At all times, teachers were aware of the requirement to create innovative uses of the devices as cognitive tools rather than for simple recording of data, one way transmission of information (such as podcasting of lectures),
teachers used data collection methods such as focus group interviews, observations, video recordings, individual interviews, journals, weekly logs, reflective essays, student blogs
such as the NHS reform and accuracy improvements required by the Department of health and therefore has formulated not yet a robust value for money case to either replace
and while the Authority has a strong preference for the electronic submission of prescriptions for reasons of accuracy and efficiency;
and there is a desire within the Authority to improve accuracy and reduce costs further across the service.
and we were told that a test will be arranged after the recent service provider data centre relocation. While the Authority took steps to ensure roll-back capability at each stage of the move
when integrating data and processing with modern systems. Despite this the government's stated preference is to extend the lives of such systems rather than face the risks and costs of replacing them.
and prescribing related data to NHS stakeholders and the general public. For example the Electronic Prescribing
& Financial Information for Practices service (epfip) allows GP practices to interrogate their prescribing data;
it provides a file of the payment data to NHS Connecting for Health to facilitate PCTS making the necessary payment to dispensing practices.
and are being replaced with new scanner equipment that is expected to improve both throughput and accuracy,
and avoiding some of the accuracy pitfalls associated with scanning and character recognition. The first release of EPS in 2005 did not include the ability to process payments.
and prescribing related data to NHS stakeholders and the general public (see paragraph 2. 3). 12 Part Two NHS Prescription Services:
and data The prescription pricing service depends on the CIP and legacy systems. Once the information has been captured in either system calculation rules are applied automatically.
we asked the Authority to provide us with service and system performance data for 2010-11 and 2011-12.
We also requested cost data for the prescriptions pricing service for the period 2008-09 to 2013-14 and all cost data relating to the legacy system held by the Authority.
Data on system availability system faults and customer satisfaction did not distinguish between the legacy and CIP systems.
the Authority was only able to provide us with the cost data for 2011-12 and a forecast for 2012-13.
Cost data on those two years was also less detailed than we expect. Service and system performance 3. 3 The key volume measure for the prescription service is the total number of line items listed on each prescription form.
NAO analysis of Authority data 3. 4 The Authority works to a target to process 97.5 per cent of items accurately.
Items that the Authority processed using the legacy system consistently met the accuracy target in 2011-12.
The Authority failed to meet its accuracy target for items processed through the CIP system in 2010-11
the impact of legacy ICT Figure 5 Performance against accuracy target The legacy system consistently met the accuracy target in 2011-12.
Items processed by the CIP system met the accuracy target from October 2011 NOTES 1. CIP accuracy is based on a check of 50,000 transactions a month carried out by an internal quality team.
Legacy accuracy is based on an internal check of 80 transactions from each operator. Source: The Authority 3. 5 The Authority achieved its target for processing
NAO analysis of Authority data 3. 10 The business case envisaged that a further 1. 13 pence (27 per cent of the actual 2011-12 cost) per prescription line item could be saved by the adoption
NAO analysis of Authority data NOTE 1. Costs in 2012-13 are budget estimates. 3. 12 The increase in the Authority's overall ICT costs is due to a £4 million
Strategy and business model Our assessment Key finding Now Future The Authority is taking steps to improve efficiency and accuracy.
or make alternative arrangements. 4. 6 Another aim of the Authority is to continually improve the level of service provided to customers in terms of information accuracy
and speed. 11 The installation of new scanner equipment will help to improve accuracy at the same time as increasing the capacity of the system to help cope with the increasing volume of transactions.
There are two data sources for drug and contractor information: the'CDR'and the'MDR'.'CDR provides drug information for the CIP system,
The drug data held in CDR complies with the NHS Dictionary of Medicines and Devices,
and Social Care. 12 The drug data used by the legacy system use an earlier standard
We were told that the tests will be arranged after the service provider's imminent data centre relocation, although at the time of our study, staff were still waiting for a date for the move.
and business rules from the processing in separate databases, so that any price, drug or pharmacist changes can be applied easily
the impact of legacy ICT 4. 30 The proposed refresh of the scanner equipment is expected to increase the throughput of each scanner from around 17,000 images per hour to 23,000 images per hour at the same time as improving the accuracy of the intelligent character recognition,
and customers. 5. 5 The best potential for accuracy and efficiency improvement appears to rest with the Electronic Prescriptions Service (EPS),
and the inability to integrate with current data standards and systems (e g. EPS) all further the cause to complete the migration to CIP.
and representatives from the suppliers Data and document review that encompassed key contracts, technical and design documentation, management information,
Data quality and assurance A clear and consistent strategy for data standards and architecture ensures a coordinated approach to continually improve the quality of information provided by the legacy system.
