and social communities through smartphones, computers, and their gaming consoles (Williams, Yee, and Caplan, 2008),
and according to Nielsen, 81 billion minutes were spent on social networks and blogs in 2011 and 42%of tablet owners use them daily while watching TV (Nielsen, 2011).
Closely related to the empirical application in this paper, the worldwide market for online games surpassed $15 billion in 2010 with additional sales of virtual goods likely to exceed $1 billion (Playlogic Entertainment
With online connectivity and the presence of the Internet, online or network games have been growing exponentially,
a Facebook group about a product, or a guild or clan of players in a video game, as it is the case in our application.
According to the game's website, World of Warcraft is a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-playing game (MMORPG
Several independent websites process this information into databases that allow cross-player comparisons and provide recommendations on how to progress in the game.
In this paper, we use a publicly available data set on product usage collected from such a site called Wowhead. 11 We complement these data with information about product updates, their content, firm's actions,
and other announcements from the official game website. Although purchase decisions are not the focus of the paper
First, the website used as a source of the data provides information about experienced users only.
We use data from the website World of Logs18 about the success rates for different content.
This website provides aggregate statistics about the number of times that users attempted and successfully completed tasks in the game.
as managers attempt to lead users to social media platforms to generate content and connect with other users with similar preferences. 5. 4. 1 An Alternative Innovation Schedule:
or websites in social platforms. In the case of our application, the firm has over the years implemented a number of tools that allowed easier access to groups,
Oncioiu Ionica, Titu Maiorescu University Bucharest, ionicaoncoiu@yahoo. ro, Romania Small firms are big business in the aid of economic development.
First of all SMES in the sectors of high-tech"and the media, characterized by a high affinity for the activities via the Internet,
and has a total of 45 questions To collect data from interviewees a number of 730 companies were contacted by phone or email between January 2013 and June 2013.
letter was dispersed in Australia and the USA via email and in person. Two versions of the survey instrument:
The online survey was administered through three emails. The personal delivery method is acknowledged to increase response rates as completed responses can help (a) establish rapport with respondents
an empirical examination of internet firms. Journal of Small Business Management, 47 (3), 263 286.
+34 9544 88318 Fax:++34 9544 88300 http://ipts. jrc. ec. europa. eu/http://www. jrc. ec. europa. eu/This publication is a Technical Report by the Joint Research Centre of the European commission.
A great deal of additional information on the European union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa. eu/.How to obtain EU publications Our priced publications are available from EU Bookshop (http://bookshop. europa. eu),
You can obtain their contact details by sending a fax to (352) 29 29-42758.
dacian. coita@yahoo. com Sorin Teodor Constantin Unicredit Tiriac Bank S. A. 2-4 Unirii Square, RO-410072, Oradea, Romania E-mail:
e g. taking photos of the artwork, uploading the images onto the website, establishing payment solutions,
easier access to innovation management best practice via various online and offline media, a maturing venture capital scene as well as higher workforce mobility. v Each participating SME's core area of operation was standardized using the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system whereby‘Finance,
+32-2 230 55 44 Fax:++32-2 230 57 51 A free electronic version of this report is available through www. eua. be ISBN:
Development of multi-institutional structured Phd programmes in areas designated as nationally important (e g. telecommunications, bioanalysis and therapeutics.
+32 2 230 55 44 Fax:++32 2 230 57 51 www. eua. be Twitter:@
@euatweets The European University Association (EUA) is the representative organisation of universities and national rectors'conferences in 47 European countries.
seminars, website and publications
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. The societal impact of the World wide web--key challenges for the 21st century Burn, Janice M;
Carmel O'sullivan, Geoff Mulgan and Diogo Vasconcelos Working paper The Young Foundation and the Web Digital Social Innovation The Young Foundation September 2010 Over 27 million
Britons have a Facebook profilei, 40 per cent of internet users upload self-created content to the web,
and the same amount post messages to chat sites, blogs and newsgroups. ii Nearly a quarter of UK mobile phones users now have a Smartphone,
with over 18 per cent using their devices to access social media sites or blogs. iii We know that digital technology is transforming our professional and social lives.
