and at doubling the share of e-commerce in retail sales (3. 4%in 2010) and that of the Internet sector in European GDP (less than 3%in 2010) by 2015.
which generate the highest number of consumers'complaints, namely tourism, on-line retail and digital downloads.
and published it on its website. According to the data gathered by BEREC the majority of ISPS offer unrestricted Internet access.
More than 21%of subscribers are affected by peerto-peer (P2p) restrictions on fixed networks and Voice over internet Protocol (Voip) restrictions on mobile networks.
Moreover, a recent Commission in depth market study on internet services provision from a consumer perspective showed that very little information was provided to consumers on internet providers'websites on issues such as blocking/slowing down of services
and download limits (94%and 56%respectively of websites assessed by mystery shoppers provided no information on the aforementioned issues) 23.
Following BEREC's work in this field, the Commission services launched a public consultation on"specific aspects of transparency, traffic management and switching in an Open Internet"on between 23 july and 15 october 2012.
or download limits. 24 COM (2011) 851 final COM (2011) 851 final http://ec. europa. eu/taxation customs/resources/documents/taxation/vat/key documents
and interaction between all the stakeholders involved in comparison websites, retailers, regulators, consumer organisations; map best practices in the comparison of products and services across different sectors and identify potential areas of improvement.
Private operators of comparison websites have also been invited as speakers. The initiative is horizontal in scope, covering various sectors such as retail, travel, energy and electronic communications.
In order to increase internet enforcement capability in the EU, the latter co-funds a large cooperation project involving a partnership of 16 national consumer protection and enforcement authorities.
the CPC network performed an EU-wide investigation (sweep) into web-sites offering digital products, such as games, videos or music downloads,
in order to verify compliance of such websites with EU consumer protection legislation. Of the 333 websites checked, 76%were flagged for further investigation
and will be followed-up by the competent national authorities in 2012 and 201335. Main action 7:
websites (see above at page 11. Main action 8: present a European action plan for online gambling
which will in turn dissuade consumers from using unregulated sites. Main action 9: Via the implementation of the Directive on falsified medicinal products,
14 identify sites providing the public with legal offers of medicinal products through distance sales (2013-2014) and,
This Directive will strengthen consumers'rights when buying on the Internet. Consumers will have to be provided with essential information before they order goods
internet cost traps and charges of which the consumer was informed not in advance. The further harmonisation of the rules on distance contracts provided in the Directive means a single set of core rules across the EU that will not only promote consumers'trust
service and website authentication. The legislative process is ongoing. 3. 3 RELIABLE AND EFFICIENT PAYMENT AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS Main Action 10:
develop a strategy for the integration of the markets for payments by card, internet or mobile phone,
(ii) making sure that these payment services are transparent for consumers and sellers,(iii) improving and accelerating the standardisation and interoperability of payments by card, internet or mobile phone,
internet and mobile payments45, the Commission is working to promote an integrated European market for card, internet and mobile payments for the benefits of consumers and merchants.
which helped identifying a number of key hurdles on the path towards the market integration of card, internet and mobile payments most
Obstacles for (web) merchants who wish to benefit from the cross-border or central acquiring of card payments;
Standardisation and inter-operability gaps for the provision of card, internet and mobile payments across the EU;
According to that provision, online intermediaries providing"storage of information supplied by a recipient of the service"(hosting services such as social networks,
web hosting or e-commerce platforms), cannot be held liable for illegal content that they store if they fulfil one of the following two conditions:
In the L'oréal/ebay case (July 2011) the Court clarified that"awareness"of illegal content can in particular be obtained by a notice that is"sufficiently detailed and adequately substantiated".
by using the internet to offer goods and services which are infringing IPRS. An extensive consultation was carried out on the application of Directive 2004/48 on civil IPR enforcement in 2012 culminating with a conference on 26 june 2012.
the Memorandum of Understanding on the sale of counterfeit goods via the Internet concluded between 33 companies and trade associations and covering 39 different internet sites in Europe,
High speed broadband Internet is the backbone of the digital single market. Hence the broadband targets of the Digital Agenda for Europe,
which are crucial for access to high-speed Internet services such as E-commerce services. As a first milestone of the RSPP implementation, the Commission adopted a Communication on the shared use of spectrum59 on 3 september 2012 to ensure additional flexibility in spectrum authorisation and usage as well as to foster innovation in wireless networks and services.
