and published by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), and grew out of the youth employment and entrepreneurship initiative between ITU and Telecentre. org Foundation.
The authors wish to thank Susan Schorr, Head, ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau Special Initiatives Division, for her advice, direction and contributions during the preparation of the report.
mobile phone and internet applications that are powering these changes. The needs span a wide range of skills,
That's why I am proud to be the Patron of the Young Innovators Programme at ITU TELECOM World events,
As Director of the ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT), I am engaged fully in empowering youth through initiatives such as my flagship m-Powering Development initiative,
which seeks to harness the power of mobile phones to promote education, commerce, health, sport and more.
Brahima Sanou Director Telecommunication Development Bureau Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment v Table of contents Page 1 Introduction...
25 4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly...26 4. 7 Green jobs...26 4. 7. 1 Green jobs and ICTS...
30 5. 3 Web literacy...32 5. 4 Complementary skills...34 Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment vi Page 6 Entrepreneurship skills and support...
41 6. 5 Mobile resources...41 6. 6 Comprehensive programmes...42 7 Getting there becoming ICT-savvy...
52 7. 4. 3 Social media...53 7. 4. 4 Mobile phones learning on the go...53 7. 5 Certification...
54 7. 5. 1badges...55 8 The role of government...56 8. 1 ICTS in education...
mobile phones, social media, and the game industry. For today's youth this signals an opportunity, if the right steps are taken.
that are a direct result of advances in ICTS and global internet diffusion. Many of these areas are experiencing exponential growth.
they are likely to lack the life skills required for formal employment as well as the social networks needed to obtain new opportunities.
ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database Educational attainment among youth is chronically low. In Sub-saharan africa just 77 per cent of students enrol in primary education, the lowest in the world.
and short message service (SMS). At the same time, the expansion of telecommunication networks into rural areas is one of the main challenges for the sector.
Website: www. ckw. applab. org 63 Gary Gereffi et al.""Skills for Upgrading: Workforce Development and Global Value Chains in Developing Countries,"(Duke university:
and in particular mobile phones, to solve global health challenges. The World health organization (WHO), using data from the Center for Health Market Innovations (CHMI),
In lieu of the traditional office, technology is used to videoconference with patients in rural areas and/or to instant message with a health practitioner for medical advice. 2. Facilitate patient communications:
Using mobile phone applications, financial transactions are expedited between physicians and patients. 6. Mitigate fraud and abuse:
Moreover, most of the technology-based solutions rely on mobile phones (63 per cent), computers (39 per cent),
or both. 69 Text messaging services do not appear to be used widely. Programme implementers seem to prefer voice messages over text messages,
Electrical and internet infrastructure is sometimes lacking, explaining why some programmes prefer mobile phones over computers.
Other barriers, like initial and ongoing costs, are also impediments. SMS for Life is a public-private partnership led by Novartis and supported by the Tanzanian Ministry of Health and Social welfare
IBM, Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), The swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Vodacom and Vodafone.
SMS for Life relies on only a basic mobile phone to improve access to essential malaria medicines in rural areas of developing countries.
It uses a combination of mobile phones, SMS messages and electronic mapping technology to track weekly stock levels at public health facilities.
Website: www. smsforlife. com 3. 3 Offshore services Over the past two decades the offshore services industry has turned into one of the most dynamic sectors,
Instead of looking in the local newspaper, youth around the world browse web-based job listings to find work.
Those with limited access to the internet carry out their job searches at public venues telecentres, libraries,
Great potential for employment growth derives from a demand for services enabled by mobile phones. 81 Young people can now find
and even get paid via their cell phones. Young people are doing mobile microwork, and also being contracted to carry out market research in their own communities.
Given the growth in mobile phones, there is a lot of interest in mobile applications and how the emerging app economy 83 might generate new employment opportunities for young people around the world.
