay since 2007; and the needs and demands present in two poor neighborhoods in Montevideo,
and interpreting technological innovation data. Oslo Manual. European commission, Eurostat. Retrieved from http://www. oecd. org/dataoecd/35/61/2367580. pdf Ostrom, E. 1996.
or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission.
download, or email articles for individual use
30 september 2014 Case study analysis report of online collaboration and networking tools for social innovation Deliverable 8. 3 of the FP7-project:
Mildenberger (UHEI, Germany) Konstantinos Modikos (ATL, Greece) Robin Murray (Member of Tepsie's independent Advisory Panel.
information access and data usage; social choices; service models; financing and much more. In this context, Work Package 8 examines the impact of ICT on,
This included an understanding of the shifts in paradigms as tentatively indicated in the use of terms like Web 2. 0
Web 3. 0 and even Web 4. 0. Deliverable D8. 1 also argued that ICT in an historical context represents a decisive techno-societal paradigm shift as a new general-purpose technology
A more apt comparison with the current impact of ICT and internet might be 17th century England
and at a scale that was unimaginable before the rise of Internet-enabled collective platforms. 1 Tepsie includes in its definition social innovations
With the rapid growth of cheap, ubiquitous and powerful tools like the internet, the world-wide-web, social media and smart phone apps, new ways of carrying out social innovation have become possible
This is now possible more than ever before using the internet or mobile apps to link, almost instantaneously and regardless of distance,
such as the use of so-called‘big data'2 to collect and analyse data of what social needs are being experienced by which people in different places at different times.
Using new digital technologies can also open new perspectives for locally manufactured and very cheap products for people who otherwise have no chance of being helped For example,
using the internet to send algorithms for 3-D printed prosthetic limbs designed for war victims in developing countries for local production and use.
and making policy recommendations based on the cumulative work of WP8. 1 http://digitalsocial. eu/2‘Big data'refers to the vast amount of data that can be collected from the internet,
for example as made available by the public sector as open government data and as contributed by ordinary people through‘crowdsourcing'.
'7 Structure of this report and terminology explanations This report is composed of seven sections: Section 1:
and can include physical activities as well as media like TV, radio, the telephone, etc. Physical activities:
culture and religion Social protection Public order and safety General public services 5. Place making (for community and local development) The adoption of this societal challenge approach has also been endorsed by Tepsie's Advisory Panel
and networks and the network effect (see Annex 3). be logistically amenable to data and information collection and analysis, including suitable material accessible in the public domain,
Given that this database of 30 cases, together with the accompanying desk research, constitutes a rich resource,
low job skills and the digital divide Jobbanken (DK) Supporting people with a mental illness (back) into work, giving them self-esteem,
Smart places Eastserve, Manchester (UK) Tackling local digital divide, low skills, high unemployment and poverty, improving engagement and social cohesion Naprawmyto (PL) Facilitating local action and dialogue on local problems,
& strengthen social cohesion Open-Corporates (UK) Making the corporate world transparent via open data to citizens, civil groups,
& care personnel through live video and audio channels over a broadband Internet link Diabetiva (GER) Reach high-risk patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 who have displayed symptoms
docid=6137&langid=en. 11 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Zero-hour contract 12 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/sme/promoting-entrepreneurship
On the one hand, some see a brave new world of highly skilled individuals selling their talents in a global market place over the Internet, playing off potential employers against each other (Tapscott & Williams2006),
the reduction (or qualitative change) in social capital (instead of people actually meeting in person with all the personal interactions that usually shape relationships, they merely Skype and leave aside all the rest),
which manipulate, match and mine data, and which require access to information and systematised intelligence, will become codified
'Thus, the boundary between what machines do best, especially in the context of so-called artificial intelligence,
Networks such as Linkedin allow people to stay in touch with potential work partners much more easily,
People are able to work much more flexibly due to the availability of‘cloud'technologies (not a particular website/app,
Services such as Skype have made global videoconferencing free and made it easier for people to form work partnerships across countries.
Much more often, young job seekers use family and other contacts as well as the Internet. The Internet can also be used to match work
or tasks which people need doing with those willing and able to do them in real or very quick time,
as well as completely new types of work such as web-design, app development, software programming or any other types which need ICT
low job skills and the digital divide-Improve digital search skills for all types of unemployed with focus on low qualified,
Surfen zum job operates a database of 8, 000 institutions providing ICT facilities and support
Both cases use online platforms for content creation (e g. databases and tools), and for matching assets (the job seekers and their skills and competences) with the needs of prospective employers.
It is used also to build complementary online and offline knowledge communities amongst the service operators and to some extent with jobseekers and employers,
Eslife has a website with simple navigation in 3 steps: i) notification of work or a task which needs doing,
Eslife also provides a database of the task provider's skills and requirements which are evaluated, rated
and also runs a blog with news, information and practical tips. As in the other two cases, Skillandar provides a database of the task provider's skills and conditions,
which if satisfactory from the user's perspective leads to online reputation and builds trust.
offline communities also develop because in these finding employment cases matching is mainly fast, often urgent and thus local.
This example uses databases, terminals, RFID23 tags with barcodes or transponders on items of laundry
as well as other devices such as 23 Radio-Frequency Identification. 25 RFID readers, both handheld and batch,
Each step of the laundry process has its own software module, and all required human supervision is kept simple and user friendly.
but only need to steer the mouse to the correct part of the screen. In some contrast, the student start-ups at the CSE deploy a great number of different ICT tools
and typically based on freeware programs which can also be adapted and further developed. There is an online screening tool for new student start-ups capturing ideas, strategies, key features, partners, markets, funding, etc.
External communication is handled mainly by social media (Facebook and Linkedin with Mailchimp for newsletters. ICT is used alongside physical and traditional training workshops,
Mission Leben uses an ICT Internet of things e g. RFID barcodes or transponders on all laundry items and equipment which digitally intercommunicate
and are controlled both by automatic programs and the operators. In contrast, the CSE case uses in principle all types of online platform from content creation, to matching assets with needs, to action on problems
The student start-ups are also members of both online and offline start-up communities, with strong mutual reinforcement between the two,
including an alumni community providing an on-and offline knowledge base for new start-ups. CSE initially exhibited a small world network configuration,
483 people with a mental illness trained, 387 started in a protected job or internship (255 in private sector), with very low dropout (2011-2013 data.
483 people with a mental illness trained, 387 started in a protected job or internship (255 in private sector), with very low dropout (2011-2013 data.
data entry and stewarding with flexible labour supply. Eslife: Over 1, 000 unemployed, underemployed and volunteers looking for work,
in 7 cities and growing to over 25 in 2014 (latest two months of data show 600-700 tasks completed by 75-80 task providers).
because such online interaction can directly support offline communities as the service is geared to fast and often urgent,
especially in the CSE case, also systematise the sharing of knowledge, ideas and experiences both online and offline.