The sources of data are understood well and business users have trust in the information. Risk management Risk management processes ensure that the business risk appetite is documented
All legacy data have been identified, cleansed and mapped to the new solution and decommissioning costs have been identified.
Technical processes Data management processes are owned in place and by the business and are applied to the legacy system.
Backup and recovery capability of the legacy system is reviewed regularly and tested, and adherence to agreed recovery objectives is measured actively.
and its security controls ensure the confidentiality, availability and integrity of data. External security risk assessments are carried out regularly.
Inho Lee and Hagbong Sim of the OECD's Directorate for Science, Technology and Policy prepared the report, with a contribution by Muriel Faverie, FORUM, Université Paris X, Nanterre, France.
Public financial assistance to expand coverage for under-served groups and remote areas could complement private investment where appropriate,
OECD (1980), OECD Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Trans-border Flows of Personal data. 6 Government on-line On-line provision of government information and services can increase the efficiency and coverage
complement private investment with public financial assistance to expand coverage for under-served groups and remote areas.
and could also reinforce clustering around the richest industrial and urban areas, and increase the economic and social disparities between urban and rural populations.
For example, customer databases with a history of client-specific correspondence help managers and employees to respond more effectively to customers.
A company-wide electronic data source aims to disseminate employees'professional experience, for example tips for winning a contract, from
such as the Internet, EDI (electronic data interchange), Minitel and interactive telephone systems. 10 In the B2c context, the Internet and e-commerce can be effective tools for better communication.
has developed a marketing database, which allows every sales person to access general information about customers and previous correspondence concerning their complaints.
These companies'intranet and electronically integrated customer database not only provide the latest client-related information,
including those previously inaccessible because of the use of costly closed EDI networks (electronic data interchange).
which data are available seem to be greater for smaller enterprises. The Nordic countries have a more homogeneous distribution across firms of different sizes,
The source for these data is the Eurostat Community Survey on enterprise use of ICT.
OECD, ICT database and Eurostat, Community Survey on ICT usage in enterprises 2002, May 2003.
Data available from surveys in some countries indicate that SMES use the Internet (and e-mail) for better external communications and as a means of obtaining business information.
While available data suggest that electronic commerce is growing, it still accounts for a relatively small proportion of economic activity for firms of all sizes.
For 16 countries for which both Internet purchasing and Internet sales data are available, only one in eight on average reported making Internet sales.
OECD, ICT database, August 2002; Eurostat, E-commerce Pilot Survey 2001. The situation is similar for SMES,
OECD, ICT database, August 2002; Eurostat, E-commerce Pilot Survey 2001. In terms of volume, Internet sales by SMES are far below those of larger firms.
OECD, ICT database, August 2002; Eurostat, E-commerce Pilot Survey 2001. Towards e-business integration Some businesses, mainly early adopters of e-commerce, are entering the next stage of ICT use, e-business.
Slow Internet connections and data transfer have discouraged in fact some SMES from adopting Internet: a majority of SMES with 10-249 employees in Austria, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Spain, Portugal and the United kingdom indicated excessively slow or unstable data communication as a major hindrance to Internet use (Eurostat, 2002.
(or speed of data transfer) provided on a telecommunications network via high-speed Internet access. See OECD (2004) recommendation of the Council on Broadband Development. 24 Figure 10.
OECD, ICT database and Eurostat, E-commerce Pilot Survey 2001, August 2002. Increased competition in the telecommunications industry has been driving down access costs.
Price of leased lines in the OECD area, May 2002 Charges for a basket of national leased lines of 2 megabits per second
OECD, Telecommunications Database, June 2002.26 Box 4. Network infrastructure in developing economies For most developing economies the highest priority is to put in place the network infrastructure and a competitive environment
In 2002,8%of the population in Brazil were Internet users and almost 10%in Mexico, very much lower than Europe and the US (ITU data, 2004.
for face to face interaction 38.7 31.5 38.3 32.6 30.2 32.5 31.0 28.3 30.6 33.8 Concern about privacy of data or security issues 47.4 61.1 48.1 48.4 55.1
and to send digital images of products only to known clients (which then sell to other buyers).
Although direct access to stock data is technically feasible and can help to minimise inventories
some retailers do not provide their suppliers with electronic access to such data. They continue to order over the phone
high speed and security measures to protect the transmission of confidential data and other critical messages.