This includes a need for people with skills to develop accessible software and websites for people with disabilities.
infodev, 2011), 28, www. infodev. org/en/Publication. 1076. html. 81 World bank, Information and Communications for Development 2012 Maximizing Mobile,(Washington, D c.:
pesa is Swahili for money) is an innovative mobile transfer solution that enables customers to transfer money.
and Vodafone. 83 The app economy refers to the range of economic activity surrounding mobile applications.
educated workers to use existing web-based job-matching services to find job openings, many workers may not have access to job postings on the internet
and may lack the social networks to find out about work opportunities. Searching for informal sector jobs often occurs through word-of-mouth,
which limits people to their immediate social group. Employers may find it hard to identify lower-skilled workers for entry-level jobs in developing countries as many of the job matching services target more qualified candidates.
Mobile phones are becoming an important tool for job seekers and there are a number of job-matching services in the developing world that simplify the job search process.
Young job seekers use their mobile phones to create and update personal profiles in Souktel's system.
Souktel's mobile-based job search functionality is especially useful in the middle East and Africa where young women may not have the same freedoms to seek employment through conventional means,
and men largely dominate internet cafes. Website: www. souktel. org 4. 2 Microwork and crowdsourcing As discussed in chapter 3,
offshore services have turned into one of the most dynamic sectors employing people around the world.
This process can occur both online and offline. The difference between crowdsourcing and ordinary outsourcing is that a task
Maximizing Mobile, 75.85 Crowdsourcing, Wikipedia, https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Crowdsourcing, accessed on December 3, 2012.
The Crowdsourcing Examples Wiki maintains a comprehensive list of businesses, sites, and forums that use crowdsourcing. 86 Crowdflower Crowdflower is one of the largest crowdsourcing platforms,
and labelling for major online retail and auction sites like Amazon, ebay, and Taoboa, to customer database management, to content creation.
and is based in San francisco. 87 Website: http://crowdflower. com 86 Anjali Ramachandran, Crowdsourcing Examples, http://crowdsourcingexamples. pbworks. com and http://crowdsourcingexamples. pbworks. com/w/page/16668424/Individual
businesses%2c sites or forums that channel the power of online crowds. 87 Lehdonvirta, and Ernkvist, Knowledge Map Of The Virtual Economy, 28.
or project that can be completed via the internet or mobile devices. Microwork is considered the smallest the most granular unit of work in a virtual assembly line. 88 It also requires the lowest level of skills.
using the internet or mobile phones. Workers are paid small amounts of money for completing each task.
like tagging products on an e-commerce site. Referred to as a kind of digital blue-collar work,
The m2work challenge calls for participants to identify real-world problems that could be addressed by millions of underprivileged people equipped with internet-connected mobile phones.
whose Microforester app would aid reforestation projects. 88 Microwork, Wikipedia, https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Microwork, accessed on December 3, 2012 89 World bank, New Frontiers and Opportunities in Work.
ICT is Dramatically Reshaping the Global Job market (ICT Policy Notes, World bank, June 2012). 90 Ibid. 91 Monitor Group
Job creation Through Building the Field of Impact Sourcing,(Rockefeller Foundation, 2011), www. rockefellerfoundation. org/blog/job creation-through-building-field.
Samasource secures contracts with companies including Google, Intuit, and CISCO; it has provided services to Linkedin and the U s. State department,
to provide data entry, digitization, content moderation, and other services. Component tasks (microwork) are distributed to the workforce,
Website: www. samasource. org 4. 3 Apps development There is speculation regarding how the growing trend of apps development will generate new employment opportunities for young people around the world.
The rapid rise of smartphones, tablets, and social media, and the applications-apps-that run on them,
is one of the biggest economic and technological phenomena today. Since the iphone was introduced in 2007,
the app economy has generated roughly 752 000 app related jobs in the United states alone as of July 2013.92 The figure is 530 000 jobs in the 28 European union countries. 93 Apps
Interestingly, winners of Pivot East's recent app competitions for the mobile and developer communities in East Africa have both been games-a Matatu racing game that has been downloaded 150 000 times in over 200 countries
Vision Mobile research shows that only a select few app developers in more mature markets are managing to make a living as app developers. 94 Sustaining an app in the market requires much more than developing it,
530,000 jobs and rising,(Vision Mobile, September 2013), www. visionmobile. com/blog/2013/09/report-the-eu-app-economy-530000-jobs-and-rising/94
Vision Mobile, Developer Economics 2012: The New App Economy,(June 2012) 4, www. visionmobile. com/blog/2012/06/report-developer-economics-2012-the-new-app-economy/.
/Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 22 Jobs in the app economy can be categorized as follows:
Large companies such as Amazon, Apple, Google, Microsoft, and RIM, who develop and maintain mobile app ecosystems/platforms.
as smartphone penetration rises and people in these regions become more engaged. 95 Mandel and Scherer, The Geography of the App Economy, 15.96 Vision Mobile, Developer Economics 2012:
The New App Economy, 73. Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 23 Figure 9:
These opportunities could be particularly strong in countries with large markets, rapidly increasing levels of user engagement and smartphone penetration as in Asia
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 24 The World bank Bank's infodev programme, in collaboration with the Government of Finland and Nokia, has established a network of five mlabs in Armenia, Kenya, South africa, Pakistan, and Viet nam.
and applications and are part of a wider mobile innovation programme, seeking to develop talent and produce successful companies with strong growth potential.
In many developing countries where mobile phones are the primary means of accessing information via the internet,
97 there is a rapidly growing need for people with the technical skills who can develop accessible software, websites,
In Egypt, for example, the Ministry of Communications and Information technology has held a contest to promote the development of accessibility mobile phone apps and other software applications, with the most recent 97 In the United states, for example,
Perhaps the ICT of greatest interest to this community is the mobile phone, and in particular smart phones for such features as:
hearing aid compatibility, open or closed-captioned multimedia content, video chat applications, screen reading applications, customized alert settings, voice-commands, adjustable font sizes, predictive text,
and Viet nam. 99 See press release at www. mcit. gov. eg/Media center/Press room/Press releases/2585 100 International Telecommunication Union.
11, International Telecommunication Union. Making Mobile phones and Services Accessible, 2012 102 Lehdonvirta and Ernkvist. Knowledge Map Of The Virtual Economy, p51. 103 Gold Farming refers to
when individuals play a multiplayer online game to acquire in-game currency that other players purchase in exchange for real-world money.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 26 4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly Mobile phone repair as well as computer maintenance and assembly continue to be important areas of youth job
In cities throughout the developing world, the ICT and electronics markets where mobile phones are sold and repaired serve as many people's first interactions with technology as well as a huge source of employment and entrepreneurship.
Website: atedec. wordpress. com 4. 7 Green jobs There is increasing consensus in the development community that the global environmental crisis is an opportunity for employment in
In addition to jobs that require higher education such as engineering, the pervasive use of ICT applications from web portals, text messages (SMS), mobile phone based monitoring systems,
community mapping and social media tools are offering new ways that young people can play a role in smart energy-efficient economic growth,
The popularization of Web 2. 0, social media, mobile apps, and other ICT advancements have changed dramatically the playing field.
and web literacy, among others. New curricula and training programs have emerged to cover the broader set of skills contained within these new frameworks.
the concept of web literacy is explored, exemplifying new thinking around 113 Youthpolicy. org, www. youthpolicy. org/blog/category/rio-2012/.114 Michael Davidson and Kyle Gracey.
Green Jobs for Youth, 2011, http://switchboard. nrdc. org/blogs/mdavidson/Youthgreenjobs%20-%20gracey,%20davidson. pdf. 115 UN Focal point on Youth,
UN World Youth Report Website, last modified on December 29, 2011, www. unworldyouthreport. org/index. php?
using email and web browser; installing software and hardware. Advanced computer skills (sample: programming; using advanced features of productivity programmes;
and web-based collaborative services (e g. track changes, comments on a document or resource, tags, contribution to wikis, etc.)
and receive feedback Can use social media for different collaborative purposes Attitude examples Is willing to share
what it means to be digitally literate. 5. 3 Web literacy While digital literacy may be established the most concept,
other efforts have emerged also that reflect differing philosophies of how the internet should be maintained, as well as different skillsets.