Creating and doing work The main barrier for the Mission Leben case is that the bespoke ICT needs backup systems and support, often at short notice,
Strategic and operational considerations In the Surfen zum job case, the civil society initiator and operator has a goal of tackling the digital divide through pilots rather than itself providing a long-term solution
Online communities are established typically as complements to existing offline communities or enabling the latter to be developed as knowledge communities which also build social capital.
However, such a purely online community or knowledge network can also spin-off offline communities if the function timewise supports fast and urgent,
skills and supports Standard ICT alongside traditional activities-Content creation-Issue identification-Complementary onand offline knowledge communities-Social capital (both bonding & bridging)- Starting
standalone-Content creation-Issue identification-Matching assets to needs-Online knowledge communities-Also enables offline communities
more and better jobs Standard & bespoke ICT alongside traditional activities All types depending on case-Complementary onand offline knowledge communities-Social capital (mainly bonding,
relationships-Knowledge and idea sharing-Bespoke ICT needs ICT backup-Even simple interface can be difficult for low ability group-Lack of space for good mixing of ICT with physical
In addition to a strong online presence, it also uses events, conferences, training, blogs, webinars, newsletters, books, films, guides, tweets,
probably the most advanced ICT country in Eastern europe, is the use of mobile phones by a large number of citizens to geo-locate industrial,
In the context both of globalisation and of the ever burgeoning presence of the virtual space and virtual worlds
data and data analysis, speed, connectivity, information, global reach and the long tail, virtually zero cost of forming online communities, dramatically reduced transaction costs, etc.?
How to guard against decisions being taken about peoples'lives based purely on big data, data analytics and closed algorithms?
How to mitigate the digital divide, in terms of access, affordablity, skills and use, whereby some individuals, groups and localities are disadvantaged?
27 https://www. transitionnetwork. org/28 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Transition towns (network) 29 As in the ZBILETEMTANIEJ example. 30 for example in Russia:
www. otmenta. ru 31 www. lipsva. com 32 www. gdecasino. org/ru 39 How to balance data privacy, protection and misuse with openness, transparency and the benefits of big data?
although most are today more or less mobile, often over short distances and increasingly over longer, thereby linking phyiscal places together in both highly personal but also collective ways.
digital information will have a growing influence on how they see the physical realm and how they act within it
Many technology trends (such as ambient intelligent space, artificial intelligence and intelligent agents, cloud based services, the semantic web and the internet of things, mobile and mobile apps, social media,
and augmented and virtual reality) are enabling us to better contextualise our physical interactions with people,
things and places. 33 For example, the so-called‘geoweb'of data linked to geogrpahic places provides‘digital overlays'of different types of data related to physical locations and things,
for instance, pointing a smart phone at a building instantly provides information about it. 34 According to the Economist (2012),
and the majority of applications for mobile phones (especially smart phones) people use as they move around are based locality.
A large amount of‘big data'is located geo, i e. it includes geo-coordinates which locate the data to specific points in space or specific geographic areas.
This characterises much of the so-called‘open data'made available by governments and local authorities, as well as proprietary, private or personal data which might be added
or mashed together either as open or protected data to solve specific problems and/or analyse specific issues or situations.
Much ICT also supports activities (including social innovation) which is not in itself new (e g. complaining to the local council,
signing a petition, making donations, etc. However, ICT is enabling these things to be done on a greater scale reaching many more numbers than would be possible offline,
as well as much faster including in real-time. It is also enabling new peer-to-peer models of action, completely new types of functionality such as augmented reality,
www. tepsie. eu 34 This relates to the so called‘internet of things'and‘internet of everything'see also Tepsie D8. 1 section 3. 2. 3:
and indeed places, smart needs to be a core element in how we all live satisfying and prosperous lives.
data and data analytics to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of local systems (like transport, utilities, etc.)
interlink and make sense of their own and each other's data and through this their interconnected lives. The recent Mapping Smart Cities in the EU study36
and is concerned especially with using data and coordinating resources to improve the lives of the neighbourhood's inhabitants in terms of improved physical environments and mobility.
http://www. wired. co. uk/news/archive/2012-04/17/potential-of-smarter-cities-beyond-ibm-and-cisco 36 Undertaken by DTI and partners in 2013 for the European parliament:
summary Focus area Case Social needs addressed Summary Smart places Eastserve, Manchester (UK) 40 Tackling local digital divide, low skills, high
and community activism-Enabling real-and quick-time online (web & mobile) reporting of problems to authorities & community dialogue-Civil funding with other public resources,
combatting pay cuts, unemployment and social disruption-ICT web/mobile for matching supply & demand, managing system, social fora, awareness raising;
and losing accommodation-Online crowdsourced campaigning tool using website, mobile and social media to collect data and organise, increasing civic engagement on issues, community voice and agency-Public lottery fund, many civil organisations, with public & private partners,
volunteers and civil operation through local advice centre-help to 3, 000 low-income households losing €127 per month each, local community activism and participation increased.
and volunteers-Online crowd-resourcing and crowdfunding (mirco-finance) based on website for project registration, finding,
donating and volunteering, plus social media-Started in 2008 by 3 grassroots activists in New york, rapidly gained funding from many foundations & other donors, remains civil operated-£740, 000 donated;
Given that many residents use mobile phones rather than fixed telephone lines, a 100mbps licensed wireless broadband backbone network was installed (at affordable prices for an area with the highest child poverty in the UK) for digitally enabled services
and social networking, including information and interactive services from the City council, national government departments, the police and local community networks.
and training sites in 17 local schools, eight UK-Online community access centres and 10 public access points in libraries and other centres.
though this does also have some spillover into offline knowledge and participation communities. Users can also take
Also in both cases complementary online and offline knowledge communities are created, directly by the Eastserve case and more indirectly by the Naprawmyto case,
(which provides free software and assistance for anyone to run a website like Fixmystreet in your country or city,
for free. the Fixmystreet Platform is for citizens who want to run their own sites.),46 as well as the American Seeclickfix. com47 forerunners.
Local community development ICT used: The Viedome case uses mainly relatively standard ICT (although bespoke ICT is also possible if relevant, for example, sensitive gait and detection equipment for different types of movement) alongside physical and traditional activities.
hardware and software components fully open for other suppliers, as well as Mextal (the firm owning and commercially selling the concept),
ranging from infrastructures, TV, touch screen, PC, mobile, sensor, cameras, etc. as well as appropriate software and content.
Viedome is broadly applicable in houses as well as in institutions, and has a modular building block setup so can be implemented in unique ways as desired for individual users.
