with additional responses coming from comparison regions such as North america (see Figure 5). Influenced by social media-driven outreach
and has charted 500 million downloads. Impact Attitude Perceived reward/status of entrepreneurship Perceived risk Personality type Determination 1 Skills Markets/business intelligence Management skills Social skills Creativity
Le Web and Pioneers are leading international conferences gathering entrepreneurs and talent, promoting entrepreneurship by providing access to broad and dynamic networks
A recent study by Telefonica indicates that over the past five years, the number of incubators and accelerators has increased at an annual rate of 29%to an overall number of 260 start-up programmes in Europe,
Salido, Sabás and Freixas (2013), The Accelerator and Incubator Ecosystem in Europe, Telefonica. Creating and aligning partnerships between companies,
Phonebloks/Motorola: 56 Phonebloks'aim is to develop a modular cellular phone to provide the opportunity to change, for example,
the camera or the memory card without having to change the entire phone. The approach was made open-source,
and for the entire world; Phonebloks has more than 960,000 supporters. Motorola committed to open up its corporate R&d,
using a platform for exchange with the Phonebloks community. To retain independence, Phonebloks is financed by donations.
Motorola will provide a developer's kit to allow the community to contribute to product development.
Young Global Leader Building a database and evaluating data with a clearly defined process Google Ventures uses algorithms with data from academic literature or from due diligences.
Jorge Fernandes, Vice-president, Innovation Program Office, DSM Telefonica Wayra is an accelerator programme with a strong brand and a global approach.
Managing director, Global Affairs and New Ventures, Telefonica; Young Global Leader Getting to a draft contract needs to be a question of days,
The internet generally is a platform that has reduced massively barriers to being an entrepreneur. Governments that have worked to spread broadband,
keep the internet open and introduce net neutrality can take a good deal of the credit for that.
The Schengen agreement and the internet both help; poor links between universities and the labour market don't help.
and economic opportunity interact with shifts such as cloud computing, social networking, the internet of things, synthetic biology, the makers movement and advanced manufacturing.
as the value web continues to displace linear value chains of merely one-directional value and money flows.
please email europeentrepreneurship@weforum. org. 56 Enhancing Europe's Competitiveness Endnotes 1. The entrepreneurial life cycle is defined here as including the factors influencing an individual to turn an idea into economic activity or join a start-up as an employee,
Blog on Innovationmanagement. se. 16. Stam, E. et al. 2012), Ambitious Entrepreneurship A Review of the academic literature and new directions for public policy, Report for the Advisory Council for Science and Technology Policy (AWT) and the Flemish Council for Science
however, require stronger early seed-stage funding as pointed out in Salido, Sabás and Freixas (2013), The Accelerator and Incubator Ecosystem in Europe, Telefonica, p. 2. 41.
See the policy recommendations of the recent report Salido, Sabás and Freixas (2013), The Accelerator and Incubator Ecosystem in Europe, Telefonica. 43.
New york times (2013), Google Ventures Stresses the Science of the Deal, not the Art of the Deal. 61.
Center Telefonica José María Álvarez-Pallete López, Chief operating officer Javier Santiso, Director, Innovation Funds, Venture and Growth Capital 60 Enhancing Europe's Competitiveness The World
Technology Pioneer Klaus Matzka, Partner, Pioneers Festival, Austria Frédéric Michel, Global Director of Public Engagement, Telefonica, Spain Jean-Yves Naouri, Chief operating officer
for Universities and Science of the United kingdom Karen E. Wilson, Senior Fellow, Bruegel and OECD, Switzerland Björn Woltermann, Vice-president, Emerging Technologies, Deutsche telekom, Germany Werner Wutscher
+41 (0) 22 869 1212 Fax:++41 (0) 22 786 2744 contact@weforum. org www. weforum. org The World Economic Forum is an international institution committed to improving the state of the world through public-private
Telemedicine which uses telecommunication and multimedia technologies is used now increasingly for remote consultation, diagnostics and examination of patients over the internet.