But could it also be ushering in a new age of civic and political engagement? Studies show that people who access social media are more likely s to look at campaigns
or engage with politics online. iv In the UK, during the Prime Ministerial debates in the run up to the 2010 UK election,
36,483 Twitter users were active during the first debate 28,790 were active during the second debate. v Almost a quarter of 18 to 24 year olds commented on politics via social networks during the election. vi Local,
national and international activists are building networks to do everything from getting millions of citizens to sign online petitions on climate change
of living in a western society predominately through the web. For example, in Tower Hamlets, a London borough with a large Bangladeshi population, Maslaha has been working with the Primary Care Trust (PCT) to offer Islamic advice on how to live a healthy life with diabetes.
advice is provided on Maslaha's diabetes website through videos in community languages. x Digital technology makes it much easier to expand the realms of social innovation beyond traditional boundaries such as professions, disciplines
web-based solutions to social problems, resulting in digital innovations such as Mypolice-a tool for people to feed back their positive and negative experiences of contact with the police. xi In 2008,
inequality and healthcare. xii Digital technologies are also helping drive public sector innovation. www. Fixmystreet. com is a website that allows users to easily report an issue with their public realm to the relevant authority
the Young Foundation has developed a framework to help local authorities use social media to improve the delivery of public services. xiii Building upon the open data movement,
'freely available web tools are assisting communities to become digitally empowered. The Young Foundation's Local 2. 0 programme aims to learn more about how communities can be empowered using the web
and is piloting several projects with four English local authorities: the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, King's Lynn and West Norfolk Borough Council, Kirklees Council and Wiltshire Council.
Projects range from encouraging local people to write their own blogs and training for council officers on how to engage with communities via the web,
to the creation of community websites that help people connect with one another and discuss local issues. www. Fairstead. org is a new hyperlocal website developed as part of Local 2. 0 for a neighbourhood in King's Lynn, West Norfolk.
The website created at low cost through a partnership of local people and local agencies-aims to build local networks,
improve communication between residents and agencies, and increase levels of local action. Leadership and entrepreneurship Digital technologies can reach into the handbags
and homes of individuals who are alienated from the democratic process. Through The Youth of Today programme, we found that young people are plugged into digital technologies,
Only 21 per cent of internet users join in debates online or give opinions on social or political issues;
whilst ensuring that the already empowered are not the only ones who become the digitally empowered. i http://www. clickymedia. co. uk/2010/06/uk-facebook-statistics-for-june-2010/ii http://www. statistics. gov
http://www. scribd. com/doc/32819785/Orange-s-Digital-Election-Analysis vi http://www. bbc. co. uk/blogs/thereporters/rorycellanjones
These changes have delivered substantial improvements to the lives of Europeans the widespread use of the internet has transformed the way we live
It might be taken to include the Google search engine (which arguably has created more value for society than even the value that has accrued to shareholders and founders).
The Center for Independent Living, founded in 1972 by disability activists in Berkeley, California, developed technologies such as telecaptioners, text telephones, voice-recognition systems, voice synthesizers and screen readers.
The Internet came from within the US military and the early understanding of climate change from NASA,
Some ideas can be copied from other societies that have moved faster for example how to run web-based exchange systems,
The spread of digital technologies and the internet have had also a profound effect on public services
and to focus on social networks as opposed to the individual. Their work is based on four main principles:
The site received 120,000 unique visits and a total of 873,476 hits. 40 These are remarkable participation rates,
when citizens and public servants become tangled in a web of dysfunctional rules, regulations and procedures.
which allows people to transfer money using their mobile phones. The project was piloted in Kenya and developed by Vodafone and its Kenya subsidiary, Safaricom.
The service is available to all Safaricom subscribers, regardless of whether they have a bank account or not.
Safaricom has built on the vast network of existing mobile phone services and kiosks, transforming them into M-PESA agencies where money can be deposited
Kiva, the world's first peer-to-peer micro-lending site, enables individuals to lend small sums of money to entrepreneurs on low incomes.
which is posted on the website, becoming available for scrutiny by potential investors. Repayment is guaranteed as field partners are responsible for entrepreneurs
A continuous cycle of lending is created subsequently built on success. With a dedication to transparency, Kiva maximises the instantaneous potential of the internet,
to Google who provide support by means of internet advertising. As a result of its strong network of supporters and partners, producing clear 48 and productive connections,
In its mission to effect maximum transparency, all savings and investment accounts are available to view on Triodos'website.
people and digital tools to create web-based social start-ups. lxxxiii Inspired by start-up and technology oriented events such as Barcamp,
'Hackdays, like Barcamps, focus on early stage web applications, but they are far more intense; software developers code continuously for 24 hours
which aims to tackle the high number of incidents of traffic law violations in the Slovakia by enabling pedestrians to report incidents as they witness them, directly from their mobile phone.
or a problem which a web-based tool might be able to help solve-these are posted publicly online.
and asked to develop a website prototype over the next 2 days. At the end of the weekend project teams pitch what they have created to the SI Camp judges.
