Collection of data on green technologies and smart ICT systems, suitable to be applied on the corridors to improve performance
and few data about them were collected. Thus, these extra KPIS were excluded from the baseline evaluation,
a) Quantitative data on the technology impact, validated against real-life performance; and (b) Detailed data about corridor transport routes,
such as traffic volumes, frequency of service, delivery time and vehicle features. Since such data were not available for all corridors,
a limited set of benchmark scenarios was produced based on the baseline transport chains (Sect. 2) and the green technology review. 3. 1 Green Technology Survey
collecting data from manufacturers, research and academic works, and the project consortium. The survey resulted in a list of 200 representative technologies of the following categories:
and it was based on publicly available manufacturer data, technology success stories and research project results.
and mapped to technology performance data 12. For instance, a green technology that reduces fuel consumption can potentially help to reduce fuel cost,
Due to lack of data about capital costs for some of the green technologies, the return of investment and its impact on the operating cost were considered not.
Non-corridor specific description of the ICT systems under investigation, including data about basic functionalities,
Other relevant data could be collected also. Step 5: Based on step 4, inter alia, investigation of potential impact of ICT on the KPIS of a corridor.
a) Data necessary to quantitatively compute the ICT impact on corridors generally proved to be difficult
unwillingness of operators or other sources to reveal such data (if any), and non-homogeneity in data quality.
The problem of data availability (such as cargo flows) is recognised in the EU. In some cases,
estimates of such data can be produced based on mathematical models. A fortiori, any linkage of such data with particular ICTS is complicated even more.
b) In contrast to the green technologies (Sect. 3) that can have a direct and tangible impact on the corridor KPIS,
the impact of ICTS on the greening of a corridor is of a different nature.
in order to collect data and evaluate the importance of a set of proposed ICTS: Adaptive speed control;
for which there was sufficient availability of data. This work revealed the need for adequate and consistent statistical information on transport corridor flows that would allow a precise quantification of the European corridor baseline.
Real data for costs and benefits evaluation and decision process; Possible security issues 26 CROATIA 27 HR:
and control Cost (M) Functional YEAR projects Smart Grids Functionalities EDISON SM data MV Autom.
Meter data collection, management and energy efficiency pilot project (2011 second half of year 2014. Project includes four subprojects:
1. Meter Data Management system implementation pilot project; 2. Energy efficiency pilot project; 3. Pilot project for testing of technologies for Smart homes and 4. Possibilities to use shared metering infrastructure for additional services.
Table 28 Links to Smart Grids related documents in the Flemish Region Flemish Documents Links Flanders in action-breaktroughs 2020 www. flandersinaction. be/nlapps/data
The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission's behalf may be held responsible for the use
data open data. Open data increases awareness and coordination, creates new opportunities for innovation, and strengthens inclusion, participation and, ultimately, human well-being.
Society, economy, and even human psychology itself are undergoing an irreversible change, which we as citizens and policymakers are still struggling to understand.
These range from social networks for those living with chronic health conditions, to online platforms for citizen participation in policymaking, to using open data to create more transparency around public spending.
Open Hardware Open Networks Open Data and Open Knowledge Open hardware: These projects are inspired by the global do-it-yourself maker movement and the spread of maker spaces.
All data is plotted on a map that visualises radiation levels in a given geographical area, and which is free for anyone to access.
Open data: This refers to innovative ways of opening up, capturing, using, analyzing and interpreting data.
Opencorporates (OC) provides a good example of the opportunities in open data. It was set up to in the wake of the financial crisis to make information about companies and the corporate world more transparent and accessible.