As far as improving education in health is concerned ICTS are being used for sharing documents, simulations of health scenario planning, training,
Healthnet one of the most widely implemented computer-based telecommunications systems in Sub-saharan africa, currently is being used in over 30 countries by around 10,000 healthcare workers to exchange ideas
Healthnet uses low earth orbit satellites and phonelines to provide email access system of local telecommunications sites used to provide low cost access to healthcare information in developing countries through a link to basic
email (Kasozi and Nkuuhe, 2003. Users mainly physicians and medical workers connect to the network through Enhancing healthcare delivery through ICTS 147 local telephone nodes to access services such as physician collaborations (Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda.
Data collection (Gambia), healthcare delivery (Ethiopia), research (Ghana), medical databases, consultation and referral scheduling, epidemic alerts and medical libraries.
Across Sub-saharan africa, the Internet is used to report daily cases of meningitis to monitor emerging epidemics.
Satellife uses low orbit communication satellites to link up doctors via the internet through store and forward technology (Groves, 1996.
Satellife provides service to remote medical units through email and internet traffic as international telephone connections to capital cities in the developing world.
and the Internet is used to rapidly mobilize medical personnel and effectively coordinate laboratories and specialist services.
Internet connectivity and email usage in the health sector is still low compared to other sectors.
The reports from the districts are delivered to the headquarters either by hand, fax or by email.
The national office has a LAN at the headquarters to enable health offices gain access to the HMIS products such as the ministry of health website.
1999), these capabilities require the complex combination of the technical infrastructure (cabling infrastructure, hardware platform, base software platform), ICT shared services (as communications services), ICT applications (as WEB
Photograph of the child Child's name, year of birth and sex Father's name, address, telephone number Mother's name, address, telephone number Location:
which information can be transmitted across geographic space via the Internet, fax machines and electronic communication superhighways,
While the telecommunications revolution has brought the cost of transmitting information across geographic space to virtually zero,
and research labs R&d ACTIVITIES Invest significantly in research (75%invest more than 20%of Invest on average about 11%of their turnover in R&d Invest less than 5%of their turnover in R&d 8 Biotechnology, electronics and telecommunication, industrial software applications, new
which include the Internet and the microprocessor, help mitigate economies of scale and the gains traditionally associated with large-scale production.
New web-based information technologies are enabling SMES to attain global marketing capabilities at very low costs.
and internet-based access to products like financial and accounting management software systems that enhance organisational and management capabilities,
But to properly take advantage of such internet-based financial and accounting systems SMES typically need to modify
It may seem paradoxical to claim that geography matters for innovative activity in a world of E-mail, fax machines, and cyberspace
While the marginal cost of transmitting information across geographic space has been reduced drastically with the telecommunications revolution, the marginal cost of transmitting knowledge,
Close to 80%of all new technology startups are in information technologies--software, Internet, and telecommunication software.
Because these firms are focused more on providing a service and face much shorter development times,
. Since SMES have difficulty finding the most appropriate public programme given the complex web of public initiatives,
120 120 120 120 120 a Standardized coefficients are reported blog-transformed+p<0. 10*p<0. 05**p<0. 01***p<0
social networks in the surgical instrument cluster of Sialkot-Development and Change-Pakistan. Development and Change, 30 (1), 141-175.
Leceta, 2011) According to Internet World Stats (a Miniwatts Marketing Group initiative) in 2012 (June) there were over 9, 6 million Internet users in Romania,
which means a 44%Internet penetration rate, above the world rate (34,3%)but under the European rate of 63,2%.