Winners receive 10 days of development time with the web development company, Headshift and roughly 10 hours of development time with the development agency,
web and tech support, policy work, media and PR and internal/external evaluations. While the franchisees are responsible for fundraising,
and web-based social networking around issues such as the management of chronic disease or childcare. Another trend is the rise of prosumption that is
In addition to functioning within a wider network of parent communities, each community has its own local website.
Each local website is updated and managed by a local mum, thus allowing for the information
collecting evidence and information from emails, blogging sites, and online forums on the site. A series of publications are produced to provide further general guidance.
The website also facilitates a meet up scheme where mothers can meet each other in person. Often these meetings result in new friendship and support circles (especially among those who have moved to a new area,
or those who don't have friends with children), but many mums have developed also child care support circles as a result of these meetings.
Citizens can then share their climate actions with others via social networking. xcvii 66 4. Policies to support social innovation Governments at every level European, national,
such as the Internet (DARPA) and the World wide web (CERN). However, there are numerous structural features of government that inhibit risk taking, experimentation and innovation.
It was established in March 2008 as a spin-off of The next Generation Internet Foundation, a think tank focused on the social impact of technology.
The other 78 residencies will be dedicated to employment, health, democracy, social networks, universities, transport and food systems. cii Another project run by the 27th Region is Atelier 27,
Innovation Exchange website-an online forum for sharing and developing ideas for social innovation. As it tests
and Economics and the Internet of the Future. Workshops will be run to enhance co-creation of ideas
However, within the complex web of existing NHS and local government frameworks, innovation is notoriously difficult to deliver.
Many of these methods have been helped greatly by the ability of the web to draw in a far wider range of people
the team felt that web 2. 0 tools provided the best means of communicating widely at little cost.
Initially, and unsuccessfully, they tried to canvass public opinion through social networking sites such as Myspace and Youtube.
and it was more‘intellectual'than Facebook or Myspace. In addition, organisers felt that the open nature of the wiki matched the openness they were hoping to achieve in government.
The wiki elicited thousands of contributions (some more constructive than others) and at its peak, the site received 10,000 visits in one day. cxiv Suggestions included a governance board of eminent kiwis,
such as an innovation incentives model (similar to Innocentive where organisations post their R&d problems online to be solved by a global network of‘solvers').
For good Jobs & Energy Independence Available at http://www. apolloalliance. org/downloads/jobs apolloreport 022404 122748. pdf Accessed 11 december 2009. xxiv J. A. Phills Jr.
and Andrea Vinassa writing on www. workinfo. com xxxiii http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/History of feminism 120 xxxivwww. disabilityhistory. org;
http://www. rci. org. pl/download/080728/17. pdf lx George Leahy and Frank Villeneuve-Smith (2009) State of Social Enterprise Survey 2009, London:
http://www. evpa. eu. com/downloads/EVPA DIRECTORY 2010 WEB ISSUE1. pdf lxxxix Andrew Milner,(eds. 2009)‘ European Venture Philanthropy Directory 2009/2010'.
http://www. evpa. eu. com/downloads/EVPA DIRECTORY 2010 WEB ISSUE1. pdf xc Alvin Toffler (1980) The Third Wave.
and travel cost expenses that people incur to visit a site as a proxy for their valuation of that site.
Because travel and time costs increase with distance it's possible to construct a‘marginal willingness to pay'curve for a particular site. clviii Social Value Added Working group of the EQUAL National Thematic Network
A framework for structuring remedial decisions at contaminated sites'.'In I. Linkov & A. Ramadan (Eds.
Information technologies and web 2. 0 tools are transforming how people interact, notwithstanding the necessity of physical space and meetings for the exchange of ideas and collaboration.