It has grown since to become the largest open database of companies in the world, including data on 60 million companies and their subsidiaries,
and searchable maps and visualizations. OC is used widely by journalists and governments seeking to understand global corporate structures.
in order to provide a privacy-aware decentralised environment for open data; 3. Educate a technology-savvy multidisciplinary workforce,
These combine novel technology trends such as open data, open hardware, open networks, and open knowledge;
and incubation Open democracy Open access Collaborative economy Awarness network Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Open Hardware Organisations More Filters Screenshot of the crowdmap www
citizen science, where the crowdsourcing of scientific data allows for some scientific research to be conducted by nonprofessional scientists;
A potential future scenario to tackle climate change using collective intelligence could be the large-scale crowdsourcing of environmental data,
At the present moment, the Internet offers unprecedented opportunities for collective intelligence via its increasing ubiquity and the massive amounts of data available for collective transformation into knowledge.
transmitting data coming from people, sensors, the environment and objects themselves. However, we cannot expect the Internet by itself to drive innovation to help citizens address major societal challenges.
as their applications need access to social data held on third-party sites and permissions to get into proprietary‘app stores.'
an increasing concentration of power in services in the hands of a few data aggregators, none of which are based in Europe (Google controlling nearly 82%of the global search market and 98%of the mobile search market,
data storage and analytics and are producing valuable data about people, the environment and biometric and sensor data.
The amount of data produced by open platforms and used for social innovation is dwarfed still by the amount of data collected on proprietary platforms,
with the danger that much of this data is not available for the social good. For example, even the European Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives.
Take for example the commercial success of Google: Google has built already one of the world's largest networks of computers and data centres for online-search results,
in order to expand into other data-driven services in order to increase their value, profit and marketability. For example, the company is now pushing into smart watches, smart cars, smart thermostats, smart clothes and smart cities.
and analyse medical information, sensor and environmental data, which raises significant issues of privacy and competition.
if only a few non-European commercial bodies control all data-driven services, this threatens the ability of the European innovation system to compete This European infrastructure would enable a whole new round of innovation that may not even be possible within current business models,
Europe could provide an alternative model in the form of investment in open infrastructures on the network, service and data layer.
The development of open data, federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social networks can potentially serve collective action and awareness.
Making data available as part of a common distributed and decentralised architecture, open to all, allow new entrants to aggregate data on demand
and create new services. Competition based on open standards, protocols and formats are essential to deploy interoperability between data, devices, services and networks.
This vision requires more investment in fundamental research to promote net-neutrality, strong encryption, banning of trivial patents, open standards and free software together with the multi-stakeholder governance model.
and patents, appropriating users'data and discriminating network traffic. By centralising computing, data storage and service provision (via the Cloud),
Even more worrying, the latest NSA data-gate showed that intelligence agencies and governments have been engaging in mass surveillance operations,
which has been used to capture data on DSI organisation via www. digitalsocial. eu. We have mapped 1000 DSI organisations and 630 collaborative projects as of January 2015.
Data is categorised by: 1. A typology of organisations (e g. Government and public sector organisations, businesses, academia and research organisations, social enterprises, charities and foundations and grassroots communities) 2. The way these organisations are supporting DSI (for instance,
and festivals) 3. The main technological trends the organisations and their activities fit under (e g. open data, open networks, open knowledge,
Open Knowledge, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Network. 4 Areas of Society: Health and Wellbeing, Finance and Economy, Energy and Environment, Education and Skills, Culture and Arts, Work and Employment, Participation and Democracy, Neighbourhood Regeneration,
or linking currencies to data. In East Africa the development of M-PESA (a mobile financial payment system born out of social innovation) has become an avenue for nine million people to gain access to secured financial exchange services.
or http://tuderechoasaber. es, a service that allows citizens to send open data information requests to Spanish public bodies.
and tools to enable collaborative communities to undertake large-scale projects that can lead to innovative results in open business, open government or open data.
Interesting trends are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data.
and web application that aims to track every government and corporate financial transaction across the world and to present that data in a useful and engaging form.