%and access & use the Internet (80.83%)in their activities. Three quarters of SMES use the electronic mail
and a just over a quarter have their own website, but just 4, 33%are involved in online selling
and buying transactions and under 1 per cent of SMES have intranet. In 15.56%of the SMES have no IT facilities. 3. 6 Use of Internet
and Intranet in SMES The analysis of the purpose why SMES use Internet & Intranet point out that in more than 75%of the companies'information technology is used for a better communication with customers
and suppliers see figure 5). A significant percentage of SMES use the Internet for gathering information about the business environment in
which they operate (67,17%).%Over 50 percentage of SME use the Internet for online transactions,
45,71%use it for promoting their products and services and 39,50%for better communication inside their enterprises. 0. 39 0. 5 4. 33 15.56 27.5 76 80.83 81.94
Others Intranet Selling/shopping online None of the above Own website E-mail Internet Computers 518 Nelu Eugen Popescu/Procedia Economics and Finance 16 (2014) 512
Internet & Intranet use in Romanian SMES Source: CNIPMMR, White Charter of Romanian SMES 11th Edition, Sigma Publishing house, 2013 3. 7 Perceived benefits of IT applications in business Top benefits of IT application for their business
At inter-firm level the Internet may help reduce transaction cost and increase speed and reliability of transactions (OECD,
the cost of R&d activities, lack of funds (or insufficient funds) and incertitude about the evolution of demand for new and innovative goods. Most SMES use computers, Internet and the e-mail in their business activities
and some of them even developed own websites (27.50%.%Only in 15.50%of SMES there are no IT structures.
the General Secretariat for=Telecommunications and Information Society‘of the MEIS; the General Secretariat for=Industrial and Environmental Development‘of the MEIS;
Train entrepreneurs for global e-commerce through, for instance, the development of a web localisation certificate programme.
with a turnover of EUR 4. 6 million and a workforce of 34 000 people in 2007 prior to the crisis. Telecommunications is the biggest subsector,
because a long career path brings broader social networks and effectiveness in building new ties (Mosey & Wright 2007).
EVA was an online site that intended to implement advanced and innovative training programs for the changing needs of SMES and government officials through two courses.
The main IT solutions offered were antivirus (to 29%of clients), business management software (to 28%)and web and email (to 19%.
and would benefit from the development of a web localization certificate program by an organisation with expertise in global e-commerce.
id=17007 Web localization certificate programmes: Training entrepreneurs for global e-commerce Although entrepreneurship programs have offered training in e-commerce for many years,
experience with global markets has shown that many websites are not appropriate to attract consumers in foreign markets.
Localizing websites, i e.,, customizing them for local cultures, will improve comprehension, navigation, site visit duration, and most importantly, purchasing (Singh and Pereira, 2005).
The localization industry in 2006, a USD 9 billion business helps businesses design multilingual websites that work in different national contexts.
and the lack of web and IT expertise among traditional businesses. Curious about the region, online visitors could be attracted to visit websites about local culture and products.
At present, the region is served by two regional touristic websites, both of which do not reflect the state-of-the-art of web design and functionalities.
Given its experience offering IT training, as well as its past role in the Digital Cluster program, RETA might be able to play a role in launching such training.
The region has some resources to build upon such as the Andalusia Lab, a technology center for touristic innovation,
and in linking them with global ones. The impact of the university can extend beyond the provision of basic research but,
and social networks among private firms and university researchers that are viewed as a central component of third generation innovation models.
and the creation of a focused cooperative education program with some of the universities and innovative companies as a means to strengthen the social networks between firms and universities.
as well as global ones, have deep and enduring links with the coop program. Mike Lazaridis the co-CEO of Research in motion, is an active and vocal proponent of technology transfer through the Waterloo co-op program.
and as a result, local firms have to compete with global ones to attract the best students,
as well as serving to enhance the region‘s international reputation by attracting global firms, such as Microsoft and Google,
which RETA faces in terms of the need to intensify the social networks and linkages between innovative firms in the region and the existing technology parks without the option of physical co-location.
the increasing use of telecommunications technology and the creation of denser social networks through intermediary agents,
In Global networks and Local Linkages: The Paradox of Cluster Development in an Open Economy, eds David A. Wolfe and Matthew Lucas. Montreal and Kingston:
and knowledge now available with internet communications to meet their specific needs. Typically the smaller SMES will identify innovation needs based on resolving day-to-day problems.
Email: Sonninor@cardiff. ac. uk Professor Gianluca Brunori, Department of Agronomy and Management of the Agro-ecosystem, Group of Agricultural and Environmental Economics, University of Pisa, Via del
Email: gbrunori@agr. unipi. it Danish low-tech clusters and the‘village economy'Description of the approach Confounding conventional analyses of globalisation, Denmark, with few natural resources and high production costs by international
The academic community is part of a much broader global network of scientific knowledge and has been an important contributor to key global breakthroughs in a diverse range of medical fields, most famously in the genetics area.
