50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Target 100%Broadband coverage for all 25%of pop. using e-government
>100 Fast broadband(>30 MPS coverage for all) 2020 target 2015 target 2013 target Progress has been made
The internal integration sub-factors include data points regarding the existence and use of digital technologies such as enterprise resource planning and customer relationship management,
The GAK funding has helped eliminate white spot areas without broadband coverage. According to current plans, the funding will also be aimed over the next few years at providing higher bandwidths in rural areas with inadequate 10 I. DIGITAL INFRASTRUCTURE coverage.
We also wish to develop a financial instrument in the form of a premium fund for broadband network development (Premiumförderung Netzausbau)
and checked for accuracy, and the results sent back to the customers. Crowdflower was started in 2007
Customer relationship management (CRM) The management of an organization's interactions with its customers, typically involving technology.
ERM goes beyond customer relationship management (CRM. Flipped classroom An instructional model where students view video lectures and other online resources outside of class,
Many companies, for example, traditionally sought to minimize the cost of expensive employee health care coverage or even eliminate health coverage altogether.
Today leading companies have learned that because of lost workdays and diminished employee productivity, poor health costs them more than health benefits do.
This overview consists of a clustering of the funded CAPS projects under 14 emerging categories.
The clustering is based on available public documents of CAPS projects and on the knowledge available among the authors,
This clustering considers the main'innovations'produced by the projects. More comprehensive outputs of each project will then comprise the ways in
Media Watch for Climate Change http://www. ecoresearch. net/climate It tracks the latest news and social media coverage on climate change and related issues.
Openahjo http://dev. hel. fi/apis/openahjo Openahjo is an API and a UI for accessing the decision-making material of the city of Helsinki. 33.
Pump. io http://pump. io Social server with an Activitystreams API. 43 38. Pybossa http://pybossa. com Pybossa is a free, 100%open-source framework for crowdsourcing.
Argumentation in Artificial intelligence. Springer. pp. 1-22. Walton, D.,Reed, C. & Macagno, F. 2008) Argumentation Schemes.
The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission's behalf may be held responsible for the use
A provisional thematic clustering of DSI organisations is emerging, grouping activities into 6 macro clusters that capture the way DSI is growing and developing:(
and to use the Openspending API. Although the Openspending project has a strong focus on government finance,
open APIS, and citizen science such as Open Data Challenge and Open Cities that provide citizens with better public services,
social media, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, big data, machine learning, 3d printing, online learning and e-petitions. The main technological trends in DSI 0100 200 300 400 Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Fairphone Safecast OPEN NETWORKS Tor Confine Guifi. net Smart
and from the environment The explosion of new types of data analytics and machine learning means that it is no longer only government
and standardised APIS is crucial for open innovation, as developers are able to access and use public data
The Internet ecosystem today is highly centralised The current Internet is dominated by a handful of mainly US companies that control all the layers of the ecosystem (app store, cloud, machine learning, devices),
the obligation to ensure accuracy and frequency of billing based on actual consumption, and the obligation to provide appropriate information with the bill providing a comprehensive account of the current energy costs,
in order to deliver better social outcomes means in the specific case of social services improving the quality, access, coverage, and affordability.
Easi integrates and extends, in the three axes of the programme, the coverage of three existing programmes:
The two networks have a broad geographical coverage across the EU and are designed to assess, provide support
Artificial intelligence, for example, 1 16 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION has been used in family law in Australia
methods using artificial neural networks and‘hedonic'price models (which attempt to define the various characteristics of a product or service), spatial analysis methods, fuzzy logic methods;‘
‘auto-regressive integrated moving averages methods';'and‘triple bottom line property appraisal methods'.'10 5 SCALING AND DIFFUSION 105 223) Operational metrics,
and the coverage of core costs. 4 403) Direct funding for individuals, including the grants given by Unltd, The Skoll Foundation,
Dawes (2012) adds that data quality is used generally to mean accuracy but that research studies identify multiple aspects of information quality that go well beyond simple accuracy of the data:
intrinsic quality (it includes accuracy and objectivity, but also involves believability and the reputation of the data source),
contextual quality (it refers to the context of the task for which the data will be used
In the past, Gaana. com, Cleartrip, Vserv, Reverie Language Technology, App Virality, PCLOUDY and Betaglide have launched also their API and support developers in the app development cycle.
The authors suggest that financial incentives may be used to control trade-off between accuracy speed and total effort.