Anyone interested in spending data of any kind is invited to contribute data to the Openspending database
and CKAN, the biggest repository of open data in Europe, which is underpinning a new bottom-up ecosystem for digital public services.
and communities are now able to aggregate data coming from people and the environment in order to create a new generation of products and services, fostering behavioral change.
and Santander are pioneering new practices in open data and open sensor networks that are changing the provision and delivery of public services;
and communities are beginning to aggregate the layers of data that increasingly permeate the urban environment,
and freely share their radiation measurements in open data sets. The overarching aim of Safecast is to encourage people to actively contribute to the generation of a body of data that might alleviate environmental problems.
Safecast was founded by Sean Bonner Joi Ito and Pieter Franken after March 11th 2011, when a 9. 0 earthquake hit Japan and triggered a destructive tsunami
In an effort to help, the partnership decided to take part in surfacing data on radiation levels across Japan,
and there were massive holes in the public radiation data sets available. As a response to this, the team developed the bgiegie Geiger counter
and help launch a sensor network where bgiegie owners could share the data they were collecting.
which amongst others enabled users to mount the counter on the outside of a car and use GPS technology to timestamp the data and log the location.
All Safecast data is uploaded to an open data set, which visualises radiation levels across Japan.
and organise crisis data from a variety sources, such as social media, sensors or even quasi-real-time data.
The hope is that the quick and easy access to real-time crisis data will make it easier for organisations
identifying and processing data, thereby enabling much quicker responses to crises such as Ebola or conflicts.
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 33 Many activities in this area exploit the power of open data
and citizen science such as Open Data Challenge and Open Cities that provide citizens with better public services,
open data, free and open software and open hardware. Github, the collaborative service for open software developers, is revolutionising the way code is built,
They do this through a combination of seed fundings as well as nonfinancial support such as access to co-working spaces and business support and mentores The Open Data Institute's start up programme,
and Provenance to grow their open data projects, is one of them. 13 Although incubators and accelerators have been always around,
The Open Data Institute (ODI) OPEN DATA ACCELLERATOR Traditional business accelerators offer advice and resources to fledgling firms to help them grow.
Types of organisation Providing funding for experiments/R&d Providing nonfinancial resources (i e. opening up public data sets) Delivering
open knowledge, open data, open networks, and open hardware. Through case study analysis we have sought to build up an understanding of the extent these emerging technologies, 2. 4 TECHNOLOGICAL TRENDS IN DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION such as open data, open networks,
open hardware and open knowledge, are being harnessed by digital social innovation. Below we provide a more detailed description of how these trends can be defined,
and on open data to share and analyse the data captured across all of the Geiger counters.
Within these broader technology areas, we have been identifying a variety of more specific technologies and activities adopted by DSI activities such as:
Santander OPEN DATA Open Vienna City SDK Wikiprogress Provenance OPEN KNOWLEDGE Goteo Communia Landshare Liquidfeedback Examples Technology Focus (Total 1044
and to pass their data through the network to a single or replicated dataprocessing location.
as it uses public data from different sensors and forwards the gathered information to the central point within a wireless environment.
Sensor networks are the key infrastructures of a smart city, providing basic data on the usage of energy, pollution, geodata, traffic, geography, tourism and other areas.
which would be fed by open data from the OSN. A number of European cities have established sensors that detect traffic density
in order to provide external parties a single point to consume this data. For instance Smart Santander demonstrates the potential of creating large networks of sensors that capture activity from static sensors as well as citizens to create cities that better
Tor PRIVACY AWARE NETWORK ANONYMITY ONLINE PROTECT YOUR PRIVACY Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 41 OPEN DATA Innovative ways to capture,
and interpret open data coming from people and from the environment The explosion of new types of data analytics and machine learning means that it is no longer only government
or corporate forecasters who have the opportunity to access and analyse data. By making data open, governments and other large organisations and companies that hold or generate data about society have the opportunity to enable citizens to hold government to account for
what it spends, the contracts it gives and the assets it holds. Local authorities are playing a leading role in implementing open data policies
and driving forward the open data movement. The social benefits of open government vary from citizen engagement to increased transparency and accountability as well as enhanced interaction between governments, other institutions,
and the public. For instance, citizens are gaining greater insight into how their tax payments are being spent.
