with additional responses coming from comparison regions such as North america (see Figure 5). Influenced by social media-driven outreach
Le Web and Pioneers are leading international conferences gathering entrepreneurs and talent, promoting entrepreneurship by providing access to broad and dynamic networks
Young Global Leader Building a database and evaluating data with a clearly defined process Google Ventures uses algorithms with data from academic literature or from due diligences.
The internet generally is a platform that has reduced massively barriers to being an entrepreneur. Governments that have worked to spread broadband,
keep the internet open and introduce net neutrality can take a good deal of the credit for that.
The Schengen agreement and the internet both help; poor links between universities and the labour market don't help.
and economic opportunity interact with shifts such as cloud computing, social networking, the internet of things, synthetic biology, the makers movement and advanced manufacturing.
as the value web continues to displace linear value chains of merely one-directional value and money flows.
please email europeentrepreneurship@weforum. org. 56 Enhancing Europe's Competitiveness Endnotes 1. The entrepreneurial life cycle is defined here as including the factors influencing an individual to turn an idea into economic activity or join a start-up as an employee,
Blog on Innovationmanagement. se. 16. Stam, E. et al. 2012), Ambitious Entrepreneurship A Review of the academic literature and new directions for public policy, Report for the Advisory Council for Science and Technology Policy (AWT) and the Flemish Council for Science
New york times (2013), Google Ventures Stresses the Science of the Deal, not the Art of the Deal. 61.
and multimedia technologies is used now increasingly for remote consultation, diagnostics and examination of patients over the internet.
Healthnet uses low earth orbit satellites and phonelines to provide email access system of local telecommunications sites used to provide low cost access to healthcare information in developing countries through a link to basic
email (Kasozi and Nkuuhe, 2003. Users mainly physicians and medical workers connect to the network through Enhancing healthcare delivery through ICTS 147 local telephone nodes to access services such as physician collaborations (Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda.
Across Sub-saharan africa, the Internet is used to report daily cases of meningitis to monitor emerging epidemics.
Satellife uses low orbit communication satellites to link up doctors via the internet through store and forward technology (Groves, 1996.
Satellife provides service to remote medical units through email and internet traffic as international telephone connections to capital cities in the developing world.
and the Internet is used to rapidly mobilize medical personnel and effectively coordinate laboratories and specialist services.
Internet connectivity and email usage in the health sector is still low compared to other sectors.
The reports from the districts are delivered to the headquarters either by hand, fax or by email.
The national office has a LAN at the headquarters to enable health offices gain access to the HMIS products such as the ministry of health website.
1999), these capabilities require the complex combination of the technical infrastructure (cabling infrastructure, hardware platform, base software platform), ICT shared services (as communications services), ICT applications (as WEB
which information can be transmitted across geographic space via the Internet, fax machines and electronic communication superhighways,
which include the Internet and the microprocessor, help mitigate economies of scale and the gains traditionally associated with large-scale production.
New web-based information technologies are enabling SMES to attain global marketing capabilities at very low costs.
and internet-based access to products like financial and accounting management software systems that enhance organisational and management capabilities,
But to properly take advantage of such internet-based financial and accounting systems SMES typically need to modify
Close to 80%of all new technology startups are in information technologies--software, Internet, and telecommunication software.
Since SMES have difficulty finding the most appropriate public programme given the complex web of public initiatives,
120 120 120 120 120 a Standardized coefficients are reported blog-transformed+p<0. 10*p<0. 05**p<0. 01***p<0
social networks in the surgical instrument cluster of Sialkot-Development and Change-Pakistan. Development and Change, 30 (1), 141-175.
Leceta, 2011) According to Internet World Stats (a Miniwatts Marketing Group initiative) in 2012 (June) there were over 9, 6 million Internet users in Romania,
which means a 44%Internet penetration rate, above the world rate (34,3%)but under the European rate of 63,2%.
