Norway (16,3%),Island (13,7%),Switzerland (11,5%),USA (10,1%)and Denmark (2, 2%).The data confirms a much tied connection between the work tax
which already demonstrate a‘clustering'effect where there is a strong base of companies and research activity (e g.
The changing nature of sectors, high data volumes and information intensity, the increased use of graphics and video, interactive websites,
Fexco (Tralee) and Quinn (Cavan) 25 Internet data transfer capacities are growing at a fast rate.
For ease of comparison across regions, data tables are provided in the Appendix. Border The Border region,
Key Data and Statistics Border Border State Average Dublin Unemployment (Q1 2009) 11.7%10.2%8. 9%Employment Growth 1998-2008 38%33
and services used in its production latest available data is for 2006 FORFÁS REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDAS:
Key Data and Statistics-West West State Average Dublin Unemployment (Q4 2009) 11%10.2%8. 9%Employment Growth 1998-2008 37%33
Key Statistics and Data-Midlands Midlands State Average Dublin Unemployment (Q4 2009) 11.7 10.2%8. 9%Employment Growth 1998-2008 45%33
Key Data and Statistics Southwest Southwest State Average Dublin Unemployment (Q4 2009) 9. 9%10.2%8. 9%Employment Growth 1998-2008 32
'Green'Data centres Biotech FORFÁS REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AGENDAS: OVERVIEW, FINDINGS & ACTIONS 24 HEIS to consider work placement where students would take up opportunities in a flexible
and other Services, Food and Tourism Key Data and Statistics Midwest Midwest State Average Dublin Unemployment (Q1 2009) 11.4%10.2%8. 9%Employment
Key Data and Statistics Southeast Southeast State Average Dublin Unemployment (Q4 2009) 11.4%10.2%8. 9%Employment Growth 1998-2008 40%33
Key Data and Statistics-East Dublin Mideast State Average Unemployment (Q1 2009) 8. 9%9. 2%10.2%Employment Growth 1998-2008 22
CSO, Quarterly National Household Survey (QNHS) Database Direct Figure A2. 2: Unemployment rate 1997-2009(%)Source:
CSO, QNHS Database Direct (all Quarter 4 except 2009 which is Q3) 02468 10 12 14 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2004
CSO National Accounts, Database Direct Food and Drink 15%Pharmaceuticals 6%Medical Technologies 7%ICT Hardware 9%ICT Services Financial services 20
CSO National Accounts, Database Direct Figure A2. 5: GVA per capita and per person at work, 2006 (€) Source:
CSO National Accounts, Database Direct 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 GVA per capita (€) GVA per person at work (€) 0 0
CSO National Accounts, Database Direct Figure A2. 7: Productivity Levels as measured by GVA per worker (State=100%)Source:
CSO National Accounts, Database Direct 1 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 1. 7 2000
CSO National Accounts, Database Direct Table A2. 2: Entrepreneurial Activity by Region (2004-2008) Region Expected to start a business in the next 3 years(%of Adults) Nascent Entrepreneurs(%of Adults) New Firm Entrepreneurs(%of Adults) Early Stage
Baseline Data and Analysis: Southeast Region which provides an overview of the region today based on an analysis of quantitative and qualitative indicators across a range of competitiveness factors;
Baseline Data and Analysis for the region. Figure 1: Factors of Competitiveness Overview Population and Growth Comprising of counties Carlow, Kilkenny, South Tipperary, Waterford and Wexford,
Future business investment within the region in international and financial services will require advanced, high quality and competitively priced broadband infrastructure and access to data centre capacity.
The IDA is developing a limited number of larger scale strategic sites that are intended to service utility intensive enterprise activity (e g. bio/pharma manufacturing, data intensive services.
2011 (Preliminary Results) See data in Appendix 1 SOUTH EAST EMPLOYMENT ACTION PLAN FORFÁS Map 1:
EN 0063509 Ordnance Survey Ireland/Government of Ireland-Data Source: CSO Census of Population 2011 (Preliminary Results.
CSO, Census of Population 2002 & 2006 and estimates based on preliminary data for 2011 The effect of the dispersed urban structure in the region is evident in the quite limited extent of Waterford City's commuter catchment area,
EN 0063509 Ordnance Survey Ireland/Government of Ireland-Data Source: CSO POWCAR data for 2006.
Not to be reproduced without permission from AIRO. The age profile of the South East diverges only slightly from that of the State as a whole.
A positive is that in 2006 (latest available data) the region had a higher proportion of its population aged under 15 (Appendix 1). SOUTH EAST EMPLOYMENT ACTION PLAN FORFÁS Economic Development
Trend data over the period 2006 to 2009 shows that the number of small enterprises
and at a faster rate than the decline nationally (Appendix 1). 7 Based on Forfás analysis of CSO Business Demography data.
The GEM 2008 findings are reflected in EI data with respect to the emergence of high potential start-ups from the region.
FAS SLMRU/CSO QNHS Data Early school leaving: Recent Department of education data on education retention at secondary level indicates that regional performance on educational attainment is likely to 8%6%15%13%25%26%16%12
%16%16%18%24%3%3%0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%South East State
and Machine Operative occupations in the South East(-31 percent since 2008) relative to the State(-22 9 Refer to data tables in Appendix 3 22 percent).
however, a key challenge for the airport is 11 This is based on the 2006 Census data as 2011 data is not yet available by town.