Beyond the social aspects, open data also supports public sector innovation by breaking the competitive advantage gained by proprietary access to data
and data lock in. Innovation is most likely to occur when data is available online in open, structured,
computer-friendly formats for anyone to download, use, and analyse, as long as the privacy and data protection of all citizens is preserved
and that communities are entitled to share the value and social benefits of public assets. Thus
open data, together with open and standardised APIS is crucial for open innovation, as developers are able to access
and use public data and mesh it with other sources of data produced by the crowd to build novel applications that have a social utility.
Another important trend, boosting the diffusion of open data is the increasing number of mobile devices.
Smartphones, tablets, PDAS and other devices are becoming smaller, faster, smarter, more networked and personal.
with its Open Data in Vienna programme, demonstrated the potential in opening up its data.
The city opened its data records to the population, businesses and the scientific community. Released data ranges from statistics and geographic data on traffic
and transport to economic figures. It then invited programmers and developers to make apps and web services based on the data,
which to date have resulted in more than 60 applications for citizens. Other pioneering examples include the work by the Estonian Government and the not-for-profit Praxis on the Meiraha project
effectively coupling open data and citizen science. 42 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Helsinki Region Infoshare OPEN DATA FOR REGIONS Through an entity called Helsinki Region Infoshare34,
Helsinki and three of its neighbouring cities publish all of their data in formats that make it easy for software developers,
The movement for more and better open data has grown significantly over the last few years through projects funded by the European commission,
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 43 There are other local governments around the world that are successfully developing open data portals.
and Metropolitan Rennes in France have also set up open data websites at the regional level that can be considered good practices,
and in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, the city of Barcelona is leading Multicouncil Open Data.
Open Data Challenge OPEN DATA FOR REGIONS There are several examples where Governments and the developer communities interact.
One of Europe's biggest open data competitions is the Open Data Challenge15. It was organized by the Open Knowledge Foundation,
Prize Idea, Prize App, Price Visualization, Better Data Award, Open Data Award, and Talis Award for Linked data.
In total, 13 awards were given. There are many other competitions, such as Apps4finland16, the biggest European apps contest organized
since 2009 and Apps for Amsterdam promoted by the City of Amsterdam to make accessible to developers and citizens the data of the City. 44 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe OPEN KNOWLEDGE Co
such as Apps for Goodi or the Open Data Institute's (UK) open data training sessions for charities.
the‘kit'itself and the platform used to share data between people operating a kit.
equipped with sensors that capture data on air quality, temperature, noise, humidity and light. The board also contains a Wifi antenna that enables the direct upload of data from the sensors in real time.
A number of cities, including Manchester in the UK and Amsterdam in The netherlands, have shown an interest in supporting citizens to monitor environmental data
and have launched city pilots using the Smart Citizen Kit. Another big trend related to open hardware is the evolution of the Internet of things (Iot.
and measure data about real-world activity. This is possible due to the increasing number of powerful smart personal devices,
what has been named as Industry 4. 019 This smart infrastructure is also increasingly getting to know people by aggregating personal and social data in massive data centres.
the best possible decision making based on a real time data and information from open sources and the best possible alignments of my local providers with the global potential of wider communities (Van Kranenburg 2014) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data 47 45 44 41 40 38 34 25 18 17 15 12 6 5
streams of data from interviews to social media into a central repository capable of giving a‘big picture'of European DSI that can provide strategic recommendations for the EC.
Using the network data, stored as W3c Linked Data at http://data. digitalsocial. eu, in combination with our hybrid iterative strategy of case study interviews, workshops and events relevant to these communities,
we have identified DSI actors as part of a larger social network and have mapped this network in a way that has not been possible before.