In developing countries, multi-user services can be a very important tool for increasing coverage
Greece Go Online The project of the Ministry of Development aims to introduce 50 000 SMES to the digital economy.
Impetus and Impact of Globalization, GEC Project, CRITO, Irvine University, www. crito. uci. edu. World bank (2003), World Development Indicators Database, August 2003.
or systems of electronic data interchange, excluding manually typed e-mails. 5 however, is on issues related to the E-commerce Directive
15.01.2010 (using 2009 data). 17 Eurostat, Data In focus 50/2010: Internet Usage in 2010 Households and Individuals, 14.12.2010, available at:
http://epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu/portal/page/portal/product details/publication? p product code=KS-QA-10-050 18 KPMG, Consumer and Convergence Survey IV, April 2010, available at:
and received at its destination using electronic equipment for the processing (including digital compression) and storage of data,
the service must be provided via the transmission of data"at an individual request"."This constitutes the element of interactivity
Additional data are necessary to measure the progress of online services in the European economy. Some data are available in private research institutes
but they do not always cover the 27 Member States, and their comparability is guaranteed not.
"and from the UK on the"Digital economy Act",available at http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/tris/pisa/app/search/index. cfm?
National jurisprudence on file sharing services also diverges. For instance The Italian Court of Cassation102 considered that Piratebay,
a peer-2-peer file sharing service particularly known for sharing pirated works, was not a hosting service provider.
in the sense that its conduct is merely technical, automatic and passive, pointing to a lack of knowledge or control of the data
Google processes the data entered by advertisers and the resulting display of the ads is made under conditions which Google controls.
"That is not the case where the service provider, instead of confining itself to providing that service neutrally by a merely technical and automatic processing of the data provided by its customers,
or control over, those data (Google France and Google, paragraphs 114 and 120)"."Paragraph 113"(.
or control over, the data relating to those offers for sale. It cannot then rely, in the case of those data,
on the exemption from liability referred to in Article 14 (1) of Directive 2000/31".("Paragraphs 115 and 116) The ECJ suggested that Ebay would potentially in some instances not have such a neutral position:"
or control of the data stored. The operator plays such a role when it provides assistance which entails
The UK Digital economy Act follows a three-tier approach. First, ISPS must notify their subscribers of infringements which have been reported by copyright owners
"As regards the above-mentioned question it notes that"it must be held that the injunction imposed on the ISP concerned requiring it to install the contested filtering system would oblige it to actively monitor all the data relating to each of its customers
In the UK, BT and Talktalk, two internet service providers, had contested the validity of the Digital economy Act (DEA,
in the online environment It is acknowledged widely that trust is the currency of the digital economy.
The use and exchange of personal data have become essential factors in the online economy. 150 Professional players are aggregating massive amounts of data for professional use,
Mckinsey Global Institute, Big data: The next frontier for innovation, competition and productivity, May 2011; available at:
http://www. mckinsey. com/mgi/publications/big data/index. asp. 151 Behavioural targeting or behavioural advertising is used a technique by online publishers
explicit and legitimate purposes (data minimisation principle) and not further processed in a way incompatible with those purposes (principle of finality).
whom their data are processed and the rights to access, rectify and delete personal data. Monitoring of compliance with data protection laws implementing the Directive is entrusted to national public independent authorities endowed with investigative and enforcement powers.
155 Service providers that qualify as data controllers have to provide users with clear, easily understandable and affordable privacy notices in line with the requirements of the Data protection Directive.
language=en. 154 Directive 95/46/EC of the European parliament and of the Council of 24 october 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, OJ
but also concerns about the use of data have been raised. The following sections focus on spam as well as cookies,
PDF 158 Reference can also be made to the Data Retention Directive (Directive 2006/24/EC of 15 march 2006 on the retention of data generated
The Directive harmonises national laws on the retention of data e g. on internet access, telephony and e-mail to ensure the investigation, detection and prosecution of"serious crime".
"See the report from the Commission to the Council and the European parliament on the Data Retention Directive (Directive 2006/24/EC), COM (2011) 225 final, 18.04.2011;
http://www. statewatch. org/news/2011/apr/eu-com-data-retention-report-225-11. pdf 159 See:
They are designed to facilitate a browser-server interaction in order to collect data. Cookies allow the creation of profiles which can be beneficial for both users and online service providers.
almost 80%of online service providers interviewed are collecting data from cookies. 161 Business representatives indicated in the public consultation that today's internet economy
How the data are collected and used raises questions about the compatibility of this practice with the eprivacy Directive.
Accordingly, consent has the same meaning as the data subject's consent defined in Article 2 (h) of that Directive, i e."