IDA estimates that a large scale manufacturing/data centre development would require approximately 20 MW of electricity capacity.
and updated to take account of more recent sectoral data and trends through Forfás ongoing sectoral research and policy development 20 Teagasc (2008) Towards 2030:
in locations such as data centres and delivered on demand. Cloud computing is impacting the ICT industry in terms of the products
and Infrastructure-such as NGNS, data hosting, etc. The broad sector displays strong growth prospects; driven by changing consumer behaviour/preferences in the sector, the increasing power of mobility & devices,
Data includes consumer spending on console (incl. handheld), PC games, online games and wireless/mobile games and video games advertising.
which form a key element in the digital economy, for example Ireland has attracted already major games companies from overseas who have sited their customer support
Realising Potential The recently published Forfás Action Plan for the games sector in Ireland contains recommendations of relevance for realising growth potential in both the games sector specifically and the wider digital economy.
and Investment 9 Places Bachelor of science (Level 7) Information technology 17 Places 42 Refer to Appendix X for data tables 46 Table 5. 1 Education Providers
Data on the level of enrolments are not yet available. Courses are available across a range of NFQ levels
and engage. 43 See data in Appendix 3 SOUTH EAST EMPLOYMENT ACTION PLAN FORFÁS In addition,
and Contact Centres (front office: includes both inbound and outbound call services including problem resolution, information provision, technical support (through from Tier 1 to Tier 3) marketing, sales lead generation,
KPO services include activities such as business research services, data analytics, patent research services etc. The increasing complexity of activities being outsourced often goes hand in hand with increased sensitivity of the related data
which may impact on a company's location decisions. 50 The corporate shared services activities are evolving in much the same way requiring a strategic partnership approach by The irish based subsidiary in terms of its relationship with affiliates and quality
or annual fee with a service provider that hosts the call centre telephony equipment in their own data centre. 53 A number of existing operations have transitioned to offer higher order value services for example multilingual
Latest available regional data is for 2006 86 metric for a number of reasons, particularly because‘transfer pricing'by multinational corporations can exaggerate the value of activity taking place at a given location72.
100 sat the leaving certificate by 2010.73 The table below shows the available data on the South East counties compared to the national average. 73 The Department of education produce a final adjusted rate of 87. 7percent to take account of students that emigrated
FAS SLMRU/CSO QNHS Data 92 Figure A 15 Employment Permits issued in the South East 2004-2010 The number of new employment permits issued in recent times
Business Processes Transaction processing Data entry/conversion or indexing services to various verticals including e g.
Clinical data management Supply Chain/Procurement services Managing supply chain activities including Order to Cash,
or elements of IT services including e g. data hosting, Software as a service, Infrastructure as a service, Platform as a service etc. 102 Appendix 7 Business Process Outsourcing An Evolving Sector From Business Process Outsourcing to Knowledge Process Outsourcing Characteristics BPO Professional Services/KPO Business
to use digital images and video games as well as adapted sports equipment. One can see that Ricard and Muller have gone way beyond traditional entrepreneurship:
The 1200-baud modem was slow by 2014's gigabit broadband standards. But in terms of speed and ease, it easily beat going offline
Wayne Danielson of the University of Texas applied artificial intelligence (AI) to create an early tool for generating computer-written haikus.
when learning analytics and artificial intelligence are used effectively to optimize and customize student engagement and learning in real time (Fournier, 2011).
While an increasing number of MOOCS integrate artificial intelligence and expert systems to provide student feedback and learning customization,
the ability of these systems to function effectively is limited largely to courses designed to advance subject matter mastery.
reality and an early government big data initiative to build a digital 117 surveillance system today called PRISM.
Educators need to develop new assessment methods using the unique capabilities of digital technology, from algorithms to artificial intelligence.
Educators could incorporate these principles and techniques into their curricula through the fusion of augmented reality, big data and social media.
The AR content embedded into the magazine includes a variety of 3d data-driven visualizations
Moreover, learning analytics based on such data are increasingly being incorporated across digital learning environments. Mobile devices such as smartphones or tablets can be used easily as well as clicker apps
Research shows big data analytics are an effective tool to enable the professor to make instant adjustments to optimize learning and further diagnostics of teaching effectiveness as well as learning assessment (ELI, 2011.
Digital tools using artificial intelligence can enable real-time customization of learning as they are beginning to do with some MOOCS.
The coalescence of learning analytics and artificial intelligence holds promise. Consider the case of Narrative Science (Northwestern university Innovation and New Ventors Office, 2014.
Narrative science transforms data into stories and insights through its proprietary artificial intelligence authoring system. The algorithms the system uses are highly effective
and have attracted dozens of companies, including media enterprises, willing to pay to use the system to write stories.
measuring performance required data that were unavailable from suitable secondary data sources. Hence, we used subjective measures of performance provided by the respondent managers to capture firms'relative profitability
Analyses Structural equation modeling using LISREL 8. 52 was employed for validation of the scales through confirmatory factor analysis and for hypothesis testing.
For construct validation, a two-phase confirmatory factor analysis approach was conducted, as suggested by Anderson and Gerbing (1988).