Open data for open access is the last dense community (4. 95 per cent), with a centre on Futureeverything,
and its local chapters as well as city councils working on open data, such as Salford in the UK. Interestingly, although the open hardware network is the smallest overall
such as those around open data, are connected developing communities. Nonetheless, the vast majority of communities are interconnected not.
such as those of open data, open knowledge, open hardware and open networks? Even if an organisation is not central
Interdisciplinary European projects that force diverse communities to work together would strengthen the overall resilience of DSI in Europe by combining open hardware, open data, open knowledge and open networks. 56 Growing
Comparing the power law distribution (dark grey) to exponential distribution (light grey against the real actual network data (turquoise.
the key sign of a‘scale-free'network, in digital social innovation in the data in Figure 4, at least for organisations with more than 3 connections.
Looking at the data, if we want a single scaling European DSI network, an additional magnitude more of links (approximately 350 links) is needed to gather all the disconnected organisations to a single European network
the call for the creation of an open data incubator within Horizon 2020 aims to help SMES set up supply chains,
and sensor data to improve collective wellbeing. Furthermore, there are initiatives in the area of open access,
identity and payment data Many US companies have patents on identity, social and payment data.
and provide open data sets, in particular on social identity and payment. Public data sets will remove barriers for social innovators who often rely too much on proprietary data. 2. EU public Digital ID with citizen control Create a European standardised public digital ID
for all citizens with guidelines and rules to ensure privacy, rights, and fundamental freedoms in the digital environment.
ECOSYSTEMS AND INNOVATION LABS 9. Funding a Public-Private-People Partnership (PPPP) on distributed architectures The EU should promote to create an open decentralised digital ecosystem including open data distributed repositories
funding &c) Increasing the potential value of digital SI (eg making available open data, ubiquitous broadband) Enabling some of the radical,
and encryption Federated identity management Data control and data ownership The EU data protection reform package Directive on the reuse of public sector information Copyright reform Net Neutrality Magna carta for the Internet Enabling
The Nesta Centre for Challenge Prizes has run prizes in everything from energy to waste, data to education.
and Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 71 Challenges&prizes The Open Data Challenge Series42 is a collaboration between Nesta
and the Open Data Institute and has been very successful, attracting developers and social entrepreneurs to develop innovative solutions to social challenges using open data.
The European Social Innovation Challenge44 was launched by the European commission in 2013 in memory of Diogo Vasconcelos,
An important general issue is to conceive transparency/open data and privacy/data protection as complementary issues and not as opposites.
Open standards are essential to deploy interoperability between data, devices, services and networks. Standards will enable new business models for co-operation between multiple stakeholders such as companies,
so that innovators can build data mashups on top of a distributed data infrastructure (technological neutrality) without fear of unfair licensing issues.
and service providers who have the right to use the future Internet infrastructure (including both data in a raw and processed form,
All functionality must be exposed by way of open APIS51 that expose data using open standards.
User data and metadata should be represented in open formats such as XML52 and RDF53 (which includes Linked Data54 and SPARQL end-points55).
Directive on the reuse of public sector OPEN DATA People are not passive consumers of the data,
The primary advantage of open data is that it prevents the concentration power by leveraging asymmetries of information and differentials of access.
Open access to data would enable developers to create applications and services built on freely acquired data,
as long as they respect provisions in the license. Private data should also have its privacy dimension encoded using open standards
and the correct licensing, as well as clear requirements for how to access this data and determine its ownership,
both by vendors and end-users. This should include the right to remove data by its creators.
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 75 The preservation of Net Neutrality56 is a crucial to define
and governments should treat data traffic equally. Net neutrality protects freedom of expression and freedom of information online, reasserts the principle of fair competition
and implement open data policies. The directive provided an EU-wide framework for governments, at all levels,
to begin opening data. The European commission estimates the economic value of the PSI market at approximately €40 billion per annum.
The 2013 revision of the European commission Directive on the reuse of public sector information will further enable the opening of public sector data in a harmonised and more transparent way.
Although changes in the European legal framework in the field of transparency and open data have already been implemented
in order to give users control over their social data and sensitive information, to make it easier for businesses to innovate on top of the infrastructure.
and the role of data brokers64 will be crucial for understanding the future of bottom-up digital economies.