The concept of web literacies is worth discussing in this context. Advanced by the Mozilla Foundation in collaboration with global experts
web literacies refers to not only being able to read the web but also having the ability to‘write'it.
Writing the web creating pages, documents and multimedia assets means understanding the building blocks of the web.
As Mitchell Baker (Chairperson of Mozilla) says, we want to move beyond‘elegant consumption'towards creating a generation of Webmakers.
and make things with and on the web. 122 122 Doug Belshaw,""Working towards a framework to understand the skills,
Web skills/Competencies/Literacies grid EXPLORING CREATING CONNECTING PROTECTING BEGINNER Browser basics (e g. URLS, copy/paste) HTML basics (e g. adding images,
HTTPS, password management) Web mechanics (e g. view source, hyperlinks) Web design basics (e g. affordances of the web,
designing for audiences) Sharing (e g. social networks, embedding) Rights online (e g. copyright, open licensing) INTERMEDIATE Browser skills (e g. cookie management,
javascript syntax) Contributing to web communities (e g. distributed working, collaborative curation) Identity (e g. personal information curation,
tracking management) Credibility (e g. trustworthiness of websites, evaluating information) Advanced web design (e g. responsive design,
hackable games) Infrastructure (e g. hosting, domains) Open practices (e g. open standards, open source) Legalese on the web (e g. privacy policies, terms of service agreements) Source:
Household tech names such as Google, Intel, Microsoft, Nokia and Vodafone all have a presence there,
and their communities. 128 David Rowan, Want to become an Internet billionaire? Move to Africa,(wired. com. uk, November 4, 2011), www. wired. co. uk/news/archive/2011-11/04/get-rich-move-to-africa. 129 Anna Heim,
Your app, website or other idea may be great but if you don't understand marketing, if you don't understand how to build a company around it
I-Hub Blog, October 23, 2012, www. ihub. co. ke/blog/2012/10/silicon-savannah-hype-or-reality-a-recap-of-last-weeks-event/.
email (and managing mailing lists) presentations virtual collaboration Research: ability to find and assess information using online and personal networks due diligence, market research Marketing:
managing online identity print digital images electronic marketing social media skills: blogging, social media management basic understanding of search engine optimization (SEO) 135 Technology management:
picking the right management information system (MIS) ability to assess rapidly changing technology tools integrating technology tools into business operations software updates data security
and tactics used to increase the amount of visitors to a website by obtaining a high-ranking placement in the search results pages of internet search engines such as Google,
Firefox, Yahoo and other search engines. SEO helps to ensure that a site is accessible to a search engine
and improves the chances that the site will be found by the search engine. 136 Jonathan Kalan, Why Jordan Looks More Like Kenya than Silicon valley,(wamda. com, November 21, 2012), www. wamda. com/2012/11/why-jordan
-looks-more-like-kenya-than-silicon-valley. Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 39 Micromentor is an initiative of the nonprofit humanitarian agency Mercy Corps that offers free online guidance to entrepreneurs
and a specific mentoring request on their website. The request is listed then in the mentoring opportunity database,
The website has more than 3 500 entrepreneurs and 2 600 business mentors enrolled and it has made more than 2 250 matches.
Volunteer mentors can also sign up on the website. Micromentor reports that participating businesses had a 75 per cent increase in median annual business sales and an 87 per cent survival rate year over year.
Website: www. micromentor. org Social networks are important sources of community support and can provide access to capital, skills, distribution channels,
and qualified peers to start new business activities. Informal social networks, consisting of acquaintances, investors as well as other mobile entrepreneurs,
or peers, serve three distinct purposes in the development of new ventures discovering opportunities, securing new resources,
Crowdfunding is the collective effort of individuals who network and pool their money, usually via the internet,
Maximizing Mobile, 77.138 Mobile Monday, www. mobilemonday. net. 139 A pitch fest is an event where entrepreneurs have the opportunity to pitch their ideas to potential investors. 140 Barcamp is an international
Members meet online as well as organize offline-networking events called VC4AFRICA Meetups. These have been hosted in 35 cities around the world.