The model fits the data strongly (c2=123.40, df=81, p<.05; CFI=0. 99;
Modern Factor analysis. Chicago, IL: University of chicago Press. Hax, A, . and N. Majluf (1991). The Strategy Concept and Process.
see The Global Competitiveness Report 2012 2013 with detailed profiles of all 144 economies as well as an interactive data platform are available at www. weforum. org/gcr.
the data suggest a slight downward trend of its performance in higher education (ranking 8th place on higher education
Collection of data on green technologies and smart ICT systems, suitable to be applied on the corridors to improve performance
Particular attention was paid to the coverage of long distance routes serving large freight volumes by all transport modes apart from air.
and few data about them were collected. Thus, these extra KPIS were excluded from the baseline evaluation,
a) Quantitative data on the technology impact, validated against real-life performance; and (b) Detailed data about corridor transport routes,
such as traffic volumes, frequency of service, delivery time and vehicle features. Since such data were not available for all corridors,
a limited set of benchmark scenarios was produced based on the baseline transport chains (Sect. 2) and the green technology review. 3. 1 Green Technology Survey
collecting data from manufacturers, research and academic works, and the project consortium. The survey resulted in a list of 200 representative technologies of the following categories:
and it was based on publicly available manufacturer data, technology success stories and research project results.
and mapped to technology performance data 12. For instance, a green technology that reduces fuel consumption can potentially help to reduce fuel cost,
Due to lack of data about capital costs for some of the green technologies, the return of investment and its impact on the operating cost were considered not.
Non-corridor specific description of the ICT systems under investigation, including data about basic functionalities,
Other relevant data could be collected also. Step 5: Based on step 4, inter alia, investigation of potential impact of ICT on the KPIS of a corridor.
a) Data necessary to quantitatively compute the ICT impact on corridors generally proved to be difficult
unwillingness of operators or other sources to reveal such data (if any), and non-homogeneity in data quality.
The problem of data availability (such as cargo flows) is recognised in the EU. In some cases,
estimates of such data can be produced based on mathematical models. A fortiori, any linkage of such data with particular ICTS is complicated even more.
b) In contrast to the green technologies (Sect. 3) that can have a direct and tangible impact on the corridor KPIS,
the impact of ICTS on the greening of a corridor is of a different nature.
in order to collect data and evaluate the importance of a set of proposed ICTS: Adaptive speed control;
for which there was sufficient availability of data. This work revealed the need for adequate and consistent statistical information on transport corridor flows that would allow a precise quantification of the European corridor baseline.
Real data for costs and benefits evaluation and decision process; Possible security issues 26 CROATIA 27 HR:
and control Cost (M) Functional YEAR projects Smart Grids Functionalities EDISON SM data MV Autom.
Meter data collection, management and energy efficiency pilot project (2011 second half of year 2014. Project includes four subprojects:
1. Meter Data Management system implementation pilot project; 2. Energy efficiency pilot project; 3. Pilot project for testing of technologies for Smart homes and 4. Possibilities to use shared metering infrastructure for additional services.
This is true especially for National Strategies, Transition Pathsand Energy targetsas well as Project databases. However, a lot of valuable information IS indeed AVAILABLE in most of the participating countries/regions.
Explanatory notes Project data bases: can we have access?(indicate: access Yes/No; Websites: no single project websites-only websites with collected project information of your programm (es;
National offcial documents, laws & rules Scenarios, Project information & Platform Project Data bases, Websites with Project information
Here the focus was especially on project specific information in the Smart Grids context such as project databases
Hence, information about national/regional targets or connected strategies and innovation agendas, roadmaps or detailed project databases and information about initiatives like technology platforms could be of much quicker and easier
Flemish Region France Germany Greece Italy Latvia Project data base of which with public access of which public access & in English Other documents/websites with summarised Smart Grids related
In many countries/regions a project database (mostly on programmeswebsites) exist, but fewer are publicly accessible and only half of databases are in English.
However, it has to be mentioned that some countries/regions, which do not have a project database in English available,
provide other equivalently valuable project information (project synopsis books, project summaries) in English. Approximately in half of the countries/regions technology platforms or at least some kind of networks/co-operations in the context of Smart Grids have been founded. 59 Finally
But also a significant amount of project databases, Laws and Rules, SG R&d Programme Information in Englishand Scenariosare available.
This is true especially for National Strategies, Transition Pathsand Energy targetsas well as Project databases. 60 Figure 6 Illustrated weight of information subgroups according to availability of information.
-Evaluation of green electricity development and potentials (German) Documents or Websites about National & regional networks and platforms Available Scenarios, Project Information & Platforms Project Data bases, Websites
There is neither a project data base with public access nor other documents/websites available about national and regional networks and platforms related to Smart Grids.
Table 11 Scenarios, Project Information & Platforms in the Basque Country Project Data bases, Websites with Project information, Synopses books-non Scenarios Available-Document of Capacities
On the other hand, similar information (on programme or broad topic level) is available online at the national R&d programme and projects database of the Ministry of Science
This is the main data base of all the projects with national funding. Table 15 Scenarios, Project Information & Platforms in Croatia Available-Project database of the national R&d Programme"Croatian Electric power System Sustainable Development"Later-Websites
with collected project information at the Smart Grids platform website (available soon) Scenarios-Not yet available/terms are defined not Documents or Websites about National & regional networks and platforms Available-National Smart
Grids platform (www. smartgrids. hr)- HEP-ODS d. o. o. Smart Grids Working group (distribution system operator) Project Data bases, Websites with Project
and platforms For the Danish research programmes administered by Energinet. dk a project database (including Smart Grids related projects) exists,
But there exists a project data base for all Danish energy R&d projects conducted since 1981 (see according link in Table 20).
Table 19 Scenarios, Project Information & Platforms in Denmark Project Data bases, Websites with Project information, Synopses books Available-Data base of Danish all energy R&d
Table 23 Scenarios, Project Information & Platforms in Estonia Project Data bases, Websites with Project information, Synopses books Available Project, Programme and Funding information:
-Ministry of Finance (www. fin. ee) Project data base: -Estonian research portal (www. etis. ee/portaal/projektiinfo. aspx?