Your comments, thoughts and stories are welcome at the project website: www. socialinnovator. info Dr Michael Harris, NESTA Published March 2010 CONTENTS 1 CONTENTS Introduction 2 Section 1 The process of social innovation
and that its structures of accountability, governance and ownership resonate with its social mission. 1 We have launched also an accompanying website, www. socialinnovator. info,
and social networking tools. The other comes from culture and values: the growing emphasis on the human dimension;
and patterns. 1 18 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION These sites show how to run competitions for‘mash up'ideas from citizens using government data, such as Sunlight Labs and Show Us a Better Way
In the UK, the website Report Empty Homes, sponsored by the Empty Homes Agency, allows citizens to report empty properties around the UK. 10) Mapping systems such as participative mapping and sectoral analysis,
User feedback on service quality, including web-based models such as Patient Opinion and I Want Great care that hold service providers to account,
And, in the US, a new free application called iburgh allows residents to snap iphone photos of local problems, like potholes, graffiti and abandoned cars
from surveys and websites to user representation on management boards and committees. 33) Campaigns which channel dissatisfaction and discontent into a search for innovations.
40) Web-based tools for co-design, such as the Australian site for people with disabilities and their carers, web2care.
PROPOSALS AND IDEAS 31 2 32 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION 41) Creative thinking methods such as Edward De Bono's‘Six Thinking Hats
and application thanks to the internet, which has enabled large numbers of people to interact and participate at a relatively low cost. 6 Over the last few decades,
'Many of these methods have been helped greatly by the ability of the internet to draw in a far wider range of people
The Global Ideas Bank has helped spawn a number of similar websites, including the Norwegian Ideas Bank
'edited by the site's creator David Owen). Another initiative is My Health Innovation, a website
These websites include a vast range of ideas everything from the brilliant to the downright absurd.
Youtube can be used as a virtual video booth. 58) Suggestion boxes within organizations are the most basic method for soliciting innovations.
Image courtesy of the Hope Institute. 2 website, based on the principles as laid out in President Obama's Memorandum on collaborative, participatory and transparent government.
The website enables citizens to take part in a discussion about the best way to effect the President's Memorandum in three stages‘brainstorm,
One example in the UK is the Prime minister's e-Petitions website which has had nearly 10 million petitioners.
and 2 engage as these selves in cyberspace. 73) Webinars are a fairly simple device for organising seminars over the web.
Examples include the webinars organised by the Cities of Migration network which have linked NGOS, foundations and academics involved in social action related to diversity around the world. 74) Dialogue Café uses state of the art video conferencing (Telepresence) to link up citizens from all around the world.
Examples include tracking the performance of different plug-in hybrid cars through Google, and C40 city governments.
An example of open-testing, Google's initiative hopes to educate consumers body about the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of technology that is also environmentally friendly.
This is one of Google's test cars. This fleet of hybrid plug-in vehicles is monitoring greenhouse gas emissions.
Image courtesy of Google, Inc 3 54 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION Finance for emerging ideas A wide range of financial tools can be used at these early stages:
One example is the Internet, which was developed by DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) and took many years to commercialise (see Commissioning and Procurement, methods 170-183).
through models that create value for customers to models similar to those around the web that share knowledge and intellectual property. 106) Business strategies.
or the control of a key input such as a critical site or personnel (as in sport.
Particularly instructive for social ventures are the lessons from the business models adopted by web companies which
Its organisational structures are the site of contending pressures of goals and interests. The organisation may have a social goal of benefitting others,
We anticipate considerable web-based innovation in this field, with websites providing guidance on organisational forms, and governance.
an ultra simple web-based tool for creating new organisations, changing constitutions, and engaging members and stakeholders. 124) Consumer shareholding can be used to involve consumers more directly in the work of a venture,
or download systems (such as web designs and technologies) that are becoming freely available. One model is developed the consortia by the small Italian firms in the‘Third Italy'.
it requires a system of user relationships and feedback as part of its operational spine. 137) Web presence.
All social ventures now have to have a website. But their full potential has begun only to be explored.
It has therefore become crucial for ventures to have access to the tools wikis, chat rooms, forums, comment boxes, and blogs.
ways of connecting each web site to others (through links and RSS feeds) as well as establishing a presence on other social networking sites like Youtube and Facebook
which can act as feeders to the venture's website. Above all, a venture needs to devote resources to the constant updating
and active hosting of their sites. A good example is the site of the cooperative football team Ebbsfleet United (My Football Club
which has a team of six working on their website to involve the members, a model that could be adopted by many consumer co-ops among others. 138) Marketing and branding.
