adopted by the Commission on 3 october 20124, the digital economy and the realization of the Digital Single Market for Europe are one of the four main drivers of a more prosperous and competitive Europe.
The recentlyadopted (October 2012) Directive on Orphan works15 sets out common rules on the digitisation
The Memorandum of Understanding (Mou) on Out-of-Commerce Books sets out a broad framework for the mass digitisation of books and scientific journals.
and text and data mining. As part of this exercise, a report will be published on the outcome of the consultation launched by the Green Paper on the online distribution of audiovisual works in early 2013.
In December 2011, the Body of European Regulators for Electronic communications (BEREC), jointly with the Commission services, launched a Europe-wide data 21 For further info see IP/12/1367 http://europa
According to the data gathered by BEREC the majority of ISPS offer unrestricted Internet access. However, certain restrictions affect a significant number and portion of users, especially in the mobile sector.
which determines the necessary technical details for exchanges of data under the mini OSS was adopted under the Comitology procedure.
The revision of the Public sector Information (PSI) Directive is a part of a wider Open Data Strategy, adopted by the Commission on 12 december 2011,
which includes support to R&d on data along with the development of European dataportals and other actions designed to facilitate EU-wide access to PSI
and boosting Europe's digital economy. The Commission's proposals update and modernise the principles enshrined in the Data protection Directive 95/46/EC,
a General Data protection Regulation proposing a general EU framework for data protection41 and a Directive on protecting personal data processed for the purposes of the prevention, detection, investigation or prosecution of criminal offences and related judicial activities42.
and data as regards ADR systems for disputes between businesses (B2b ADR) via a SME-panel survey and a Eurobarometer survey.
access to high speed broadband (30 Megabits per second or more) for all Europeans by 2020, with at least 50%of European households having high speed subscriptions above 100 Megabits per second.
Cutting through the jungle of standards so that cloud users enjoy interoperability, data portability and reversibility.
which enable users to evaluate and compare, in a simple manner, the level of conformity with standards, interoperability and data portability.
as well as technical and organisational measures and the appropriate safeguards for data transfers. The development of model contract terms to cover issues not covered by the Common European Sales Law such as:
data preservation after termination of the contract, data disclosure and integrity, data location and transfer, ownership of the data or direct and indirect liability.
and the power of the digital economy have opened new ways for consumers to shop. New businesses have developed which specialise in offering and taking orders via the internet and through distance selling.
with clarity on how the data they leave behind is being used; with clear guarantees; with easy access to an opportunity for mediation, arbitration, and redress;
It is no longer in line with the current and future business environment and the digital economy. Or it creates a bias and competitive advantage for one channel over another.
such as unfair contract terms and guarantees, on a fully harmonised but reasonable and balanced basis. 1. 2. Data protection and privacy a balance between the citizens'right to privacy and the rights of businesses to capture data to optimally serve consumers. 1
or adapting to the digital economy; such (digital) one-stop shops should contain user-friendly knowledge about EU and national:
over the years, developed very sophisticated systems to manage data about products, stocks, logistics, and consumers.
With the advent of the internet, the capture of data has become easier but also more sophisticated.
With the internet, some data are given with explicit consent, others are gathered with less obvious consent.
and trade to continue being able to use data to deliver efficient value chains and meet consumers'expectations. 1. 3. ACCESS TO BALANCED REDRESS Customer satisfaction is the most important driver of retailers'and wholesalers'success. Therefore,
and wholesalers should also play their part in this awareness-raising. 1. 4. MARKET-BASED INSTRUMENTS With the digitisation of the economy and the gathering of data,
The EU should consider measures such as introduction of postcodes everywhere, centralised access to population data, address verification services, 3dsecure,
It would not make sense to move at accelerated speed towards a digital economy, if public administrations still function with papers and a physical infrastructure only.
questions and lessons learnt for SMES based on the existing resources, notably specific assessment tools, checklists and databases,
and improving the data management of the chemicals2. www. aga. com CAR2GO: selling new forms mobility The next step for carsharing models may be the concept of CAR2GO.
Carbon Trust guide to carbon footprinting for organisations and products. www. carbontrust. com/resources/guides/carbon-footprinting-andreporting/carbon-footprinting EC's LCA database
including carbon footprint data of over 300 materials, energy carriers, and delivery of waste treatment and transport lca. jrc. ec. europa. eu/lcainfohub/datasetarea. vm Guide to PAS 2050 How to assess the carbon footprint of goods and services shop
Energy productivity expresses the amount of economic value generated by one unit of energy input or consumption. 5 SERI 2011, Global Material Flow Database. 2011 Version. www. materialflows
EIO 2012 based on data from Demea (N=92) Figure 6: Yearly savings potential in SMES introducing material efficiency solutions Eco-innovate production processes Eco-innovate!
closed-loop energy system Electroself (Italy) is an enabling technology for distributed energy that selfgenerates its own fuel and guarantees backup power in remote areas.