The TEM case has adopted also standard ICT solutions for both web and mobile as open source e-platforms,
and via social media for ensuring transparency to combat corruption, promote discussion and raise awareness alongside a large number of physical and traditional activities in the local community. 46 www. fixmystreet. org 47 www. seeclickfix. com/46 Online
Also in both cases, complementary online and offline knowledge communities are created, with the former facilitating
The Hackney CAB Crowdmap case uses free and low cost online tools and platforms (website, mobile and social media) to create a multidimensional campaign to gather stories and raise awareness of the impact of housing benefit changes in Hackney.
It used Wordpress a free blogging platform to create a website that includes information on the changes,
shows a map of the impact and shares research findings; Crowdmap a free mapping and information visualisation tool to map stories to show the impact at a local level;
and Facebook the most popular online social networking tool to reach more residents of Hackney. These free online tools meant that Hackney CAB Crowdmap could reach the community
or low cost online‘crowd-resourcing'and crowdfunding (mirco-finance) based on website for project registration, finding,
donating and volunteering, plus social media (Facebook, blogs, Twitter, Flickr, Vimeo) for constant updating and following up projects,
-and offline targeting journalists and politicians, amongst others, and so bring a national issue with adverse local effects to the attention of people in power.
and especially matching assets to needs and matching finance to needs on a local and neighbourhood basis. Both cases create complementary online and offline knowledge communities,
but of course it facilitates offline communities around the neighbourhood projects. In terms of networks, both the civic engagement and activism cases mainly exhibit
and enables them over the medium-term to capture data on where, when and what type of problems occur
and enables them over the medium-term to capture data on where, when and what type of problems occur
drawing on the process taxonomy presented in section 2. Smart places Eastserve uses relatively standard ICT alongside physical and traditional activities under the motto‘from digital divide to digital dividend'in
and offline social networks, encouraging strong and positive relationships between people from different backgrounds in the workplace, in education and within neighbourhoods to do things for themselves as‘digital pioneers'with a mutual aid ethos.
and this also encourages offline initiatives to be setup and/or supported around the same concerns.
and analysing data and campaigning through citizen advocacy. The main purpose of gathering impact data stories was to increase the voice of local people
campaign against the changes by providing reasoned evidence of negative impact, and hopefully influence decision makers to reconsider the policy changes.
and all were were added to the map on the website to provide an easily accessible and illustrative visualisation of the housing benefit problems in Hackney.
Hackney CAB Crowdmap carried out research into the housing market in Hackney and published research findings on the website.
The results of a mystery shopping housing exercise and the online impact map were shared through social media
The IOBY case connects people and money to site-based projects all of which are conceived, designed, and run by neighbours.
Another barrier in the Eastserve case is data security due to the citizens'PCS connected to the Internet
which requires a lot of support especially concerning viruses, firewalls and malware. Drivers for Eastserve include conducive national and regional policies during most of the 2000s,
Many of the people whose stories it sought to highlight did not have access to the internet at home.
directing them to the website was difficult. In addition, people could be somewhat apprehensive about sharing their details online,
as is pro bono support from web developers who provided further support. But the dedication and commitment of one champion volunteer to develop the campaign
Policy issues The Eastserve case shows there is need a for innovative approaches to tackling inequalities in the‘digital divide,
providing data and knowledge about local problems and areas of concern. Collecting such data and knowledge over the medium-term on where
when and what type of problems occur also makes it possible to plan and use their maintenance, repair and other resources much more efficiently.
to facilitate social media discussion and to raise awareness. In both cases, ICT is deployed alongside physical and traditional activities,
In the Hackney CAB Crowdmap case, it facilitates gathering information and data, assists in analysing the data,
and increases the efficiency of managing and organising campaigns and advocacy. It also supports many of the traditional and physical activities associated with such campaigning.
By sharing data stories and research findings online and via social media, ICT makes it easier for research findings to be found
and accessed by interested parties. This has led to articles in the mainstream press and trade press,
such as instant large scale mapping in the Hackney CAB Crowdmap case from many sources and locations via the crowdsourcing and crowdmapping applications on residents'56 and activists'smart phones.
It also allows linking to other databases and other groups as well as data and information sharing across all partners
and volunteers in real-time. ICT enables the experiences of those who are heard rarely or listened to be shared widely beyond the immediate locality, reaching unexpected parties.
By sharing experiences and data on the issue, it also has the potential to help others generate social innovation related to housing.
The two cases show how relevant data, information, finance and volunteers are needed and can be identified
as well as data collection and analysis (for example in Hackney CAB Crowdmap). ICT is also a critical enabler leading to new types of social innovation, for example enabling both quantitiative and qualitative changes in the speed, sophistication and richness of processes and relationships,
to facilitate social media discussion and to raise awareness, and in most cases ICT is deployed alongside physical and traditional activities.
and provide valuable fine-grained data and information which can be used to improve policy overall. In some of the cases (such as Eastserve and TEM), policies may be needed to help stimulate demand and 58 activity,
improving use of place-related facilities, amenities & resources Standard ICT, both with and without traditional activities All types, except matching finance to needs, depending on case-Complementary on-and offline knowledge
both with and without traditional activities All types, except matching finance to needs, depending on case-Complementary on-and offline knowledge communities-Social capital (mainly bonding, some bridging)- Starting as small world,
including matching local finance to local needs-Complementary on-and offline knowledge communities-Social capital (mainly bonding,
collecting data, matching local assets & finance to local needs-Enabling: instant accurate matching & data mapping/analysis,
& widespread sharing Mainly civil financed & operated. Local campaigning, action & advocacy rely on local activist champions supported by professionals
& sometimes assisted by small external funds Bottom-up data & information collection, analysis, campaigning, advocacy and action can fill the gap in evidence on policy implementation
especially the internet and mobile devices. ICT can very efficiently match idle assets with new forms of demand, not otherwise possible,
At its core, the sharing economy is aimed social innovation at transforming how some of the fundamentals of our political economy are practiced.
and events than city centre hotel guests, they become community catalysts, just as their welcome into the community becomes an added value to their travel experience.
One challenge highlighted by Gansky (2010) is that data information and possibilities are widespread, whilst trust is relatively scarce so needs to be built
ICT connectivity, via the Internet and especially mobile, is now making all the difference, driving the massive growth and impact of the sharing economy now possible on a scale never seen before.