I e-COMMERCE, M-COMMERCE AND OMNI-CHANNEL RETAIL The growth of the internet and the power of the digital economy have opened new ways for consumers to shop.
New businesses have developed which specialise in offering and taking orders via the internet and through distance selling.
and online via web stores. More recently, with the growth and universal spread of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, a fourth and rapidly expanding channel has been added:
that to be fully compliant one retailer needs 28 different websites with 28 terms and conditions.
and unbiased review sites, accurate comparison websites, effective and robust trustmarks). 1. 5. Fair and safe payment systems payment systems that are cheaper
and broadband-a single telecoms market-harmonise ICT standards. 3. 2. Ensure people have the right e-skills to use the internet (social inclusion)
With the advent of the internet, the capture of data has become easier but also more sophisticated.
With the internet, some data are given with explicit consent, others are gathered with less obvious consent.
comparison websites/tools, trustmarks, review tools. 1 Also see the Commissions communication on the proposed Data protection Package:
On the other hand, comparison websites should be clear about what and how they compare from the start.
Firstly, to complete the Digital Single Market, those ICT systems sitting with internet providers, telecom providers, banks, postal operators, retailers, public authorities,
Consumers need a computer or mobile device and access to high-speed internet for shopping online. If a consumer wants to buy online he often needs to make an account, needs an e-mail address, needs an online payment method etc.;
Older consumers in some countries do not use the internet. On the other hand, for people with low mobility, the internet is provided a blessing they have the opportunity to learn how to use it.
Digital inclusion is an important societal objective. To develop online capabilities, businesses need to be able to tap into a wide pool of people with the right of e-skills.
and agreements with several household/commercial waste sites to take away their waste paint and retreat it.
a step-by-step start-up Guide and a Web portal where technical guidance on measurement and relevant links are provided. www. oecd. org/innovation/green/toolkit/aboutsustainablemanufacturing andthetoolkit. htm PRE-SME
USA) website contains a wide range of resources that could be useful for ecoinnovators. www4. shwec. uwm. edu/shwec The Money back through the window initiative of the KÖVET Association for Sustainable Economies
and have increased the speed of assembling houses at the construction site. Ecococon houses rely on a wood frame,
It developed Footprint Chronicles, an interactive web-based map that provides information on the supplier policy towards sustainability and results of Patagonia's audits in terms of social and environmental indicators. www. patagonia. com/us/footprint
Regularly scan websites, join groups and network proactively to identify emerging eco-innovative technologies, materials and processes.
Orangebox has set up a recycling centre at their site in Wales achieving a significant return on investment
involving all the company's personnel from shop floor through to senior management. www. orangebox. com www. ecodesigncentrewales. org/sites/default/files/EDC ORANGEBOX ENABLINGECODESIGNINWELSHINDUSTRY. pdf Crawford Hansford & Kimber:
and properties of materials including biodegradable, recyclable, renewable. mtrl. com/portal/site/mtrl/Home Information Inspiration supports ecodesign through combining information (materials, life extension etc.)
and others issues through engaging customers in meaningful conversations through a variety of media, especially via websites and online social networks, rather than by simply talking at customers through traditional media.
Use social neworks (Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin etc. selectively and carefully to promote product-related environmental messages.
and websites and communicate good new. Eco-innovate! A guide to eco-innovation for SMES and business coaches. 51 eco-innovation observatory SIGMA Sustainability Marketing Guide contains four steps towards sustainability marketing as well as some practical lessons. www. projectsigma
Crowdcube articles www. crowdcube. com/pg/press-29 Seedrs blog blog. seedrs. com Funding Circle articles www. fundingcircle. com/about-us/in-the-news
en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Green dot %28symbol%29 p. 34: The Footprint Chronicles source: www. patagonia. com/us/footprint;
Visit our website to get open access to our reports, interactive database with charts and maps,
Dacia, 41, Bucharest ROMANIA anamarinoiu@yahoo. com http://www. rei. ase. ro Abstract: -The paper presents the results of a qualitative research on the perception and implementation of ecoinnovation in Romanian SMES.
1 Abrahamson E.,Rosenkopf L. 1997), Social network Effects on the Extent of Innovation Diffusion: A Computer simulation, Organization Science, Vol. 8, No.
The right of consumers to apply the law of their home country is different to the obligation for web merchants to apply all requirements in the national law of the country of destination.