The most in demand information includes data on the origin of resources used in products and evidence on the social and environmental impacts of resource use across the supply chain. 3. 3 Supply chains Supply chain management includes coordination and collaboration with suppliers,
A guide to eco-innovation for SMES and business coaches. 41 eco-innovation observatory MATREC materials database showcases developments in new,
page 44) What data and tools are available to assess the (quantified) environmental impacts in Key challenges for your business Design may be performed by product designers, design engineers,
Communicating data or information on a product's environmental impacts is not always a strong motivator for customers
a cleaner printed cicruit board Crawford Hansford & Kimber developed a cleaner printed circuit board (PCB) that is incorporated into equipment that interfaces with data loggers that is now in use in higher education around the world.
How do we incorporate environmental performance related data in communications? What is the product's Unique Selling Proposition (USP) relative to competitive offers?
Have you got evidence to backup your claims? Greenwashing must be avoided! How are you going to create noise in the market and amongst your customers?
a repository of good practices and online database. www. eco-innovation. eu INNOWATER is a public-private partnership of public innovation agencies, water associations and technology specialists
including reduction greenhouse gas emission across the life cycle of bio-based products. www. biochem-project. eu The European commission has funded a range of projects collecting data and good practice examples
EIO 2012 based on data from Demea (N=92) p. 28: Source: www. lisec. com/LPS/Glas-Vorspannanlagen-speziell-fuer-Duennglas p. 29:
Visit our website to get open access to our reports, interactive database with charts and maps,
and interpreting innovation data. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: Statistical Office of the European communities, Paris. 33 OECD (2009) Eco-Innovation in Industry:
administrative burdens and sanctions 105.1.6 Data subject rights and consent 105.1.7 Regulation and enforcement 105.2 Ecommerce Europe's additional proposals 105.2.1 Knowledge and education 105.2.2
For this reason, Ecommerce Europe calls on the EU, national authorities, operators and consumers to further reflect with relevant stakeholders (i e. data controllers
processors and data subjects) on the proposal in order to achieve a harmonised framework based on a balanced approach in this important legislative step. 8 Del Duca, L.,Rule, C.,Loebl,
and ensuring the free movement of data within the EU. Ecommerce Europe stresses the need for general principles applicable to all processing of data,
Ecommerce Europe underlines the importance of the‘legitimate interests of the data controller'as a ground for processing personal data.
Article 6 of the new general data protection regulation-which lays down the need for one consent from the data subject
in order to process data is vital but over-emphasised by the Commission. The draft of the new definition however, increases the formality of obtaining consent.
these data should be readily available and accessible. The right balance as laid down in Directive 95/46/EC-between the protection of consumers'data
and the merchants'innovative legitimate business interests has to be respected in order to get consent to process data. 5. 1. 4 Harmonisation
and international consistency Ecommerce Europe emphasizes the need for harmonisation and a level playing field within the EU and its Member States.
The proposed sanctions-which can run up to 2%of an enterprise's annual worldwide turnover-are disproportionate. 5. 1. 6 Data subject rights and consent Where possible,
data subjects should be in control of their personal data. It will be important to strike a balance between individual rights, consumer trust, the public interest and the right of free access to (and collection of) information.
The rule that private data may only be stored for a limited time, supplemented by the right of individuals to have deleted their data
and/or withdraw their consent already forms, strictly speaking, a‘right to be forgotten'.'Therefore, creating a general‘right to be forgotten,
Ecommerce Europe questions the usefulness of the‘right to data portability, 'which has been introduced in the new draft regulation.
since companies have to develop new systems for data management. For this reason, Ecommerce Europe challenges the impact assessment that has been carried out by the Commission.
adapted to the data subject when it comes to information and transparency, will lead to legal uncertainty for merchants because of its subjective nature. 5. 1. 7 Regulation
Rather than strengthening the rights of data subjects and thereby providing them with a false sense of security,
data subjects should be educated on how they can protect their personal data. 5. 2. 2 Self-regulation Data protection requirements should be included in (national) e-commerce trustmark schemes. 6. Electronic signatures and e-Identificationsecure, reliable,
Cross-section analysis looks at data for a set of different countries at a single point in time,
The positioning of countries in the matrix is based on a combination of data and qualitative assessments that reflect each country's level of development of ICT infrastructure and ICT enablers in 2002-03.