56 www. techshop. ws 57 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fab lab 66 Case analysis Social needs addressed and summary Five cases are analysed in the sharing
and unemployment but still requiring tasks to be done-ICT web/mobile free platform for matching supply & demand, managing system, social fora, traditional media, awareness raising;
regulated informally in community-Civil funding (free software), civil partners and civil operation-Athens, copied from elsewhere
1, 800 members, 1, 200 on Facebook, 500 exchanges at any one time Cookisto (EL and UK) 59 Homemade food swapping
reduced waste and mutual support-Online internet and mobile platform for all contact for swapping
and exchanging homemade food, social media, traditional media-Civil start-up in Greece, small private sponsorship to start in UK, sometimes €4 per meal payments between Cooks and Foodies,
and thus wasted, assets by low-income households, builds community & activism, improves environment-Online internet
& strengthen social cohesion-Online internet platform and social media for promotion, news, contacts, discussions, advice,
open data to citizens, civil groups, journalists to create new content & knowledge & hold corporates to account-Global database of companies, web scraping, reconciliation function, analysis and visualisation tools,
also spinning off physical events like hackathons where data are created and shared sometimes leading to new product
and services-Started in 2010 by nonprofit company (social enterprise), incubated in Open Data Institute, some foundation funding, other civil partners and civil operated-from 3 to 75 jurisdictions by 2014,60 million companies in database, small fees given
to people providing data 58 www. time-exchange. gr 59 www. cookisto. gr; www. cookisto. co. uk 60 www. streetbank. com 61 http://repaircafe. org/about-repair-cafe 62 www. opencorporates. com 67 Social
needs addressed All five cases examined use ICT as an important tool to both support existing
The Athens Time Bank case has adopted standard ICT solutions for web and mobile as free of charge open source e-platforms,
Social media and social communication tools (like Skype) are used also. The ICT operates together with traditional and physical activities
The Cookisto case similarly uses standard online internet and mobile platforms for all contact, in this case for swapping,
It also uses social media like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram to take pictures of the dishes.
The Foodies (those who buy the dishes) can comment and score the meals provided by the Cooks through the social media
which is used also to communicate and create a community and to publicise the service. Non-ICT tools like television, radio
These services include arts and crafts, minor construction and mechanical services, business administration, computers, education, entertainment, event organisation, food, gardening, health and healing, household services
complementary online and offline knowledge communities are created, with the former facilitating and significantly enhancing the latter,
The Streetbank case uses online internet and mobile platforms for all contact for sharing assets.
Streetbank recently launched Streetbank 2. 0 as a much improved, faster version of the website,
The website provides a variety of offline tools for encouraging participation, such as fliers, custom posters, customised neighbour invitations
Thus, complementary online and offline knowledge communities are created, with the former facilitating and significantly enhancing the latter,
The Repair Cafés case uses standard technology in the form of an internet platform supporting online communities on a local, national and global level.
It uses Facebook and Twitter to support discussion and raise awareness, using text, photos and videos,
enabling members to illustrate discussion and show problems, making it easier to find solutions and volunteers to help.
It provides a global open data database of over 60 million companies in 75 jurisdictions, together with web scraping, reconciliation functions, analysis and visualisation tools,
all in open format for anyone to use to support an open data community. The main activity is to collaborate with Scraperwiki
a platform for doing data science on the web, to help get corporate data by scraping it from the web.
The site also has a Google Refine reconciliation function that matches legal entities to company names.
The core business of Opencorporates is to collect data on companies through web scraping tools and then to visualise the data
which is mainly from company registers, but also from a wide range of other published datasets, both national and global.
For example, every night data is imported from the London Gazette, the Belfast Gazette and the Edinburgh Gazette,
The case also sources data from the UK's Financial services Authority, the US's Central Contracting Registration system,
This data is used often by Opencorporates, as well as independently by third parties, in physical hackathon-type events where data are created and shared, sometimes leading to new products and services.
Online platforms, communities and networks: In the Repair Cafés case, all online platforms used are used, except matching finance to needs:
or apply the open data to the tools they themselves wish to deploy. In both cases, this means that complementary online and offline knowledge communities are created,
with the former facilitating and significantly enhancing the latter. Both cases also facilitate important social innovation benefits especially in the form of social capital with both bonded
online platform supporting offline repair workshops as new physical shared assets able to save money collectively through self-and collective repair rather than expensive professional repair or throwaway and buy
online open data and open data communities create new content and knowledge for developing new products and services in for example hackathons and other physical events with economic value
online communities in a virtual space support offline communities and develop cooperation, trust, participation, empowerment and a sense of community, especially a community of practice,
online open data and open data communities, also supporting offline communities, create new content and knowledge for making the corporate world more transparent to citizens, civil groups and governments,
but generally leaves communities to use the site without interference. The platform and its physical activities fosters trust, reciprocity and mutualism which together contribute to the forging of long-term relations, loyalty and the fostering of a spirit of community based on the sharing process.
In the Opencorporates case an open 64 Interview with Kate Groves, Director of Marketing and Communications, Streetbank. com, 2014 74 data community has been developed
Opencorporates provides sophisticated data and tools which are applied then in many other contexts by a wide variety of disparate groups,
Another barrier is lack of computer skills and Internet literacy which can preclude people from participating on the online platform.
The Opencorporates case has, alongside many open data portals, barriers like technology scale problems when handling huge amounts of data.
Another barrier for the Repair Cafés case is lack of computer skills and Internet literacy
There are some related challenges for Opencorporates around issues like data quality, ownership, data updating, provenance,
if something goes wrong (e g. if data errors lead to wrong conclusions) and the potential misuse of data.
For Opencorporates, the main driving trend is seeing corporate data as well as government and other data as a source of income.
but generally leaves communities to use the site without interference. Thus, trust and ethics are driving features both to make the system work in a fair and equitable manner,
hackathons and other events use the open data and tools provided, so in both cases new shared assets are created both physically and virtually.
and the answers they receive, both online and offline. Although equally enabling and essential, ICT in the Opencorporates case is both standard and bespoke and used on a larger scale and by a much larger and diverse set of users.
Opencorporates inspires a social sharing concept to people who use its data, which is made openly available under the share-alike attribution of the Open Database License.
In return any product of that data must also be open for others to use. For users who do not give back data,
they pay Opencorporates a fee. Data from Opencorporates is used also in physical events such as hackathons to create new shared assets in the form of new products and services or other content.
Strategic and operational considerations The Repair Cafés case operates in a relatively small, informal and very democratic, transparent and bottom-up manner, with finance,
support and operation all provided by civil organisations and volunteers, apart from some initial seed money from the Dutch government and a foundation,
On-and offline forums like Repair Cafés work because everybody can be an expert in something.
and as, for example, in hackathons enabled by Opencorporates'data. This links the creation of intangible and virtual shared knowledge assets to the creation of tangible and physical shared assets
In the Opencorporates case, the strategic output is capturing data in searchable maps and visualisations of complex corporate structures with multiple layers of control below the headquarter of the corporations being examine, with, in some examples, thousands of subsidiaries.
One example of this is how Opencorporates has made the often hidden world of some multinationals transparent by visualising the complex corporate structure of Goldman sachs'based on data from public filings and company registrations in the U s.
