however, SMES are networked heavily in a web of business and social links with their suppliers, clients,
It asks questions about Open source and the Linux phenomenon in the same breath as Schumpeter's (942) oversubscribed creative destruction from IBM to Microsoft to Google.
This approach is fundamentally an extension and a conceptualisation of the evolution of the Internet and of the Web.
The Web is engineered an space created through formally specified languages and protocols (Berners-Lee, 2006.
or a mixture thereof. 18 In the Web, due to the pressure of user needs, we see a continuous evolution of the protocols and artificial languages.
and of the layers of the semantic web stack of W3c. 23 In the ecosystem metaphor this research activity can be described as the phylogenetic tree24 of formal languages:
The cathedral of the Semantic web is replaced by a bazaar of descriptions and formalisms. The Digital Ecosystem can support such a bazaar of fragments of knowledge at different levels of formalisation and abstraction.
A good example of this evolution could be illustrated by the recent debate about the integration of the rules in the Semantic web Stack
Technology here is meant in a wider sense that encompasses the distributed infrastructure and middleware, the software services and applications, all the attendant web technologies,
Multiple and Subjective Descriptionsthe software engineering approach and the Semantic web approach are based on the description of some aspect of reality through formal ontologies
or simply strange in most technological fields, is actually rather obviously the basis of the Web 2. 0 phenomenon.
and process view of a Digital Ecosystem that is compatible with the latest software and web technologies, with social systems and social processes,
Creating a Science of the Web, Science, August 2006: Vol. 3 3. no. 5788, pp. 769-77 Berners-Lee, T;
A Framework for Web Science, Foundations and trends in Web Science, Vol..No (2006. -30bessen, J (2002.
Principia Cybernetica Web (Principia Cybernetica, Brussels), http://cleamc. vub. ac. be/SECORCYB. html last visited/5/2007.24 Howe, J (2006.
Articulos y Conferences Diez Años de Post-Racionalismo en Chile (Instituto de Terapia Cognitiva Web, Santiago) http://www. inteco. cl
For example, social innovations, such as Wikipedia, can democratise the processes of developing and managing technology and knowledge.
The Young Foundation and the Web: Digital Social Innovation. The Young Foundation 2012. Social Innovation Overview:
88 Resources on the Doing Business website...91 Doing Business 2015 Spain 4 INTRODUCTION Doing Business sheds light on how easy
are available on the Doing Business website at http://www. doingbusiness. org. Doing Business 2015 Spain 5 CHANGES IN DOING BUSINESS 2015 As part of a 2-year update in methodology,
For a list of these economies, see the Doing Business website (http://www. doingbusiness. org.
For more information on the methodology of the starting a business indicators, see the Doing Business website (http://www. doingbusiness. org.
For more information on the methodology of the dealing with construction permits indicators, see the Doing Business website (http://www. doingbusiness. org.
if necessary Declaration of the promoter that a signboard has been posted at the site to inform the public that a building license has been applied for
and receive final inspection is provided on the official website of the Municipality of Madrid, www. munimadrid. es.
For more information on the methodology of the getting electricity indicators, see the Doing Business website (http://www. doingbusiness. org.
see the Doing Business website (http://www. doingbusiness. org). For details on the procedures reflected here,
Detailed data collected on labor market regulations are available on the Doing Business website (http://www. doingbusiness. org.
Doing Business 2015 Spain 91 RESOURCES ON THE DOING BUSINESS WEBSITE Current features News on the Doing Business project http://www. doingbusiness. org Rankings How economies rank from 1 to 189
participatory web platforms such as Wikigender and Wikiprogress developed by the OECD that facilitate the linking of National statistics to actual individual living conditions;
In particular grassroots communities of civic innovators, web entrepreneurs, hackers, geeks, SMES, open source and DIY makers,
and promoting the generative web-enabled survey). Key activities were conducted also as part of WP4, such as the launch of the project during the Open Knowledge Conference (OKCON) in Geneva 16th-18th september, presentations during the Smart City Fair in Barcelona on November 20th,
A primary example of Digital Social Innovation is the Web itself. As it was based on open digital technologies that could be harnessed by any actor
the Web was able to reach a critical mass of connectivity and exploit the network effect described by the Metcalfe's Law,
The Internet and the Web are the technical underpinnings that represent a densely intertwined techno-social fabric of our societies,
because the Web was built on a set of royalty-free open standards decided through an inclusive and transparent process that,
Open standards have fostered the innovation by allowing the Web to be implemented by anyone over different underlying systems
as apps need access to social data held on third-party sites. The lack of standards forces developers to create multiple versions of the same social application for different closed platforms,
and the long-awaited deployment of the semantic web, can potentially serve collective action and awareness.