and harness data effectively 23 Flawed project planning or implementation 23 Lack of ICT skills in workforce 22 Employee resistance to change 22 Other 3 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 17 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe
R&d and skills training for Finnish SMES data network and ensure that it operates properly.
these actions have resulted usually in significantly lower costs of telephony and data services for end-users,
%2) average quota and licensing coverage of imports of less than 40%;(%3) a black-market exchange-rate premium that averaged less than 20%;
It is constructed on the basis of data for: 1. Fixed telephone lines penetration (lines per 100 population.
and harness data effectively 23 Flawed project planning or implementation 23 Lack of ICT skills in workforce 22 Employee resistance to change 22 Other 3
%respondents) Improved management information 51 Communication and collaboration between employees 48 Customer relationship management 33 Integration of existing data/technologies 33 Remote/mobile working 23
%respondents) Improved management information 47 Customer relationship management 41 Communication and collaboration between employees 32 Supply chain integration 31 Integration of existing data/technologies 29
Whilst every effort has been taken to verify the accuracy of this information, neither The Economist Intelligence Unit Ltd. nor the sponsors of this report can accept any responsibility or liability for reliance by any person on this white paper or any of the information,
It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa. eu. int). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
Common technical rules and tools need to be adopted by the different players regarding data exchange, modelling grids, ancillary services and their users.
It will address confidentiality constraints with insufficient data transparency; Since grids are highly complex with multiple connection points,
The increase in required control leads to a dramatic rise in information traffic derived from status and ancillary data.
Google user data requests...29 Figure E. 4. 4: Percentage of user-data requests filed by governments where Google provided at least some of the data requested...
30 9 Introduction 1. 1. The context for this study and the European Strategy and Policy Analysis System effort Over recent years, the European union has experienced a number of challenges.
and analysis of the quantitative data available. Our approach is designed to identify the consensus as well as the disagreement on a given trend within a specific theme,
The tables below show that there is a correlation between levels of digitisation and composite well-being proxy indicators such as the United nations Human Development Index (HDI) and the indices compiled by Gallup and the OECD. In addition,
and expansion of broadband coverage globally underpins beliefs about the sustained growth in the use of platforms for creating and sharing usergenerated content.
Assumptions about rising profits from progress in the fields of cloud computing and new business models associated with data analytics sustain the presumption of increased use of these technologies by the private
although the perception of the magnitude of the trend may exceed that of reported data.
and personal characteristics made possible by Internet of things technologies and Big data analytics. Therefore, it may be possible that as an effect of technological change the significance of mental categories,
Governments are likely to make increasing use of technology-related applications in particular e-services, Big data analytics and network-based open policymaking in decisionmaking and providing services to the citizen.
Furthermore, the projected growth in the potential of organisations to leverage Big data analytics (from location-based health data to engaging with public opinion) is likely to have an impact on the evidence base that informs policymaking in governments that can access these tools (Johns 2013;
At the same time, big (and open) data policies will create a need for policies that make sure there is no discrimination between more and less digitally savvy parts of society (Lerman 2013;
using it both as a tool for interaction with citizens and as a pool of data for surveillance purposes.
Opennet Initiative Data FAQ https://opennet. net/oni-faq. 29 political actor. The future role of corporate actors in enabling democratic movements is controversial (Anderson 2012.
Google user data requests9 Source: Google transparency reports 9 The category includes the following countries, from
Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, The netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Spain and the United kingdom. It comprises user-data requests,
Percentage of user-data requests filed by governments where Google provided at least some of the data requested10 Source:
Google transparency reports However, it has to be kept in mind that data mining is not only a tool for the surveillance of citizens and the limitation of freedom of speech.