The promotion of new types of open data and the shared knowledge creation this enables,
to huge‘big data'initiatives with an enormous variety of potential user groups and very significant impacts.
and extrapolate something that is already at work in terms of offline community building, activism and campaigning, rather than innovating something completely new.
and the Opencorporates case collates huge amounts of data on global corporates for open interrogation and use.
and as, for example, hackathons and other events enabled by Opencorporates data. 2. Strategic and operational considerations related to ICT in social innovation All cases operate in a relatively small and flat civil and voluntary organisations,
and as for example hackathons enabled by Opencorporates data. This extends the creation of intangible and virtual shared knowledge assets to the creation of tangible and physical shared assets
The promotion of new types of open data and the shared knowledge creation this enables,
These two cases show the range from, respectively, small, niche and focused groups and interests, to huge‘big data'initiatives with an enormous variety of potential user groups and very significant impacts.
The second are the social networks that are emerging which enable the leverage of existing trusted networks or the building of trust between strangers.
just as good (or even better) to have reliable access to something as it is to own it all the benefits of the item with none of the maintenance. 67 67 http://www. marketingmag. com. au/blogs/collaborative-consumption
assets to needs, plus other (except matching finance to needs)- Complementary on-and offline knowledge community-Social capital bonding,
plus other (except matching finance to needs)- Complementary on-and offline knowledge community-Social capital bonding, some bridging Starting as small world & random, scaling to scalefree, plus much random spread
-and offline knowledge community-Social capital bonding & bridging Starting as small world & scaling to scalefree plus much
& technical expertise-Potential data knowledge & IPR challenges when cocreated, data quality & responsibility-Demand side ecosystem often weak-Vision of enthusiasts-Open data as income
essential for knowledge co-creation & ongoing dialogue-Data and knowledge creation and manipulation vary hugely from small to big data, depending on case-Civil, voluntary finance & operation-Flat, informal, open, bottom-up,
and include the broader social network (with family and community contributing significantly to individual health and well-being).
This model will also encourage the inclusion of the broader social network (i e. family and community as significant contributors to individuals'health and well-being).
There is a lot of health related data created in different settings in hospitals outpatient clinics, social care, through mobile apps etc.
However, there is no agreed procedure for analysing the data for scientific and policy related issues.
How to address the big data challenges, knowledge generation and use How to ensure access to relevant data for the use of social enterprises
and the potential for Social enterprises to feed back into the loop of formal health and social care.
Is there a digital divide issue? Amongst practitioners? Patients? Volunteers? How to balance data privacy, protection and misuse with openness, transparency and the benefits of big data.
These key trends can be summarised as follows: The rise of integrated, patient-centred health care models In broad terms, future models of health and social care have to be integrated more and patient-centered.
Big data and healthcare-Health communication and health information technology (IT) are central to health care, public health, and the way our society views health.
Social media enriched healthcare (Health 2. 0)- Health 2. 0 strategies have been formulated and discussed for the past years all over the world.
It includes the use of a specific set of Web tools (blogs, Podcasts, tagging, search, wikis,
patients, and scientists, using principles of open source and generation of content by users, and the power of networks in order to personalise health care, collaborate,
and promote health education. mhealth-With ICT, mobile platforms and the storage capabilities of cloud computing, transmission and processing technologies,
and computing power it is now possible to deliver health care in fundamentally new ways (OECD (2013).
apps and other programs being developed that target chronic conditions, telemedicine and remote monitoring, patient data capture, electronic records,
Game-changing technological innovations in production We have witnessed recently the rise of a new era of welfare technologies that are promising to revolutionise aspects of health and social care such as 3d printing and their usage in the production of prostheses for instance,
monitoring devices to self-screen for health risks such as diabetes or heart attack, or online enabled calorie-tracking solutions.
One can also observe a trend of platform-based health-related websites that focus on the provision of comprehensive health care information,
which can 72 http://www. deloitte. com/view/en us/us/Industries/life-sciences/2545b66b8dc4b310vgnvcm2000003356f70arcrd. htm 73 See for instance-http://www. npr. org/blogs/health/2013/07/03
/198065436/one-mans-quest-to-make-health-care-accessible-andaffordable 74http://www. forbes. com/sites/jenniferrooney/2013/03/26/the-opportunities-that-exist-in-the-market-of-well-being-mequilibriumsjan-bruce/75
This is still a rather unexplored area particularly outside of the formal website domains. Finally platform technology is also enabling internet users to volunteer to improve health outcomes.
For instance the Bemyeyes app83 allows users to support blind people in telling them what label they want to read in everyday situations such as cooking.
smartphone enabled data aggregation, medical situation awareness and analysis (risk classification, root cause analysis and risk triggers),
and public health and social services agencies to turn data into information insights, so they can deliver higher quality care to more patients and citizens at a lower cost.
Tools which enable patients to share data regarding their experiences with particular health providers e g.
Dr. Foster Intelligence91 A new generation of diagnostics and remote healthcare solutions where innovative approaches are emerging both based on crowd sourcing of data analysis or clinical information and in remote telehealth.
Game-changing technological innovations in production (3d printing, new trends in imaging technology for diagnostics, new materials such as lenses) In this context there is one social innovation outcome examined for this focus area,
pathways and actors in the development of services for Long term Care http://www. slideshare. net/jamesks/carers-and-innovationpresentation-edinburgh-2012 85 https://www. facebook. com/nayajeevan
/info 86 http://www. centreforbetterhealth. org. uk/87 http://www. derbyshirehealthunited. com/88 https://www. facebook. com/Pendahealth 89 https
://medicallhome. com/Medicallhomeweb/index. php 90 clinic in a boxclinipak 91 http://drfosterintelligence. co. uk/92 http://www. cellslider. net/#/93 http
& care personnel through live video and audio channels over a broadband Internet link-Cooperation between the public and private sectors,
With the rise of tablets and ipads and cheap apps, its underlying technology has become has become obsolete.
or developed illnesses & blood complications-Computer-based advisory service for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes-Patients use a glucose measuring device for home use,
where the values are transmitted regularly the Personal Healthcare Telemedicine Service (PHTS) via the internet. -44 diabetes specialists, 299 medical practitioners,
/index. php/diabetiva/?/page=betreuungsprogramme/diabetiva/91 Focus area Case Social needs addressed Summary Supporting smart infrastructure for integrated health & social care dothiv (DE
Relatively new technology will be used to introduce Internet users to the approach and to give them the opportunity to familiarise themselves with projects/organisations to be funded.
-Mobile phones (or the widespread telecommunications services) are the main driver for social enterprise clinics. This tool gives to the people access to new form of medical services
which wouldn't be possible without existence of telecommunication. -Review of various initiatives: -Penda Health Pilot phase.