. ee Estonian Research Portal-projects data base www. etis. ee/portaal/projektiinfo. aspx? lang=en 76 4. 6. Flemish Region National official documents, laws and rules One core document regarding the energy strategy and transition path of the Flemish region:
Table 27 Scenarios, Project Information & Platforms in the Flemish Region Project Data bases, Websites with Project information, Synopses books Available-IWT SBO general feedback
Table 28 Links to Smart Grids related documents in the Flemish Region Flemish Documents Links Flanders in action-breaktroughs 2020 www. flandersinaction. be/nlapps/data
and platforms There are no project data bases or specific websites with project information available. But there is one document available drawing scenarios
Table 31 Scenarios, Project Information & Platforms in France Project Data bases, Websites with Project information, Synopses books Available-not available Scenarios Available-Energy efficiency in the European union:
and platforms 83 In Table 35 the German project data base and scenarios are highlighted. So a data base with knowledge from and for the E-Energy Projects exist,
but it is not publicly accessible. There are several scenarios available in the context of the Smart Grids development in Germany.
Table 35 Scenarios, Project Information & Platforms in Germany Project Data bases, Websites with Project information, Synopses books Available-Internal workspace of the E-Energy Programme (accessible
Project Information & Platforms in Italy Project Data bases, Websites with Project information, Synopses books Available-Information about'Ricerca di Sistema'projects (2000-present),
and platforms The most relevant website as regards the R&d project data base is the Latvian Council of Science database containing detailed information about fundamental and applied research projects and State Research Programmes
Table 46 Scenarios, Project Information & Platforms in Latvia Project Data bases, Websites with Project information, Synopses books Available-Latvian Council of Science database Scenarios
N o. 262 -Production of electricity using renewable energy resources and det ermination of the price. doc Latvian Council of Science database (Latvian) www. lzp. gov. lv/index. php?
Table 49 Scenarios, Project Information & Platforms in the Nordic Region Project Data bases, Websites with Project information, Synopses books Available-Project information within research areas
but and"Smart Grids"is a searchable term. 95 Table 53 Scenarios, Project Information & Platforms in Norway Project Data bases, Websites with Project information,
Table 57 Scenarios, Project Information & Platforms in Slovenia Project Data bases, Websites with Project information, Synopses books Available-Slovenian Current Research Information system-SICRIS
Table 61 Scenarios, Project Information & Platforms in Spain Project Data bases, Websites with Project information, Synopses books Available-Projects funded by CDTI (Centre for the Industrial Technology
and platforms Detailed information about single projects can be found in the Energy research data base of the SFOE (Swiss Federal office of Energy).
The data base is in English, but most project descriptions are not in English language. Finally, a Position Paper of Smart Grids is available (compare also link in Table 66.
Table 65 Scenarios, Project Information & Platforms in Switzerland Project Data bases, Websites with Project information, Synopses books Available-Energy research data base (SFOE)( Project
lang=en Other energy research databases www. bfe. admin. ch/forschungewg/02546/index. html? lang=en Federal energy research concept 2008-2011 (in German or French) www. bfe. admin. ch/forschungewg/02354/index. html?
lang=en&dossier id=0 2885 Energy research database (English) www. bfe. admin. ch/dokumentation/energieforschung/index. html?
Table 69 Scenarios, Project Information & Platforms in The netherlands Project Data bases, Websites with Project information, Synopses books Available-Project data base (access,
grids (intelligente netten) http://regelingen. agentschapnl. nl/content/intelligente-netten Project data base (access, but project description in Dutch) http://www. senternovem. nl/projecten/eos/index. asp?
But no public access to the database is foreseen. The institution mainly dealing with Smart Grids issues is the Turkish Electricity Transmission System Operator TEIAS.
Project Information & Platforms in Turkey Project Data bases, Websites with Project information, Synopses books Available-TUBITAK National Research Infrastructure Information Sytem;
The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission's behalf may be held responsible for the use
data open data. Open data increases awareness and coordination, creates new opportunities for innovation, and strengthens inclusion, participation and, ultimately, human well-being.
Society, economy, and even human psychology itself are undergoing an irreversible change, which we as citizens and policymakers are still struggling to understand.
These range from social networks for those living with chronic health conditions, to online platforms for citizen participation in policymaking, to using open data to create more transparency around public spending.
Open Hardware Open Networks Open Data and Open Knowledge Open hardware: These projects are inspired by the global do-it-yourself maker movement and the spread of maker spaces.
All data is plotted on a map that visualises radiation levels in a given geographical area, and which is free for anyone to access.
Open data: This refers to innovative ways of opening up, capturing, using, analyzing and interpreting data.
Opencorporates (OC) provides a good example of the opportunities in open data. It was set up to in the wake of the financial crisis to make information about companies and the corporate world more transparent and accessible.
It has grown since to become the largest open database of companies in the world, including data on 60 million companies and their subsidiaries,
and searchable maps and visualizations. OC is used widely by journalists and governments seeking to understand global corporate structures.