The internet ecosystem today is highly centralised The current Internet is dominated by a handful of mainly US companies that control all the layers of the tecosystem (app store, cloud, machine learning, devices),
In detail, there is a clustering coefficient of. 887, signalling a fairly high density of interconnections in existing communities (Latapy, 2008).
The way to interpret a clustering coefficient is that it is the measurement of how likely it is that the organisations linked to each other are linked also.
The World bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations,
and their coverage has been expanded to include regulations on labor disputes and on benefits provided to workers.
Depth of credit information index (0-8) 7 7 6 8 7 7 6 8 23 Economies (8)* Credit registry coverage
(%of adults) 50.0 51 9 44.5 1. 3 24.6 100.0 0. 0 0. 0 Portugal (100.0) Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) 15.3 15.6
and practices affecting the coverage, scope and accessibility of credit information available through a credit registry or a credit bureau.
and credit registries Credit bureau coverage(%of adults) Number of individuals and firms listed in largest credit bureau as percentage of adult population Credit registry coverage(%of adults) Number of individuals
the total score on the depth of credit information index is 0. Coverage Credit bureau(%of adults) Credit registry(%of adults) Number of firms 380,000 888,232 Number of individuals 4, 400,000
593,552 Doing Business 2015 Spain 48 Coverage Credit bureau(%of adults) Credit registry(%of adults) Total percentage of adult population 15.3 50.0 Source:
Employment laws and regulations as well as secondary sources are reviewed to ensure accuracy. To make the data comparable across economies,
Employment laws and regulations as well as secondary sources are reviewed to ensure accuracy. Difficulty of hiring index Difficulty of hiring covers 4 areas:(
structure and coverage and were incorporated, therefore, not into the map. Similar challenges arose around the possibility of scraping data
a provisional thematic clustering of DSI organisations is emerging, grouping activities into 5 macro clusters that capture the way DSI activities affect
and Digital Commonsmany activities in this area exploit the power of Open Data, Open APIS, and Citizens Science such as Open Data Challenge and Open Cities that provide citizens better public services,
and digital services adopted by DSI activities such as social networking, social media, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, big data, machine learning, 3d printing, online learning,
Open Data The explosion of new types of data analytics and machine learning means that it is no longer only government
and standardised APIS is crucial for innovation, as developers are able to access and use public data
New clustering and categories will then emerge from the empirical data. Within each community, there will be certain organisations that have a high centrality, the movers and shakers of social innovation.
and accessed via the ORM-like Tripod API. All private data is stored in Mongodb. The current homepage visualization has been created using Openstreetmaps.
Citysdk consist of 23 partners, 9 countries, 3 open source APIS Website: http://www. citysdk. eu/Organisation Name City Service Development Kit (Citysdk) Short description City SDK is a European consortium of partners helping cities
For each of those domains, an open software API is developed in one of the participating cities or regions,
The API's help developers make applications that will function in other cities, thereby extending the potential reach for applications manifold.
as well as writing the actual code for the API's and applications. Another part is stimulating engagement and update:
APIS and tools being developed within the project. Although the Citysdk API's have reached only a stable form in the second half of 2013,
several applications have been developed. One of them is Fixmystreet in Helsinki, making use of Citysdk's Open311 interface to insert service requests by citizens into the city's backend system.
as it builds software to publish Linked Open Data in standardised formats that enables app developers to make royalty-free applications that scale Open API's,
and languages like JSON and RDF API's written in Ruby and Sinatra. Data stored in Postgresql/Postgis database.
Business cases for implementing the resulting API's are currently missing; this however will probably be overcome
implementing API's and working with the local development community. Visual applications of technology (like http://dev. citysdk. waag. org/buildings/)help to inspire others and lead to follow up questions and applications.
Citysdk sets the groundwork for an ecology of applications that can travel across Europe or more specific, across governmental bodies that implement the ensuing API's. It fosters standardisation from the bottom-up based on actual use cases.
with coverage for all citizens is still a challenge. Often this stems from economic causes,
Cell phones and PCS incorporate sensors of increasing accuracy: GPS sensors, cameras, microphones, accelerometers and thermometers are already a default equipment in most of the mentioned devices.
The appealing story together with the careful community-building by the partners brought a lot of media coverage
by making use of the latest HTML5 API, activities like navigating through a code directory structure are enhanced greatly.