Train entrepreneurs for global e-commerce through, for instance, the development of a web localisation certificate programme.
3. Absorptive Capability and Organizational Learning Theory 27 4. Social network in Organizational Contexts 32 5. Entrepreneurial Orientation 35 6. Innovativeness 39 VIII
a brief of main studies 30 Table 5. Social network in CE: key reasons 34 Table 6. Entrepreneurial Orientation what we need to know to understand the concept 37 Table 7. Industrial classification of samples selected
Theoretical Framework Resource-based view Contingency Theory Resource-based view Social network Theory Resource-based view Absorptive capability and Learning Theory Research
Self-elaborated 32 4. Social network in Organizational Contexts Approximately 30 years ago, an important new area of research within the organizational context emerged.
The starting point of the study of social networks was drawn on a broader revitalization of the field of economic sociology (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003.
The entrepreneur is embedded in a social network that plays a critical role in the entrepreneurial process (Aldrich and Zimmer, 1986.
In this sense, Brass (1992) defines social networks as a set of actors (individuals or organizations) and a set of linkages between them.
Social network research in organizational contexts highlights topics such as social capital, embeddedness, organizational networks, board interlocks, joint ventures and inter-firm alliances (see Borgatti and Foster, 2003;
) Consistent with the arguments provided by network research in organizational contexts we can state that the field of organizational behavior moves away from an exclusive focus on individuals to consider people in organizations in terms of their embeddedness in social networks.
Table 5 shows ten key reasons (arranged chronologically) why it is important to consider the social network from the corporate entrepreneurship perspective.
Table 5. Social network in CE: key reasons Main idea Study 1 The presence of colleagues/partners in the entrepreneurs'personal networks is strongly related to all performance measures.
Hoang and Antoncic (2003 p. 166) 35 Table 5. Continued Main idea Study 7 A focus on the social networks of organization leaders is likely to enhance our understanding of organizational behavior.
Kilduff and Brass (2010 p. 309) 10 Social networks are influential in explaining the processes of knowledge creation, diffusion, absorption, and use.
because some companies did not report their e-mail, phone or website to contact. Of these 703 questionnaires
Firms that did not respond to the initial request for data were contacted a second time via telephone one month after the initial contact,
Aldrich and Zimmer (1986) pointed out that the entrepreneur is embedded in a social network that plays an important role in the entrepreneurial process.
) Social networks can be defined as a set of actors (individuals or organizations) and a set of linkages between these actors (Brass, 1992;
the potential synergy between firms and their social networks can generate capabilities in learning that play an important role in creating
Members of social networks can directly influence the propensity to assume greater or lesser risk activities. 72 In addition, Ripollés and Blesa (2005;
2006) found a direct causal contribution of the entrepreneur's contact frequency with members of his/her families or social networks into a firm's entrepreneurial behavior.
For example, Birley (1985) found that social networks provide the main sources of help in assembling the resources needed;
social networks, cooperative networks, marketing information networks, reputation networks, and cooperative technology networks that, according to Lechner and Dowling (2003), enable growth in different stages of firm development.
because some companies did not report their e-mail, phone or website to contact. Of these 703 questionnaires, 51 were returned incomplete for the following reasons:
Firms that did not respond to the initial request for data were contacted a second time via telephone one month after the initial contact,
For public policy-makers, the findings indicate that the social network approach, as well as entrepreneurial spirit in companies'environments, can be valuable to society as a whole
and strategy management by investigating the impact of a firm's resources and capabilities such as EO, social networks and innovativeness on its performance.
our findings indicate that the social network approach, as well as entrepreneurial spirit in SMES, can be valuable to society as a whole
-Reinforces the social network and the entrepreneurial spirit of the SMES to obtain potential growth, thus generating wealth and employment;
Entrepreneurship through social network. In The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship, Sexton, D. L. and Smilor, R. Eds.
a social network approach to leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 17,419-439. Barney, J. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage.
a social network perspective. In Research in Politics and Society, Moore, G. and Whitt, J. A. Eds.