Another example of this potential is how the city of Vienna in Austria, has opened up more than 160 datasets on everything from budgeting to planning information.
in order to provide a privacy-aware decentralised environment for open data; 3. Educate a technology-savvy multidisciplinary workforce,
These combine novel technology trends such as open data, open hardware, open networks, and open knowledge;
and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Open Hardware Organisations More Filters Screenshot of the crowdmap www
citizen science, where the crowdsourcing of scientific data allows for some scientific research to be conducted by nonprofessional scientists;
A potential future scenario to tackle climate change using collective intelligence could be the large-scale crowdsourcing of environmental data,
At the present moment, the Internet offers unprecedented opportunities for collective intelligence via its increasing ubiquity and the massive amounts of data available for collective transformation into knowledge.
transmitting data coming from people, sensors, the environment and objects themselves. However, we cannot expect the Internet by itself to drive innovation to help citizens address major societal challenges.
Yet on the level of services, the emerging cloud model of some services (proprietary social networks, big data providers, implementations of the Internet of things
as their applications need access to social data held on third-party sites and permissions to get into proprietary‘app stores.'
an increasing concentration of power in services in the hands of a few data aggregators, none of which are based in Europe (Google controlling nearly 82%of the global search market and 98%of the mobile search market,
while the value of big data is associated often only with efficiency and profitability, big data can also be used for social good,
to improve public services and stimulate inclusive innovation. 1. 3 DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION IN THE CONTEXT OF FUTURE INTERNET IN EUROPE The world wide web became successful
Big data can also be used for social good, to improve public services and stimulate inclusive innovation. 18 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe European SMES,
data storage and analytics and are producing valuable data about people, the environment and biometric and sensor data.
The amount of data produced by open platforms and used for social innovation is dwarfed still by the amount of data collected on proprietary platforms,
with the danger that much of this data is not available for the social good. For example, even the European Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives.
Take for example the commercial success of Google: Google has built already one of the world's largest networks of computers and data centres for online-search results,
and can repurpose their technology in order to expand into other data-driven services in order to increase their value, profit and marketability.
For example, the company is now pushing into smart watches, smart cars, smart thermostats, smart clothes and smart cities.
and analyse medical information, sensor and environmental data, which raises significant issues of privacy and competition.
if only a few non-European commercial bodies control all data-driven services, this threatens the ability of the European innovation system to compete This European infrastructure would enable a whole new round of innovation that may not even be possible within current business models,
Europe could provide an alternative model in the form of investment in open infrastructures on the network, service and data layer.
The development of open data, federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social networks can potentially serve collective action and awareness.
Making data available as part of a common distributed and decentralised architecture, open to all, allow new entrants to aggregate data on demand
and create new services. Competition based on open standards, protocols and formats are essential to deploy interoperability between data, devices, services and networks.
This vision requires more investment in fundamental research to promote net-neutrality, strong encryption, banning of trivial patents, open standards and free software together with the multi-stakeholder governance model.
and patents, appropriating users'data and discriminating network traffic. By centralising computing, data storage and service provision (via the Cloud),
and by striking strategic alliances between the largest Over-The-Top (OTT) iand largest network operators, there is a risk that the innovation ecosystem will become more closed,
Even more worrying, the latest NSA data-gate showed that intelligence agencies and governments have been engaging in mass surveillance operations,
which has been used to capture data on DSI organisation via www. digitalsocial. eu. We have mapped 1000 DSI organisations and 630 collaborative projects as of January 2015.
Data is categorised by: 1. A typology of organisations (e g. Government and public sector organisations, businesses, academia and research organisations, social enterprises, charities and foundations and grassroots communities) 2. The way these organisations are supporting DSI (for instance,
and festivals) 3. The main technological trends the organisations and their activities fit under (e g. open data, open networks, open knowledge,
Open Knowledge, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Network. 4 Areas of Society: Health and Wellbeing, Finance and Economy, Energy and Environment, Education and Skills, Culture and Arts, Work and Employment, Participation and Democracy, Neighbourhood Regeneration,
A provisional thematic clustering of DSI organisations is emerging, grouping activities into 6 macro clusters that capture the way DSI is growing and developing:(
or linking currencies to data. In East Africa the development of M-PESA (a mobile financial payment system born out of social innovation) has become an avenue for nine million people to gain access to secured financial exchange services.
or http://tuderechoasaber. es, a service that allows citizens to send open data information requests to Spanish public bodies.
and tools to enable collaborative communities to undertake large-scale projects that can lead to innovative results in open business, open government or open data.
Interesting trends are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data.
Social systems 16. 3b Order & Safety 32. 1b Education Pubblic spending Openspending is a data sharing community
and web application that aims to track every government and corporate financial transaction across the world and to present that data in a useful and engaging form.
Anyone interested in spending data of any kind is invited to contribute data to the Openspending database
and to use the Openspending API. Although the Openspending project has a strong focus on government finance,
and CKAN, the biggest repository of open data in Europe, which is underpinning a new bottom-up ecosystem for digital public services.
and communities are now able to aggregate data coming from people and the environment in order to create a new generation of products and services, fostering behavioral change.
and Santander are pioneering new practices in open data and open sensor networks that are changing the provision and delivery of public services;
and communities are beginning to aggregate the layers of data that increasingly permeate the urban environment,
and freely share their radiation measurements in open data sets. The overarching aim of Safecast is to encourage people to actively contribute to the generation of a body of data that might alleviate environmental problems.
Safecast was founded by Sean Bonner Joi Ito and Pieter Franken after March 11th 2011, when a 9. 0 earthquake hit Japan and triggered a destructive tsunami
In an effort to help, the partnership decided to take part in surfacing data on radiation levels across Japan,
and there were massive holes in the public radiation data sets available. As a response to this, the team developed the bgiegie Geiger counter
and help launch a sensor network where bgiegie owners could share the data they were collecting.
which amongst others enabled users to mount the counter on the outside of a car and use GPS technology to timestamp the data and log the location.
