and cloud computing models provide the capacity to spot emerging patterns. A contrasting integrated system for monitoring renal patients has led to dramatic improvements in survival rates and cost reductions in the United states. 9 19) Citizen-controlled data,
trying to examine technological issues such as Big data, Cloud computing, Mobile services, etc.,from a managerial perspective, aiming to reach a wide spectrum of executives,
In particular, Part I first considers Digital Systems Trends issues related to the growing relevance, on the one hand, of Big data, Cloud computing,
Focusing on systems evolution trends from a technology push perspective, the analysis will move from information and service infrastructure topics such as Big data and Cloud computing,
19 2 Cloud computing...23 2. 1 Introduction...23 2. 1. 1 Cloud computing: Service Models...24 2. 1. 2 Cloud computing Service Providers...
25 2. 2 Strategic and Managerial Challenges and Opportunities...26 2. 2. 1 Challenges Accompanying Cloud computing...
27 2. 2. 2 Advantages and Risks in Cloud computing Outsourcing Projects...28 2. 2. 3 Managing Changes and Organizational Issues...
32 2. 3 Deployment Models (Private, Public, Community and Hybrid...33 2. 4 Guidelines and Recommendations...
34 2. 4. 1 Choosing a Cloud computing Service Provider...34 2. 4. 2 Cloud computing Project Implementation Life cycle...
36 2. 5 Case studies...41 2. 6 Summary...44 References...44 3 Mobile Services...47 3. 1 Introduction...
47 3. 2 Mobile Services Drivers and Challenges...50 3. 3 Digital Management Solutions...56 3. 4 Case studies...
for example, 12 terabytes of Tweets are created every day into improved product sentiment analysis 6. BIG DATA Cloud computing Social networks Internet of things Mobile 80%of the world's data is unstructured.
As for drivers, cloud computing is represented in Fig. 1. 1, besides the above mentioned social networks, mobile technologies, and internet of things.
cloud computing is considered a key driver of Big data, for the growing size of available data requires scalable database management systems (DBMS).
However, cloud computing faces IT managers and architects the choice of either relying on commercial solutions (mostly expensive) or move beyond relational database technology,
and technology/paradigms such as cloud computing (we provide further details on each of them in Chaps. 2, 3 and 4, respectively).
Agrawal D, Das S, El Abbadi A (2010) Big data and cloud computing: new wine or just new bottles?
Agrawal D, Das S, Abbadi A (2011) Big data and cloud computing: current state and future opportunities.
Mcgraw-hill Osborne Media, New york References 21 Chapter 2 Cloud computing Abstract During the last decade, the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry has been transformed by innovations that fundamentally changed the way
One important new development in the ICT field is the cloud computing, which will be investigated in details in this Chapter. 2. 1 Introduction The development of cloud computing started years ago with the emergence of grid computing.
Grid computing can be explained as the allocation of several computer systems in a parallel structure to solve one problem 1. Cloud computing is similar to Grid
but differs in the sense it aims to provide on demand access to a specific service
The key features of cloud computing can be summarized in the following list 1: V. Morabito, Trends and Challenges in Digital Business Innovation, DOI:
which enables the user to access the cloud computing resource from different platforms, such as mobile phones, laptops or PDAS. 3. Improved accessibility,
and enables the cloud computing structure to comply with the user's demands. 6. Measured and controlled service.
which is achieved by sharing the same infrastructure by several clients. 8. Quick deployment of the cloud computing structure in comparison with traditional information systems implementations. 2. 1. 1 Cloud computing:
Service Models Dhar 4 defines cloud computing as the structure that provides the ability to the users to utilize the hardware, software,
From this definition, three levels of cloud computing can be defined (see Fig. 2. 1). The first level is the Software as Service (Saas). In this layer,
a new abstraction level in cloud computing has emerged recently and called Network as a Service (Naas).
It aims to support scalability and availability on highly dynamic networks 6. 24 2 Cloud computing 2. 1. 2 Cloud computing Service Providers In this section,
examples of the main names in cloud computing will be introduced. The first example is Amazon EC2 which allows users to rent virtual computers on
The last example of cloud computing service provider is Google which uses its own infrastructure that contains three independent
NET) Storage (DB/File) Infrastructure---Computation (VM) Storage (Block) Hardware---CPU, Memory, Disk, Bandwidth Resources Managed at Each Layer Software as a service (Saas) Platform as a service
Cloud computing architecture. Adapted from 5 Fig. 2. 1 The three layers of cloud computing. Adapted from 4 2. 1 Introduction 25 commodity servers.