The Web is today increasingly more enmeshed with our daily lives, forming a universally distributed intelligence constantly enhanced, coordinated in real time,
but simply makes it easier for Google to index and search through images (von Ahn and Dabbish 2005).
and organisational relationships is made available as an open data set on the website for users to download
just as any custom code developed in the course of developing the Website, Database and Dynamic Visualisations will be shared back with the relevant open source communities.
and its structure determines the mapping capabilities of the website. Therefore the survey has been designed so that it captures the relevant data needed to understand the different types of DSI organisations and their activities.
the website survey provides the foundation for the empirical results that are to be used in the rest of the project work packages.
Care has therefore been taken to make the website as easy to use as possible with the aim for it to go viral across the European Digital Social Innovation community.
Currently, there are over two hundred organisations that have registered with the website. However, to date, the survey is only available in English,
Thus, the next stage for the website will be to consider how to produce a multilingual version.
Currently the website is focused on the geographic mapping of organisations. Over the next stage of the DSI report, various info-graphics that highlight important aspects of the data will be added. 22 Chapter 3-Defining DSI Interim Findings An emerging typology
participatory web platforms such as Wikigender and Wikiprogress developed by the OECD facilitate the linking of National statistics to actual individual living conditions;
Activity type Number listed Delivering a web service 73 Research project 49 Education and training 31 Network 29 Event 27 Incubators and Accelerators 26 Advisory or expert body 15 Advocating
and distributed group spaces of former years (https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Chaos communication congress). Maker Fairs are very interesting expressions of this new form of networking events that emerged out of the big diffusion of the Makers Movement.
In the case of Commons4eu partners got together to explore the development of collaborative web projects and bottom-up broadband technologies.
and advocating for Web standards, the P2p foundation that works on promoting peer to peer practices, and the Iot Council promoting an open Internet of things vision are good examples of this.
and privacy-aware service that bounce Internet users'and websites'traffic through relays run by thousands of volunteers around the world,
It then invited programmers and developers to make apps and web services based on the data,
a trend that includes Web 2. 0, social networks, social computing, and that promotes Internet as a fundamental channel for allowing an increasingly active role of users (individuals, groups, communities) as providers of data, content,
Furthermore, this visualisation of the DSI network, embedded in our website, is interactive and aims at engaging the larger DSI community itself,
as the website currently supports only English) into French and then launching that call to 120 actors involved in social innovation resulted in a net gain of 43 organisations added with 32 new activities.
i e. institutions that have arisen during the rise of the Internet itself. 46 This is precisely why telecommunications companies must reinvent themselves in the presence of new, digitally native companies such as Skype and Google.
or CNRS are threatened by the research divisions of companies like Google, Yahoo, Microsoft who now increasingly dominate premier academic conferences such as the World wide web Conference.
It is key to distinguish between invention and socialisation as part of the wider process of innovation in a technical system such as the Internet and the Web.
The Internet and Web have defined intrinsic architectures by their open standards that offer themselves as a series of constraints such that‘the choice of possibilities in which invention consists is made in a particular space and particular time according to the play of these constants,
Many of the inventions that now form the basis of the Web 2. 0 economy
each with a track-record of success in their particular neighbourhoods, would be more effective than so-called independent private contractor in determining how to best unify a website that can provide access to information about public resources in the city.
This commission of experts should not simply solidify their position as experts in creating websites,
so that the public service workers in London can maintain their own website without again gathering all the experts from the various boroughs
although filters are in the process of being implemented they are not yet live on the site. The challenge of balancing quality and quantity within the data set is an aspect that we are constantly monitoring
The next stage of Work package 2 will include the Task 2. 2, the development of the website.
Although the website and survey is stable, there will need still likely to introduce minor adjustments in response to user-feedback from the study.
As the block in getting more input seems to be the fact that the website
Below we indicate the elements that will be possible within the future stage two implementation. 51 Digital Social Innovation web platform www. digitalsocial. eu Crowdmapping DSI organizations
/The website is a Ruby on Rails app, but uses Tripod and Mongodb instead of Activerecord.
In this manner, the website would become not only a data source but also a kind of learning tool to understand what digital social innovation concretely means.
or easily share events, funding opportunities etc from other sites) Add a section to the site that shows
161ouishare 165p2p Foundation 169patients Like Me 173peerby 179raspberry Pi 185safecast 191smart Citizen Kit 197tor 201ushahidi 207zooniverse (citizen science web portal of CSA) 213 Case studies
Over 300,000 official Arduinos has been produced commercially Website: http://arduino. cc/Organisation Name Arduino Short description The core to an Arduino is a simple, ultra-low-cost circuit board, based on an open-source design, armed with a microprocessor
Arduino supports@Heart partners through promotion of their brand, products and content on its site and social networks with links to documentation and tutorials.