Several governments have shared their databases with the public to spark innovation through data analytics and seek answers to societal problems. 11 10 For EU countries,
http://open-data. europa. eu/open-data 31 Matrix for key trends in connectivity Trend Drivers Indicators Evidence-base (0/+/Time horizon
will continue to grow in importance for policymaking Technological progress and growing degree of interconnectedness, fiscal constraints, technological progress Digitisation indices, HDI, wellness indicators, evaluation indicators for individual programmes
demand for services e-government benchmarking data (EU, UN)+ Short to medium term Unequal accessibility and ubiquity of services and citizen engagement across Member States and between strata of society,
(low/medium/high) Growing surveillance and data mining create tensions between citizens and governments Technological progress and growing degree of interconnectedness,
growing security concerns connected to cyberspace Government data requests revealed by ISPS, composite indicators such as Opennet Initiative data, anecdotal evidence, sentiment analysis outputs+Short to medium term Social acceptance, social conflicts, wildcards such as
internet/surveillance policies of foreign states High Spread of rational secular value systems will develop independently from interconnectedness+High 33 Bibliography African Development Bank, Africa in 50 Years'Time:
and Newton Minow,"Government Data mining,"2008. Cave, Jonathan, C Van Oranje, Rebecca Schindler, Alaa Shehabi,
http://epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu/portal/page/portal/population/data/database 43 Eurostat. from http://epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu
a longitudinal perspective,"ACM SIGMIS Database, Vol. 42, No. 4, 2012, pp. 98-116. IIASA (2007)."2007 update of probabilistic world population projections:
Measuring socioeconomic digitization: A paradigm shift. Available at SSRN 2031531 Kahn, L. B. 2010) The long-term labor market consequences of graduating from college in a bad economy.
http://www. euro. centre. org/data/1226583242 93408. pdf Lelkes, O, and Zólyomi, E.,Poverty Across Europe:
Lerman, J.,Big data and Its Exclusions, Stanford Law Review Online, 66,55, 2013. Levin,"The rise of Asia's universities,"2010. http://www. hepi. ac. uk/483-1780/Seventh-HEPI-Annual-Lecture. html Lewis, Maureen,
and A. Hung Byers, Big data: The next frontier for innovation, competition, and productivity, Mckinsey Global Institute, 2011.
A panel data approach The Social science Journal,(49) 2: 167-174, Sathyamurthy, T. V.,"Nationalism in the Era of Globalisation,"Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 33, No. 33/34
and Jules Polonetsky,"Privacy in the Age of Big data: A Time for Big Decisions,"Stanford Law Review Online, Vol. 64,2012, p. 63.
http://www. euro. who. int/data/assets/pdf file/0009/98307/E92469. pdf Times, N y. 2012."
United nations,"World Population Prospects, the 2010 Revision,"2010. http://esa. un. org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population. htm, United nations e-government
"International Data base: Total Midyear Population for the World: 1950-2050.""Retrieved As of July 2013, from http://www. census. gov/population/international/data/idb/worldpoptotal. php.
US Department of state (June 2013.""Trafficking In persons Report.""from http://www. state. gov/documents/organization/210737. pdf. Vaira, Massimiliano,"Globalization and higher education organizational change:
http://data. worldbank. org/indicator/SE. ADT. LITR. ZS/countries? display=default World bank World Development Indicators,"Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments(%)2012.
http://data. worldbank. org/indicator/SG. GEN. PARL. ZS World Economic Forum, The Future of Pensions and Healthcare in a Rapidly Ageing World Scenarios to 2030, Geneva:
Multiple data sources indicate that European conditions are far from ideal for entrepreneurs and fast-growing companies
In addition to extensive inputs from the Forum's Members, Global Shapers, Young Global Leaders, Network of Global Agenda Councils and leading policy-makers across Europe, the findings in the report have benefitted from data gathered from over 60 structured interviews
A more transparent, inclusive and Europe-wide database and network of initiatives would greatly assist in promoting innovation-driven entrepreneurship. 6 Enhancing Europe's Competitiveness Partner:
the Forum partnered with Research+Data Insights, Junior Achievement-Young Enterprise (JAYE) Europe, and the European Confederation of Young Entrepreneurs (YES) to survey a broad range of Europeans with experience
while working within a large organization) in consulting SMES in innovation management based on an extensive European benchmarking database.
with a focus on tech start-ups. 29 The European Digital Forum is a first-of-its kind think tank dedicated to empowering tech entrepreneurs and growing Europe's digital economy..
while data is hard to come by, in recent years the European venture capital segment has seen a number of notable successes such as Supercell and Spotify.
Many European venture capital experts say the sector is stronger than the long-term data indicate. Today
Young Global Leader Building a database and evaluating data with a clearly defined process Google Ventures uses algorithms with data from academic literature or from due diligences.
Developing a transparent, inclusive, Europe-wide database and network of initiatives for entrepreneurship Partner: Developing entrepreneurship initiatives that achieve both scale
Europe-wide database and network of initiatives for entrepreneurship Establishing a visible, inclusive network of public and private initiatives is considered to be somewhat important or very important by 89%of survey participants (Figure 23).
One important aspect of such a network would be a layer of data, not only on the initiatives themselves,
The best way of doing this is to align on a standard format to systematically publish search fields online to boost the development of platforms that can draw on the data.