%and access & use the Internet (80.83%)in their activities. Three quarters of SMES use the electronic mail
and a just over a quarter have their own website, but just 4, 33%are involved in online selling
and buying transactions and under 1 per cent of SMES have intranet. In 15.56%of the SMES have no IT facilities. 3. 6 Use of Internet
and Intranet in SMES The analysis of the purpose why SMES use Internet & Intranet point out that in more than 75%of the companies'information technology is used for a better communication with customers
and suppliers see figure 5). A significant percentage of SMES use the Internet for gathering information about the business environment in
which they operate (67,17%).%Over 50 percentage of SME use the Internet for online transactions,
45,71%use it for promoting their products and services and 39,50%for better communication inside their enterprises. 0. 39 0. 5 4. 33 15.56 27.5 76 80.83 81.94
Others Intranet Selling/shopping online None of the above Own website E-mail Internet Computers 518 Nelu Eugen Popescu/Procedia Economics and Finance 16 (2014) 512
Internet & Intranet use in Romanian SMES Source: CNIPMMR, White Charter of Romanian SMES 11th Edition, Sigma Publishing house, 2013 3. 7 Perceived benefits of IT applications in business Top benefits of IT application for their business
At inter-firm level the Internet may help reduce transaction cost and increase speed and reliability of transactions (OECD,
the cost of R&d activities, lack of funds (or insufficient funds) and incertitude about the evolution of demand for new and innovative goods. Most SMES use computers, Internet and the e-mail in their business activities
and some of them even developed own websites (27.50%.%Only in 15.50%of SMES there are no IT structures.
Train entrepreneurs for global e-commerce through, for instance, the development of a web localisation certificate programme.
because a long career path brings broader social networks and effectiveness in building new ties (Mosey & Wright 2007).
EVA was an online site that intended to implement advanced and innovative training programs for the changing needs of SMES and government officials through two courses.
The main IT solutions offered were antivirus (to 29%of clients), business management software (to 28%)and web and email (to 19%.
and would benefit from the development of a web localization certificate program by an organisation with expertise in global e-commerce.
id=17007 Web localization certificate programmes: Training entrepreneurs for global e-commerce Although entrepreneurship programs have offered training in e-commerce for many years,
experience with global markets has shown that many websites are not appropriate to attract consumers in foreign markets.
Localizing websites, i e.,, customizing them for local cultures, will improve comprehension, navigation, site visit duration, and most importantly, purchasing (Singh and Pereira, 2005).
The localization industry in 2006, a USD 9 billion business helps businesses design multilingual websites that work in different national contexts.
and the lack of web and IT expertise among traditional businesses. Curious about the region, online visitors could be attracted to visit websites about local culture and products.
At present, the region is served by two regional touristic websites, both of which do not reflect the state-of-the-art of web design and functionalities.
Given its experience offering IT training, as well as its past role in the Digital Cluster program, RETA might be able to play a role in launching such training.
The region has some resources to build upon such as the Andalusia Lab, a technology center for touristic innovation,
and social networks among private firms and university researchers that are viewed as a central component of third generation innovation models.
and the creation of a focused cooperative education program with some of the universities and innovative companies as a means to strengthen the social networks between firms and universities.
as well as serving to enhance the region‘s international reputation by attracting global firms, such as Microsoft and Google,
which RETA faces in terms of the need to intensify the social networks and linkages between innovative firms in the region and the existing technology parks without the option of physical co-location.
the increasing use of telecommunications technology and the creation of denser social networks through intermediary agents,
and knowledge now available with internet communications to meet their specific needs. Typically the smaller SMES will identify innovation needs based on resolving day-to-day problems.
Email: Sonninor@cardiff. ac. uk Professor Gianluca Brunori, Department of Agronomy and Management of the Agro-ecosystem, Group of Agricultural and Environmental Economics, University of Pisa, Via del
Email: gbrunori@agr. unipi. it Danish low-tech clusters and the‘village economy'Description of the approach Confounding conventional analyses of globalisation, Denmark, with few natural resources and high production costs by international
Train entrepreneurs for global e-commerce through, for instance, the development of a web localisation certificate programme.
3. Absorptive Capability and Organizational Learning Theory 27 4. Social network in Organizational Contexts 32 5. Entrepreneurial Orientation 35 6. Innovativeness 39 VIII
a brief of main studies 30 Table 5. Social network in CE: key reasons 34 Table 6. Entrepreneurial Orientation what we need to know to understand the concept 37 Table 7. Industrial classification of samples selected
Theoretical Framework Resource-based view Contingency Theory Resource-based view Social network Theory Resource-based view Absorptive capability and Learning Theory Research
Self-elaborated 32 4. Social network in Organizational Contexts Approximately 30 years ago, an important new area of research within the organizational context emerged.