MAPIT-Mapit Global's API uses Openstreetmap data to‘establish the location of different administrative boundaries, anywhere in the world.'
Four times a year new datasets are published which now stands at over 160 datasets with geographic and statistical datasets in several open formats and APIS
The Open Ministry website was developed using a YUI API a free, open source Javascript and CSS library for building interactive web applications.
The system verifies the people's identity through the APIS offered by banks and mobile operators,
and operators were providing the use of their strong verification APIS for free, as part of their social responsibility policies, it seems this has not been uniform across all banks.
Stronger Coverage: Consumers actually become part of the network, sharing connections when and where they provide the best possible access.
Faster Downloads and Stronger Coverage: Open Garden provides a way to access more data at faster speeds in more locations.
particularly in urban areas where cellular coverage can be inconsistent. What is the social impact it is seeking,
CKAN also offers a powerful Application programming interface (API) which allows third-party applications and services to be built using the published data.
and coverage is still very minimal, so an offline solution like this is vital. 190 What really helps reach goals?
Safecast provides an Open Application programming interface (API), allowing people to access raw measurement data. More importantly, Safecast presents useful information on measurement data such as geo-location information and time of upload.
but requires the Google maps API for geocoding. Ushahidi is often set up using a local SMS gateway created by a local Frontlinesms,
In the Zooniverse there's a clear separation between the API (Ouroboros) and the citizen science projects that the community interact with.
Pretty much all of the site's requirements point to having a shared API (Ouroboros) that serves a large number of projects.
Running a core API that serves many projects relies very much upon the maintenance and health of that application.
then the API would currently take out about 10 Zooniverse projects at once and this is only set to increase.
The cost of running such an operation has been cited as a factor running a central API means that
structure and coverage and were incorporated, therefore, not into the map. Similar challenges arose around the possibility of scraping data
a provisional thematic clustering of DSI organisations is emerging, grouping activities into 5 macro clusters that capture the way DSI activities affect
and Digital Commonsmany activities in this area exploit the power of Open Data, Open APIS, and Citizens Science such as Open Data Challenge and Open Cities that provide citizens better public services,
and digital services adopted by DSI activities such as social networking, social media, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, big data, machine learning, 3d printing, online learning,
Open Data The explosion of new types of data analytics and machine learning means that it is no longer only government
and standardised APIS is crucial for innovation, as developers are able to access and use public data
New clustering and categories will then emerge from the empirical data. Within each community, there will be certain organisations that have a high centrality, the movers and shakers of social innovation.
and accessed via the ORM-like Tripod API. All private data is stored in Mongodb. The current homepage visualization has been created using Openstreetmaps.
Citysdk consist of 23 partners, 9 countries, 3 open source APIS Website: http://www. citysdk. eu/Organisation Name City Service Development Kit (Citysdk) Short description City SDK is a European consortium of partners helping cities
For each of those domains, an open software API is developed in one of the participating cities or regions,
The API's help developers make applications that will function in other cities, thereby extending the potential reach for applications manifold.
as well as writing the actual code for the API's and applications. Another part is stimulating engagement and update:
APIS and tools being developed within the project. Although the Citysdk API's have reached only a stable form in the second half of 2013,
several applications have been developed. One of them is Fixmystreet in Helsinki, making use of Citysdk's Open311 interface to insert service requests by citizens into the city's backend system.
as it builds software to publish Linked Open Data in standardised formats that enables app developers to make royalty-free applications that scale Open API's,
and languages like JSON and RDF API's written in Ruby and Sinatra. Data stored in Postgresql/Postgis database.
Business cases for implementing the resulting API's are currently missing; this however will probably be overcome
implementing API's and working with the local development community. Visual applications of technology (like http://dev. citysdk. waag. org/buildings/)help to inspire others and lead to follow up questions and applications.
Citysdk sets the groundwork for an ecology of applications that can travel across Europe or more specific, across governmental bodies that implement the ensuing API's. It fosters standardisation from the bottom-up based on actual use cases.
with coverage for all citizens is still a challenge. Often this stems from economic causes,
Cell phones and PCS incorporate sensors of increasing accuracy: GPS sensors, cameras, microphones, accelerometers and thermometers are already a default equipment in most of the mentioned devices.
The appealing story together with the careful community-building by the partners brought a lot of media coverage
by making use of the latest HTML5 API, activities like navigating through a code directory structure are enhanced greatly.