On its website, it posts all of its trade secrets for anyone to take all the schematics, design files,
has taken 155,896, 453 actions since January'07, in 194 countries Website: http://www. avaaz. org Organisation Name:
According to the Avaaz website, their model of Internet organising allows thousands of individual efforts, however small, to be combined rapidly into a powerful collective force.
Similarly, their site encourages the use of both online and offline channels to generate the greatest impact of members'campaigns.
According to this same report, another potential area of impact of Social Computing sites such as Avaaz, is the potential for adoption by a large number of organisations belonging to the so-called third-sector
According to the Avaaz website, the organisation employs a technical team to make sure the website is constantly secure.
The site is verified also by Geotrust, a world leader on Internet security verification. The Avaaz donation pages have addresses beginning with https://rather than http
://thus signalling they are secure pages. 64 The site is integrated well with other social media platforms,
According to Matt Holland Avaaz's Online Director, like other high-capacity web services Avaaz's hosting platform is complex
Avaaz Community Petitions is a new web platform that gives people around the world the power to start
It is a crowd-sourced part of Avaaz, the largest-ever global web movement bringing people-powered politics to decision-making everywhere.
Hours after the initial attack, the organisation made a public appeal on its website, revealing that a 44-hour distributed denial of service (DDOS) strike hit the organisation's IT infrastructure.
taking the site down for a total of 14 minutes. The FBI has also been informed about the attack.
While Datagram (the site's hosting company Croscon (who perform ongoing security audits of the site's servers)
and Arbor networks (who provided defensive hardware which helped fend off the attack) all supported the organisation throughout the attack,
Avaaz's site shows that almost 42,000 people have donated to this campaign. According to Ricken Patel (Founder of Avaaz), the specifics of how the generated funds will be used are still being planned
In Reykjavik, Iceland, 40%of citizens use the Your Priorities platform Website: https://www. yrpri. org/Organisation Name Citizens Foundation (including the Your Priorities platform) Short description Your Priorities is based a web platform developed by the Icelandic Citizens Foundation.
The platform enables groups of people to develop and prioritize ideas and together discover which of these ideas are deemed the most important to implement.
and in many senses the design and functionality of their websites, products and services might be thought of as an attempt to redesign democracy itself.
As Gunnar Grímsson, one of its founders explains‘The key metric of success for our websites is participation.
During the election, 10%of Reykjavik voters voiced ideas on the site, 43%of voters viewed the site,
As a result of its popularity during the campaign, it became integrated permanently into the city's administration, in the form of the Better Reykjavík website,
The Your Priorities website enables citizens to voice, debate and prioritize policy ideas, budget decisions and micro-issues affecting their neighbourhood.
For example on the Better Reykjavik website, each month the top ideas in all categories are gathered by city officials,
Indeed the main reason the Citizens Foundation was awarded a European e-Democracy Award for their Better Reykjavik website was because of its perceptible impact in 2011, at the time of the award,
the site involved 40%of Reykjavik's citizens and obtained direct implementation of many proposals in political programmes. 69
users are encouraged also to translate the site's contents if they are able to do so.
The fact that Citizens Foundation's website, Better Reykjavik is integrated well into the official political structure means that citizens can observe how their opinion has the capacity to shape real political debate.
While users can use the website totally free of charge, the website features an integrated tool to make donations to the Your Priorities project.
As a nonprofit organisation, donated funds ensure continual development and maintenance of the Your Priority software.
and websites like Better Reykjavik to operate properly. 70 Marketing and PR: If you build it they will come is a famous quote from the early days of the Internet this was never quite true
Marketing and promoting a website is a lot of hard work and costs money. As‘democracy nerds'the Citizens Foundation team are worried that most of our social lives are being run by one company, Facebook.
Citizen Foundation websites enable people to earn‘Social Points'for writing up points for or against ideas that many people think are helpful these can be used to buy promotions for ideas that appear as banners at the top of the page.
Importantly, neither the Your Priorities nor the Better Reykjavik websites were Citizen Foundation team's first attempt at creating an‘electronic democratic'web platform.
Rather, these websites are a‘better iteration'of their pilot project, Shadow Parliament a project which aimed to document and scrutinise the actions of the government.
Besti flokkurinn) early adoption of the Citizen Foundation Web tools which they used as a guide for their policy focus.
as well as the most popular ideas in each of thirteen categories on the website. Citizens involved in supporting a particular 71 proposal are given regular updates from the city council regarding its viability and processing.
using the most popular ideas on the website as a guide for questioning the government,
Firstly, their websites'impact, because they involved 40%of Reykjavik's citizens and obtained direct implementation of many proposals in political programmes.