The second one is the Big Table, which is simplified a model large-scale distributed database. Finally, the last one is the Map Reduce1 programming model that can be modified according to the characteristics of the applications that Google is running on its servers.
and Opportunities The decision of whether to implement the cloud computing project by the organization itself
For instance 4 argues that outsourcing cloud computing would have positive effects on the management to achieve its goals such as to take the benefit of the increased globalization
which can be achieved by better management of the cloud computing pooling services to several clients. 2. Faster development cycle,
that can be provided by the cloud computing service provider, which allows the company to transfer the risk of failure to the vendor,
and the cloud computing service provider can be flexible enough to benefit both parties and to comply with supply
and Big data. 26 2 Cloud computing 2. 2. 1 Challenges Accompanying Cloud computing Businesses across industries have come to a consensus about the inherent business value of cloud computing
One of the key advantages for cloud computing is its ability to provide its service to several businesses simultaneously by acquiring
Virtualization can be important for cloud computing by enabling virtual machine migration to balance the load throughout the data center.
Energy efficiency and environmental considerations are very important factors in cloud computing that have to be well-thought-out in designing its architecture.
and Opportunities 27 5. Traffic management and analysis. The importance of the analysis of the data traffic is faced by many challenges in cloud computing. These challenges stem from the difficulties in calculating,
However, this factor forms big challenge for all stakeholders in cloud computing. This happens because of the structure of the cloud computing
The main objective behind the cloud computing is to provide a platform to host and run large-scale data intensive applications.
or offline) and the adaptive scheduling in dynamic conditions form an important challenge in cloud computing. 8. Storage technologies and data management.
and Risks in Cloud computing Outsourcing Projects Cloud computing is like any other new development in IT,
According to 8, there are many benefits for utilizing a third party cloud computing service provider for the implementing company.
and support engineers in the implementing firm. 3. Increased satisfaction of the support engineers by focusing on more important IT issues. 28 2 Cloud computing 4. It gives the opportunity for the employees from different departments to develop their experiences about cloud computing support
Chang et al. 9 also suggest that shaping the right business strategies for cloud computing transformation would enhance the organizational sustainability.
Moreover, another study by Gai and Li 10 added more advantages that can be gained by transforming to cloud computing such as high expandability, friendly utilisation and environmental protection.
and in spite of the tempting advantages of utilizing cloud computing in the business, 8 suggests there are s number of risks
when adopting cloud computing services. These risks are summarized as follows: 1. The customer service quality at the company might be affected with this change,
and authentication process as well as the lack of security standards that govern cloud computing. The importance of the security issues is addressed also by many other authors such as Srinisvasan et al. 11.
hence, more considerations should thought of when considering it for cloud computing, since it needs to be more secure and sophisticated.
brand damage and productivity loss. 4. Virtualization issues Virtualization is very important in the cloud computing to achieve its goal of sharing resources.
then it brings significant threats to the holistic view of cloud computing. 5. Cryptography and key management The need for appropriate and,
cloud mapping services. 30 2 Cloud computing B. Process and regulatory-related aspects, and includes the following points:
The CSP publishes those API to allow users to discover the available features of the cloud computing. However,
which will happen during the change to the cloud computing model and comprises risks related to data security and portability.
Therefore, the following SLA Security Qualities (SSQS) are important for any customer who wants to transform to cloud computing service model:
in order to check the correct transactions. 2. 2. 3 Managing Changes and Organizational Issues Outsourcing the cloud computing services can be considered as a very important step on the road of having agile and efficient business
One example is the resistance for change that may arise during the transformation to the cloud computing services 15.
and most importantly, top management support should be guaranteed at all time during the change process 17.32 2 Cloud computing Khajeh-hosseini et al. 8 also suggests that the organization implementing cloud computing has to consider the socio-technical factors that concern with interaction between the people and technology
in order to have smooth transition to cloud computing services. 2. 3 Deployment Models (Private, Public, Community and Hybrid) Cloud services can be deployed in different ways,
the cloud computing environment is dedicated not to a single organization. This model used when organizations from the same community and with similar requirements share a cloud infrastructure,
and project implementation life cycle. 2. 4 Guidelines and Recommendations 2. 4. 1 Choosing a Cloud computing Service Provider Choosing the cloud computing service provider is considered as a strategic decision for any organization,
Although Low and Chen focused their research on the Table 2. 1 Cloud computing deployment models Infrastructure managed by Infrastructure owned by Infrastructure located Accessible
Off-premise Trusted Hybrid Both organisation and 3rd Provider Both organisation and 3rd provider Both on and off premise Trusted and untrusted sumed by Adapted from 11 34 2 Cloud computing healthcare sector,
At the third level, these criteria are decomposed into several sub-criteria that may influence an organization's choice of an appropriate cloud computing service provider.