MAPIT-Mapit Global's API uses Openstreetmap data to‘establish the location of different administrative boundaries, anywhere in the world.'
Four times a year new datasets are published which now stands at over 160 datasets with geographic and statistical datasets in several open formats and APIS
The Open Ministry website was developed using a YUI API a free, open source Javascript and CSS library for building interactive web applications.
The system verifies the people's identity through the APIS offered by banks and mobile operators,
and operators were providing the use of their strong verification APIS for free, as part of their social responsibility policies, it seems this has not been uniform across all banks.
Stronger Coverage: Consumers actually become part of the network, sharing connections when and where they provide the best possible access.
Faster Downloads and Stronger Coverage: Open Garden provides a way to access more data at faster speeds in more locations.
particularly in urban areas where cellular coverage can be inconsistent. What is the social impact it is seeking,
CKAN also offers a powerful Application programming interface (API) which allows third-party applications and services to be built using the published data.
and coverage is still very minimal, so an offline solution like this is vital. 190 What really helps reach goals?
Safecast provides an Open Application programming interface (API), allowing people to access raw measurement data. More importantly, Safecast presents useful information on measurement data such as geo-location information and time of upload.
but requires the Google maps API for geocoding. Ushahidi is often set up using a local SMS gateway created by a local Frontlinesms,
In the Zooniverse there's a clear separation between the API (Ouroboros) and the citizen science projects that the community interact with.
Pretty much all of the site's requirements point to having a shared API (Ouroboros) that serves a large number of projects.
Running a core API that serves many projects relies very much upon the maintenance and health of that application.
then the API would currently take out about 10 Zooniverse projects at once and this is only set to increase.
The cost of running such an operation has been cited as a factor running a central API means that
and text and data mining. As part of this exercise, a report will be published on the outcome of the consultation launched by the Green Paper on the online distribution of audiovisual works in early 2013.
%2) average quota and licensing coverage of imports of less than 40%;(%3) a black-market exchange-rate premium that averaged less than 20%;
%respondents) Improved management information 51 Communication and collaboration between employees 48 Customer relationship management 33 Integration of existing data/technologies 33 Remote/mobile working 23
%respondents) Improved management information 47 Customer relationship management 41 Communication and collaboration between employees 32 Supply chain integration 31 Integration of existing data/technologies 29
Whilst every effort has been taken to verify the accuracy of this information, neither The Economist Intelligence Unit Ltd. nor the sponsors of this report can accept any responsibility or liability for reliance by any person on this white paper or any of the information,
and expansion of broadband coverage globally underpins beliefs about the sustained growth in the use of platforms for creating and sharing usergenerated content.
Google transparency reports However, it has to be kept in mind that data mining is not only a tool for the surveillance of citizens and the limitation of freedom of speech.
(low/medium/high) Growing surveillance and data mining create tensions between citizens and governments Technological progress and growing degree of interconnectedness,
and Newton Minow,"Government Data mining,"2008. Cave, Jonathan, C Van Oranje, Rebecca Schindler, Alaa Shehabi,
and proposes a framework of how ICT can be used to enhance immunisation coverage. Keywords: ICT, Immunisation System;
Immunization coverage; System Dynamics modelling. INTRODUCTION The role Information Communication Technologies (ICTS) play in improving the efficiencies
Preventable childhood diseases such as measles, polio and premature deaths still occur particularly in the developing countries due to low immunization coverage (WHO, 1999.
Various approaches have been applied to understand immunization coverage problems, however, there are still acknowledged deficiencies in these approaches
Various approaches have been applied to understand immunization coverage problems, however, there are acknowledged deficiencies in these approaches.
the coverage rate in Uganda is generally still low (less than 60%)WHO, 2001. Figure 1:
Ugandan Immunization Rates by Different Vaccines 1981-2003 Figure 1, illustrates immunization coverage rates in Uganda over 22 years.
Immunisation coverage is very dynamic and can only be sustained by continuous campaigns. As the immunization coverage rates decline, campaigns and different forms of advertising are used as a quick fix to change the negative response towards immunization.