The inclusion of cross-border offers by comparison websites is important for consumers to be able to take full advantage of the Single Market. 3. 1. 3 Right to withdrawal The extension of the right to withdrawal places
It allows web merchants to provide customers with relevant information. To limit the negative effects of Directive 2009/136/EC (the‘Cookie Directive')on both consumers and merchants
Ecommerce Europe warns that a‘right to be forgotten'is technically not possible for web merchants.
This time the challenge is not about adopting a revolutionary technology in the mould of the Internet or mobile telephony.
Countries with high penetration levels for fixed telephone lines, mobile phones, personal computers (PCS) and the Internet appear to achieve the greatest economic benefit from ICT.
Economist Intelligence Unit The ICT infrastructure index used here combines six connectivity variables penetration of traditional fixed lines, broadband access lines, mobile phones, PCS, Internet users and Internet servers
quality of Internet connections and levels of e-business development, of online commerce, and of Internet/web literacy.
The ICT enablers index takes into account affordability of Internet access, telecoms market competition, security of the Internet infrastructure, government support for ICT development,
laws governing the Internet, ICT skills of the workforce and quality of ICT supporting services.
When combined, these indices provide a good measure of a country's readiness to reap the benefits of technology.
and made voice, Internet and data communications more affordable to many businesses and households. Boldness and imagination in other key areas will be crucial to Europe's attempts to win further economic rewards from ICT in the future.
and Internet 41 Development of e-democracy 15 Government innovation in providing online services to citizens 44 Policies to promote competition in the ICT sector 34 Regulation to protect consumer interests
ensured restriction-free entry by providers big and small to Internet service markets; and embarked on initiatives to give alternative operators access to incumbents'last-mile networks.
and an Internet-based system has been launched to enable cabinet meetings to be conducted online. Meanwhile, an e-democracy website (dubbed Today,
I'm Deciding) has been in place for citizens for several years. The portal allows Estonians to comment on draft bills
and firms to complete and digitally sign government forms, such as passport applications, over the web.
such as Internet use, are not relevant or available for earlier periods. The dependent variable in all our regressions is average annual growth in real GDP per head during this timeframe.
4. Internet users (per 100 population. Each indicator is transformed into an index scaled 1-10 (using minimum and maximum values of the indicator in our country sample.
the number of Internet servers per million population, broadband penetration and four qualitative variables from the e-readiness rankings, based on a 1-5 scoring system.
The four qualitative indicators assess the quality of Internet connections, the development of ebusiness, the development of online commerce and the exposure of the population to the Internet("Internet literacy".
A qualitative indicator of the security of the Internet infrastructure. An indicator of the government's role (government encouragement and financing for ICT,
An indicator of laws covering the use of the Internet. An indicator of the ICT skills of the workforce.
and Internet 41 Schemes to promote access to higher bandwidth services 36 Policies to promote competition in the ICT sector 34 Promotion of common technology standards 32 Development of e
rtd-energy@cec. eu. int Internet: http://europa. eu. int/comm/research/energy Interested in European research?
research@cec. eu. int Internet: http://europa. eu. int/comm/research/rtdinfo/index en. html European Technology Platform Smartgrids Vision and Strategy for Europe's Electricity Networks of the Future 2006
EUR 22040 Directorate-General for Research Sustainable Energy Systems A great deal of additional information on the European union is available on the Internet.
An interactive grid Just like the internet, the electricity grid will be interactive for both power generation sources
This type of exchange has characterised the popularity of the internet-how is Smartgrids preparing for success?
AND STRATEGY I ELECTRICITY NETWORKS OF THE FUTURE Internet-style inspiration One possible model for the electricity network of the future would be analogous to the internet,
which may not be supported fully by the present internet generation. Even if the internet protocol is universal,
a serious effort is needed to effectively use communications equipment for a distributed real-time control of electricity networks.
The real time performance of the internet as communication means is known to be very difficult to assess
I D S A period of transition In managing the transition to the internet-like model,
means that the active network represents a step towards the internet-like model. Active management The evolution of active management, summarised in the next figure, can be described as follows:
Virtual utilities (or virtual electricity market) adopt the structure of the internet-like model and its information and trading capability, rather than any hardware.
You can find the list of sales agents on the Publications Office website (http://publications. eu. int)
Percentage of active internet users using microblogging...17 Figure E. 1. 3: Intranational Twitter followers outweigh their countries'share of the overall global Twitter population...