The starting point of the study of social networks was drawn on a broader revitalization of the field of economic sociology (Hoang and Antoncic, 2003.
The entrepreneur is embedded in a social network that plays a critical role in the entrepreneurial process (Aldrich and Zimmer, 1986.
In this sense, Brass (1992) defines social networks as a set of actors (individuals or organizations) and a set of linkages between them.
Social network research in organizational contexts highlights topics such as social capital, embeddedness, organizational networks, board interlocks, joint ventures and inter-firm alliances (see Borgatti and Foster, 2003;
) Consistent with the arguments provided by network research in organizational contexts we can state that the field of organizational behavior moves away from an exclusive focus on individuals to consider people in organizations in terms of their embeddedness in social networks.
Table 5 shows ten key reasons (arranged chronologically) why it is important to consider the social network from the corporate entrepreneurship perspective.
Table 5. Social network in CE: key reasons Main idea Study 1 The presence of colleagues/partners in the entrepreneurs'personal networks is strongly related to all performance measures.
Hoang and Antoncic (2003 p. 166) 35 Table 5. Continued Main idea Study 7 A focus on the social networks of organization leaders is likely to enhance our understanding of organizational behavior.
Kilduff and Brass (2010 p. 309) 10 Social networks are influential in explaining the processes of knowledge creation, diffusion, absorption, and use.
because some companies did not report their e-mail, phone or website to contact. Of these 703 questionnaires
Aldrich and Zimmer (1986) pointed out that the entrepreneur is embedded in a social network that plays an important role in the entrepreneurial process.
) Social networks can be defined as a set of actors (individuals or organizations) and a set of linkages between these actors (Brass, 1992;
the potential synergy between firms and their social networks can generate capabilities in learning that play an important role in creating
Members of social networks can directly influence the propensity to assume greater or lesser risk activities. 72 In addition, Ripollés and Blesa (2005;
2006) found a direct causal contribution of the entrepreneur's contact frequency with members of his/her families or social networks into a firm's entrepreneurial behavior.
For example, Birley (1985) found that social networks provide the main sources of help in assembling the resources needed;
social networks, cooperative networks, marketing information networks, reputation networks, and cooperative technology networks that, according to Lechner and Dowling (2003), enable growth in different stages of firm development.
because some companies did not report their e-mail, phone or website to contact. Of these 703 questionnaires, 51 were returned incomplete for the following reasons:
For public policy-makers, the findings indicate that the social network approach, as well as entrepreneurial spirit in companies'environments, can be valuable to society as a whole
and strategy management by investigating the impact of a firm's resources and capabilities such as EO, social networks and innovativeness on its performance.
our findings indicate that the social network approach, as well as entrepreneurial spirit in SMES, can be valuable to society as a whole
-Reinforces the social network and the entrepreneurial spirit of the SMES to obtain potential growth, thus generating wealth and employment;
Entrepreneurship through social network. In The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship, Sexton, D. L. and Smilor, R. Eds.
a social network approach to leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 17,419-439. Barney, J. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage.
a social network perspective. In Research in Politics and Society, Moore, G. and Whitt, J. A. Eds.
Social network research in organizational contexts: a systematic review of methodological issues and choices. Journal of Management, 38,1328-1361.
Social networks and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28,1-22. Griffin, P. A.,Lont, D. H. and Sun, Y. 2010.
a social network perspective. Journal of organizational behavior, 31,309-318. Kirbach, M. and Schmiedeberg, C. 2008.
which might be made of the following information A great deal of information on the European union is available on the Internet.
if composite indicators could be made available via the web, along with the data, the weights and the documentation of the methodology.
the highest correlation is found between the sub-indicators ELECTRICITY & INTERNET with a coefficient of 0. 84.
PATENTS ROYALTIES INTERNET EXPORTS TELEPHONES ELECTRICITY SCHOOLING ENROLMENT PATENTS 1. 00 0. 13-0. 09 0. 45 0. 28 0
INTERNET 1. 00-0. 45 0. 56 0. 84 0. 63 0. 27 EXPORTS 1. 00 0. 00-0. 36
. 27-0. 17-0. 04 0. 10 INTERNET-0. 92 0. 21 0. 02-0. 10 0. 04 0. 11
The first factor has high positive coefficients (loadings) with INTERNET (0. 79), ELECTRICITY (0. 82) and SCHOOLING (0. 88).