Website: www. vc4africa. biz Contests are another popular way to compete for funding. Every year witnesses more and more contests national,
The ITU Young Innovators Competition is held annually as part of ITU Telecom World. The 2012 event in Dubai offered nearly 400 entrepreneurs aged 18-25 from 77 countries the opportunity to showcase their ICT-based projects.
Website: world2013. itu. int/event/innovation Venture funds are also being established by many organizations to fund startups.
Website: www. oasis500. com 142 Devin Thorpe, Why Crowdfunding Will Explode In 2013, Forbes, October 15, 2012,
www. forbes. com/sites/devinthorpe/2012/10/15/get-ready-here-it-comes-crowdfunding-will-explode-in-2013/.
Website: www. iyfnet. org/build-your-business 6. 5 Mobile resources An increasing number of mobile phone resources are enabling entrepreneurs to access capital,
process transactions, refine product design, research market information, find new suppliers, broaden their customer base,
With the number of mobile phone devices far eclipsing personal computers in most of the world for many entrepreneurs in developing countries and rural areas,
not only for contacting customers and accessing the internet, but also for making financial transactions, establishing a client database,
otherwise be impossible. 146 Mobile payment systems and market information are two areas with plentiful mobile resources.
the network provider Safaricom has pioneered a successful mobile payment initiative known as M-PESA. Currently the most developed mobile payment system in the developing world, M-PESA allows users with a national ID card
or passport to deposit, withdraw, and transfer money easily with a mobile device. It has 12 million people who rely on it using the company's 20 000 distribution sites.
Users can deposit money, make withdrawals, or transfer funds across accounts. Other mobile payment processors that work with mobile devices, such as Square147, are also making business transactions easier for young entrepreneurs. 143 Small Business Toolkit
www. smetoolkit. org. 144 Hewlett packard's Smart Technology for a Smarter Business Program, Smarttechforsmartbusiness. com. 145 Intel Learn Program,
Maximizing Mobile, 75.147 https://squareup. com/Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 42 Providing access to market information has long been a goal of many initiatives,
and sell over the internet, bringing with it more efficient markets. 8villages is a mobile platform that links Indonesian farmers to their communities of peers and their external business partners.
Website: www. 8villages. com/6. 6 Comprehensive programmes Many organizations and initiatives provide a suite of services,
Website: www. microsoft. com/about/corporatecitizenship/en-us/youthspark/youthsparkhub/7 Getting there becoming ICT-savvy Young people have an innate appetite for learning-be it, alone, in the school system,
and widespread use of increasingly sophisticated technologies and applications that are available on smart phones, tablets and personal computers.
while the teacher as the digital immigrant may perceive technologies as a new part of the educational landscape. d. Internet resources can bypass peer review,
as a result of intentional and serendipitous interactions on and offline. f. Students construct content rather than just consuming it.
and web-enhanced instruction. In flipped classrooms, 149 for instance, technologies are integrated intricately in the teaching process.
Video lectures and other class-related information are delivered via the internet. The story of Kelvin Doe Kelvin Doe is a young teenager from Sierra leone
Many LMSS integrate web 2. 0 tools and applications such as prezi (prezi. com), slideshare (slideshare. net), youtube (youtube. com
facebook (facebook. com), evernote (evernote. com), and dropbox (dropbox. com), to name a few which are readily available through tablets, mobile phones, and personal computers.
Blended learning requires active participation and engagement from the students, thereby changing the experience of knowledge acquisition.
Website: www. avu. org One appeal of the blended model for youth and lifelong learners is the flexibility it offers to combine work and study.
and the vast amount of free content available on the internet, the student (young and old) can choose what
As of September 2013 Coursera has had 17 million enrolments from students in 190 countries. 155 Website:
and adopt connectivist pedagogy principles156 to deploy free and open access to instructional material on the internet.
In the education sector, students enrolled in MOOCS are found to collaborate through social media and Meetups161 from their own locales across the world.