This results in high dependence on campaigns, word of mouth and advertising whose effect wares off with time
2. What kind of data and information may be collected to understand the extent of immunization system and immunisation coverage?
illustrates the intricate and complex relationships among factors affecting immunization coverage from a healthcare system perspective and a number of feedback loops
which may help to explain different immunization coverage levels. The relationships between the variables are presented with a connector
shows the following as key issues as far as maintaining an effective healthcare system for improved immunization coverage:
The different ICT requirements and information systems that need to be developed for the improvement of immunization coverage can then be generated from a clear understanding of the system.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Research methodology In order to understand the health system as well as the factors that influence immunization coverage,
and level of service towards the improvement of immunization coverage: Child: In the proposed system, a SMART card will be prepared for each child born.
Enhancing Immunization Coverage through Health Information systems: A System Dynamics Approach. Stud Health Technol Inform. vol. 130, pp. 247-56.
Clustering is particularly important to gain access to new ideas and tacit knowledge, especially in young industries.
In a clustering strategy, firms take advantage of linkages with other enterprises afforded by geographic proximity
OECD. OECD, 1999, Cluster analysis and Cluster-based Policy in OECD countries, Paris: OECD. Porter, M. 1990), The Comparative Advantage of Nations, New york:
Prevenzer, Martha, 1997,‘The Dynamics of Industrial Clustering in Biotechnology,'Small Business Economics, 9 (3), 255-271.
We derived multi-item variables using factor analysis, testing for their reliability and validity. We confirmed the reliability of these indicators by computing the Cronbach-alpha coefficient,
Investigation of clustering impact to SMES'innovation in Indonesia. Paper presented at the 2nd International Conference on International Business (ICIB), University of Macedonia.
Firm clustering and innovation: Determinants and effects. Papers in Regional Science, 80,337-356. Pérez-Luño, A.,Wiklund, J,
Clustering and Industrialization: Introduction. World Development, 27 (9), 1503-1514. Schoales, J. 2006. Alpha Clusters:
Innovation and Clustering in the Globalised International Economy. Urban Studies, 41 (5/6), 1095-1112.
whether their=clustering‘has fostered a more collaborative culture of learning and knowledge exchange. While in technology parks there is a relatively high level of collaboration with universities
RETA expresses the more widely held belief that clustering of high technology firms, described as Andalusia‘s=closeness‘model is the most effective means of offering support to fast growing and technology dynamic SMES.
whether their=clustering‘has fostered a more collaborative culture of learning and knowledge exchange. A recent study that explored the type
For example, the policy of encouraging clustering of SMES in technology parks and industrial estates is informed by recent research that highlights the importance of encouraging proximity between firms in the pursuit of innovation.
encouraging the physical clustering and co-presence of firms (as we have shown) is not in itself,
the underlying rationale being that clustering of technology-intensive firms enhances their growth and expansion.
whether=clustering‘has fostered a more collaborative culture of learning and knowledge exchange. Indeed few firms appear to develop collaborations with other firms co-located in the same park.
and sectoral mix of cluster strategies Business clustering has brought significant advantages for smaller firms especially because of knowledge spillovers from one firm to another or from institutions to firms.
a single factor will emerge from the factor analysis or the majority of the covariance will be concentrated in one of the factors (Podsakoff et al.,
We applied the exploratory factor analysis to assess dimensionality and validity. Statisticians KMO of 0. 94 and Bartlett's sphericity test (p<.01) support the idea of the validity of the implementation of factorial analysis and allow us to check
we carried out a confirmatory factor analysis highlighting the existence of a multidimensional construct (see the path diagram for this construct as well as,
We applied the exploratory factor analysis to assess dimensionality and validity. Statisticians KMO of 0. 94 and Bartlett's sphericity test (p<0. 01) support the idea of the validity of the implementation of factorial analysis and allow us to check
we carried out a confirmatory factor analysis highlighting the existence of a multidimensional construct (see the path diagram for this construct,
we carried out an exploratory factor analysis to verify whether we could treat the information as a single construct.
SEM can be understood as a combination of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multiple regression (Schreiber et al. 2006).
and logit regression models do not represent problems of multi-collinearity. In fact the correlation between innovation in products or services and technological innovation was expected,
Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: a review. The Journal of Education Research, 99,323-337.
Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35,293-317.156 157 APPENDIX Appendix 1. Confirmatory factor analysis EO Model fit EO construct Recommended level CFA level CFI
810 CIO respondents from 84 countries, representing $12. 1 trillion in revenue/budgets and $397 billion in IT spending Survey coverage based on 2,
Gartner disclaims all warranties as to the accuracy, completeness or adequacy of such information. Gartner shall have no liability for errors,
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