Citysdk consist of 23 partners, 9 countries, 3 open source APIS Website: http://www. citysdk. eu/Organisation Name City Service Development Kit (Citysdk) Short description City SDK is a European consortium of partners helping cities
As part of the project the consortia developed Europe commons, a catalogue of applications with demonstrable impact Website:
They develop collaborative web projects following the methodology of Code for America‘based on principles rather than on sectors and by opening existing code in the participating cities and leveraging the European EPSI (European Public sector Information) platform.'
Projects should be based around web/mobile applications. Applications should enable cities to connect with their constituencies in ways that reduce administrative cost
is evidenced by the host of custom-tailored web applications that have emerged to address specific,‘local'needs.
a website with a broader scope than either the Bub or Code for Europe projects.
to the web applications developed by fellows for Code for Europe these smaller projects tend to be reflective of the local needs of the partner city or of the fellow's own technological preferences.
This flexible approach to technology is reflected in the wide range of technologies employed by the different fellows who will work with their own preferred web platform (using open source languages like 83 Python
and Ruby on Rails) to build their open web applications. On a larger scale, this might be indicative of how Commons 4 EU looks beyond more traditional‘big tech solutions'to offer a simpler, much looser set of solutions;
websites like Europe Commons and collaborative tools like Github offer a glimpse to digital technology's potential for collaboration
In the case of Europe Commons the site's open source coding is hosted on Drupal. org,
where like Code for Europe interested civic developers can contribute to the site's code in a similar way to Github.
Established in 10 EU Member States Website: http://www. communia-project. eu Organisation Name COMMUNIA Short description COMMUNIA The European Thematic Network on the Digital Public domain, is an international association based in Brussels. The overarching aim
Website: http://confine-project. eu Organisation Name Confine Short description The Confine Testbed experimental facility supports experimentally-driven research on Community-owned Open Local IP Networks.
and hackerspaces, Operating a web service Key facts: Members active in Europe, America, Asia, Australia, and Africa Website:
http://www. desis-network. org Organisation Name Desis Network Short description DESIS (Design for Social Innovation towards Sustainability) is a network of design labs,
and website management. 96 History and Mission The DESIS Network originates from three main international activities in the 2006-2008 period:‘
and shared their detailed report on the DESIS UK website. This is just one instance that demonstrates how DESIS has forged useful alliances between academic institutes and government authorities. 99 Everyaware At a glance:
Research project, network, operating web service providing education & training Key facts: 3-year project EU funded with € 2. 1m Website:
http://www. everyaware. eu Short description The Everyaware project aims to empower citizens to engage actively in improving their own environment and making it more sustainable.
and information presentation to users by means of mobile and web-based devices such as smartphones, computers and sensors.
At the same time, web-interfaces allow users to easily upload their sensor readings, and equally easily tag these with subjective information.
It is a web platform for gaming and social computation. It helps researchers to devise web games/experiments,
and offers a platform for others to join in, meaning the public can both enjoy
and contribute to the scientific research. 101 The web platform is built to engage social computation, letting the different organisers of projects collaborate
The data storage system and the gaming platform are the two main components of the Everyaware web-based infrastructure,
Sensorbox, Airprobe, a dedicated Web server and Web application, together form a system that measures concentrations of pollutants in the air and localises them through a GPS.
Over 250 individual fabrication projects done in Fablab Amsterdam Website: http://fablab. waag. org/Organisation Name Waag Society Short description Fablab Amsterdam is a Fab Lab (short for fabrication laboratory),
The only requirement for using Fablab Amsterdam in open days is to document the work and project on the Fablab website and share the designs with the rest of the community under a Creative Commons license.
Website: http://www. fairphone. com/Organisation Name Fairphone Short description Fairphone is a start-up company producing the world's first ethically sourced smart phone,
Operating a web service Key facts: The platform has 4 million users worldwide Website: https://github. com/Organisation Name Github Short description Github, a San francisco-based company, was started in 2008 as a way for open source software writers in various locations to rapidly create new
and better versions of their work collaboratively. It has grown since to be the largest social coding repository in the world.
in the majority of cases the projects people use Github to collaborate around are code for websites and software solutions.
To make it easy for developers to collaborate Git has developed a number of features such as a Web-based graphical interface, wikis and basic task management tools for every project.
there are over 5 million other projects on the site involving 3 million coders. However it seems Github wants to stretch digital collaboration and transparency to its limits
In essence this people-centred approach to programming has meant Github has become a social networking site for programmers.