Any changes in the purpose for which consent was given that occur afterwards cannot be assumed to be covered by that consent, such as processing of data for incompatible secondary purposes.
and accessing data on a user's terminal equipment are part of processing for the same purpose,
which the data are collected, to guarantee fair processing in respect of the individual. 164 Article 10 of the Data protection Directive lays down the minimum information that has to be provided to a data subject. 165 Further processing of personal data for historical,
statistical or scientific purposes is not generally to be considered as incompatible with the purposes for which the data have previously been collected,
provided suitable safeguards are in place (see recital 29 and Article 6 (1)( b) of the Data protection Directive).
Companies and industry associations increasingly publish their internal guidance for online/behavioural marketing and the processing of data.
and confirm commitments on principles such as informing consumers about control of their data; how they are used (selling to third parties,
The objectives are to set forth a comprehensive and consistent personal data protection legal framework which addresses new challenges such as technological developments in the digital economy and more intense globalisation,
The principles oblige the participating companies to provide clear and unambiguous notice to users that it collects data for the purposes of online behavioural advertising.
For example, in practice it is not always easy to request deletion of data, or to get access to personal data.
Moreover, 73%of distance sellers were unaware of the exact length of the"cooling-off"179 Data from the mystery shopping exercise taken from Civic Consulting.
In this context, Article 24 (1) of the Services Directive requires Member States to remove total bans in so far as such bans concern a particular form of advertising such as advertising over the Internet. 184 It has also been reported that contractual prohibitions (e g. on data portability) complicate multi-platform advertising campaigns.
the application of data and privacy protection rules on cookies and behavioural targeting has sometimes been perceived as excessive by internet companies.
the Commission has developed a legal database which will make it possible to compare decisions and national case law of the Member States.
The database is a comprehensive and user-friendly tool which gathers and gives public access to national laws transposing the Directive, jurisprudence, administrative decisions,
http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/copyright/docs/ipr strategy/COM 2011 287 EN. pdf 73 digitisation and making available of"orphan works".
Key Principles on the Digitisation and Making Available of Out-of-Commerce Works, 20.09.2011, available at:
Examples are geographical information, statistics, weather data, public transport data, data from publicly funded research projects,
Another key barrier is the lack of awareness of public organisations of the potential of open data.
there are practical and technical issues holding back the development of a true public data reuse market.
and the non-availability of the information in a machine-readable format make it impossible to reap maximum benefits from the new opportunities that the data offer.
and strengthen its public data strategy by inter alia targeting both the legal framework for reuse and available support tools.
Adapting the framework in favour of data reuse, including legal, soft law and policy measures;
Mobilising financing instruments by prioritising open data in R&d&i and infrastructure programmes; Facilitating coordination and experience-sharing between Member States.
if their credit card data reveal an address that is not within the distributor's territory, are hardcore restrictions.
One special issue to note is the application of the Directive to digital content (data produced
according to data from one of the major credit cards players, has 50%more bank cards than the USA but 40%smaller volume of ecommerce.
invoices can be paid electronically with a simple click and without the need for manual data input.
Eurostat Data In focus 46/2009: Internet usage in 2009-Households and Individuals, available at: http://epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu/portal/page/portal/product details/publication?
http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/post/doc/studies/2010-main-developments en. pdf 253 Eurostat Data In focus 46/2009:
Based on available data one can observe that-with the exception of Greece, where 7%of the population does not have five times per week delivery frequency Member States do not provide for extensive derogations. 260 A basic high level parcel delivery of a specified quality standard at EU level is guaranteed
Features such as increased distribution coverage guaranteed delivery times, improved operational performance, endtoend logistics services or track and trace services are offered increasingly as value-added delivery services.
and 82%who have used already ADR would do so again in the future. 285 This evidence is further reinforced by data on the satisfaction levels of businesses that had used ADR;
there are important gaps in ADR coverage. This means that the existing set of ADR schemes offering to resolve business-to-consumer disputes related to e-commerce transactions is scattered still and incomplete within the European union.
available empirical evidence shows that the digital economy has positive effects on the environment. For example, compared to a traditional CD purchase in a"brick and mortar"shop
Access Impediment Act (repealed) ACT CVIII of 2001 on certain aspects of ecommerce services Law on information society services Terrorism act 2006/Digital economy Act 2010 Articles
domain names, internet protocol addresses and destination addresses of the website-subject-matter of injury and description of facts substantiating infringement-data necessary for identification of infringement-name, address or head office,
It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa. eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of the publication.
Open/Big data and fast mobile communications are all creating opportunities for major changes in business models, in societal behaviour and in value-creation models in general.