Social ventures, particularly those that are funded tax or grant-aided, have been suspicious of branding. Governments find themselves criticised for spending money on branding.
Image courtesy of Rolf Disch, Solararchitecture. 4 SUSTAINING 77 venture that initiated the zero carbon development at Bedzed) recently placed its most valuable technical information on the web for open access
Instead of raising funds through banks and other intermediary institutions, the web opens up the possibility of making new types of connections and raising finance from potential consumers.
They range from mobile phone credits and childcare vouchers to health club admissions and sports tickets. 163) Social targets.
It is an approach that was crucial in the emergence of the internet GSM 5 88 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION and catalytic converters. 166) Creating intermediate demand via the professions for innovative goods and services.
This could include purchasing and reusing goods made from recycled or green materials for example, re-skinned office equipment,
for example via a website such as netsquared. org. People can take part as collaborators, co-producers, consumers, activists,
It works with councils in developing good practice through a network of online communities, web related resources and peer review.
thus ensuring knowledge transfer and diffusion (see also method 292). 197) Diffusion through the web. Viral marketing techniques can be used to tap into existing social networks and spread social ideas.
Swarmtribes, an ongoing NESTA project, applies the principles of viral marketing to create a new kind of community engagement platform.
Complex, multidimensional needs are a key site for potential collaboration. Communities of Practice are one important type of collaboration (see method 304). 202) Small units in large systems.
web and technical support, policy work, media and PR, and internal/external evaluations. While the franchisees are responsible for fundraising,
and travel cost expenses that people incur to visit a site as a proxy for their valuation of that site.
Because travel and time costs increase with distance it's possible to construct a‘marginal willingness to pay'curve for a particular site. 5 SCALING
The mobile phone combines microprocessors, transmitters, networks of masts, payment models, and so on. The welfare state combines legal rights, service delivery systems, assessment tools,
The web has brought also systemic innovation to retailing and news, and has the potential (albeit not yet realised) to achieve fundamental change in healthcare and education.
This involves a wide range of issues from the use of the web to the nature of technology and the design of distributed systems which provide spaces for people to contribute to projects directly,
These include the now familiar reputational devices being used on networks like ebay, and more formal legal devices (like public databases).
mobile phone infrastructures may be the precondition for organising new models of low-cost banking. 243) Creating new infrastructure,
such as feedback sites on public services or M-PESA's platform for phone-based banking. 246) Rewiring economies, connecting sectors like the utilities and automotive industries for the development of plug-in hybrid cars,
such as the feminist and green movements but also including, for example, Transition Towns, the global network of several hundred towns seeking to move to low carbon living.
http://www. kcl. ac. uk/depsta/law/research/icps/downloads/justice-reinvestment-2007. pdf 4. Ibid.
It was created in 2000 on the site of the old Toronto General Hospital. Image courtesy of Mars Discovery District. 134 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION Other examples include the Fuping Development Institute (FDI) in China and Kaiser permanente's Garfield Innovation
and developers with those involved in meeting social needs to design web-based solutions to particular social challenges.
and build a functioning website. 136 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION Innovation networks Networks can serve as alternatives to formal organisational structures within the social economy‘they can leverage the assets that already exist in a system by connecting them to others'.
The team developed a website called Mypolice a tool for members of the public to give feedback
Think, for example, of micro-blogging service Twitter, personal publishing platform Wordpress, citizen reporting papers such as Ohmynews, social networking sites such as Facebook, Orkut,
or collaborative projects such as Wikipedia. It is easy to see the generative potential of platforms:
This includes websites which provide usergenerated information such as ehow and Netmums. Netmums provides information on a variety of local resources including child-friendly cafés, reliable childminders,
It has over half a million members who use the site on a regular basis uploading and contributing information. 308) Platforms for connecting.
This includes social networking websites Facebook Orkut, and Bebo, as well as websites which aim to connect people together in real life for particular causes.
One example of this is Landshare which connects people who want to grow fruit and vegetables with those who have the land on
Lego have created a web platform Designbyme 3. 0 which enables users (mainly children) to design their own Lego sets.
and open-source software such as the Linux operating system, the Mozilla Firefox browser, and the Apache web server.