Healthcare. gov is intended a platform to enable users to navigate through its site, and to choose the most suitable healthcare package.
The code for the informational part of Healthcare. gov the frontend of the site was written by a Washington, D c. startup (Development Seed) and a small team of consultants.
According to Preston-Werner (a Github founder), the main problem is the site's forbiddingly technical approach.
Operating a web service Key facts: 14.000 registered users, launched 100 successful projects and sourced more than 700 nonfinancial contributions Website:
http://goteo. org/Organisation Name Goteo Short description Goteo. org is an open source social network for crowdfunding as well as distributed collaboration based in Spain.
This included looking at new models for financing ventures such as the micro credit site Kiva, P2p lending models and emerging crowdfunding platforms like Kickstarter.
This meant both replicating some features of crowdfunding from other sites, but also adding new features such as optimum and minimum costs needed, petitions for collaborations as well as monetary help,
which allows people to follow the wrap as it is used on future presents with web geolocation,
just as social media and networks such as Twitter, Facebook, Flickr and Youtube are a crucial part of launching,
Operating a web service Key facts: Landshare has got 55,000 members worldwide Website: http://Landshare. net Organisation Name Landshare Short description At its simplest, Landshare can be described as an open platform that allows people to share land.
Anyone who wishes to be involved in the Landshare project can register and to search the list of other Landshare Members to identify people who they may wish to contact to assist them (whether as a grower, landowner or helper) in setting up their own landsharing arrangements.
by using its site as a social network where interested D. I. Y. growers can join forces to form a growing collective,
Having said that, the site boasts over 73,000 members, and claims to have a community of over 60,
The app was developed by KEO Digital. 127 The Landshare. net website includes some built-in social networking features such as message inbox, forums,
This same feature is available to those who opt to use the website. The website also includes a number of sharing
and support platforms that promote digital collaboration related to finding or sharing land, finding groups in a member's local area,
By entering in your postcode to the searchable map on the website members are presented potentially with a number of helpers, sharers or growers in their area.
Individual Landshare initiatives have been funded using Landshare's sister site the crowdfunding platform Peoplefund. it, which, like the Landshare website and app, was also set up by KEO Digital.
Peoplefund. it works in a similar way to crowdfunding platform Kickstarter. As an example the platform was used to successfully raise £4, 401 (109 per cent) of the £4, 030 target for the proposed Dyfi Landshare.
website fees; travel expenses and Welsh translation services. Recently, Landshare. net has decided to run a trial to test the inclusion of some‘contextual advertising'to help pay for the continued development and maintenance of its website.
According to the site, the income from these adverts will help to fulfil the initiative's primary objective:
to connect as many growers with available growing space in the UK and beyond. What really helps reach goals?
Operating a web service Key facts: Used by the pirate party in Germany to source policy from members Website:
http://liquidfeedback. org/Organisation Name Liquid Feedback Short description Liquid feedback is free open source software
165,000 people attended the two flagship Maker Faires in in 2012.30,000 people attended the Rome 2013 Mini Maker Faire Website:
Operating a web service Key facts: The Whatdotheyknow app has helped over 130,000 Freedom of Information requests.
The Fixmystreet app has helped report more than 250,000 problems reported Website: http://www. mysociety. org/Organisation Name mysociety Short description mysociety's key mission is to help people become more powerful in the civic and democratic parts of their lives, through digital means.
Since 2004 they have launched various websites that made it easy to do tasks such as identifying which politician (s) represent you,
tangible benefits'that e-commerce sites give people, but in the civic and democratic parts of their lives.
Building websites that make it easy for people to write to their politicians to get potholes fixed,
and organisations around the world who want to build copies of the sites mysociety builds. Some of the most prominent websites and software solutions developed by mysociety are listed below.
Fixmystreet-Fixmystreet Platform is built open-source software to help people run websites for reporting common street problems
like potholes and broken street lights. It has been used in many countries around the world, from Norway to New zealand to Georgia to Italy-where versions based on the original UK Fixmystreet website have been built.
ALAVETELI-Magnify the power of Right to Information laws in your country. Alaveteli is the popular‘Right-to-Know
Alaveteli powers mysociety's busy Whatdotheyknow. com website. MAPIT-Mapit Global's API uses Openstreetmap data to‘establish the location of different administrative boundaries, anywhere in the world.'
'Boundaries data is essential for anyone creating geographic web and mobile services that rely on locating a particular point within the correct country, district, county, city or region.
In 2012 mysociety worked closely with Kenyan NGO, Mzalendo, to relaunch Kenya's independent parliamentary monitoring website.