All Safecast data is uploaded to an open data set, which visualises radiation levels across Japan.
and organise crisis data from a variety sources, such as social media, sensors or even quasi-real-time data.
The hope is that the quick and easy access to real-time crisis data will make it easier for organisations
identifying and processing data, thereby enabling much quicker responses to crises such as Ebola or conflicts.
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 33 Many activities in this area exploit the power of open data
open APIS, and citizen science such as Open Data Challenge and Open Cities that provide citizens with better public services,
or Citysdk which is defining interoperable interfaces for city-scale applications. Other projects are exploring the potential of federated social networking, such as D-CENT and Diaspora,
open data, free and open software and open hardware. Github, the collaborative service for open software developers, is revolutionising the way code is built,
They do this through a combination of seed fundings as well as nonfinancial support such as access to co-working spaces and business support and mentores The Open Data Institute's start up programme,
and Provenance to grow their open data projects, is one of them. 13 Although incubators and accelerators have been always around,
The Open Data Institute (ODI) OPEN DATA ACCELLERATOR Traditional business accelerators offer advice and resources to fledgling firms to help them grow.
Types of organisation Providing funding for experiments/R&d Providing nonfinancial resources (i e. opening up public data sets) Delivering
open knowledge, open data, open networks, and open hardware. Through case study analysis we have sought to build up an understanding of the extent these emerging technologies, 2. 4 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS IN DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION such as open data, open networks,
open hardware and open knowledge, are being harnessed by digital social innovation. Below we provide a more detailed description of how these trends can be defined,
and on open data to share and analyse the data captured across all of the Geiger counters.
Within these broader technology areas, we have been identifying a variety of more specific technologies and activities adopted by DSI activities such as:
social media, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, big data, machine learning, 3d printing, online learning and e-petitions. The main technological trends in DSI 0100 200 300 400 Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Fairphone Safecast OPEN NETWORKS Tor Confine Guifi. net Smart
Santander OPEN DATA Open Vienna City SDK Wikiprogress Provenance OPEN KNOWLEDGE Goteo Communia Landshare Liquidfeedback Examples Technology Focus (Total 1044
and to pass their data through the network to a single or replicated dataprocessing location.
The open sensor network connects the sensor with the data repository where the information is processed and stored
as it uses public data from different sensors and forwards the gathered information to the central point within a wireless environment.
Sensor networks are the key infrastructures of a smart city, providing basic data on the usage of energy, pollution, geodata, traffic, geography, tourism and other areas.
which would be fed by open data from the OSN. A number of European cities have established sensors that detect traffic density
in order to provide external parties a single point to consume this data. For instance Smart Santander demonstrates the potential of creating large networks of sensors that capture activity from static sensors as well as citizens to create cities that better
Internet networks have become a key infrastructure for the development of the digital economy due to the‘democratisation'of the access technologies,
Tor PRIVACY AWARE NETWORK ANONYMITY ONLINE PROTECT YOUR PRIVACY Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 41 OPEN DATA Innovative ways to capture,
and interpret open data coming from people and from the environment The explosion of new types of data analytics and machine learning means that it is no longer only government
or corporate forecasters who have the opportunity to access and analyse data. By making data open, governments and other large organisations and companies that hold or generate data about society have the opportunity to enable citizens to hold government to account for
what it spends, the contracts it gives and the assets it holds. Local authorities are playing a leading role in implementing open data policies
and driving forward the open data movement. The social benefits of open government vary from citizen engagement to increased transparency and accountability as well as enhanced interaction between governments, other institutions,
and the public. For instance, citizens are gaining greater insight into how their tax payments are being spent.
Beyond the social aspects, open data also supports public sector innovation by breaking the competitive advantage gained by proprietary access to data
and data lock in. Innovation is most likely to occur when data is available online in open, structured,
computer-friendly formats for anyone to download, use, and analyse, as long as the privacy and data protection of all citizens is preserved
and that communities are entitled to share the value and social benefits of public assets. Thus
open data, together with open and standardised APIS is crucial for open innovation, as developers are able to access
and use public data and mesh it with other sources of data produced by the crowd to build novel applications that have a social utility.
Another important trend, boosting the diffusion of open data is the increasing number of mobile devices.
Smartphones, tablets, PDAS and other devices are becoming smaller, faster, smarter, more networked and personal.
Dataflows are also burgeoning as the Internet of things integrates a vast universe of network-aware sensors, actuators, video cameras,
with its Open Data in Vienna programme, demonstrated the potential in opening up its data.
The city opened its data records to the population, businesses and the scientific community. Released data ranges from statistics and geographic data on traffic
and transport to economic figures. It then invited programmers and developers to make apps and web services based on the data,
which to date have resulted in more than 60 applications for citizens. Other pioneering examples include the work by the Estonian Government and the not-for-profit Praxis on the Meiraha project
effectively coupling open data and citizen science. 42 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Helsinki Region Infoshare OPEN DATA FOR REGIONS Through an entity called Helsinki Region Infoshare34,
Helsinki and three of its neighbouring cities publish all of their data in formats that make it easy for software developers,
The movement for more and better open data has grown significantly over the last few years through projects funded by the European commission,
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 43 There are other local governments around the world that are successfully developing open data portals.
and Metropolitan Rennes in France have also set up open data websites at the regional level that can be considered good practices,
and in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, the city of Barcelona is leading Multicouncil Open Data.
Open Data Challenge OPEN DATA FOR REGIONS There are several examples where Governments and the developer communities interact.