ICTS and social media have brought down the barriers to collaboration and openness. 162 With these barriers removed,
See more at www. meetup. com/.162 Clay Shirky, The Political Power of Social media, Foreign affairs 90,
no. 1 (2011): 28 41.163 Nilofer Merchant, Let Your Ideas Go,"(Harvard Business Review, Blogs.
Hbr. org, June 26, 2012), http://blogs. hbr. org/cs/2012/06/let your ideas go. html. Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 49 Figure 18:
Website: info. p2pu. org 7. 2 Partnerships for learning and jobs As noted in chapters 3 and 4,
ITU Google summer of code, launched in 2005, is a global programme that has granted over 6 000 stipends to post-secondary developers for writing code for open source software projects.
Website: code. google. com/soc 7. 3 Learning and innovation places The classic notion of the learning place is associated with organized institutions such as schools, universities,
and vocational training centres. With the advance of new learning models described above, youth are taking learning to places like technology hubs, co-working spaces,
and wide adoption of web 2. 0 technologies would give rise to social networking, collaborative content creation and democratized innovation. 165 The technological changes seen in the intervening years have gone already farther than predicted in that report,
especially in terms of the widespread impact of social networking and new locales for learning. 7. 3. 1 Co-working spaces and technology hubs There are a growing number of co-working spaces
The ihub provides a space where young entrepreneurial members can receive mentorship, internet connectivity and the possibility of venture funding through connections with the international venture capital community.
web and mobile phone programmers, designers and researchers. The ihub is part open community workspace (co-working), part nexus for investors and venture capitalists,
Website: www. ihub. co. ke 7. 3. 2 Hacker/maker spaces Another type of space is the hackerspace, or makerspace.
Laser cutters, vinyl cutters, CNC (computer numerical control) routers and CNC milling machines are often part of the equipment mix as well.
thus becoming a fertile ground for innovation and creation. 167 Ranging from video games to repositories to open courseware to social media,
the internet offers multiple possibilities to acquire information and share knowledge. 7. 4. 1 Online repositories With the ongoing explosion of content and choices, there is the need to organize
Over a thousand users visit the site daily to access hundreds of titles in the repository free to download
Website: www. etnassoft. com 7. 4. 2 Games It is estimated that young people spend an average of two hours a day playing video and/or online games.
Website: www. minecraftedu. com/167 Manuel Castells and Gustavo Cardoso, The Network Society,(WASHINGTON DC: Johns Hopkins Center for Transatlantic Relations, 2006.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 53 7. 4. 3 Social media Social media are used extensively for learning as well.
Some of the major sites (e g. Facebook and Twitter) became known as platforms for the exchange of personal stories and leisure activities,
but more and more people are using these for educational and professional purposes as well. Social networks, blogs, podcasts, video sharing (Youtube, Vimeo), photo sharing (Flickr, Picasa), social bookmarks (Evernote, del icio us), presentation sharing (Prezi, slideshare), discussion
forums (Google groups), events (Meetup) and thousands of other platforms are being used by individuals and institutions of learning to enrich the learning experience.
people who enrol in MOOCS take advantage of both online social media tools and applications such as Meetup to organize face-to-face study sessions at a local coffeehouse, library,
even creating new connections based on your experience. 168 7. 4. 4 Mobile phones learning on the go There are over 5. 2 billion mobile phone subscriptions in developing countries. 169 The ubiquity of mobiles
Taking advantage of the enormous mobile phone usage there are a multitude of efforts aimed at the full spectrum of knowledge
The Mobiles for Education Alliance, comprised of 18 members (including: British Council, ITU, the Mastercard Foundation, Organization of american states, USAID, World Vision, World wide web Foundation) is illustrative of the interest
and dedication being directed to the potential of mobile phones to vastly expand learning opportunities, especially for those in developing countries. 171 Mobile learning is still in its infancy,
with ongoing research being undertaken to understand what works, the conditions that contribute to successful outcomes,
while others integrate mobiles into a broader educational experience following the blended learning, self-directed learning, and collaborative learning examples discussed earlier.
And while there are many programs that can be accessed via basic or feature phones it is the proliferation of data-enabled phones (smart phones) that offers the greatest opportunities for mobile learning.