The core features of this website are: 139 A structured database that links people to places, organisations and roles.
since been used to run sites in Ghana, Nigeria and Zimbabwe. What is the social impact it is seeking,
so at scale. mysociety's UK sites are the best showcases in terms of pure volume and engagement:
One of the candidates running for President in the 2013 Kenyan Election contacted the site personally to query the data behind their scorecard rating. mysociety emphasize the fact that,
if Presidential candidates care about how they are being represented on the site, then that is an indicator of impact not least because awareness that they will be held to such a level of scrutiny in the future could help drive higher standards of behaviour.
mysociety's sites are all open source. Some of the mysociety codebases have been worked on extensively to make them easy to use for the newcomer.
those interested in setting up a site using Pombola in their own country are encouraged to first contact the team to get more information.
mysociety's websites seem to have used technology to achieve their objective of holding governments more to account,
As mentioned above all of its sites and applications use Github Issues for tracking bugs and feature requests,
while developing‘a reputation as a software company that can solve problems that more traditional web companies can't.'mysociety Ltd.,
many socially focused websites set up at similar times were expected to deliver immediately, and then were killed off by virtue of short term budgets.
so that even in the‘lean times'the organisation could afford to keep sites running for years at a time.
To grow the open-source communities around some of their core websites and components so that they are of ever greater value to larger numbers of people.
To upgrade their UK sites to make sure that they are always serving the needs of local users as best as is possible,
Operating a web service Key facts: has released 160 datasets which has lead to the development of more than 109 apps Website:
https://open. wien. at/site/Organisation Name Open Government Wien (Vienna henceforth) Short description Open Government Vienna is part of the Smart City and Open Government
strategies of the City of Vienna. Open Government is defined as the comprehensive redesign of politics and administrative activities according to the principles of modern Public Management and Public Governance.
collaboration and participation has seen a whole host off web and phone apps emerge to enhance how citizens engage with the city.
to be accessed via an all-new web portal. Presently 109 apps and visualisations have been made that make use of Open Government Data Vienna,
'the City of Vienna offers‘a comprehensive range of e-government options',‘with about 600 official e-government web pages and a variety of administrative services available online.'
Operating a web service Key facts: Five citizen driven law proposal have reached support from 50.000 people
and have subsequently been debated in the Finish Parliament Website: http://openministry. info/(The Finnish language platform is at http://avoinministerio. fi/)Organisation Name Open Ministry (Avoin Ministeriö in Finnish) Short description The Open Ministry
While it was proposed that citizens could submit draft proposals onto an official Ministry of Justice website due to be launched in Autumn 2012
Importantly, the Open Ministry goes further than the Ministry of Justice web platform by providing citizens with the tools
The Open Ministry website was developed using a YUI API a free, open source Javascript and CSS library for building interactive web applications.
The site's source code is also available on Github where anyone can fork the project,
To ensure the site was compliant with security standards the National Communications security Authority audited the site's code,
its security policies and its service/hosting providers to ensure that the details of citizens are safe
Part of the functionality of the website has had to be discontinued because not all banks were enabling Open Ministry to use their ID verification for users.
This meant that certain users were 151 able to use the site for free to sign particular initiatives,
Instead users can now use the website to sandbox ideas find support amongst the community of users,
and support existing initiatives on the official Ministry of Justice website, which is approved where initiatives are hosted.
Operating a web service Key facts: Created open data sets with more than 60 million companies registered Website:
http://opencorporates. com/Organisation Name Opencorporates Short description Opencorporates is the largest open database of companies in the world.
It is a website which shares data on corporate entities as open data under the share-alike attribution Open Database Licence.
The site also shows groups of companies that are legally part of the same conglomerate, which helps provide transparency on networks of corporate subsidiaries
Today the site has grown from 3 territories and a few million companies to over 75 jurisdictions and 60 million companies,
The core business of Opencorporates is to collect data on companies through web scraping tools
Web scraping data: The main activity within Opencorporates is to collaborate with Scraperwiki, a platform for doing data science on the web,
to help get the company data. The basics that are needed in order to create a company record at Opencorporates are the company number, the jurisdiction and the company's name.
Web scraping (web harvesting or web data extraction) is a computer software technique of extracting information from websites.
The site also has a Google Refine reconciliation function that matches legal entities to company names.
Technical specs behind the website: Opencorporates is built on the Rubyonrails framework, uses the Mysql and Neo4j databases, on servers running Linux.
Operating a web service Key facts: 3 million users in 2013, which is tripled from 1 million a year before registered Website:
http://opengarden. com Organisation Name Open Garden Short description Open Garden is based a San francisco start up,
Seeing all these limitations, entrepreneur Micha Benoliel, Internet architect Stanislav Shalunov and developer Greg Hazel, decided to make the mobile web fit that could address this challenge.