One of Europe's biggest open data competitions is the Open Data Challenge15. It was organized by the Open Knowledge Foundation,
Prize Idea, Prize App, Price Visualization, Better Data Award, Open Data Award, and Talis Award for Linked data.
In total, 13 awards were given. There are many other competitions, such as Apps4finland16, the biggest European apps contest organized
since 2009 and Apps for Amsterdam promoted by the City of Amsterdam to make accessible to developers and citizens the data of the City. 44 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe OPEN KNOWLEDGE Co
such as Apps for Goodi or the Open Data Institute's (UK) open data training sessions for charities.
the‘kit'itself and the platform used to share data between people operating a kit.
equipped with sensors that capture data on air quality, temperature, noise, humidity and light. The board also contains a Wifi antenna that enables the direct upload of data from the sensors in real time.
A number of cities, including Manchester in the UK and Amsterdam in The netherlands, have shown an interest in supporting citizens to monitor environmental data
and have launched city pilots using the Smart Citizen Kit. Another big trend related to open hardware is the evolution of the Internet of things (Iot.
and measure data about real-world activity. This is possible due to the increasing number of powerful smart personal devices,
what has been named as Industry 4. 019 This smart infrastructure is also increasingly getting to know people by aggregating personal and social data in massive data centres.
the best possible decision making based on a real time data and information from open sources and the best possible alignments of my local providers with the global potential of wider communities (Van Kranenburg 2014) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data 47 45 44 41 40 38 34 25 18 17 15 12 6 5
streams of data from interviews to social media into a central repository capable of giving a‘big picture'of European DSI that can provide strategic recommendations for the EC.
Using the network data, stored as W3c Linked Data at http://data. digitalsocial. eu, in combination with our hybrid iterative strategy of case study interviews, workshops and events relevant to these communities,
we have identified DSI actors as part of a larger social network and have mapped this network in a way that has not been possible before.
Open data for open access is the last dense community (4. 95 per cent), with a centre on Futureeverything,
and its local chapters as well as city councils working on open data, such as Salford in the UK. Interestingly, although the open hardware network is the smallest overall
such as those around open data, are connected developing communities. Nonetheless, the vast majority of communities are interconnected not.
such as those of open data, open knowledge, open hardware and open networks? Even if an organisation is not central
Interdisciplinary European projects that force diverse communities to work together would strengthen the overall resilience of DSI in Europe by combining open hardware, open data, open knowledge and open networks. 56 Growing
Comparing the power law distribution (dark grey) to exponential distribution (light grey against the real actual network data (turquoise.
the key sign of a‘scale-free'network, in digital social innovation in the data in Figure 4, at least for organisations with more than 3 connections.
Looking at the data, if we want a single scaling European DSI network, an additional magnitude more of links (approximately 350 links) is needed to gather all the disconnected organisations to a single European network
adapted from Sestini, F (Digital) Innovation Venture capital Big data and cloud computing COMPETITION, ECONOMIC ENTERESTS Innovation and innovation policy are not new to the European union.
The European commission has announced an ambitious Digital Single Market Package that will create the conditions for a vibrant digital economy
A EU Big data strategy is becoming a priority for the competitiveness of European industries. In this framework the EC is promising to launch a multi-million euro Public Private Partnership on big data with industry.
The focus is driven business, with little attention to societal challenges or to the inclusion of civil society and bottom-up approaches.
the call for the creation of an open data incubator within Horizon 2020 aims to help SMES set up supply chains,
and sensor data to improve collective wellbeing. Furthermore, there are initiatives in the area of open access,
identity and payment data Many US companies have patents on identity, social and payment data.
and provide open data sets, in particular on social identity and payment. Public data sets will remove barriers for social innovators who often rely too much on proprietary data. 2. EU public Digital ID with citizen control Create a European standardised public digital ID
for all citizens with guidelines and rules to ensure privacy, rights, and fundamental freedoms in the digital environment.
Big data and cloud companies but also States have a lot of control over an individual's online identity.
ECOSYSTEMS AND INNOVATION LABS 9. Funding a Public-Private-People Partnership (PPPP) on distributed architectures The EU should promote to create an open decentralised digital ecosystem including open data distributed repositories
The Internet ecosystem today is highly centralised The current Internet is dominated by a handful of mainly US companies that control all the layers of the ecosystem (app store, cloud, machine learning, devices),
funding &c) Increasing the potential value of digital SI (eg making available open data, ubiquitous broadband) Enabling some of the radical,
and encryption Federated identity management Data control and data ownership The EU data protection reform package Directive on the reuse of public sector information Copyright reform Net Neutrality Magna carta for the Internet Enabling
The Nesta Centre for Challenge Prizes has run prizes in everything from energy to waste, data to education.
and Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 71 Challenges&prizes The Open Data Challenge Series42 is a collaboration between Nesta
and the Open Data Institute and has been very successful, attracting developers and social entrepreneurs to develop innovative solutions to social challenges using open data.
The European Social Innovation Challenge44 was launched by the European commission in 2013 in memory of Diogo Vasconcelos,
An important general issue is to conceive transparency/open data and privacy/data protection as complementary issues and not as opposites.
Open standards are essential to deploy interoperability between data, devices, services and networks. Standards will enable new business models for co-operation between multiple stakeholders such as companies,
so that innovators can build data mashups on top of a distributed data infrastructure (technological neutrality) without fear of unfair licensing issues.
CC0 public domain dedication is an effective legal tool that allows the waiving copyright and database rights on PSI,
and service providers who have the right to use the future Internet infrastructure (including both data in a raw and processed form,
All functionality must be exposed by way of open APIS51 that expose data using open standards.