-Cell Slider is an interactive website that encourages members of the public to engage in cancer research.
the web tool can be accessed by people around the world. -Between its launch in October 2012 and December 2013, around 200,000 people visited the platform
crowdsource analysis or provide a direct service to patients. Most cases stress that the beneficiaries of such activities experience improved self-esteem
software developers and educators developing, managing and utilising internet-based citizen science projects to further science and the public understanding of science and the scientific process.
Cell Slider relies on a number of actors to work researchers to provide images of cancer cells
developers to maintain the website and researchers to interpret results in order to develop cures and treatments.
and patients outside of traditional doctor visits and to improve data collection, organisation, or analysis. Moreover Penda sends SMS messages once a week on Mondays to provide patients with clinic updates
Penda follows up with patients via phone conversations, to check on their health status. Besides communicating with patients,
Penda leverages the phone to make payments more convenient for patients. Penda is mainly a cash-based business,
Lifespring, India-Lifespring chose Red hat Enterprise Linux, JBOSS Enterprise Middleware, and a number of Red hat certified, enterprise-class, open source software solutions to build its entire IT infrastructure.
Increased flexibility and choice by freeing the organisation from vendor lock in, decreased IT costs, simplified management, reduced systems maintenance,
and patients outside of traditional doctor visits and to improve data collection, organisation, or analysis. Access Afya staff record all patient information, consultations,
Mobile phones are ubiquitous in Kenya and Access Afya capitalises on this, with each patient receiving an SMS follow-up after their visit.
and expand coverage, allowing: Universal Access Number 01-800, immediate and timely health service, equity in health, population education, increasing efficiency of services,
and patients outside of traditional doctor visits and to improve data collection, organisation, or analysis. Theclinipak automates and standardises primary health care workflows and data collection,
health assessment forms and patient records in a suitcase. It contains a solar powered touch screen laptop
and other health assessment tools that allows a nurse or a midwife to do a high quality assessment of patients in a rural setting and to create a linked patient record
The team modified an Open Data Kit (ODK) Collect, an open-source tool for mobile data collection and loaded it onto an Android Smartphone that the Community Health Workers (CHWS) carry when visiting patients.
The completed surveys are uploaded then to a Vecna-hosted server where the data is available for download and reporting.
This has been a vast improvement over the paper and pen survey collection method. Vecna Cares upgraded the Clinipak software at Enoosaen and Olereko clinics with new features for improved patient outreach,
data capture and reporting capabilities. Most of the described examples are already in the post pilot phase
and are fully operational. In those examples thousands of people already received medical help and
what is very important, most of the clinics are affordable for poor people and have financial sustainability at the same time.
their mobile phones. The Buddy app is primarily a form of digital diary. When the client has agreed to use the service in addition to her regular talking therapy sessions,
the therapist submits her profile by use of her mobile phone number. In this case the app creates content
they generate data about the real-world nature of disease that help researchers, pharmaceutical companies, regulators, providers and nonprofits develop more effective products, services and care.
and do not build complementary offline communities. The aim is to provide a health commons specifically aimed at specific diseases
whilst the platforms display all network effects depending on disease type and level of support requested,
the apps only indirectly create network effects by providing big data of interest across all users.
In our examples, DIABETIVA Telemedicine builds on standard ICT with emphasis on telecommunications solutions such as the internet, mobile apps and so on.
its online platform allows for data derived from proprietary devices carried by the patients to be transmitted to an online platform.
In reality, telecommunications and information sciences play an equally important role in how they facilitate the connection between this state of the art data aggregation system and the end-users'device.
This is a Matching assets to needs platform It 103 http://www. diabetes-service-center. de/en/ueber-uns. php?
lang=en 95 addresses the lack of reliable patient data, timely monitoring of patients condition and availability to the medical professional handling the patient's case.
The platform is the core element that seeks to revolutionise patient health care in that it creates a searchable, sharable history of all the patients past readings
Furthermore this opens possibilities of obtaining much greater accuracy of diagnosis, since opinions can be made based on concrete,
long term data, and not patient observations, often affected by personal embellishments, the patients'emotional condition or inability or unwillingness to share.
The platform hosted by DIABETIVA can motivate patients to share data and knowledge on how to better understand it
and use it to better monitor their condition. This will in time have two effects: A as DIABETIVA users become better able to use their DIABETIVA generated data
and use it as leverage to improve their lives the undertaking they will attract more patients who wish to partake of their communal knowledge
in time, create a group of practitioners able to apply the data to some uses, but unable to promote a cohesive and intelligent analysis
By proactively shaping the composition and appearance of today's by far most important ICT infrastructure in the world, the Internet,
-Shape the structure of the Internet, thereby anchoring the HIV/AIDS problem on the Internet's highest infrastructure level-Raise money to support projects/organisations financially-Make users allocate donations-Follow up on funded projects/organisations-Raise nonfinancial support
(smart capital) to support social innovation-Increase the probability of numerous types of actors to donate
domain owners, domain users, Intermediaries, Registrars, Google, facebook, Twitter, etc. dothiv itself-Raise awareness and de-stigmatise-Provide a CSR service to companies Both examples use standard ICT.
Online platforms, communities and networks-Both examples dothiv and Cellslider operate as crowdsourcing platforms and both demonstrate huge innovation potential in very different ways. dothiv combined crowd, funding with participatory aspects and a global awareness campaign,
Cell Slider is the online element of a much larger offline process. Initial activities take place offline in the laboratory,
where scientists add stains to cancer cell samples. The next stage where scientists would usually analyse the samples under microscopes,
Following this, results are analysed then further, offline, by scientists and researchers to develop new cures and treatments for cancer.
However, the approach is almost 100%Internet-based and thus makes use of networks effects extensively of course.
The word about the approach and supported 104 A top-level domain (TLD) is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain name System of the Internet.
http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Top-level domain 97 projects/organisations will be spread via random networks using social media.
the Internet and social media developing vastly and unpredictably. Patient Briefcase-The case is a good example of successful cooperation between the public and private sectors,
Eventually, more tech-savvy patients will find new methods of using their data, thus leveraging the benefit for patients
-and off-market niches that will keep the market vital long after market saturation has set in. 100 As these initiatives are set up currently and in the context of the sensitivity of health data,
Relatively new technology will be used to introduce Internet users to the approach and to give them the opportunity to familiarise themselves with projects/organisations to be funded.
participants are introduced to the crowdsourcing analysis platform and taken through a tutorial which introduces the different types of cells that appear in the images,
Buddy does not require a smartphone; and will not in the foreseeable future. This makes it cheap and attainable across social groups
and the fact that it can be used on most mobile devices, including pre-smart phone mobile phones.