The FI PPP opening up to various application areas is a very interesting example on how new engagement platforms could be designed in the technology transition we are in, towards the cloud, Iot and big/open data.
and innovation themes Open cloud based platform of APIS for developing new collaboratively created services for various application areas Federated testbed facilities for research,
Open stack of APIS available for developers and entrepreneurs. Validated technologies. Platform ecosystem development. Testbed facilities responding to evolving academic and industry needs, experimentation tools and methodologies, European-wide federation of testbed facilities Educational programs, research projects, portfolio of business acceleration services, like accelerator,
This enables closer collaboration and exchange of data. Furthermore the partners share a boundary object, the Technology Platform,
customer expectations are increasing Universities are affected also by increasing customer sophistication, increased transparency and digitisation.
According to the Thomson One database there were 26 university funds established between 1973 and 2010 24.
An Analysis of University-Managed Funds, Journal of Technology Transfer, 2013.24) Thomson One database. 25) http://www. setsquared. co. uk (26) http://sydney. edu. au/(27) http://www. lse. ac. uk/intranet/students/LSE100
patent databases are the largest collections of public, free of-cost technological information. The US system allowing a‘grace period'for inventors to maintain their right to patent
Monitoring patent data, especially applications, gives an indication of the direction of technological development, which information in turn helps planning research investments also from society's point of view 17.
I do not have data on this, but a common view is that in general, the development in Europe is likely to have moved towards university-centrism during the past decades.
albeit with the reservation that more data is needed for deeper analysis. Like in Finland and elsewhere,
Patent databases are in fact the largest datebases of technological information available. Second, the patent can be used as an asset and even collateral for financing.
Jakarta Open Data Lab (ID), Chaos Computer Club (DE) Co-working labs Very diverse & changing Cop constellations Provide open spaces for work
Most investor-driven labs operate in the growth sectors of the digital economy. Entrepreneurs, start-ups and start-up teams are the main target groups of these labs. They are selected based on rigorous evaluation criteria such as feasibility
pp. 232-247.22) https://ec. europa. eu/growth/tools-databases/regional-innovation-monitor/organisation/stockholm/openlab, accessed 12 february 2015.23) http://www
e g. the role out of extensive sensor networks to collect all kinds of data. However, for a truly smart city solution, just collecting data is insufficient.
Smart solutions should have a real impact on quality of life by providing answers to real societal needs.
The resulting growth in the availability of data from sensors and controls creates many new service opportunities.
it is only in the last few decades that the digitisation of lighting has enabled variations in light levels and colour.
and open data from various sources is used together with data from large numbers of sensors from various suppliers.
such as those for the use of CCTV cameras, are insufficient for a multi-sensor, open data, public area living lab setup.
Sensor system integrating solutions from different suppliers to collect all kinds of data in the living lab 90 O P E N I N N O
There is a need for a citywide‘plug and play'platform with generic modules (e g. in the area of sensing, data storage and analysis, identification etc..
This will allow a wide range of solutions to use the system and available open data:
The last challenge in the new paradigm is dealing with open data. Providing open data is attractive to invite organisations,
companies and designers to create innovative new services to join the platform. But it will also inevitably raise questions of privacy and security.
Dealing with the ownership of the data is an important aspect, as well as also concepts like‘privacy by design'and‘usable privacy'.
Gradually, the clustering effect took place. Therefore, it is not a totally top-down system. As the second-largest University City in France, Lyon has sufficient supply of talent in the creative industries.
Collaborative skills, shares ideas, values and processes, open data need to be in place to make the collaboration efficient,
Big data in future cities Another‘hot topic'nowadays is‘big data'.'How can the use of big data create Future Cities?
Cities are immersed in huge amounts of data, which come from everywhere: buildings, phones, utilities, trains, etc.
ICT allows us to collect and analyse all this information in static or real time. Using business intelligence, information management and advanced analytics solutions,
big data can allow us to easily understand every level of city administration, users/citizen behaviour and market implications.
and analyse data, then make decisions. The city administration also decides which data is available publicly and
which is not. As for the bottom-up approach, it means that citizens create and/or use apps to upload information
A solution can be that the government creates open platforms where the data is publicly available
a truly breakthrough innovation of a large company that was the first to create a triple helix for different data techniques.
With the exponential growth of computing power and developments in genetics, nanotechnology and artificial intelligence, humanity will soon overcome biological limitations.
The cross-over point of human and artificial intelligence, the Technological Singularity. Image by Futurebuff 11 This moment has implications for almost all the important areas of our lives,
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