18 Figure E. 2. 1: Projections for progress from traditional towards rational-secular values in scenarios with different governance, openness and market structures...
Internet censorship scores for political reasons, 2012.28 Figure E. 4. 3: Google user data requests...
29 Figure E. 4. 4: Percentage of user-data requests filed by governments where Google provided at least some of the data requested...
30 9 Introduction 1. 1. The context for this study and the European Strategy and Policy Analysis System effort Over recent years, the European union has experienced a number of challenges.
'13 exercise conducted for this study suggested that divides are not likely to be determined by access to the internet
(although the question of whether it will still be possible for governments to restrict citizens'access to the internet in 2030 arose,
In fact, 24%of Europeans reported having accessed the internet through a mobile phone and 6%reported using a tablet.
the fact that only 17%of the population reported using the internet for looking for jobs
Percentage of active internet users using microblogging3 Source: Unimccann 2013 2. 2. Limited global connectedness Although there appears to be a quasi-univocal consensus on the sustained pace of the growth in connectivity at a global scale through social computing,
While the majority of the global population is projected to be connected to the web in the forthcoming decades,
internet traffic remains mainly domestic (Ghemawat & Altman 2012). Although social network 3 The term‘active internet users'refers to individuals who use the internet every day or every other day (Unimccann 2012.
Microblogging is the use of social network services specifically created for the sharing of brief entries and content,
such as Jaiku or Twitter. 18 services are perceived as global platforms, 84.2%of Facebook relationships and a large percentage of Twitter relationships were found to be clustered along country lines (Gonzalez et al. 2011;
Kulshrestha et al. 2012; Ugander et al. 2011), as illustrated in Figure E. 1. 3. Consequently, the future may be potentially less globalised
and more determined by local and national cultures and preferences as opposed to a rising global value system based on the deepening and broadening of global networks.
Ultimately, it is likely that the growing population of individuals using social networks will disclose increasing quantities of personal information online,
by exploiting social media to encourage healthy behaviour in adolescents (WHO 2012). Figure E. 1. 3:
Intranational Twitter followers outweigh their countries'share of the overall global Twitter population Source: Kulshresta et al.
At the same time, there is potential for a global culture to develop around the internet, in which users worldwide share similar attitudes related to certain values online freedom of expression, privacy,
questions arise over the future balance of cultures on the web (Dutton, Dutta and Law, 2011;
the same study also found a lack of correlation between levels of connectivity (here represented by the degree of access to the internet) and rational secular values.
but trends in censoring and limiting internet use by individuals will continue to be present (Cave et al. 2009;
which assesses the technical features of national websites as well as e-government policies and strategies applied in general and by specific sectors for delivery of essential services (United nations, 2012). 27 Figure E. 4. 1:
UNEP (2012) According to the literature, a positive relationship between internet penetration and democracy exists, although the scale of the influence is not uniform.
For instance, although analysis found that internet penetration significantly increased democracy ratings, this relationship varied significantly by region.
These findings suggest that the internet is not by itself sufficient to promote regime changes,
online social networks have been found to be an effective influencing tool for political participation in some cases,
Similarly, the evidence suggests that the use of social network services may be a tool for the empowerment of minorities.
which assesses the technical features of national websites as well as e-government policies and strategies applied in general and by specific sectors for delivery of essential services (United nations, 2012). 28 institutions in the coming decades.
Internet censorship scores for political reasons, 20128 Source: ONI (2012) Governments and public actors also engage in social media,
using it both as a tool for interaction with citizens and as a pool of data for surveillance purposes.
of filtering is determined empirically, based on access tests on two (global and local) sample lists of websites cutting across a range of topics (e g. political, social and internet tools, such as Skype).
For political reasons the web censorship category is focused primarily on websites that express views in opposition to those of the current government.
Google user data requests9 Source: Google transparency reports 9 The category includes the following countries, from
which Google reported having received requests (not all countries are reported to have filed requests in all years covered):
Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, The netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain and the United kingdom. It comprises user-data requests,
or provide information on Google's services. 30 Figure E. 4. 4: Percentage of user-data requests filed by governments where Google provided at least some of the data requested10 Source:
Google transparency reports However, it has to be kept in mind that data mining is not only a tool for the surveillance of citizens and the limitation of freedom of speech.
Several governments have shared their databases with the public to spark innovation through data analytics and seek answers to societal problems. 11 10 For EU countries,
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