Personalised health and smarter patient environments Technological advances, such as mobile internet tablets, smart phones, better broadband foundations and so forth, in combination with advances in the medical field are the primary driving force in relation personalised health and smarter patient environments,
for instance in the field of coping with diabetes. Fast moving paces of telemedicine in different markets,
The key technical drivers are increasing acceptance of IT solutions and IT skills among core target groups such as the elderly,
In terms of barriers, until recently the biggest technology barrier for the PATIENT BRIEFCASE and the reason why the Patient Briefcase had difficulty becoming commercially operational was the challenge of providing sufficiently stable Internet bandwidth at a suitable price, both
The problems associated with the release of commercially sensitive information and data which potential competitors might exploit.
Dissemination barrier is new and cheaper technology like the ipad and other Tablets with cheap apps-that at are standard in a lot of homes-takes the market. 105 Elaine Pofeldt,.(
Tuesday, 14 jan 2014. Telemedicine keeps seniors out of nursing homes. Available: http://www. cnbc. com/id/101316376.
One is a commercial supplier of an Internet service, and one is a charitable organisation dedicated to solving a distinct social problem.
and the associated websites may be very much in conflict or opposing the views of dothiv as a charitable organisation;
and support Internet sites that conflict with the views and objectives of dothiv g. e. V. However,
which does not even require a smart phone supports ongoing therapy processes for mental illnesses. One can easily imagine the potential in with symptoms such as stress
and online & offline community building enabled. Strategic and operational considerations related to ICT in social innovation This category includes platforms such as Patientslikeme are powered patient research network that improves lives and a real-time research platform that advances medicine.
In the process, they generate data about the real-world nature of disease that help researchers
now has access to Patientslikeme's full database for five years. Patientslikeme is an online network of some 250,000 people with chronic diseases who share information about symptoms, treatments,
when it comes to the use of data that users inevitably leave when using such portals or apps.
as the data displayed is potentially highly sensitive and personal, yet can potentially support transformative medical advancement.
and computer based advice will need to be expanded further with the latest technological breakthroughs. This is something which is in fact being developed by major mobile phone developers such as Apple and Samsung.
Currently Apple iphone and ipad users can connect Lifescan blood glucose meters to their phones via Glooko's meter synch cable.
So a safe assumption that mobilising accessibility, monitoring, and possibly intervention methods would be a natural path 106/www. technologyreview. com/view/526266/patientslikeme-gives-genentech-full-access/104 that telemedicine could follow.
Cell slider is an example where the power of crowdsourcing potentially can save lives by spotting cancer earlier.
along with its growing participation in crowdsourcing activities to help scientists understand cancer cells and develop treatments.
Cell slider is an example where the power of crowdsourcing potentially can save lives by spotting cancer earlier.
and an innovation to that infrastructure. dothiv and Cellslider operate as crowdsourcing platforms and both demonstrate huge innovation potential in very different ways. dothiv combined crowd, funding with participatory aspects and a global awareness campaign,
software developers and educators developing, managing and utilising internet-based citizen science projects to further science and the public understanding of science and the scientific process.
Cell Slider relies on a number of actors to work researchers to provide images of cancer cells
developers to maintain the website and researchers to interpret results in order to develop cures and treatments.
of ICT in social innovation Operational and strategic Policy issues Preventive health & self help Standard ICT-Content creation-Issue identification-Complementary onand offline knowledge
& social care Standard & bespoke ICT alongside traditional activities All types depending on case-Complementary onand offline knowledge communities-Social capital Online smallworld support network,
-Good ICT infrastructure reduces activity costs-Good fit of ICT with physical activities-Fundraising incl micro donations-Crowdsourcing-Raising Awareness-Supporting matching assets to needs
Commentators have begun to describe how schools are likely to look under the information technology paradigm and they are very different from current schools UNESCO, 2002;
With ICT diminishing geographical distances and enabling people from all over the world access to top education through courses offered on web-based teaching platforms and by the world's leading professors,
-and-mobile-learning 111 transformation of distance education into e-learning and blended learning offers new options for delivery and new opportunities for in service teacher training and support.
a) Anytime-anywhere education-The appearance of the Web 2. 0 was an inflection point in Education,
Greater awareness and presence of badging through social networks is required still, but the core technology of a‘badge backpack'has already been refined. b) Learning analytics-Learning analytics involve the collection,
analysis and reporting of large datasets relating to learners and their contexts. Current developments are focused on three areas:
rather than just querying data collected from online systems. The relation of learning design to learning analytics is also being considered,
Other key issues include secure data storage, appropriate levels of access, and providing the necessary infrastructure for storing
and querying large data sets. c) Crowd learning-Crowd learning describes the process of learning from the expertise and opinions of others,
shared through online social spaces, websites, and activities. Such learning is often informal and spontaneous,
collect data using desktop and mobile technologies as research tools, and validate and share findings.
and sharing local data. e) Gamification-There is increasing interest in the connections between games and education.
When implemented as‘edutainment'or‘gamification'of learning teaching practices can gain superficial elements of entertainment and reward.
goals and practices in games also help build affinity groups gathering learners into productive and self-organising communities. f) Tangible Computing
tangible computing includes embedding computation to the physical via intelligent objects, the internet of things and connectivity with a profound impact on learning mechanisms.
if a holistic approach is taken with multi-stakeholder partnerships at the heart of effective education. 110 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Personalized learning 115 Vignette:
the outcomes are made available as creative commons on the web (see also www. atc21s. org. ATC21S has been initiated
and is sponsored by Cisco, Intel and Microsoft; the companies have a long history of supporting education initiatives
when government officials or agencies join with the private sector, civil society, professional development and training institutions, technology and telecommunication providers, educational content and ICT application developers, teachers,
-A MOOC is aimed an online course at unlimited participation with free and open access for everyone with a computer with internet access.
and need to show mostly teenagers the effects of chemical experiments-Professor-Why combines computer generated images with real images
The license will be either on PC or on mobile devices. -Currently approx. 200 users, but only launched in May2014.
-It can be used via the Internet or in paper form (Kurzskalen/short scales) by the public, by professionals and by experts.
They can choose to document the development of a child for themselves offline or use the interactive online database. 112 www. q2l. org 113 http://izonenyc. org/in New york 114 www. professor-why. pl 117 Focus area
Case Social needs addressed Summary Years)( DE) 115-It is planned to offer the programme in different languages in the near future.
MOOCS famously emerged from a Stanford experiment with a course on artificial intelligence and Professor Why is a private sector initiative.
and particularly the event of the internet in the case of the MOOCS and gaming technologies for the Quest to Learn example.