These rely on a large and highly distributed community of programmers to develop, maintain, and improve the software.
The extent to which social networks and a gift economy operate in the sphere of consumption has long been remarked on by anthropologists for example (from Christmas presents to the purchase of rounds of beer.
More recently some of the most important technological innovations were associated with public organisations from the Internet (DARPA) to the world wide web (CERN.
The result is not necessarily a lack of innovation in government. 1 Government at every level has been the site of almost constant change particularly in the last 30 years.
An interesting example is the Australian website, Budget Allocator, which offers citizens the chance to shape municipal budgets. 330) Sequencing in funding.
which then benefits from the increased rental value of sites after the public investment has been undertaken.
and has now been implemented in every ward in 35 KP hospitals. 393) Tithes of working time to generate collaborative public innovation an extension of the Google model where engineers are encouraged to spend 20 per cent of their time developing their own projects.
'No. 7, Winter 2008.1 SUPPORT IN THE GRANT ECONOMY 167 2 SUPPORT IN THE GRANT ECONOMY Civil society and the grant economy are the most common sites of social innovation in campaigns
In this field, the web offers new ways to cut costs and widen connections. Websites like Kiva,
which connect donors with social entrepreneurs, have already been 2 172 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION making these links.
human resources and IT consulting services. 417) Philanthropic‘ebays'.'Philanthropic platforms such as Volunteermatch which help people find volunteering opportunities in their local area. 418) Donor platforms, such as Globalgiving, Altruistiq Exchange, Network For good, Firstgiving and Guidestar.
Internet donor sites dramatically reduce the cost of fundraising (estimated at between 15 per cent and 33 per cent of funds raised in the US.
We can expect similar websites to develop features like donor forums, star ratings, Good Giving Guides and Amazon type links (those who have given to x have given also to y
Networks Civil society has become increasingly effective in creating its own networks to share ideas and support innovation. 438) Global networks such as Civicus
Another example is Worldchanging, a series of books and a website which includes tens of thousands of stories about new tools,
or TNT's distribution of food to disaster areas. 450) Hybrid business models that combine business capacities with 3 184 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION social goals such as Vodafone
'S m-PESA mobile banking service in Kenya, using capacity on mobile phones to provide cheap and safe transactions for the unbanked.
M-PESA allows people to transfer money using a mobile phone. The term M-PESA comes from a combination of‘M'for mobile and‘Pesa'meaning money in Swahili.
It is a joint partnership between Safaricom and Vodafone. Kenya was the first country in the world to use this service.
Image courtesy of Vodafone. 3 SUPPORT IN THE MARKET ECONOMY 185 454) Business engagement in service evaluation, for example the Azim Premji Foundation (and offshoot of WIPRO) financing large-scale trials
of alternative models for running schools in India. 455) Social uses of commercial technology such as IBM's use of translation software on its Meedan website of Arabic blogs,
or Dialogue Café and the Social Innovation Exchange (SIX) using Telepresence technology developed by Cisco.
'The website Your Ethical Money provides advice on how to direct personal investment into green,
One example is Kiva, the world's first microlending website which enables individuals to lend small sums of money to entrepreneurs on low incomes. 462) Charitable loans such as those provided by Charity Bank, the only bank in the UK
which provides shared office space for more than 115 charities and social enterprises in sites in central London (see also method 487). 467) R&d mentored funding prior to start-up lending, such as MONDRAGON
seeking a blend of social and financial returns (see also method 361). 3 476)‘ ebays'for social investment, for example, Clearlyso,
and the internet. They remain critical to the social economy, both in assessing products and services on the basis of social criteria,
a web-based market for people to exchange time and loans of products. The model is implemented now in east London. 489) Markets for‘bads',such as emissions or waste-disposal trading schemes,
or web-based social networking around specific issues (there are reportedly 18 million cancer related websites, the great majority generated by those affected by the disease.