The criteria in this three-level hierarchy are the ones that can be weighted in the approaches mentioned above to decide its importance for the concerned stakeholders 19.2.4.2 Cloud computing Project Implementation Life cycle Conway
and Curry 12 propose an implementation life cycle for cloud computing depicted in Fig. 2. 4. This cycle is divided into four major phases:
and expectations of moving to cloud computing and includes the activities and outputs shown in Table 2. 2. This step provides an understanding of the needs of the implementing organization
and how the transformation to the cloud computing model would help to meet those Outsourcing Provider Evaluation System Function Service Quality Integration Economics Professionalism Usefulness Ease of use Accuracy Tangibles Reliability Security
Innovation New Hardware/Software Experience Fig. 2. 3 Cloud computing supplier selection. Adapted from 19 36 2 Cloud computing necessities.
This step faces some challenges such as satisfying the new requirements within the existing or new budget,
To identify which areas of the business are qualified to be moved to the cloud computing and includes the activities
a strategic planning will be done for the services that will be affected with the cloud computing transformation. This includes critical decisions such as staffing, communication, organizational rules and risk assessment.
there will be a planning for how the future state will be after transforming to the cloud computing service model.
how it will be managed, how it interfaces to the existing/remaining Fig. 2. 4 Cloud computing life cycle.
and its alignment with the business IT strategy for cloud computing Determine what role cloud computing will play within the IT strategy Strategic intent of moving to the cloud
and pricing model Detailed and clear tender documents for cloud suppliers 38 2 Cloud computing Phase 2:
and validate how the cloud service is performing 40 2 Cloud computing Phase 4: Refresh This stage is about the continuous review of the cloud service.
and get approval to start a new cloud service transformation project cycle. 2. 5 Case studies In this section we investigate some cloud computing related case studies
and we provide explanation about cloud computing outsourcing and its role in the strategic business change.
and solutions for Oil and Gas industry with offices in UK and in the middle East area and it shows the implication of the cloud computing transformation on the IT department in the implementing organization.
In response for this situation, the Vice president of Information technology suggested using cloud computing to move the company's Business Information systems (BIS),
With a cloud computing solution, the IT department would be reduced from twelve people to six. IT infrastructure (servers
The strategic decision of selecting the cloud computing service provider is very important for the success of this IT transformation project
This project will be achieved by leveraging cloud computing technologies in the government data centers of the National Computing and Information Agency (NCIA.
and department, including the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, the Ministry of Public Administration and Security, Korea Customs service, Ministry 42 2 Cloud computing of Construction and Transportation, the National Tax Service,
Careful analysis of the benefits, opportunities and risks are very important in the transformation to the cloud computing environment.
The fourth case study is about introducing the cloud computing technologies to the Indian education system to overcome deficiencies,
The limitations and restrictions that might affect the cloud computing transition project and the actual usage of the system are as important as the benefits that might gained from it,
therefore they must be well thought of before starting this strategic transformation to the cloud computing. However,
of India. 2. 6 Summary In this Chapter, detailed explanations about the concept of cloud computing, its characteristics,
Additionally, this Chapter provided a set of guidelines on how to choose the service provider as well as an implementation life cycle for the cloud computing transformation project.
Cloud computing is simply about an innovative IT model for providing an ondemand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources such as networks, servers and software applications.
Cloud computing helps organizations to adapt quickly to market changes and to add flexibility to companies'current IT infrastructure
This Chapter provides a description about the risks accompanying cloud computing and how to manage them.
benefits and risks associated with cloud computing. These case studies show that many issues have to be considered before commencing with the transition to this new technological platform.
References 1. Song J, Junfeng Y, Chengpeng W (2011) Cloud computing and its key techniques. In:
10.1109/EMEIT. 2011.6022935 2. Carroll M, Van der Merwe A, Kotzé P (2011) Secure cloud computing benefits, risks and controls.