Efforts to share governmentowned data intelligently can also help in this respect: the strategy initiated in countries like the United kingdom around datagov (in
which central and local governments offer access to their data on traffic, criminality or available services, for example) and opengov (in
and feedback on policies) have played a positive role in allowing ordinary citizens to regain ownership of their data,
The examples of what other countries (such as Singapore) are doing in new areas such as Big data
Fostering Innovation-driven Entrepreneurship in Europe 55 Conclusion Over the course of 2013 and 2014, the Forum's Fostering Innovation-driven Entrepreneurship in Europe project has drawn on survey data, structured interviews,
7. See Eurostat database. 8. Note: Slovakia is not part of the analysis because as of 2010 (and therefore during the assessed time interval) it has applied a new statistical methodology;
Central and Eastern europe (no EVCA data available on Turkey: Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia;
-YE Europe Alumni Research+Data Insights, a Hill+Knowlton Strategies company David Iannelli, President Amber Ott, Senior Account Supervisor YES Dimitris Tsigos, President
and proposes a framework of how ICT can be used to enhance immunisation coverage. Keywords: ICT, Immunisation System;
Immunization coverage; System Dynamics modelling. INTRODUCTION The role Information Communication Technologies (ICTS) play in improving the efficiencies
Preventable childhood diseases such as measles, polio and premature deaths still occur particularly in the developing countries due to low immunization coverage (WHO, 1999.
Various approaches have been applied to understand immunization coverage problems, however, there are still acknowledged deficiencies in these approaches
Various approaches have been applied to understand immunization coverage problems, however, there are acknowledged deficiencies in these approaches.
the coverage rate in Uganda is generally still low (less than 60%)WHO, 2001. Figure 1:
Ugandan Immunization Rates by Different Vaccines 1981-2003 Figure 1, illustrates immunization coverage rates in Uganda over 22 years.
Immunisation coverage is very dynamic and can only be sustained by continuous campaigns. As the immunization coverage rates decline, campaigns and different forms of advertising are used as a quick fix to change the negative response towards immunization.
This results in high dependence on campaigns, word of mouth and advertising whose effect wares off with time
2. What kind of data and information may be collected to understand the extent of immunization system and immunisation coverage?
and linked through data networks. Telemedicine which uses telecommunication and multimedia technologies is used now increasingly for remote consultation, diagnostics and examination of patients over the internet.
Data collection (Gambia), healthcare delivery (Ethiopia), research (Ghana), medical databases, consultation and referral scheduling, epidemic alerts and medical libraries.
illustrates the intricate and complex relationships among factors affecting immunization coverage from a healthcare system perspective and a number of feedback loops
which may help to explain different immunization coverage levels. The relationships between the variables are presented with a connector
shows the following as key issues as far as maintaining an effective healthcare system for improved immunization coverage:
The different ICT requirements and information systems that need to be developed for the improvement of immunization coverage can then be generated from a clear understanding of the system.
and be able to exchange data and information on service delivery. In order to improve the efficiency
Effective data collection and sharing of information can be enhanced through the application of information and communication technologies.
collecting and analysing disease spread data in a country, and educating the community about good healthy living (Wasukira, Somerwel and Wendt, 2003).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Research methodology In order to understand the health system as well as the factors that influence immunization coverage,
with data flowing only from individual health units to the district and national level. A health management information system (HMIS) that emphasizes use of information at the point of collection is currently in use (Gladwin, Dixon and Wilson, 2003.
using and disseminating data, carrying out routine maintenance of cold chain, reporting and management of outbreaks.
The tally sheets are forwarded to the health district level for entry into a computerized database Health Management Information system (HMIS.
and level of service towards the improvement of immunization coverage: Child: In the proposed system, a SMART card will be prepared for each child born.
The data is uploaded then onto the handheld device and sent to the district database through a fixed wireless terminal.
and the data is uploaded then to the national database. Health workers will use the PDA to access immunization information (diseases, vaccines, side effects, immunization schedule, stock management) from the immunization content management system.
At the district level, data can be used to prepare forecasts, analysis and plans for the district.
The data from all the districts is compiled to obtain the national immunization performance. The data can then be used to generate national targets, imports of vaccines and supplies,
management of staff and equipment as well as enhance decision making process for long term plans. National level: An immunisation content management system that has all the information pertaining to immunisation (diseases, vaccines, schedules,
third to create a public database that holds data at the community level, but is fed through the decision making structure to improve healthcare provision nationally and local level.
Enhancing Immunization Coverage through Health Information systems: A System Dynamics Approach. Stud Health Technol Inform. vol. 130, pp. 247-56.
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