0. 07-0. 07 0. 93 INTERNET 0. 79-0. 21 0. 21 0. 42 EXPORTS-0. 64 0. 56
0. 14 0. 09 0. 18 INTERNET 0. 31 0. 56-0. 29 0. 60 EXPORTS 0. 29-0. 45
Correlation with total Cronbach coefficient alpha PATENTS 0. 261 0. 704 ROYALTIES 0. 527 0. 645 INTERNET 0. 566 0. 636
the dynamic adopters are lagging behind the potential leaders due to their lower performance on INTERNET, ELECTRICITY and SCHOOLING.
1. 5 2. 0 PATENTS RECEIPTES INTERNET EXPORTS TELEPHONES ELECTRICITY SCHOOLING ENROLMENT Group 3 Group 2 Group 1 Figure 3
For example, in the CI of e-business readiness the indicator I1 Percentage of firms using Internet
0. 93 0. 01 0. 00 0. 00 0. 49 Internet 0. 79-0. 21 0. 21 0. 42 0
With the TAI dataset the intermediate composites are 4 (Table 6. 2). The first includes Internet (with a weight of 0. 24
which is the portion of the variance of the first factor explained by the variable Internet. 58 Then the four intermediate composites are aggregated by weighting each composite using the proportion of the explained variance in the dataset:
M L PCA Patents 0. 19 0. 17 Royalties 0. 20 0. 20 Internet 0. 07 0. 08 Tech exports 0
Patents Royalties Internet Tech. Exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University CI Finland 0. 15 0. 17 0. 17 0. 16 0. 19 0. 17 0
e g. the percentage of firms using internet in country j depends upon the (unknown) propensity to adopt new information and communication technologies plus an error term accounting,
Table 6. 4. Comparison matrix A of eight sub-indicators (semantic scale) Objective Patents Royalties Internet Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University
3 Internet 1/3 1/2 1 1/4 2 2 1/5 1/2 Tech. exports 1/2 2 4
Patents is three times more important than Internet, and consequently Internet has one-third the importance of Patents.
Each judgment reflects, in reality, the perception of the ratio of the relative contributions (weights) of the two sub-indicators to the overall objective being assessed as shown in Table 6. 5 for the first three sub-indicators.
Table 6. 5. Comparison matrix A for three sub-indicators Objective Patents Royalties Internet Patents wp/wp wp/wroy wp/wi Royalties
wroy/wp wroy/wroy wroy/wi Internet wi/wp wi/wroy wi/wi The relative weights of the sub-indicators are calculated using an eigenvector technique.
450 0. 500 Patents Royalties Internet hosts Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University st. Standard deviation Figure 6. 2. Results of the AHP
and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) Patents Royalties Internet Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University EW 0. 13 0. 13 0. 13
Patents Royalties Internet Tech exports Telephones Electricity Schooling University Finland 187 125.6 200.2 50.7 3. 080 4. 150 10 27.4
Finland and USA shows that Finland has better scores for the sub-indicators Internet (weight 1/8
on the internet site one can find the ecological footprint, a pure environmental composite, the environment sustainability index, presented by the World Economic Forum annual meetings, the European Environmental Agency's EEA Environmental Signals.
Dashboard of Sustainability 114 8. 8 Nation Master The following internet site is not strictly for composite indicators.
However its graphical features can be helpful for presentational purposes. www. nationmaster. com is a massive central data source on the internet with a handy way to graphically compare nations.