By crowdsourcing connectivity, Open Garden enables users to connect to the mobile web more frequently and with better results.
Developed CKAN Website: http://okfn. org Organisation Name Open Knowledge Foundation Short description The Open Knowledge Foundation is a global movement to open up knowledge around the world
Web and Software Development: Through developing software OKF are trying to create tools that support a global open knowledge and open data community.
discoverable and presentable on the web by providing tools to streamline publishing, sharing, finding and using data;
Some of the most prominent users of CKAN include the UK's data. gov. uk website, the United states government's Data. gov and the Australian government's data. gov. au.
A variety of technologies are being used in Open Knowledge Foundation, mostly web and software development related.
Its core activities are focusing on using the web and online technologies to better open
or develop new web services and events related to the open knowledge agenda. What are the main barriers to innovate
English and Spanish under a Creative Commons license Website http://ouishare. net Short description Ouishare is a global collaborative consumption network.
create and share on the web. Ouishare calls this paradigm shift and the sum of these developments‘the collaborative economy'.
A network, A research project, Operating a web service Key facts: A‘wiki'with nearly 8000 pages of information,
Website: http://p2pfoundation. net/Organisation Name P2p Foundation Short description The P2p Foundation is registered a institute with the aim of studying the impact of peer-to-peer technology
The primary activity P2p foundation undertake to achive its goal is running the P2p foundation wiki, a website with with nearly 8, 000 pages of information on the P2p economy.
and any form of identity and organisation which makes sense for the people involved The zero node website,
i e. the site of the P2p Foundation, would have a website with directories, an electronic newsletter and blog,
In the context of the above, the primary impact of P2p Foundation is demonstrated through traffic on the site.
what the P2p Foundation do continued on a basis by donating in a similar way to that adopted by Wikipedia with users being given the option to donate preset or other amounts through a Paypal platform.
Operating a web service Key facts: Online community with More than 220,000 members, has 2, 000+conditions, 35+published research studies,
and over 1 million treatment & symptom reports registered Website: http://www. patientslikeme. com/Organisation Name Patientslikeme Short description Patientslikeme is a free patient network where people can connect with each other to better understand their diseases,
or, as Ben Heywood, one of the sites founders has described it‘Our goal ultimately is that every patient's decision is informed by every patient before them'.
a US government funded site which provides access to information on publicly and privately supported clinical studies to members of their system,
Members of the site can search for trials for which they are eligible free of charge; the company also offers a commercial service to actively message potential participants for clinical trials.
In the United states, approximately 10 percent of newly diagnosed ALS patients register on the site each month
Operated as a web-based community where it shares open knowledge and generates an database that is being used to return the benefit to the community. 176
Operating a web service Key Facts: About 15,000 members in September 2013 Website: https://peerby. com Organisation Name Peerby Short description Peerby is a Dutch for-profit start-up that operates a peer-to-peer sharing service for products.
Users can share or request items from people in their neighbourhood online, via the Peerby website, their mobile or social media channels.
The platform was launched in Beta as a service targeting people in Netherlands in August 2012,
and how he wanted to facilitate this for others by creating a website for the neighbourhood that would allow people to meet
'Once a request has been posted using either the Peerby website or app the Peerby seeks to further encourage the matching between people looking for an item
Thanks to the social web, people can now share anything with anyone in the world.
however, with the Internet acting as a facilitator, there is a growing trend of websites that offer to facilitate peer-to-peer rental transactions.
All of these sites are encouraging something academics call collaborative consumption in other words, peer-to-peer sharing or renting.
While a user's skill level will naturally vary from person to person there's a user forum on the Raspberry Pi site,
It actively encourages collaborative coding for instance the open source coding for its collaborative project with Google,
DSI network effect Due to Raspberry Pi's programmable and simple open source model, a variety of Pi projects have emerged on the Web.
Raspberry Pi has collaborated also recently with Google to deliver a new open source coding tool called Coder.
users can develop their own apps for the web and then host them on a miniature server located directly on the Raspberry Pi.
The overall cost for the DIY programming project, using Google's recommended materials, is under $50 and, importantly,
Coder is designed also to work alongside instruction from other programming websites like Codeacademy and Khan academy.
users can host their own websites via Raspberry Pi or zip them to share with friends. 189 How is funded the organisation?
In late January 2013, Google announced it was giving the Raspberry Pi Foundation a grant worth an estimated £670
and hackerspaces, Operating a web service Key Facts: In 2013 over 10,000, 000 individual data points collected.
Website: http://blog. safecast. org/Organisation Name Safecast Short description Safecast is both the name of a Geiger counter built by the open source community as well as a global sensor network where Safecast owners can map
The web-based online platform also enabled a sharing of data collected by citizens, to citizens, at a scale not possible before the advance of the Internet.