Examples of this are videos of lectures, questions with instant feedback and quizzes everything online and only digitally accessible from a computer.
and with students on the school curriculum in line with the Common Core standards. While the Quest to Learn partnership isn't an organised online network
such as the Google suite, Algodoo116, Brainpop117 and Dragon Box118. In the area of new learning environments, most cases display highly innovative technological state of the-art-the art solutions going beyond content creation to experience creation to create new ways of learning or to at least experiment with new ways
It creates and produces data by collecting data on the children monitored. Giving information on early childhood development, MONDEY works also to disseminate knowledge on this topic.
The website informs about the project and its aims, too. This example has a strong focus on content creation and issue identification.
the data collection follows a bottom-up approach. MONDEY combines codified knowledge and tacit knowledge existing among researchers worldwide (who can be seen as acting within a network of practice) into explicit knowledge.
At the same time, users help to verify and further knowledge by providing new data. They are doing so by sharing their tacit knowledge filling in the data on the MONDEY platform
or making the filled in short scales available for the MONDEY team or giving feedback during training sessions
or online (contact form on the website). Ideally this creates a circulation and improvement of spokenabout knowledge available on all sides and also the improvement of codified knowledge in the long run.
Data from the Department for Education shows that, in 2013, Q2l's average score on The english Language Arts state exam was higher than the average overall citywide test score for Middle schools
either by visiting the website, reading the book or using the short scales to monitor one child or several children.
Also, professionals and parents can get training in diagnosis of early childhood development by MONDEY trained lecturers.
Also, in the future data generated by MONDEY allows for an evidence-based approach in the development of early childhood education.
In the future data generated by MONDEY allows for an evidence-based approach in the development of early childhood education.
conversely, researchers gain new knowledge by getting new and representative data for future research. Awareness on important steps in childhood development is increased.
but also to gain new data for future research. One of the basic ideas of MONDEY is to create a win win situation
To get good norm samples for future research it is paramount to get good data in the first hand.
personal data parents generally hesitate to submit. It is important to have representative data and samples to give realistic feedback to the parents and to advance research.
The long term objective is a large data base for research projects which makes creating different subsamples as well as control samples possible.
To reach this goal it is also important to keep the project open and transparent.
and teachers at Q2l are playing video games all day, while many teachers think game-like learning is quantifying the classroom
But, in addition, Q2l is bounded by the barriers placed on public schools, such as firewalls which Q2l has had to work round for years.
and thus data needs to be highly secure. Further all of the systems require a high degree of ICT support particularly as such initiatives often operate with less tech-savy user groups such as pedagogues
and offer education online for everyone with access to a computer with an internet connection. Whilst there have been based paper concepts for open universities/open education,
access to a computer and Internet and digital literacy. Also, the rise of MOOCS potentially allow for a different value for money approach within public education systems,
As Coursera is accessible to everybody who has access to the internet and because the courses are free Coursera contributes to society with a widening of education possibilities for potentially many different social classes.
However Coursera is primarily targeting the educational needs for the higher educated as demographic data for Courserians shows that 75%have a Bachelor's degree or higher.
A more radical policy angle would of course be to question or review education policy as whole and review core indicators of good education.
At the same time it collects data on real developments of young children to establish a database that can be used by researchers.
It uses the internet to disseminate knowledge on early childhood development. But at the same time it uses the internet to gain knowledge
when MONDEY receives data on the monitoring of babies and toddlers. This is definitely innovative. MONDEY is dynamic and interactive.
This would not be possible in this way 127 without ICT. MONDEY is supported by ICT as well as it offers a way to promote the book and to order MONDEY short scales.
To connect MONDEY with social media in a controlled way is discussed but not yet planned. Strategic and operational considerations related to ICT in social innovation The multi-partner approach is typical for the examples we have reviewed that show characteristics of ICT enabled social innovation.
and offline communities in creating better conditions to enable better educational outcomes. Coursera, currently the biggest MOOC platform, was launched as a for-profit company in April 2012 by the two Stanford computer science professors Andrew Ng and Daphne Koller.
Four months later Coursera had hit 1 million enrolled students across 196 countries (Coursera, 2012.
and other questions it takes data gathering decentralised and bottom up. This is only thinkable and possible by the use of ICT.
particularly if data is used further for research about learnintg processes. But without getting this sensitive date no reliable data will be won for research.
Conclusions and reflections Drawing directly on the above analysis, conclusions regarding the three generic research issues, introduced in the methodological approach in section 2
and make the best education in any topic available to anyone with a computer and Internet connection.
and has in the subgroups of programmers and coders who design such learning environments but has less importance for the actual innovations.
access to a computer and Internet and digital literacy. MONDEY specifically also highlight the importance of requires a good framework for data security and data protection. 129 Concluding,
education for all is one of the most significant social innovations in itself, yet the current system has need definitive for innovation and for improvement of education outcomes.
Drivers Role of ICT in social innovation Operational and strategic Policy issues Widening access to education Standard ICT solutions (Internet & platform technology crucial)- Content creation
access to a computer and Internet and digital literacy Personalised education & new learning environment s Standard ICT solutions as well as bespoke technological solutions (for instance gaming)- Content creation-Issue identification-Matching
assets to needs-Online knowledge communities-Also enables offline communities and builds social capital Starting as small world, scaling to scale-free-Building capacity and skills-Trust, collaboration, relationships-Knowledge and idea sharing-Legacy, working, attitudes,
legal & administrative systems-Reluctance to integrate ICT-enabled educational approaches-New ICT enabled opportunities for instance through APPS/Mobile-Experimentation with new learning approaches using digital gaming-Can provide solutions for special
needs-Higher outcomes than traditional education approaches-Public funded strategic ICT use and experimentation done both through the civil
Multipartner approach to education Standard ICT alongside traditional activities-Content creation-Issue identifycation-Matching assets to needs-Complemenary onand offline knowledge communities-Social
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which ICT is used (e g. communicate with beneficiaries/partners, collect data, etc.,etc.),), and how is this better than non-ICT tools (e g. speed,
SOURCES Literature and documentation list Interviews list Internet sources list 138 ANNEX Working definition of SI:
information access and data usage; social choices; service models; financing and much more. Although this report has no intention of being a comprehensive and complete review of the impact of online networks on social innovation,
and crowdsourced data from communities in order to uncover or identify issues and societal challenges. This could be by uncovering new
Usually these approaches and processes are undertaken by crowdsourcing or co-creation methods. vi) Action on problems:
and organizing communities to undertake both online and offline action and support for a given cause or social need,
An ICT example of a random network is the Atenistas large open and bottom up community of citizens in Athens who love their city and spread updates about activities and the latest news virally via Facebook and Twitter,
which uses the internet to spread the idea and the model for running nonprofit childrens'playgrounds across the USA by targeting community leaders and other local champions and opinion formers. vii) Small-world networks:
Traditionally most social networks are relatively robust and resistant to change, so that change spreads slowly. However, at often unpredictable points in time change can spread much more rapidly.
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