This internet site is considered the web's one-stop resource for country statistics on anything and everything.
raw data are freely available on the WEB, and issues of technological development are of importance to society
diffusion of the Internet (indispensable to participation), and by exports of high-and mediumtechnology products as a share of all exports.
and hence have market value (1999) Diffusion of recent innovations 130 INTERNET Internet hosts per 1, 000 people Diffusion of the Internet,
Units are given in Table A. 1. PATENTS ROYALTIES INTERNET EXPORTS TELEPHONES (log) ELECTRICITY (log) SCHOOLING ENROLMENT 1 Finland 187 125.6 200.2 50.7 3. 08 4
+32 (0) 2 502 31 34 Website: www. ecommerce-europe. eu Contact us at: info@ecommerce-europe. eu For reports:
research@ecommerce-europe. eu Twitter:@@Ecommerce eu In cooperation with: Powered by: 15+National Associations: Austria Belgium Czech republic Denmark Finland Finland France Greece Ireland Italy Netherlands Norway Poland Spain Switzerland Table of contents INFOGRAPHIC NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS page
Explained page 19 EUROPEAN E-COMMERCE MARKETS page 20-33 Infographic page 21 Economic Indicators page 22 Internet Penetration page 23 Population
+jobs directly or indirectly via e-commerce 645,000+estimated online businesses 3. 7 bn+number of parcels sent annually (f) 816 million people live in Europe 565 million people use the Internet
+32 (0) 2 502 31 34 Twitter:@@Ecommerce eu Free download at: https://www. ecommerce-europe. eu/facts-figures/free-downloads Positioning papers 1. e-Regulations 2. e-Privacy&transparency 3. e-Payments
please contact us via our website www. ecommerce-europe. eu or send us an email at research@ecommerceeurope. eu. Our Report Partners This report is powered by the following partners Gfk is trusted the source of relevant market
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which delivers the most relevant experience for consumers as they shop across web, store and mobile.
for instance as consumers compared prices through comparison websites or looked for additional information. This number is expected to have increased to around 50%at the end of 2014.
However, as shopping has shifted increasingly to the Internet it has become more difficult for companies to personalize their services.
Possibilities What web merchants can do is using the information that online customers leave behind when browsing the Internet,
for example for welcoming them back to their site. Also people like to follow trends and online shop owners should anticipate this by making suggestions based on
what is popular at the moment and on the customer's shopping behavior. Other possibilities to personalize your website include providing consumers with the opportunity to give feedback,
keeping them up to date about their orders, and providing them with aftercare once they made a purchase.
their websites think along with customers. Potential buyers are now provided with reasonable suggestions based on previous site visits and purchases.
Consumer trust is vital Companies cannot simply open a website with another extension than that of their home country
A first step in accomplishing this is generating a high-quality translation of your website into the language of the target country.
%Ecommerce Europe estimates the share of the European Internet economy in the GDP at 2. 2,
a figure that will grow with the ongoing increase and penetration of the Internet in society,
and the projected growth of (B2c) e-commerce. 645,250 websites According to data received from national e-commerce associations,
Ecommerce Europe estimates the number of B2c websites to have grown to 645, 250 at the end of 2013, growing at a pace of 15 to 20%per year.
A Brief Introduction to Europe 2. 0 million+Number of jobs created by B2c e-commerce sector 645,250 Estimated number of active B2c websites 3. 7 billion
668 million people use the Internet 1, 181 million people are e-shoppers 16%37%100%€ 1, 173.5 bn Turnover E-commerce Goods & Services 1, 878 million estimated
social media users Ecommerce Europe June 2014 www. ecommerce-europe. eu info: info@ecommerce-europe. eu for reports:
+32 (0) 2 502 31 34 Twitter:@@Ecommerce eu Global Global €1, 173.5 bn+13.6%Total B2c e-sales 2013 of goods and services 1 2 3 73.4%Share of Internet users
accessing the web through a mobile device**Average worldwide Cross-border B2c E-commerce Most popular countries:
USA 45%UK 37%China/HK 26%Canada 18%Australia 16%Germany 14%Asia-Pacific North america Europe Latin america Africa MENA
225 816 million people live in Europe 565 million people use the Internet 264 million people are e-shoppers 1 2 3 2,,
3. 7 billion+number of parcels annually (f) Estimated share of online goods in total retail of goods 5. 7%443 million social media users Europe
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https://www. ecommerce-europe. eu/facts-figures/free-downloads Internet Penetration Internet penetration The average Internet penetration in Europe increased to 74%in 2013.
%In the top 10 of European countries in terms of Internet penetration, it is interesting to see that all Scandinavian countries are represented in the top 5. Eastern and Southern Europe
the top 5 of the lowest Internet penetration solely comprises countries from the Eastern and Southern European regions.