User data and metadata should be represented in open formats such as XML52 and RDF53 (which includes Linked Data54 and SPARQL end-points55).
Directive on the reuse of public sector OPEN DATA People are not passive consumers of the data,
The primary advantage of open data is that it prevents the concentration power by leveraging asymmetries of information and differentials of access.
Open access to data would enable developers to create applications and services built on freely acquired data,
as long as they respect provisions in the license. Private data should also have its privacy dimension encoded using open standards
and the correct licensing, as well as clear requirements for how to access this data and determine its ownership,
both by vendors and end-users. This should include the right to remove data by its creators.
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 75 The preservation of Net Neutrality56 is a crucial to define
and governments should treat data traffic equally. Net neutrality protects freedom of expression and freedom of information online, reasserts the principle of fair competition
and implement open data policies. The directive provided an EU-wide framework for governments, at all levels,
to begin opening data. The European commission estimates the economic value of the PSI market at approximately €40 billion per annum.
The 2013 revision of the European commission Directive on the reuse of public sector information will further enable the opening of public sector data in a harmonised and more transparent way.
Although changes in the European legal framework in the field of transparency and open data have already been implemented
in order to give users control over their social data and sensitive information, to make it easier for businesses to innovate on top of the infrastructure.
and the role of data brokers64 will be crucial for understanding the future of bottom-up digital economies.
New forms of data control and data collective ownership by citizens should be encouraged. For instance in the UK, the government backed Midata programme is encouraging companies to bring data back to public control,
while the US has introduced green, yellow and blue buttons to simplify the option of taking back your data (in energy, education and the Veterans Administration respectively).
76 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe DATA CONTROL AND DATA OWNERSHIP PRIVACY-AWARE TECHNOLOGIES AND ENCRYPTION An important effort towards a federated identity system
Is federated the W3c Social Web Working Group58 to develop standards to make it easier to build
These standards will give citizens greater control over their own social data, allowing them to share their data selectively across various systems.
The federated web standards will also be implemented within the EC-funded D-CENT Project59 that is piloting federated social applications for participatory democracy.
FEDERATED IDENTITY MANAGEMENT User data is moving more and more into the‘Cloud 'and people are getting their music,
The aggregated data extracted from the analysis of our identities (what companies define as social graphs)
In this context, the infrastructure should preserve the right of data-portability57, and prevent lock in, therefore allowing for innovation in the wider economy based on the Future Internet users must be able to come (no barriers to entry)
fully respecting the users'privacy and ownership of the data. Personal data stores There are also new available solutions, such as Mydex, Qiy,
and to ensure that businesses receive guidance on data anonymisation and pseudonymisation. This should prevent any unauthorised collection,
This includes the need for distributed data repositories and management systems distributed secure Clouds, distributed search,
or by the Open Data Institute (ODI) and Open Knowledge Foundation on open data, and by organisations such as Tactical tech or Open Rights Group on privacy and digital rights.
or analysing existing data sets to understand the extent of the social issue Online responses to the proposed service from partners or potential customers.
and draw upon existing data and research from other sources. Level 2 You are gathering data that shows some change amongst those using your product/service At this stage,
data can begin to show effect but it will not evidence direct causality. You could consider such methods as:
pre and post survey evaluation; cohort/panel study, regular interval surveying Level 3 You can demonstrate that your product/service is causing the impact,
and you will need data on costs of production and acceptable price point for your customers.
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 85 Webindex Innovation policy frameworks examples The Global Open Data Index developed by the Open Knowledge Foundation80
which looks at key statistical sources for measuring input (such as firm level micro data, R&d statistics, labour force survey),
ü Explore DSI specific indicators such as Open Data access, digital skills and proliferation of open source projects or creative commons licenses.
Many of the inventions that now form the basis of the digital economy and the emerging Internet of things have their roots in strong public investment that funded general-purpose technologies and basic research.
As an example, the Fukushima prefecture in Japan hosts a map of the Safecast data on its website,
what public data is, and the question of who controls it, is becoming more important.
Thus data portability, federated identity management and trust frameworks should be encouraged. Defining sensible governance modalities for the data infrastructure and the DSI ecosystem will require a large collaboration between public and private.
Ultimately just as in science and technology, innovation in society needs carefully crafted investment and support.
The incubator programme run by the UK's Open Data Institute and the DSI accelerator programme run by Bethnal Green Ventures have demonstrated potential in how models developed to support early-stage businesses can be adapted to support
) Power-law distributions in empirical data SIAM Review 51 (4), 661-703. Newman, M. E. J. 2006.
uk/open-data-challenge-series 44 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/social-innovation/competition/45 http://en
/data-brokerscall-transparency-accountabilityreport-federal-trade-commission-may-2014/140527databrokerreport. pdf 65 http://www. citizenme. com, 66 http://openpds. media. mit. edu
/field/image/internet-of-things-2. jpg Page 35 Brendan Lea (2013) Open Data Institute Annual Summit 2013 online Flickr, Open
Data Institute Knowledge for Everyone. Available from: https://www. flickr. com/photos/ukodi/10590223144/in/photostream/Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 40 (2010) Guifi. net a la Festa de Tardor de
http://diaryofanelearner. com/2013/04/10/web-2-0-vs-web-3-0-what-really-Is accessed-the-difference 29th january 2015 Page 76 Unknown (2013) data
https://www. flickr. com/photos/rh2ox/9990016123 Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 77 (2013) data. path Ryoji.
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