Online platforms for collective action The spread of the internet has made possible a range of new tools to mobilise people and energies quickly and effectively.
and other aggregated purchasing tools where consumers can club together via the internet to achieve savings on their purchases. 496) Platforms for the gifting of goods such as Freecycle,
whose aim is to keep discarded items out of landfill sites by gifting them. It now has over five million members in 85 countries. 497) Co-production platforms, such as Ohmynews in South korea
which gives kite marks to organisations that produce information and moderate websites and forums. Propertising not privatising In the social economy, rather than restricting access to knowledge and information, there is value in diffusing and sharing ideas and information as widely as possible.
Offline, communal or collective forms of innovation can spur innovative and creative uses of assets.
Ohmynews is a ground-breaking mediabased social innovation that uses web technology to give voice to citizen journalists.
meals, internet time, and even social housing rent. 508) Informal currencies such as Local Exchange Trading Systems (LETS).
People can send minutes of prepaid airtime to each other by mobile phone using the tool M-Pesa or Me2u
meals and engage citizens in management. 516) Neighbourhood websites and other media can become hubs for exchanges
Examples include hyper-local website Boscalicious Year 1 pupils from Collaton St mary Primary school dig up organic potatoes
One hour's internet surfing costs 30 minutes pedalling. In 2008, campers converged on Kingsnorth power station for a week of learning, sustainable living and climate action.
Constructed households as sites of innovation The longstanding practice of institutionalising those with special needs
further facilitated by the advent of the internet. 526) Grass roots campaigns for social change. The internet has accelerated the spread of grass roots-led social campaigns especially those focused on lifestyle innovation and transformation.
Examples include the green movement (for example, Transition Towns) but also Slow Food, a network of over 100,000 people in 132 countries who campaign against‘fast food and fast life'in favour of ethically sourced and locally produced quality food. 527) Our Space.
Web based platforms for organising grass roots campaigns. In the last year alone, Facebook has been used to mobilise protesters against knife crime, the military Junta in Burma, and FARC.
Oscar Morales, founder of the Facebook group One million Voices against FARC (which now has over 400,000 members) used the social networking site to organise a massive protest against the rebel forces in February 2008.
Over a million people marched through the streets of Bogotá 4 208 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION carrying banners with the slogan‘no more kidnappings, no more deaths, no more FARC'.
'Simultaneous protests were held in 200 other cities including London, Los angeles, Cairo, Sydney, Tokyo, Miami, Paris, Tel-aviv, and Rome.
207 d. o. b. Foundation 80 Dolan, Paul 104 Dr Foster 89 ebay 114 Echoing Green 176 ehow 138 Elderpower
117 Expert Patients Programme 116 Extremes 36 Fabian society 48 Facebook 75; 138; 207 Fair Trade 119;
163 Good Deed Foundation 80 Good Food Guide 190 Google 53; 165 Gore, Al 26;
104 Moveon 41 Mozilla Firefox 139 M-Pesa 115; 183; 184; 202 Mutualism 65 New Mutualism 65 Informal Mutualism 206-207 My Football Club 75;
Philanthropic ebays 172 Plane Stupid 27; 28 Planning for Real 43 Platforms 40; 95; 117;
Towns 109,120, 191,207, 219 Transmitters 95,107 Tribunis Plebis 43,152 Triggers and Inspirations 15 Triodos Bank 186,188 Turning point 182 Twitter 138 Ukeles
, 108,117, Venture Philanthropy 80,167-168,172, 175 Visiting 36,205 Vodafone 183-4, 219, Voting 41,65, 153-154, Volunteers 54,59, 64,74, 77,166
, 201, Vouchers 56,87, 157, Walking 25 Waterfire, Rhode island 17 Web, The 21,38, 45,79, 97,108, 171 Web2care 31 Wellink 205 Welsh Water
154 White house Office of Social Innovation 132 Wikipedia 138 Wikiprogress 120 Wiser Earth 178 Wordpress 138-139 Workplace as Museum 75 Work
, 133,137, 147,160, 176-177,220, 221 Young, Michael 39,190 Your Ethical Money 186 Youtube 39,75 Yumshare 198 Yunus, Muhammad 34,210 Zero Carbon
Camp, The Design Council, The Hope Institute, Plane Stupid, Americaspeaks, Dialogue Café, Helsinki Design Lab, Google Inc, Un Techo para Chile, Riversimple
27e Region, The Ash Institute for Democratic Governance and Innovation at Harvard university's John F. Kennedy School of Government, The Prosperity Initiative, Vodafone, The Brixton Pound, SPICE, The Food
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