IEEE, pp 1 9 3. Mohan NRR, Raj EB (2012) Resource allocation techniques in cloud computing research challenges for applications.
10.1109/CICN. 2012.177 44 2 Cloud computing 4. Dhar S (2011) From outsourcing to cloud computing: evolution of IT services.
IEEE, pp 434 438 5. Zhang Q, Cheng L, Boutaba R (2010) Cloud computing: state-of-the-art and research challenges.
Walters RJ (2011) Case studies and organisational sustainability modelling presented by cloud computing business framework. Int J Web Serv Res 8: 26 53. doi:
Gai K, Li S (2012) Towards cloud computing: a literature review on cloud computing and its development trends.
In: 2012 international conference on multimedia information networking and security, pp 142 146. doi: 10.1109/MINES. 2012.240 11.
Srinivasan MK, Sarukesi K, Rodrigues P, Manoj M, Revathy P (2012) State-of-the-art cloud computing security taxonomies classification of security challenges in the present cloud.
Conway G, Curry E (2010) Managing cloud computing: a life cycle approach. In: 2nd international conference on cloud computing and services science CLOSER 2012, pp 198 207 13.
Bublitz E (2010) Catching the cloud: managing risk when utilizing cloud computing. Natl Underwrit P C 114: 12 14.
Alsouri S, Katzenbeisser S, Biedermann S (2011) Trustable outsourcing of business processes to cloud computing environments.
In: 2011 5th international conference on network and system security, pp 280 284 15. Atkinson P (2005) Managing resistance to change.
cloud computing case study. J Cases Inf Technol 13:57 71 24. Lee H-O, Kim M (2013) Implementing cloud computing in the current IT environments of Korean government agencies.
Int J Softw Eng Its Appl 7 (1): 149 160 25. Bhatia G, Lala A (2012) Implementation of cloud computing technology in Indian education system.
ICCCNT12 26th 28th July 2012, Coimbatore, India References 45 Chapter 3 Mobile Services Abstract In this Chapter we discuss the main implications of mobility for digital business.
, social networks, smart mobile communications, cloud computing, high bandwidth telecommunication networks contribute to create digital infrastructures for service provision,
+Smart mobile communications iphone, ipad, Android OS Smartphones and tablets Cloud computing Amazon, dropbox, Google, Salesforce. com, Windows Azure, etc.
A major driver of mobile device usage in the work environments has been the emergence of cloud computing. As mentioned before
and familiarity with IT. 1 Cloud computing and mobile services issues have been discussed in Chaps. 2 and 3 respectively. 90 5 IT Consumerization 5. 2. 1 Advantages
For example, Cloud storage can enhance the availability of data, which would help employees to increase online interaction and online data access,
using a personal cloud storage service, or engaging with social media so that they can have better communication and work more efficiently.
As mentioned before, cloud computing is the IT service that makes this even easier, with information and services accessible from anywhere and anytime by using any device.
or by transforming to cloud computing. Nevertheless, enabling such strategy includes new technologies such as serverbased virtualization for application streaming and user state virtualization for a great cross-device experience 16.
Dropbox Dropbox is a file hosting service that offers many capabilities such as cloud storage and file synchronization.
and it provides users with features related to cloud storage, file sharing and documents editing in a collaborative manner.
and sync files to cloud storage and then access them from a Web browser or their local device.
how globalisation, cloud computing and social media enable you to create an unfair advantage. Egxacting 7. Aral S, Dellarocas C, Godes D (2013) Introduction to the special issue social media and business transformation:
and drawbacks of Cloud computing, considered an innovative IT model for providing on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable resources such as networks, servers, and software applications.
129 Capabilities, 5 Chronological age, 55 Closeness centrality, 69 Cloud computing, 6, 23 COBIT, 150,156, 157 Cognitive age, 55 Cognitive instrumental processes
and economic opportunity interact with shifts such as cloud computing, social networking, the internet of things, synthetic biology, the makers movement and advanced manufacturing.
and cloud computing. Computing is turning ubiquitous, and digital experiences span devices. Billions of sensors, screens and devices in conference rooms, living rooms, cars, phones, parks and many other spaces are forming a vast network
Low latency (the time required for round-trip data transmission) is required already for advanced cloud computing applications such as high-definition video conferencing and industrial collaboration.
Dr Ryan led the global policy strategy for Google's cloud computing platform and coordinated Google's engagement in international policy matters at the Internet Governance Forum and other fora.
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