Social network research in organizational contexts: a systematic review of methodological issues and choices. Journal of Management, 38,1328-1361.
Social networks and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28,1-22. Griffin, P. A.,Lont, D. H. and Sun, Y. 2010.
a social network perspective. Journal of organizational behavior, 31,309-318. Kirbach, M. and Schmiedeberg, C. 2008.
From legacy first to digital first Beyond simplification, cloud and mobile are now valuable options, if not necessities.
From the nexus to the next horizon Cloud, mobile, social and information the Nexus of Forces are no longer exotic options;
From CIOS and senior IT leaders in corporations and government agencies, to business leaders in high-tech and telecom enterprises and professional services firms, to technology investors, we are the valuable partner to clients in 9, 000 distinct
which might be made of the following information A great deal of information on the European union is available on the Internet.
if composite indicators could be made available via the web, along with the data, the weights and the documentation of the methodology.
the highest correlation is found between the sub-indicators ELECTRICITY & INTERNET with a coefficient of 0. 84.
PATENTS ROYALTIES INTERNET EXPORTS TELEPHONES ELECTRICITY SCHOOLING ENROLMENT PATENTS 1. 00 0. 13-0. 09 0. 45 0. 28 0
INTERNET 1. 00-0. 45 0. 56 0. 84 0. 63 0. 27 EXPORTS 1. 00 0. 00-0. 36
-0. 35-0. 03 TELEPHONES 1. 00 0. 64 0. 30 0. 33 ELECTRICITY 1. 00 0. 65 0. 26
. 27-0. 17-0. 04 0. 10 INTERNET-0. 92 0. 21 0. 02-0. 10 0. 04 0. 11
. 08 TELEPHONES-0. 76-0. 39-0. 16-0. 16-0. 41-0. 16 0. 16-0. 09 ELECTRICITY-0
The first factor has high positive coefficients (loadings) with INTERNET (0. 79), ELECTRICITY (0. 82) and SCHOOLING (0. 88).
Factor 4 is formed by ROYALTIES and TELEPHONES. Yet, despite the rotation of factors, the sub-indicator of EXPORTS has 23 sizeable loadings in both Factor 1 (negative loading) and Factor 2 (positive loading.
0. 07-0. 07 0. 93 INTERNET 0. 79-0. 21 0. 21 0. 42 EXPORTS-0. 64 0. 56
-0. 04 0. 36 TELEPHONES 0. 37 0. 17 0. 38 0. 68 ELECTRICITY 0. 82-0. 04 0. 25
0. 14 0. 09 0. 18 INTERNET 0. 31 0. 56-0. 29 0. 60 EXPORTS 0. 29-0. 45
0. 58-0. 14 TELEPHONES 0. 41 0. 13 0. 18 0. 73 ELECTRICITY 0. 13 0. 57-0. 13
TELEPHONES has the highest variable-total correlation and if deleted the coefficient alpha would be as low as 0. 60.
Correlation with total Cronbach coefficient alpha PATENTS 0. 261 0. 704 ROYALTIES 0. 527 0. 645 INTERNET 0. 566 0. 636
EXPORTS-0. 108 0. 774 TELEPHONES 0. 701 0. 603 ELECTRICITY 0. 614 0. 624 SCHOOLING 0. 451 0. 662
the dynamic adopters are lagging behind the potential leaders due to their lower performance on INTERNET, ELECTRICITY and SCHOOLING.