A network, operating a web service Key facts: More than 400 active users and more backers Website:
http://smartcitizen. me/Organisation Name Fablab Barcelona Short description The Smart Citizen Kit is a set of tools (mostly sensors) built on an Arduino open hardware platform.
The web platform is developed with Open-Streetmap, Leaflet, Raphaël, jquery, Cakephp, and many more. The actual project is open source and available on the open source platform Github.
Operating a web service Key Facts: Tor has a staff of 30 paid developers, researchers,
Website: https://www. torproject. org Organisation Name The Tor Project Short description The Tor project is a nonprofit organisation that conducts research and development into online privacy and anonymity.
It has developed software tools designed to stop people including government agencies and corporations learning web users location or tracking their browsing habits.
'and websites'traffic through relays run by thousands of volunteers around the world, making it extremely hard for anyone to identify the source of the information or the location of the user.
We were concerned increasingly about all these websites-in the 2000/01 dotcom bubble, everyone was offering free services,
And let you take decisions about do you trust Google, do you trust Amazon, do you trust the BBC, whatever.
normal people who want to keep their Internet activities private from websites and advertisers; those concerned about cyberspying;
This can impact your chequebook if, for example, an e-commerce site uses price discrimination based on your country or institution of origin.
the connection between a global network of volunteers who help reroute traffic would not have been possible with technological advances in sensor networks and the development of the web itself.
The majority of people using Tor are citizens who may simply want to stop advertisers from following them around the web.
It's an issue that people are just beginning to think about now especially in the context of sites like Facebook that attract advertisers with personal data that people opt to share.
Dark web: The cloak of anonymity provided by Tor makes it an attractive and powerful for criminals.
but also host their websites via its hidden services capabilities, which mean sites can only be accessed by people on the Tor network.
This is the so-called dark web element, and it's not unusual to see Tor pop up in stories about a range of criminal sites.
We work with law enforcement a lot, Lewman told the Guardian. They are fully aware of bad guys on Tor.
However, the criminals already have all the privacy they could ever need because they're willing to break the laws:
is a website that was developed initially to map reports of violence in Kenya after the post-election fallout at the beginning of 2008.
and text message and placed them on Google maps. This website had 45,000 users in Kenya,
and was the central to the Ushahidi team realising there was a need for a platform based on it,
including SMS, email, Twitter and the web The Swiftriver Platform: Swiftriver is an open source platform that aims to democratize access to tools for filtering
The site allows the use of Openstreetmap maps in its user interface, but requires the Google maps API for geocoding.
Ushahidi is often set up using a local SMS gateway created by a local Frontlinesms, a free open source software that can be used to distribute and collect information via text messages.
Solutions, was identified to take over the website including overall management of the call/SMS centre function,
browsers as well as Internet communication security policy as significant obstacles to accessing the UHP website and data streams.
and areas hit by a natural catastrophe. 212 213 Zooniverse (citizen science web portal of CSA) At a glance:
CSA's projects are housed on Zooniverse the‘home of Citizen Science on the web.''Type of organisation Zooniverse is a project of the run by the Citizen Science Alliance (CSA) via its web portal.
The CSA is a collaboration of scientists, software developers and educators primarily coming from universities and public institutions. 214 History and mission Zooniverse grew from the original Galaxy Zoo project first launched in July 2007.
Following Galaxy Zoo's visible success, the applicability of this‘open knowledge'model is evidenced by the fact that the Zooniverse site now hosts more than a dozen projects
using the web to provide a means of reaching a much larger audience willing to devote their free time to collaborative projects through crowdsourcing initiatives like Zooniverse.
with the shift to an open source development model (as of February 2013) it is hoped that a community of volunteer developers will be able to assist in the localisation support of the site (translating the content into other languages) thereby having a positive impact on the outreach of the Zooniverse projects.
highly scalable application built in Ruby on Rails that runs on Amazon web services and uses Mongodb, Redis and a few other technologies.
Pretty much all of the site's requirements point to having a shared API (Ouroboros) that serves a large number of projects.
when the site is busy while also spending significant amounts of time monitoring the application performance
the number of servers they're running can be scaled back to a minimal level(‘automagically'on Amazon web services).
who still provide some of the images in the site today. With so many galaxies, it was assumed it would take years for visitors to the site to work through them all but within 24 hours of launch the site received almost 70,000 classifications an hour.
In the end, more than 50 million classifications were received by the project during its first year, contributed by more than 150,000 people.
but also to assist in the site's localisation support (translating sites into multiple languages. This latter point demonstrates how this process of collaboration can aid in the scaling up
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