New forms of data control and data collective ownership by citizens should be encouraged. For instance in the UK, the government backed Midata programme is encouraging companies to bring data back to public control,
while the US has introduced green, yellow and blue buttons to simplify the option of taking back your data (in energy, education and the Veterans Administration respectively).
76 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe DATA CONTROL AND DATA OWNERSHIP PRIVACY-AWARE TECHNOLOGIES AND ENCRYPTION An important effort towards a federated identity system
Is federated the W3c Social Web Working Group58 to develop standards to make it easier to build
These standards will give citizens greater control over their own social data, allowing them to share their data selectively across various systems.
The federated web standards will also be implemented within the EC-funded D-CENT Project59 that is piloting federated social applications for participatory democracy.
FEDERATED IDENTITY MANAGEMENT User data is moving more and more into the‘Cloud 'and people are getting their music,
The aggregated data extracted from the analysis of our identities (what companies define as social graphs)
In this context, the infrastructure should preserve the right of data-portability57, and prevent lock in, therefore allowing for innovation in the wider economy based on the Future Internet users must be able to come (no barriers to entry)
fully respecting the users'privacy and ownership of the data. Personal data stores There are also new available solutions, such as Mydex, Qiy,
and to ensure that businesses receive guidance on data anonymisation and pseudonymisation. This should prevent any unauthorised collection,
or by the Open Data Institute (ODI) and Open Knowledge Foundation on open data, and by organisations such as Tactical tech or Open Rights Group on privacy and digital rights.
or analysing existing data sets to understand the extent of the social issue Online responses to the proposed service from partners or potential customers.
and draw upon existing data and research from other sources. Level 2 You are gathering data that shows some change amongst those using your product/service At this stage,
data can begin to show effect but it will not evidence direct causality. You could consider such methods as:
pre and post survey evaluation; cohort/panel study, regular interval surveying Level 3 You can demonstrate that your product/service is causing the impact,
and you will need data on costs of production and acceptable price point for your customers.
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 85 Webindex Innovation policy frameworks examples The Global Open Data Index developed by the Open Knowledge Foundation80
which looks at key statistical sources for measuring input (such as firm level micro data, R&d statistics, labour force survey),
ü Explore DSI specific indicators such as Open Data access, digital skills and proliferation of open source projects or creative commons licenses.
As an example, the Fukushima prefecture in Japan hosts a map of the Safecast data on its website,
what public data is, and the question of who controls it, is becoming more important.
Thus data portability, federated identity management and trust frameworks should be encouraged. Defining sensible governance modalities for the data infrastructure and the DSI ecosystem will require a large collaboration between public and private.
Ultimately just as in science and technology, innovation in society needs carefully crafted investment and support.
The incubator programme run by the UK's Open Data Institute and the DSI accelerator programme run by Bethnal Green Ventures have demonstrated potential in how models developed to support early-stage businesses can be adapted to support
) Power-law distributions in empirical data SIAM Review 51 (4), 661-703. Newman, M. E. J. 2006.
uk/open-data-challenge-series 44 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/social-innovation/competition/45 http://en
/data-brokerscall-transparency-accountabilityreport-federal-trade-commission-may-2014/140527databrokerreport. pdf 65 http://www. citizenme. com, 66 http://openpds. media. mit. edu
/field/image/internet-of-things-2. jpg Page 35 Brendan Lea (2013) Open Data Institute Annual Summit 2013 online Flickr, Open
Data Institute Knowledge for Everyone. Available from: https://www. flickr. com/photos/ukodi/10590223144/in/photostream/Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 40 (2010) Guifi. net a la Festa de Tardor de
http://diaryofanelearner. com/2013/04/10/web-2-0-vs-web-3-0-what-really-Is accessed-the-difference 29th january 2015 Page 76 Unknown (2013) data
https://www. flickr. com/photos/rh2ox/9990016123 Accessed 29th january 2015 Page 77 (2013) data. path Ryoji.
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