In all cases, mobile devices can help young students access information at their own pace, and in some cases minimize the costs
Mobiles for Youth Workforce Development, Mobiles for Education Alliance, 2013,21, www. meducationalliance. org/content/mobiles-youth-workforce-development-landscape-review. 171 Mobiles
and cybercafés to combine the portability of smart phones with the broader functionality of personal computers.
Research on teens in South africa who have smart phones and who frequent public access points found that they value the benefits of the computers for educational uses,
though they also reported a desire for these places to institute services that would leverage their mobiles as well. 172 7. 5 Certification The certification process is a verification of competencies
and Google, also offer certificates. The self-directed learner can earn some of these certificates online directly.
Global and regional initiatives also exist. 172 Marion Walton and Jonathan Donner, Public Access, Private Mobile, Global Impact Study Research Report Series,(Seattle:
Website: www. ecdl. org 7. 5. 1 Badges New thinking is entering the certification arena,
telecommunications, youth or human development, education, social development and even industry work together to identify common areas of interest
www. forbes. com/sites/parmyolson/2012/09/06/why-estonia-has started-teaching-its-first-graders-to-code/.
and support as they have shown to be fertile sites for innovation and learning. Promoting these kinds of activities requires openness to uncertainty and risk.
and then launched hackathons (such as the Summer of code with support from Google) to develop apps for these two systems.
Beyond these sectors, the internet itself is responsible for making possible new opportunities that have generated livelihoods for millions of people.
and other emerging income generating activities owe their existence to global internet expansion that continues to connect more and more of the world's population.
these new opportunities require one or more of several other abilities in such areas as information seeking, communication, collaboration, content production, multimedia creation, web design, security and privacy
Anyone with an internet connection can access open courseware, enrol in a MOOC course, or receive a badge certifying mastery of a subject.
Indeed, some of the greatest opportunities may be realized by combining online and offline activities. Youth are suited ideally to take advantage of these opportunities.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 63 and have driven the explosive expansion of social media and other web 2. 0 applications.
Telecentres, libraries, community technology centres and other places that offer computer resources, internet connectivity, and space for group activity are positioned ideally to implement programmes that will provide youth with the skills
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Maximizing Mobile. Washington, D c.:The World bank, 2012. http://go. worldbank. org/0j2ctqtyp0. World bank. New Frontiers and Opportunities in Work.
Affordances of the web Refers to properties of a web site's user interface that allows the easy discovery of possible actions.
The term is associated often with the applications that run on mobile phones. Badges A certification system for recognizing skills
Crowdfunding The collective effort of individuals who network and pool their money, usually via the internet, to support an entrepreneur's business.
Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 70 HTML Hypertext markup language (HTML) is the main markup language for creating web pages
and other information that can be displayed in a web browser. HTTP and HTTPS The Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol that forms the foundation of the World wide web.
Information technology Outsourcing (ITO) Refers to the outsourcing of computer or internet related work, such as programming.
Web 2. 0 Websites that allow users to interact, collaborate, and create content (in contrast to static websites).
Web literacy Refers to not only being able to read the web but also having the ability to‘write'it (create pages, documents and multimedia assets).
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT) Office of the Director Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Email:
bdtdirector@itu. int Tel.:++41 22 730 5035/5435 Fax:++41 22 730 5484 Deputy to the Director and Director, Administration and Operations Coordination Department (DDR) Infrastructure Enabling Environmnent and e-Applications Department (IEE) Innovation
and Partnership Department (IP) Project Support and Knowledge management Department (PKM) Email: bdtdeputydir@itu. int Email:
bdtiee@itu. int Email: bdtip@itu. int Email: bdtpkm@itu. int Tel.:++41 22 730 5784 Tel.:+
+41 22 730 5421 Tel.:++41 22 730 5900 Tel.:++41 22 730 5447 Fax:+
+41 22 730 5484 Fax:++41 22 730 5484 Fax:++41 22 730 5484 Fax:+
+41 22 730 5484 Africa Ethiopia Cameroon Senegal Zimbabwe International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Regional Office P o box 60 005 Gambia Rd.