1. 5 2. 0 PATENTS RECEIPTES INTERNET EXPORTS TELEPHONES ELECTRICITY SCHOOLING ENROLMENT Group 3 Group 2 Group 1 Figure 3
For example, in the CI of e-business readiness the indicator I1 Percentage of firms using Internet
0. 93 0. 01 0. 00 0. 00 0. 49 Internet 0. 79-0. 21 0. 21 0. 42 0
0. 00 0. 07 Telephones 0. 37 0. 17 0. 38 0. 68 0. 05 0. 02 0. 12 0
With the TAI dataset the intermediate composites are 4 (Table 6. 2). The first includes Internet (with a weight of 0. 24
the third only by University (0. 77) and the fourth by Royalties and Telephones (weighted with 0. 49 and 0. 26). 15 Weights are normalized squared factor loading, e g. 0. 24=(0. 79
which is the portion of the variance of the first factor explained by the variable Internet. 58 Then the four intermediate composites are aggregated by weighting each composite using the proportion of the explained variance in the dataset:
M L PCA Patents 0. 19 0. 17 Royalties 0. 20 0. 20 Internet 0. 07 0. 08 Tech exports 0
. 07 0. 06 Telephones 0. 15 0. 11 Electricity 0. 11 0. 09 Schooling 0. 19 0. 10 University 0
Patents Royalties Internet Tech. Exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University CI Finland 0. 15 0. 17 0. 17 0. 16 0. 19 0. 17 0
. 17 0. 19 1 United states 0. 20 0. 20 0. 17 0. 21 0. 15 0. 15 0. 21 0
e g. the percentage of firms using internet in country j depends upon the (unknown) propensity to adopt new information and communication technologies plus an error term accounting,
Table 6. 4. Comparison matrix A of eight sub-indicators (semantic scale) Objective Patents Royalties Internet Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University
3 Internet 1/3 1/2 1 1/4 2 2 1/5 1/2 Tech. exports 1/2 2 4
1 4 4 1/2 3 Telephones 1/5 1/4 1/2 1/4 1 1 1/5 1
Patents is three times more important than Internet, and consequently Internet has one-third the importance of Patents.
Each judgment reflects, in reality, the perception of the ratio of the relative contributions (weights) of the two sub-indicators to the overall objective being assessed as shown in Table 6. 5 for the first three sub-indicators.
Table 6. 5. Comparison matrix A for three sub-indicators Objective Patents Royalties Internet Patents wp/wp wp/wroy wp/wi Royalties
wroy/wp wroy/wroy wroy/wi Internet wi/wp wi/wroy wi/wi The relative weights of the sub-indicators are calculated using an eigenvector technique.
450 0. 500 Patents Royalties Internet hosts Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University st. Standard deviation Figure 6. 2. Results of the AHP
and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) Patents Royalties Internet Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University EW 0. 13 0. 13 0. 13
Patents Royalties Internet Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University Finland 187 125.6 200.2 50.7 3. 080 4. 150 10 27.4
Finland and USA shows that Finland has better scores for the sub-indicators Internet (weight 1/8
Telephones (weight 1/8), Electricity (weight 1/8) and University (weight 1/8) . Thus the score for Finland is 4*1/8=0. 5
on the internet site one can find the ecological footprint, a pure environmental composite, the environment sustainability index, presented by the World Economic Forum annual meetings, the European Environmental Agency's EEA Environmental Signals.
Dashboard of Sustainability 114 8. 8 Nation Master The following internet site is not strictly for composite indicators.
However its graphical features can be helpful for presentational purposes. www. nationmaster. com is a massive central data source on the internet with a handy way to graphically compare nations.
This internet site is considered the web's one-stop resource for country statistics on anything and everything.
raw data are freely available on the WEB, and issues of technological development are of importance to society
diffusion of the Internet (indispensable to participation), and by exports of high-and mediumtechnology products as a share of all exports.
Two sub-indicators are included here, telephones and electricity, which are especially important because they are needed to use newer technologies
and hence have market value (1999) Diffusion of recent innovations 130 INTERNET Internet hosts per 1, 000 people Diffusion of the Internet,
which is indispensable to participation in the network age (2000) EXPORTS%Exports of high and medium technology products as a share of total goods exports (1999) Diffusion of old innovations TELEPHONES Telephone lines
Units are given in Table A. 1. PATENTS ROYALTIES INTERNET EXPORTS TELEPHONES (log) ELECTRICITY (log) SCHOOLING ENROLMENT 1 Finland 187 125.6 200.2 50.7 3. 08 4
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