Last year, it significantly increased its Internet penetration, from 48%in 2012 to 59%last year.
Worldbank. org/Eurostat, 2014*share of total population Internet access and online population, 2013 TOP 10 COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF INTERNET PENETRATION Countries Internet access*Online
33.0%Traditional Sales January 2013-December 2013 Internet Sales January 2013-December 2013 Same top categories When looking at the two diagrams, it is interesting to see that in both Traditional Sales
and Internet Sales the same three categories were very popular last year. In both ways, people purchased the most in Information technology (such as IT hardware and software), Consumer Electronics (such as TVS, audio home systems and Blu-ray players) and Major Domestic Appliances (such as
Different ranking Still, there is a large difference between the Tradional Sales and Internet Sales and that is the division of these categories.
When purchasing through the web, consumers purchase most in the Information technology category (33.0), %followed by Major Domestic Appliances (18.3%)and Consumer Electronics (16.0%).
%161 million people live in Western europe 142 million people use the Internet 95 million people are e-shoppers € 177.7 bn Turnover E-commerce Goods
& Services 43.5%Services 56,5%Goods 9. 5%Estimated share of online goods in total retail of goods Estimated 72%of active Internet users are on social media E-commerce GDP
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Top 3 Online Players UK 1. Amazon 16%2. Tesco 9%3. ebay 8%Mobile commerce accounted for nearly one third of all online sales in the UK
In addition about half of all visits to British e-retail sites was made through a smartphone or tablet during that period.
the number of B2c e-commerce sites is increasing rapidly. In 2013, there were around 138,000 active sites,
which represents a growth of 17%compared to the preceding year. In general, major credit cards are preferred the ecommerce payment methods in France.
bn+22.7%Total B2c Ecommerce 2013 of goods & services 165 million people live in Central europe 130 million people use the Internet 68 million people are e
& Services 41.3%Services 58.7%Goods 7. 0%Estimated share of online goods in total retail of goods Estimated 72%of active Internet users are on social media E-commerce GDP
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Switzerland In 2013, Switzerland had 6. 67 million Internet users, which represented a penetration of 83%for a population of eight million people.
In addition, the Internet penetration is quite low compared with other countries in the region. 65%of the Polish population had access to the Internet in 2013,
n 2 0 1 3 65%Internet penetration 8. 0%Zloty (PLN) 23.0%The average GDP per capita is €61,
41 bn+18.9%Total B2c Ecommerce 2013 of goods & services 59%212 million people live in Southern Europe 125 million people use the Internet 48
Turnover E-commerce Goods & Services 57.5%Services*42.5%Goods*2. 3%Estimated share of online goods in total retail of goods Estimated 72%of active Internet users
are on social media E-commerce GDP 1. 11%Total GDP € 3, 671 bn 1 2 3 Ranking Southern Europe in turnover (EUR million
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Italy There were about 37.5 million Italians connected to the Internet in 2013, which resulted in an Internet penetration of 61%.
%This was the second-lowest rate in Southern Europe, with only Turkey scoring lower. For 2014, a penetration of 64%is forecast.
€ 31.9 bn+12.7%Total B2c Ecommerce 2013 of goods & services 90%100%32 million people live in Northern europe 29 million people use the Internet
social media users E-commerce GDP 2. 37%Total GDP € 1, 349 bn 1 2 3 Ranking Northern europe in turnover (EUR million
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This is partly due to the country's high Internet penetration of 95%.%An interesting fact here is that the most active e-shoppers can be found in inland municipalities in the north of Sweden.
An estimated 77%of Internet users purchased goods and/or services in the last 12 months.
232 95%of the population had access to the Internet 9. 6 million Krona (SEK) 25.0%5. 6 million Krone (DKK) 25.0%An Overview of B2c E-commerce
€ 19.3 bn+47.3%Total B2c Ecommerce 2013 of goods & services 56%100%248 million people live in Eastern europe 139 million people use the Internet
& Services 25%Services 75%Goods 2. 1%Estimated share of online goods in total retail of goods Estimated 40%of active Internet users
are on social media E-commerce GDP 0. 96%Total GDP € 2, 024 bn 1 2 3 Ranking Eastern europe in turnover (EUR million) 2013
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