Leghar ETC Building 3rd floor Addis ababa Ethiopia Union internationale des télécommunications (UIT) Bureau de zone Immeuble CAMPOST, 3e étage Boulevard du
20 mai Boîte postale 11017 Yaoundé Cameroon Union internationale des télécommunications (UIT) Bureau de zone 19, Rue Parchappe x Amadou
Assane Ndoye Immeuble Fayçal, 4e étage B. P. 50202 Dakar RP Dakar Senegal International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Area Office Telone
Centre for Learning Corner Samora Machel and Hampton Road P o box BE 792 Belvedere Harare Zimbabwe Email:
itu-addis@itu. int Email: itu-yaounde@itu. int Email: itu-dakar@itu. int Email:
itu-harare@itu. int Tel.:++251 11 551 4977 Tel.:++237 22 22 9292 Tel.:+
+221 33 849 7720 Tel.:++263 4 77 5939 Tel.:++251 11 551 4855 Tel.:+
+237 22 22 9291 Fax:++221 33 822 8013 Tel.:++263 4 77 5941 Tel.:+
+251 11 551 8328 Fax:++237 22 22 9297 Fax:++263 4 77 1257 Fax:+
+251 11 551 7299 Americas Brazil Barbados Chile Honduras União Internacional de Telecomunicações (UIT) Regional Office SAUS Quadra 06, Bloco
E 11 andar, Ala Sul Ed. Luis Eduardo Magalhães (Anatel) 70070-940 Brasilia, DF Brazil International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Area
Office United nations House Marine Gardens Hastings, Christ church P o box 1047 Bridgetown Barbados Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (UIT) Oficina de Representación de
Área Merced 753, Piso 4 Casilla 50484, Plaza de Armas Santiago de Chile Chile Unión Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (UIT) Oficina
de Representación de Área Colonia Palmira, Avenida Brasil Ed. COMTELCA/UIT, 4. piso P o box 976 Tegucigalpa Honduras Email:
itubrasilia@itu. int Email: itubridgetown@itu. int Email: itusantiago@itu. int Email: itutegucigalpa@itu. int Tel.:+
+55 61 2312 2730-1 Tel.:++1 246 431 0343/4 Tel.:++56 2 632 6134/6147 Tel.:+
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+56 2 632 6154 Fax:++504 22 201 075 Fax:++55 61 2312 2738 Arab States Asia and the Pacific CIS countries Egypt Thailand Indonesia Russian Federation International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Regional
Office Smart Village, Building B 147, 3rd floor Km 28 Cairo Alexandria Desert Road Giza Governorate Cairo Egypt International Telecommunication
Union (ITU) Regional Office Thailand Post Training center, 5th floor, 111 Chaengwattana Road, Laksi Bangkok 10210 Thailand Mailing address P o box 178, Laksi
Post office Laksi, Bangkok 10210 Thailand International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Area Office Sapta Pesona Building, 13th floor JI.
Merdan Merdeka Barat No. 17 Jakarta 10001 Indonesia Mailing address: c/o UNDP P o box 2338 Jakarta 10001 Indonesia International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Area Office 4, Building 1 Sergiy Radonezhsky Str.
Moscow 105120 Russian Federation Mailing address: P o box 25 Moscow 105120 Russian Federation Email: itucairo@itu. int Email:
itubangkok@itu. int Email: itujakarta@itu. int Email: itumoskow@itu. int Tel.:++202 3537 1777 Tel.:+
+66 2 575 0055 Tel.:++62 21 381 3572 Tel.:++7 495 926 6070 Fax:+
+202 3537 1888 Fax:++66 2 575 3507 Tel.:++62 21 380 2322 Fax:++7 495 926 6073 Tel.:+
+62 21 380 2324 Fax:++62 21 389 05521 Europe Switzerland International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT) Europe Unit (EUR) Place des Nations
CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland Switzerland Email: eurregion@itu. int Tel.:++41 22 730 5111 02/2014 Printed in Switzerland Geneva, 2014 International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Development Bureau Place des Nations CH
-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland www. itu. int
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
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